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Biographical Bisexuality in Post-Socialist Hungary

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Biographical Bisexuality in Post-Socialist Hungary SEXUAL TRANSITIONS: BIOGRAPHICAL BISEXUALITY IN POST-SOCIALIST HUNGARY RÁHEL KATALIN TURAI Dissertation Submitted to Central European University Department of Gender Studies In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Comparative Gender Studies Supervisor: Hadley Z. Renkin CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2017 DECLARATIONS Copyright in the text of this dissertation rests with the Author. Copies by any process, either full or in part, may be made only in accordance with the permission of and the instructions given by the Author. I hereby declare that this dissertation contains no materials previously accepted for any other degree in any other institution and no materials previously written and/or published by another person, except where the appropriate acknowledgement is made in the form of bibliographical reference. Ráhel Katalin Turai CEU eTD Collection ii ABSTRACT My research investigates ‘biographical bisexuality’: personal narratives on multiple sexual desires characterized by shifts in the gender of object choice, in the context of contemporary Hungary. I ask what the organization of sexual experiences into life stories in the Central- Eastern European (CEE) region tells us about their formation vis-à-vis broader social discourses, of homo-/heterosexual and inter-/national, Eastern/Western belongings specifically. My analysis is based on the 26 biographical interviews I conducted with people in Budapest who report desires for both women and men over their life span. I show how their narratives constitute desires through the negotiation with ideas of ‘transitional’ trajectories, ideas which imply a normative scale of progress, rendering both bisexuality a phase and CEE catching up with the West. I argue that Hungarian biographical bisexualities anchor temporal sexual experiences in post-socialist oscillating dynamics of spatial categories on different scales from macro- to micro-levels. Narratives of hetero- and homosexuality as two separate life phases map onto the idea of Hungary shifting between binary inter-/national powers. Moreover, alternating sexual attractions, parallel relationships and sex, are interpreted through their connections to Hungarian LGBTQ and straight groups, notions of home, and the gendered-desiring body, respectively. Through pointing at the connection between ideas of geo-temporal and sexual trajectories in personal narrative experience, my research contributes to the rethinking of ‘sexual orientation’ and ‘sexual fluidity’ as fundamentally social. I suggest the introduction of ‘transition’ as a key term of queer temporality, the logic of which ultimately informs the CEU eTD Collection ranking of all sexual and geospatial categories. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I express my gratitude to my supervisor, Hadley Zaun Renkin, whose invested work in my research process meant a huge support. I am greatly indebted to Eszter Timár, Francesca Stella, Clare Hemmings, Sabine Grenz and Jane Ward for their indispensable insights. The valuable comments on my writing from Adriana Qubaia-ova, Katalin Kis, Rita Béres-Deák, Ksenia Meshkova, Alex Ghiţ, Marianna Szczygielska, Sanna Karhu, Renate Baumgartner, Katalin Hegyi, Rasa Navickaitė, Sandra Šević, Edit Jeges, Petra Bakos, Selin Çağatay and Dorottya Rédai also contributed to this dissertation taking its present shape. Special thanks to the people who inspired and supported me, including Judit Takács, Martina Löw, Bea Sándor, Huey Shy Chau and Anna Borgos. Finally, I am thankful to my interviewees for their participation, to those who provided me contacts, and to everyone who helped me to be able to complete this dissertation. CEU eTD Collection iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATIONS ........................................................................................................................ ii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................. v LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................... vii 1. Chapter. Introduction: Imagining bisexuality as a life story about gender ................... 1 1.1. Questions and significance of biographical bisexuality in Central-Eastern Europe ....... 1 1.2. Gender and (bi)sexual relations in post-socialist Hungary ............................................. 8 1.3. Language and terminology ............................................................................................ 20 1.3.1. My approach to (bi)sexualities ............................................................................... 22 1.3.2. Transcription conventions ...................................................................................... 26 1.4. Chapter outline .............................................................................................................. 27 2. Chapter. Biographical Bisexualities: Theories and Literature ...................................... 30 2.1. Introduction: key terms and positions ........................................................................... 30 2.2. Sexual orientation and sexual fluidity ........................................................................... 32 2.3. Performativity ................................................................................................................ 38 2.4. Queer temporality .......................................................................................................... 44 2.4.1. Life narrative .......................................................................................................... 45 2.4.2. Post-socialist geo-temporalities .............................................................................. 49 2.4.3. Transition ............................................................................................................... 53 2.5. Bisexual biography analyses in the region .................................................................... 59 3. Chapter. Narrated Truths and Narrative Methods – Methodological Concerns ........ 65 3.1. What (sexual) truth is the biographical method after? .................................................. 65 3.1.1. A theoretical introduction ....................................................................................... 65 3.1.2. Approaching bisexuality biographically – and vice versa ..................................... 68 3.2. The interviewing process............................................................................................... 70 3.2.1. Sampling: challenging bisexualities and social inequalities .................................. 70 3.2.2. Interview situations ................................................................................................ 77 3.2.3. Thematic-biographical analysis .............................................................................. 80 3.3. Bisexual performativity as a question of method .......................................................... 84 3.3.1. My position as in interaction with interviewees ..................................................... 85 3.3.2. Performing gender-sexual power ........................................................................... 88 3.4. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 92 Section I. Serial connections .................................................................................................. 94 4. Chapter. Hetero-homosexual and post-/socialist transitions: a language for change .. 94 4.1. Introduction: personal and national periodizations in serially changing sexuality ....... 94 CEU eTD Collection 4.2. A post-socialist transition to homosexuality – gayness as mother tongue .................... 99 4.3. New visibility of gayness: sexuality as foreign language ........................................... 112 4.4. Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 122 5. Chapter. Alternating currents of sexual attraction and community belonging ......... 127 5.1. Introduction: communities of sexual belonging and the question of identification .... 127 5.2. Heteronormative (Catholic) spaces ............................................................................. 133 5.3. LGBTQ spaces ............................................................................................................ 139 5.4. Progressive mostly straight (university) spaces .......................................................... 143 5.5. Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 152 v Section II. Parallel connections ........................................................................................... 156 6. Chapter. Parallel relationships negotiating “home” ..................................................... 156 6.1. Introduction: accommodating bisexual non-monogamy ............................................. 156 6.2. The heteronormative home: separating relationships .................................................. 164 6.3. Alternative
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