BALLOT ACCESS NEWS

San Francisco- C-alifornia ï)eeemher l5- 19q0 Volume 6 Number 9

I99O "OTIIER'VOTE FORTOP OFFICES LIBERTARIAN PARTY TO LAUNCH WAS TIIE HIGIIEST SINCE I98O LOBBANG CAMPAIGN Iast month, 4.790 of the voters voted for a candidate other On December 9, the Libertarian Party National than the Democratic or Republican nominee, for the most Committee voted to launch a nationwide lobbying important office on the ballot. This contrasts with 1988, campaign in state legislatures to improve presidential when fewer than 190 ofthe voters voted for a presidential ballot access. The goal is to make it possible for a new, candidate other than Cæorge Bush or Michael fhrkakis. or previously unqualified political party, to do the work of getting on the ballot, before it has chosen its presidential Furthermore, in 1990, there was an'other'candidate (i.e., third party or independent candidate) on the ballot for the candidate. most important office in states containing only 600/o of Many states provide that a new party cannot begin to the voters. Among those 6070 of the 1990 voters who circulate a ballot access petition, until after the party has *other" had a ballot with an candidate on it for the most named its presidential candidate. This is because the laws important office, 7.8Vo of them did vote for that "other" of these states require that the party's candidates be named *other" candidate. By contrast, in 1988, there was an on the petition. Obviously, in these states, the party can't candidate on the ballot for president in all states. begin to circulate the petition until after it has chosen its presidential petitions The last presidential or congressional election year in candidate. Since some of the take months to complete and a¡e due as early as July of the which the 'othero vote for the most important office year, party exceeded 570, was 1980, when 8.590 of the voters voted presidential election it follows that such a "othef forpresident. 1980, like 1990, wasayearofgreat rnust name its presidential candidate very early in the year, public dissatisfaction. or even in the year before the election. Third parties suffer because they are forced to nominate (The "most important" offìce in 1990, for purposes of this presidential candidates so study, is deemed to be Governor. In the 14 states which their early. They do not have had no gubernatorial contest in 1990, U.S. Senate is taken the flexibility to make the decision as to whom they to be the most important office. The states which had should run, at a time when the identity of the major party neither a gubernatorial contest nor a U.S. Senate contest nominees, and some of the issues, are known. Third parties probably were Missouri, North Dakota, Utah and Washington. In could attract better and more prominent presidential Missouri, the Auditor's race is deemed to be the most candidates if they were free to nominate when parties important office, since it was the only statewide office and the major nominate. it was at the top of the ballot. In North Dakota, Steve Givot is in charge of the lobbying effort. He can be Congressman-at-large was the only statewide race and it is reached at Rt 7, One Middlebury Rd., Barrington Hills, considered the most important office. In Utah and Ill. ó0010, tel. (708) 382-2098. If the lobbying efforts Washin$on, uùere there were no statewide races, congress fail in any state, the party will probably sue that state. is deemed the most important office. In the District of The party set its 1996 presidential convention for June, Columbia" Mayor is deemed the most important office.) 1996. This is a departure from the party's usual habit of presidential In 1990, no "other'candidates appeared on the ballot for holding its convention in September of the the most important office in Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, year before the election. , Idaho, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, TWO INDEPENDENTS ELECTED TO Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, North LEGISLATURE Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, , South Dakota, most of Washington state, West The November 12 B-A.N. mentioned some independents Virginia, Wisconsin and Wyoming (23 states). who were elected to important office last month, but failed In 1988, the press carried prominent stories during to mention that two independents were elected to the Vermont legislature. They are and Tom December, announcing that the 'other" vote for president Smith, both of whom used the had been less than l7o. The stores were somewhat self- ballot label "Progressive Coalition" and both of whom were elected from serving on the part of the press, since they tended to ex- districts in the city cuse the television networks from criticism that they of Burlington. Bouricius defeated a Democrat in a 2-person race with 52.4o/o, and Smith placed hadn't covered the third part¡r presidential candidates, and first in a two-member hadn't reported their votes on election night. This year, district, outpolling two Democrats and a Republican. The Progressive Coalition not yet a when the 'othero vote was five times greater than it was is political party, but is an organization and in 1988 even though "other" was onthe ballot beforejust it it will probably turn a party. 6070 of the 1990 voters, network television news and ma- itself into Congressman , elected jor newspaper have not carried stories about the national last month from Vermont under the 'independent' label, will probably be a part of the 'othero vote, although CongressÍonal rcleased future Quarterly party. However, some information about it. he has said that he won't have time to play a role in organizing it.

Ballot Access News. 3201 Baker St. San Francisco CA 94123. (415) 922-9779 December 15. 1990 Ballot Access News THIRD PARTY I99O VOTE FOR GOVERNOR & U.S.SENATOR U. S. SENATE GOVERNORS STATE LIBT SWP OTHER INDP LIBT SWP NAP OTHER Alabama * *0 0 **00 0 00 942 q 0 I Anzottø; I1.731 I t I Arkansas 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 r45,366 *96 139.237 Colorado 0 0 est Il-000 0 19.793 0 7 Connecticut 16,044 0 0 576 fÞlaware 80 0 Florida 0 0 0 I 0 0 37 -365 160 0 Hawaii 4.787 0 885 0 0 Idabo 0 0 0 0 I 0 Illinois rt 0 0 1.937 0 35 7 0 Irdiarìa ; 0 : : Iowa 0 0 0 0 5.671 0 0 IGnsas I 0 68.998 0 0 0 I 0 : : : Louisiana I 0 : : : 0 0 48-3',17 0 0 0 0 88 0 0 Massachusetts 0 :l 0 0 0 0 62-703 0 ¡t 796 0 0 0 28.091 0 'ß 21.139 0 701 0 r7.t76 Missi j 0 0 : Missouri : Montana 7.937 0 0 : rt Neb,raska 0 't 0 0 Nevada .....: 0 I 0 0 New 9.717 385 14.348 0 0 252 New 13-988 19.978 : : : NewMexico 0 0 0 0 268 0 0 0 NewYork 0 11 t2:743 31.089 1036.435 North Ca¡olina 0 681 0 North Dakota Ohio 49 I 82 I I Oklahoma 0 0 0 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 t44 14.583 0 0 0 0 0 ¡; 0 0 Rhode Island 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 South 13 0 10.317 0 q 0 0 17.302 South Dakota 0 0 567 0 q 0 00 0 0 t9.212 20,102 0 0 0 0 :f Texas 89 689 ¡i 74 11.553 129.185 0 j : Vermont : 0 777 0 0 1.389 ¡t 0 908 : : : : WestVüeini 0 '¡ 0 : : Wisconsin : 0 0 0 Wvomi 0 0 0 0 0 0 TOTAL 142,603 8,563 336,6',12 436,424 401,265 25,810 162,614 1,854,431

Ballot Access News. 3201 Baker St. San Francisco CA 94123 (415) 922-9779 December 15, 1990 Ballot Access News CHART ON PAGE TWO ÐGLAINED PRESIDENTIAL REQINREMENTS and The chart shows the vote cast for third party STATE 1988 1992 independent candidates for U.S.Senator and Governor last Alabama t2,345 12,157 month. A dash means a particular state had no election Alaska 2,068 2,035 for that office. A zero means that a particular party didn't Airzona 17,340 21,L09 name any candidate for that offìce. An asterisk means that Arkansas 0 0 aparty had a write-in candidate for that offìce, but the California reg76,L72 reg 79,188 number of write-ins has not been tallied. The U.S. Senate C-olorado 5,000 5,000 *other" column is Prohibition in Colorado, Workers Connecticut 14,910 14,620 World in , Grassroots in Minnesota, Populist in Delawæ regl42 (est) reg 145 NewJersey and Tennessee, and independent in Tennessee Dist of Columbia 2,700 (est) 2,óoo and The Governor column Alaska Texas. 'Other" is Florida 56,318 60,312 Independence and Green in Alaska, American Independent Georgia 25,759 26,955 in California, Prohibition Colorado, Connecticut in A Hawaii 3,493 4,177 Party Connecticut, High-Tech Independent in in Idabo 8,224 9,190 Massachusetts, Workers World in Michigan, Grassroots in Illinois 25,000 25,000 Minnesota, Green Hampshire, Conservative, in New Irdiana 30,950 29,890 and Right-to-Life American Liberal in , in Iowa 1,000 1,000 South Ca¡olina, and Liberty Union in Vermont. The IGnsas 16,813 15,661 chaf does not include miscellaneous r¡nite-in vote totals. Kentucþ 5,000 5,000 LAWSUIT NEWS I-ouisiana 0 0 Maine 4,000 4,000 1. On November 26, the U.S. Supreme Court refused to Maryland 10,000 10,000 hea¡ the appeal of the Republican Party of Oconto Massachusetts 33,682 Lr,692 County, Wisconsin, in a case over whether state Michigan 16,313 25,646 governments may limit how much fìnancial help political Minnesota 2,000 2,000 parties can give to their own candidates. Gard v Mississippi 0 0 Wì*onsin State Elætìon Board, no. 90-536. Missouri 21,083 20,8ó0 Montana 2. The November 12, 1990 B.A.N. stated that the U.S. 13,329 9,531 Nebraska 5,635 5,834 Supreme Court had agreed to give a full hea¡ing to the 7,717 9,392 Harold Washington Party in its ballot access case, Nevada 3,000 Norman v Reú. This was incorrect. However, since the NewHampshire 3,000 NewJersey 800 800 Supreme Court already countermanded the orders of the 500 2,069 lower Illinois courts and ordered that the party appear on NewMexico York 20,000 20,000 the ballot, it is likely that the Court will accept the case New North Ca¡olina 44,535 43,601 for a full decision. The attorney for the party will file his 4,000 4,000 petition asking the court to take the case in a few weeks. NorthDakota Ohio 30,667 34,777 3. On November 13, California officials asked the U.S. Oklahoma 37,67r 35,132 Supreme Court to hea¡ an appeal in Geary v Renne f. 51,578 (est) 3ó,000 This is the case over whether state law can ban political Pennsylvania 25,568 (est) 27,000 parties from endorsing candidates for non-partisan office. Rhode Island 1,000 1,000 The Suprerne Court will probably decide in January South Ca¡olina 10,000 10,000 whether to hear the appeal. South Dakota 2,945 2,569 4. On fþcember 7, the Ohio Secretary of State filed an Termessee 30,259 lg,759 appeal to the 6th circuit in Rosen v Brown, the case over Texas 34,424 38,900 whether states must let independent candidates have a Utah 300 300 partisan label on the ballot (such as "Independent"). The Vermont 0 0 (est) lower court had ruled that as long as the state prints Virginia 12,963 14,500 partisan labels for the nominees of qualified parties, it Washington 188 200 must also print a pafisan label for independent candidates. WestVirginia 7,358 6,534 Wisconsin 2,000 2,000 5. The Libertarian Party of Georgia has requested an en Wvomins 8.000 8.000 banc rehearing in Chandler v Georgia Public Telæommunicatíons, the case over whether government- TOTAL SIGNATURES 668,435 642,791 owned TV stations can sponsor debates in which only the TOTALREGISTRANTS 76,314 79,333 Democratic and Republican candidates are invited. Since GRANDTOTAL 744,749 722,I24 the vote in the llth circuit was 2-1 (rather than 3-0) against the party, there is a fair chance that the rehearing The fìgures show the number of signatures needed to get a before all the judges will be granted. new party presidential candidate on the ballot, with the party name, for both 1988 and 1992.

Ballot Access News. 3201 Baker St. San Francisco CA 94123 (415) 922-9779 December 15 1990 Ballot Access News 11. Wvoming: Senator Cha¡les Scott will introduce the C,OOD TO BE INTRODUCED BILLS Secretary of State's comprehensive election code revision, In at least eleven states, state legislators have promised to which includes a substantial easing of ballot access re- introduce bills to improve ballot access: quirements for newparties and independent candidates. 1. Arizona: Senator James Sossaman and Representative LIBERTARIANS ON IN KANSAS, UTAH Mark Killian have promised to introduce a bill lowering the number of signatures needed to qualify a new parfy for The November 12 B.A.N. carried an a¡ticle listing all the ballot. states where any third party enjoys "qualified" status. However, that a¡ticle failed to list Utah as a state in which 2. Georeia: Senator Culver Kidd and Representative the Liberta¡ian Party is qualified. It did poll enough votes Wyche Wycorr are re-introducing the bill which almost last month to retain status, for the first time. In Utah, passd last year. It would lower petition requirements for any candidate of a party, not just a statewide candidate, is third party and independent candidates for both statewide eligible to poll enough votes to give the party status. A office, and district offïce. Also, it would provide that if a Libertarian for county office in Davis County polled party is qualified statewide, then it is deemed to be quali- 9,648 votes, which was more than the needed 8,845. fied for all districts within Georgia (currently, Georgia and On December 12, the party's petition for the 1992 Kansas Connecticut are the only states which provide that even ballot was approved, and the party is now qualifìed there. though a party is qualified statewide, it may not be quali- The party is now on in 17 states. fied within individual districts within the state). In Maryland the party's petition fell short by about 2,300 3. Indiana: Senator Sue I¿ndske \vill be introducing a bill signatures, but the party has until Ma¡ch to obtain more. to lower the number of signatures needed to qualify third party and independent candidates. NEWS ELECTION SERVICE 4. Kansas: Senator Don Sallee has said he will reintro- The November 12 issue of B.A.N. mentioned some in- duce his bill, defeated last year, which lowers the number stances in which the News Election Service failed to re- a new party 2o/o the last guberna- of signatures for from of port the votes of some third party and independent candi- torial vote, to Wo. dates who did very well. News Election Service is wholly 5. Maine: Representative Dick Gould has promised to in- owned by ABC, CBS, NBC, and CNN television net- troduce a bill to make it easier for a ne\il party to get on works, and by the Washington Posf and New York Times. the'ballot, and also to let voters register into unqualified It decides which candidates'votes will be reported on tele parties. vision election night and carried in newspapers across the country the next day. 6. Missouri: Senator Frank Flotron and Representative Sheila Lumpe have already prefiled a bill to improve bal- Since the last issue, more odd lapses in N.E.S. coverage lot access, almost identical to the bill which almost have come to light. N.E.S. failed to collect data on the passed last year. It would lower the number of signatures vote total ofan independent candidate for Governor of needed for statewide thfud party and independent candidates Oklahoma who polled l0o/o of the vote, and also failed to from 190 of the last gubematorial vote (now over 20,000 collect data for an independent candidate for Governor of signatures) to a flat 10,000, and would eliminate the re- Kansas who polled 9o/o. Yet N.E.S. didcover an indepen- quirement that a certain portion of the signatures must dent write-in candidate for Governor of Nebraska who only come from at least 5 of the state's 9 congressional dis- polled three-tenths of 1%o! N.E.S. failed to cover the gu- tricts. bernatorial candidate of the Massachusetts High-Tech Independent Party, who polled almost 370 of the vote; yet 7. ![g@: SenatorTom Beck will soon inhoduceabill N.E.S. covered the gubernatorial candidate of Liberty to make it easier for a party to remain qualifìed for the bal- Union Party in Vermont even though he only polled lot. seven-tenths of lo/o. It is time for N.E.S. to admit that it 8. North Ca¡olina: Representative Art Pope will reintre can't know ahead of time which third party and indepen- duce his bill (which was defeated in 1989) to lower the dent candidates will get relatively large votes, and which number of sigrratures needed to qualify anew party for the ones won't; and it might as well collect vote data for all ballot. candidates listed on the ballot. 9. Oklahoma: Representative Gary Taylor is likely to in- BALLOT ACCESS NEWS (ISSN 10436898) is pub toduce abill to legalize write-in voting. lished by Richard Winger, Field Representative of the Coalition for Free and Open Elections, $6 per year, thir- 10. Vireinia: Delegate Alan Mayer will introduce a bill teen times per year, every 4 weeks, at 3201 Baker St., San legalize w¡ite-in voting for president. He also may to ir Francisco CA94123. Second class postage paid at San a to make it easier for aparty to remain quali- troduce bill Francisco CA. @ 1990 by Richa¡d Winger. Permission since technically the Democratic PartJ¡ fied forthe ballot, is freely granted for reprinting Ballot Access News. of Virginia is no longer qualified because it failed to poll as much as 1070 for any statewide race last month (there POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Ballot Access was only one statewide race, U.S. Senator, and the party Newsat 3201 Baker St, San Francisco Ca94L23. ran no candidate).

4 Ballot Access News. 3201 Baker St. San Francisco CA 94123 (415) 922-9779 December 15, 1990 BallotAccess News ONE-START PARTIES DID WELL 7. The Harold Washington Party of Cook County, Illinois polled l4o/o for Sheriff and .L2o/o for County Board 1. The Alaska Independence Party elected its candidate for President, far more than the 5%o needed to win permanent Governor of Alaska, with 38.970 of the vote. However, ballot status as a Cook County Party. this was due more to the popularity of the party's candidate, former Republican Governor Walter Hickel, 8. The Tisch Independent Citizens Party, which has been a than to the party's intrinsic appeal. The party's only qualified party in Michigan since 1982, polled 8.270 of the candidate for the legislature received 4.570 ofthe vote. vote for State Board of Education. Since this is over 5%0, the party is now qualified to nominate by primary rather 2. California's Peace & Freedom Pafy polled the highest than by convention. The party stands for lower taxes. percentage of the vote for Governor in its history, l.3o/o (since the party's gubernatorial candidate was an active 9. The New York Conservative ParÇ polled 20.4o/o of the leader in the , her vote total on the vote for Governor, less than one percentage point behind chart on page 4 is listed in the New Alliance Party col- the Republican showing for Governor. The Conservative umn). The Peace & Freedom Party also polled the high- Party nominee, Herbert l-ondon, is a Republican who had est number of votes it ha^e ever received for Congress, ap- sought the Republican ParQr's nomination. He did well proximateþ 125,000 (it had never before received as much partly because the man who became the Republican Party as 90,000 for its congressional candidates). The party's nominee ran an inept campaign. candidate in the First district, Darlene C-omingore, received 10. The New York Liberal Party polled only 71,017 votes l57o and is widely credited with being responsible for the (1.750/o) for Governor, its lowest vote total for Governor unexpected defeat of the incumbent Democrat, Doug ever. The party has existed since 1944 and usually Bosco. endorses Democratic candidates for statewide office, as it 3. California's American Independent Party also polled the did this year by cross-endorsing Mario Cuomo, the highest percentage of the vote for Governor in its history, Democratic nominee. If the party had polled under 50,000 1.870 (its previous high for Govemor had been l.3Vo, in votes for Governor, it would have been disqualified. 1974). t}rc party's candidate, Jerome McCready, cam- 11. The New York Right-to-Life Party polled 3.4olo of the paigrred against legalized abortion, since he was the only vote for Governor, its best showing ever for that office. one of the 5 caldidates on the position. ballot with that The party has been qualified in New York since 1978. 4. Connecticut vehicle A Party, the created by former 12. The Independent Party of Utah polled enough votes to U.S. Senator Weicker to run as an independent l¡well for remain qualified. It has existed since 1986, when an ex- Govemor, not only became a qualifìed party last month, it Republican, Merrill Cook, created it as a vehicle in order will enjoy the top line on Connecticut ballots for at least to run for Governor. the next four years. Connecticut is a state which permits a candidate to be the nominee of more than one political 13. of Vermont polled over 5%o of party, so it is likely that a great many Democratic and the vote for Secretar¡r of State, as well as Auditor, and Republican candidates will also run in the primary of A thereby won back its status as a party entitled to nominate Connecticut Party in 1992. Weicker and his new party by primary. Liberty Union has existed since 1970 and won the gubematorial election with 40.470 of the vote. stands for a type of left ana¡chism. It is the only one-state political party in the nation with a bínding presidential 5. The Statehood Party of the District of Columbia re- primary. Its ov¡n rules provide that whomever wins its elected its ciql councilwoman-at-large, Hilda Mason, with presidential primary, will be its general election nominee. 57o/o of lhevote. Under the unique provisions for electing city councilmen-at-large in Washington, D.C., no party 14. The l-abor-Fa¡m Party of Wisconsin easily retained its may run more than one candidate for that post, yet the permanent status by polling 2.2o/o forTreasurer, and 2.lo/o voters elect two candidates. Therefore, it is fairþ e4sy for for Attorney General (only I % was needed). The party has the Statehood Party to continue to win this seat; all it unjoyd qualified status since 1982. needs to do is beat the Republican Party and any indepen- dent candidate, since the Democrats cannot run for this N.O.W. COMMISSION MEETING seat. This year, Masort's biggest challenge was from in- On November 30 and December 1, the Commission for dependent candidate Berry, Marion the outgoing Mayor.' Responsive Democracy held its first hearing, in NewYork The other Statehood candidates polled Party between city. The Commission was established by the National seven-tenths l7o Mayor, L2o/o of for to for 'shadow" Organization for Women, to decide whether or not to form member of the U.S. House of Representatives. a new political pa¡ty. A transcript will soon be available 6. The High-Tech Independent Party of Massachusetts, or- for $10 from the Commission, c/o N.O.W., 1000 l6th ganized this year, became a fully-qualified party in St., #700, Washington, D.C. 20036. The only represen- Massachusetts last month based on its vote for Secretary tatives of nationally-organized third parties who testifìed of State (16o/o), Treazurer (6%) and Auditor (870). The were Si Gerson and Fern Winston of the Communist party has very little ideologr and was originally founded Party, and David Belmont of the New Alliance Party. as a vehicle whereby several independent candidates could Civil rights attorney Joseph Rauh urged that the pool their signature-gathering efforts behind a single slate, Commission try to make the Democratic Party to facilitate getting on the ballot for each of them. "militantly liberal" so that a third party wouldn't be needed. The next hearing is in Atlanta on January l8-19.

Ballot Access News. 3201 Baker St. San Francisco CA 94123 (415) 922-9779 December 15, 1990 BallotAccess News OPPOSITION TO MASSACHUSETTS (3) An argument that so many candidates would run forof- IMTIATTVE ANALYZED fìce if we lowered the signature requirements that the vot- ers would be confused. To counter that argument, we pre- by David Hudson sented data from the experience of other states. (note: the followÍng artÍcle was wrítten by a leading pr- (4) An argument, used especially by the Republican Party' ticìpant in the campaign for Question 4, the that having extra candidates on the ballot would split the Masschuætts inÍtìative which improvd that state's ballot anti-incumbent vote, making it too difficult for the weaker access laws. Question 4 pasd by a vote of 1,134,535 to of the two major parties from ever winning. The 1,027,966). Republicans aryued that Question 4 was therefore a threat Most of our problem in persuading the average to the two-party system. We countered this argument by pointing out that the U.S. two-party system evolved in Massachusetts voter to support Question 4 was that he or absence ballot access barriers and that she does not know much, if anything, about election the complete of it laws. The challenge was to answer opposition arguments re-appealed when the Whigs vanished- which were desigrred to confuse the voters. If anyone plans an initiative in any other state to improve please further Most of the opposition (which came from the Democratic ballot access laws, contact me for Dinsmore #114, Framingham and Republican Party candidates for Governor, the 3 origi- information, at 60 Ave., (508) contact Kate Ga¡diner of nal TV networks, the Republican Part¡1, and a few news- Ma 01701, 875-5741. Or Boston papers) used these arguments: the Rainbow Lobby, 2000 Massachusetts Ave., Ma 02140, (617> 547-8565. She coordinated the (l\ ad homínem attacks on some of the small political campaign duting the last few months. parties listed as having sponsored the initiative; COFOE (2) fur argument that because independents arenot required to go through conventions or primaries, it would be unfair The Coalition for Free and Open Elections consists of po- to Republicans and Democrats to lower independents'sig- litical parties, other organizations, and individuals. Dues nature requirements to a comparable level (in of $10 entitles an individual to membership with no expi- Massachusetts, Republican and Democratic candidates ration date; this includes a one-year subscription to BaIIot sometimes must submit fairly substantial petitions in Access News (or a one-year renewal). Address: Box 355, order to appeû on the primary balloÐ. This argument was Old Chelsea Sta., New York NY 10011. Applications ludicrous, but it played well in the absence of debate. can also be sent to 3201 Baker St., San Francisco Ca Part¡l conventions in Massachusetts are not required in 94123. year, order to hinder party candidates. This even though ERRATA: The November LZ B.A.N. erred when it said political interest was unusually high, half of the that independent candidate Jim I-endall was re-elected to Democratic and Republican statewide candidates, and over the Arkansas legislature. He lost to a Democrat. three-fourths of the Democratic and Republican legislative candidates, had no primary or convention opposition. The 1992 PETITIONING argument also ignores that primaries and conventions a¡e The Libertarian Party has 4,500 signatures in North usually advantageous, in insulating a candidate from out- Carolina, 1,000 signatures in Maine, 13,000 in Alabama, side competition, consolidating support, and providing a and 100 in Nebraska. The New Alliance Party has 2,700 tax-subsidized recruitnent mechanism for the candidates. signatures in Alabama. No otherthird party is petitioning already for 1992. [ ] nnNnwALS: If this block is marked, your sub- scription is about to expire. Please renew. Post office SECOND CLASS PAID AT SAN rules do not permit inserts in second class publications, so no enveloDe is enclosed. Use the coupon below. FRANCISCO CA

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Ballot Access News. 3201 Baker St. San Francisco CA 94123 (4151 922-9779