Chapter Five

ELECTIONS, CAMPAIGN FINANCE AND INITIATIVES

Democracy in action — includes information on offices up for election 1998-2007, methods of nominating candidates, formulas for election dates, polling hours, voting statistics, campaign finance laws, and procedures for initiative, referenda and recalls.

For additional information on Chapter Five contact Howard Moyes, at The Council of State Governments, (606) 244-8165 or E-mail: [email protected].

ELECTIONS G,LG (d) See footnotes at end of table. A — Auditor A — C — Comptroller SS — Secretary of State SP — Superintendent of public instruction (dd) Treasurer T — G. . .G G,LG,AG,AR,A,SS,TG,LG(b) G,SS,SP,T G,LG,AG,A,SS,T (c)(d) G,LG,AG,C,SS,SP,T G,LG,AG,SS,TG,LG,AG,C,SS,TAG,A,T . . .G,LG,AG,AR,C,SS,SP,T (f,g)G,LG,AG,AR,SS,SP, G,LG . . . (h) . . . (i)G,LG,AG,SS,SP,T G,LG,AG,SS,T,C . . .G,LG,AG,SP . G,LG,AG,AR,A,SS,T ...... (j)G,LG,AG,SS,T, ...... G ...... G,LG,AG,C . . . G,LG,AG,A,SS,T . . .G,LG,AG,SS...... G,LG,AG,A,SS,T...... A ...... (f) ...... G,LG,AG,A,SS,TG,LG,AG,C,SS,T (q)G...... (k) G,LG,AG,AR,A,SS,T G,LG,AG,A,SS,T . . . G,LG,AG,AR,SS,TG,LG,AG,C ...... (h) . . . G,LG,AG,A,SS,T (u) A,SS,T (j) ...... (x)G,LG,AG,A,SP,T G,SP (x) . . . G,LG,AG,AR,A,SS,T (o)G,LGG,LG,AG,SS,T . . . (z)G,LG,AG,AR,C,SS,SP,T ...... (q) ...... G,LG,AG,SS,T ...... G,LG,AG,A,SS,SP (u) . . . . . (w) ...... G,LG,AG,SP (r) G,LG,AG,AR,A,SS,SP,T G,LG,AG,AR,A,SS,SP,T . . . AG,SS,T AG,A,T (y) ...... jurisdiction 1998 1999 2000 State or other ...... Key: . . . — No regularly scheduled elections G — Governor LG — Lieutenant Governor General Attorney — AG Agriculture AR — Alabama* (a) Arizona Arkansas ...... Colorado (e) Connecticut Delaware* Georgia Hawaii Idaho* ...... Illinois ...... Indiana Iowa ...... Kansas ...... Kentucky Louisiana*(l) Maine (m) Maryland Massachusetts (n) Mississippi ...... Missouri Montana Nebraska (p) Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico ...... North Carolina North Dakota (t) Ohio Oklahoma ...... Pennsylvania ...... ...... Table 5.1 Table 1998-2007 OFFICIALS TO BE ELECTED: EXECUTIVE BRANCH STATE

The Council of State Governments 151 ELECTIONS — Continued A — Auditor A — C — Comptroller SS — Secretary of State SP — Superintendent of public instruction (dd) Treasurer T — 633 900 905 G,LG,AG,A,SS,TGG,LG,AG,AR,C(dd)G,LG,AG,A,SS,T...... G,LG,AG,SS,TG,A,SS,SP,T . . . G,LG ...... 373129 ...... 15 . . .26 ...... 26 ...... G,LG,AG,A,SS,T . . . G,LG,AG,A,T 3 (dd) 3 . . . 3 ...... (g) G,LG,AG,A,SS,SP,T 2 G,AG,AR,A,SS,T 3 . . . 3 11 9 10 8 8 9 ...... jurisdiction 1998 1999 2000 State or other Inst. (ee) Key: . . . — No regularly scheduled elections G — Governor LG — Lieutenant Governor General Attorney — AG Agriculture AR — Governor Lieutenant Governor Attorney General Agriculture Auditor Comptroller Secretary of State Supt. of Public Treasurer Tennessee (bb) Tennessee (cc) Texas Utah ...... Virginia ...... Washington Virginia* West Wisconsin ...... Wyoming U.S. Virgin Islands ...... year for Totals South Dakota (aa) STATE EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS TO BE ELECTED OFFICIALS TO BRANCH EXECUTIVE STATE

152 The Book of the States 1998-99 ELECTIONS See footnotes at end of table. — Continued A — Auditor A — C — Comptroller SS — Secretary of State SP — Superintendent of public instruction (dd) Treasurer T — ...... G,LG,AG,AR,A,SS,T G,LG. . . (b) G,AG,SS,SP,T . . . G,LG,AG,A,SS,T. . .(d) G,LG,AG,C,SS,SP,T ...... G,LG,AG,SS,T G,LG,AG,C,SS,T . . . AG,C,T...... G,LG,AG,AR,C,SS,SP,T ...... G,LG,AG,AR,SS,SP (f,g)...... G,LG (i) G,LG,AG,SS,SP,T ...... G,LG,AG,C,SS,T ...... A,SS,T. . . G,LG,AG,C,SS,T,AR. . .G G,LG,AG,SS,T (j) ...... G ...... G,LG,AG,C...... G,LG,AG,A,SS,T ...... G,LG,AG,SS . . . G,LG,AG,A,SS,T ...... A...... G,LG,AG,A,SS,T . . . G,LG,AG,C,SS,T . . . G,LG,AG,AR,A,SS,T G,LG . . . G G,LG,AG,AR,SS,T (x) ...... G,LG,AG,A,SS,T ...... G,LG,AG,C ...... G,LG,AG,SS,T . . . (j) ...... G,LG,AG,SP G,LG,AG,AR,A,SS,T (u) . . . G,LG,AG,AR,A,SS,T (o) ...... G,LG,AG,A,SP,T(x) ...... G,SP (x) . G,LG ...... G,LG,AG,SS,T ...... (z) . G,LG,AG,A,C,SS,SP,T ...... G,LG,AG,SS,T . . . G,LG,AG,A,SS,SP ...... G ...... (w) ...... A (s) G,LG,AG,AR,A,SS,SP,T . . . G,LG,AG,AR,A,SS,SP,T ...... AG,SS,T . . . AG,A,T (y) ...... G ...... jurisdiction 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 ...... State or other ...... Key: . . . — No regularly scheduled elections G — Governor LG — Lieutenant Governor General Attorney — AG Agriculture AR — Alabama Alaska (a) Arizona Arkansas ...... California Colorado (e) Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois ...... Indiana Iowa ...... Kansas ...... Kentucky Louisiana (l) Maine(m) Maryland Massachusetts Michigan (n) Minnesota Mississippi ...... Missouri Montana Nebraska (p) Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico (r) New York ...... North Carolina North Dakota (t) Ohio Oklahoma (v) Oregon Pennsylvania ...... Rhode Island ...... South Carolina STATE EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS TO BE ELECTED OFFICIALS TO BRANCH EXECUTIVE STATE

The Council of State Governments 153 ELECTIONS G,LG,AG,A,T . . . (m) In Maine the legislature elects constitutional officers (AG,A,SS,T) in even-numbered years. in even-numbered (AG,A,SS,T) elects constitutional officers (m) In Maine the legislature (n)Wayne terms; (8)–8 year regents of Michigan terms; University trustees (8)–8 year University Michigan State (o) Commissioner of insurance, transportation commissioners (3), public service commissioners (3). (p) Public service commissioners (5)–6 year terms; state board of education (8)–4 year terms; state univer- (q) State board of education (11)–4 year terms, 1996–5, 1998–6, 2000–5. (r) of education (10)–6 year terms; corporation Commissioner of public lands–4 year terms, 1998; board (s) Commissioner of labor; commissioner of insurance. (t) Commissioner of labor–4 year term, 1998; commissioner of insurance–4 year term, 1998; tax commis- (u) State board of education (19)–6 year terms, 1996–6; 1998–7; 2000–6. (v) Corporation commissioner (3)–6 year terms, 1996, 1998, 2000; commissioner of insurance–4 year term, (w) In Oklahoma, 1 of 3 corporation commissioners elected for 6 year term. (x) Commissioner of labor and industries–4 year term. (y) In Pennsylvania, auditor general. (z) Adjutant general–4 year term. (aa) Commissioner of school and public lands; public utility commissioners (3) 6 year terms; board of (bb) Public service commissioners (3)–6 year terms. (cc) (3) 6 year terms; board of Commissioner of general land office–4 year term; railroad commissioners (dd) 2000–8. State board of education (9)–4 year terms, 1996–8, 1998–7, (ee) Superintendent of public instruction or commissioner of education. State University governors (8)–8 year terms; board of education (8)–8 year terms, terms; 1996–2, 1998–2, 2000–2. board (8)–8 year governors State University sity regents (8)–6 year terms. commissioners (3)–6 year terms. year terms. sioner–4 year term, 1998; public service commissioner (3)–6 1998; commissioner of labor–4 year term, 1998. education (15)–6 year terms, 1996, 1998, 2000. serve staggered 4 year term (8 elected in education (15)–6 year terms; members of State Board of Education 1996, 7 elected in 1998). The Book of the — Continued A — Auditor A — C — Comptroller SS — Secretary of State SP — Superintendent of public instruction (dd) Treasurer T — 237 3123 237 1106231 313102 017282 293122 09000 025391 19051 0 263101 ...... G,LG,AG...... SP...... G,LG,AG,A,SS,T G G,LG,AG,AR,C . . . (cc) G,LG,AG,A,SS,T ...... G,LG,AG,SS,T . . . G,A,SS,SP,T . . . G,LG ...... G,LG,AG,A,SS,T ...... (y) G,LG,AG,A,SS,SP,T G,AG,AR,A,SS,T ...... G,LG,AG SP ...... State election administration offices, except where noted by * where data are from State election administration offices, except where noted by * ...... This table shows the executive branch officials up for election in given year. Footnotes indicate other This table shows the executive branch officials up for election jurisdiction 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 State or other Inst. (dd) Sources: Governor Lieutenant Governor Attorney General Agriculture Auditor Comptroller Secretary of State Supt. of Public Treasurer Note: Key: . . . — No regularly scheduled elections G — Governor LG — Lieutenant Governor AG — Attorney General AR — Agriculture (a) Election of school boards established to maintain system of state dependent public school systems estab- (b) Mine inspector–4 year term; corporation commissioners (e)–6 year terms. (c) Commissioner of state lands–4 year term. (d) Insurance commissioner and Board of Equalization. (e) State board of education (7)–6 year terms; University of Colorado regents (9)–6 year terms. (f) 2000–2. Commissioner of labor–4 year Public service commissioners (5)–6 year terms; 1996–2, 1998–1, (g) Insurance commissioner, commissioner of public lands. (h) State board of education (13)–4 year terms; 1996–7, 1998–6, 2000–7. (i) Controller. (j) Commissioner of insurance 1998; 2002. Board of education members (10)–4 year terms, 1996–5, 1998– (k) Railroad commissioners (3). (l) Commissioner of elections–4 year term; commissioner of insurance–4 year term; board of elementary and Tennessee (bb) Tennessee Texas ...... Utah ...... Vermont Virginia ...... Washington Virginia * West Wisconsin ...... Wyoming U.S. Virgin Islands ...... year for Totals States, 1996-97 etc.) also up for election in a given year. The offices (e.g., commissioners of labor, insurance, public service, time. data contained in this table reflect information available at press not served by other public school systems. lished in areas of the unorganized borough and military reservations in 1996. term, 1998. Special election to fill secretary of state vacancy 5, 2000–5, 2002–5. (5)–6 year terms. secondary education (8)–4 year terms; public service commissioners South Dakota (aa) STATE EXECUTIVE BRANCH OFFICIALS TO BE ELECTED OFFICIALS TO BRANCH EXECUTIVE STATE

154 The Book of the States 1998-99 ELECTIONS Total legislatorsTotal 1998 1999 2000 2001 3520303540 10535 4036 6021 10040 8056 35 6525 10 15135 30 41 18 12050 20 180 10550 17 51 36 4040 70 6038 100 10 2039 100 56 8035 10047 65 . . . 151 13 12540 35 100 4138 . . . 120 105 25 (e) 2567 ...... 180 15152 14134 ...... 51 160 19 100 7050 ...... 110 ...... 49 100 . . . 134 . . . 3521 ...... 122 4724 . . . 163 . . . 12540 40 100 ...... 100 . . . 3842 ...... U61 ...... 151 ...... 42 . . .50 . . . 10 141 30 400 . . . 1749 80 16033 17 25 ...... 110 . . . 70 134 . . . 48 . . . 20 18 150 . . . 24 . . .30 . . . 11 39 120 . . . 2450 . . . 36 163 40 11 60 9850 ...... 20 99 100 . . . 46 100 ...... 101 . . . 61 ...... 56 80 U 65 60 105 25 50 42 . . . 26 (e) 13 400 203 ...... 151 52 19 41 100 ...... 120 . . . 17 25 (d) 124 ...... 70 24 . . . 150 98 ...... 180 120 15 . . . 40 100 25 51 19 ...... 122 100 50 . . . 118 ...... 99 ...... 35 ...... 101 ...... 60 125 . . . 203 40 ...... 25 100 . . . 100 ...... 124 . . . 67 ...... 80 . . . 151 ...... 17 ...... 160 ...... 110 ...... 100 ...... 134 . . . 25 10 ...... 24 ...... 163 ...... 42 ...... 50 . . . 61 ...... 42 U . . . 24 (d) ...... 400 . . . 16 ...... 70 48 (d) 120 ...... 150 24 15 25 ...... 50 ...... 99 ...... 40 101 60 ...... 203 100 ...... 80 ...... 59 (b) 118 40 118 ...... 35 70 ...... jurisdiction Senate House Senate House Senate House Senate House Senate House ...... State or other ...... See footnotes at end of table. owa ...... Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware* Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois I Kansas Kentucky Louisiana* Maine ...... Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada ...... New Hampshire New Jersey ...... New Mexico New York ...... Carolina North North Dakota ...... Ohio Oklahoma Oregon ...... Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Alabama Indiana Table 5.2 Table 1998-2007 TO BE ELECTED, MEMBERS LEGISLATURES: STATE

The Council of State Governments 155 ELECTIONS Total legislatorsTotal 1998 1999 2000 2001 3533312930 7040 9949 15034 7533 15030 35 10015 17 98 16 100 15 99 30 60 . . . 70 U 99 150 24 17 75 150 17 15 . . . 15 98 . . . 100 ...... 99 60 ...... U 40 ...... 100 46 ...... 35 16 . . . 15 14 . . . 30 . . . 124 . . . 70 25 99 150 17 75 16 150 15 ...... 98 ...... 100 . . . 99 ...... 60 ...... 100 . . . 15 ...... U 1,999 5,440 1,139 5,033 131 407 1,188 4,737 40 180 ...... jurisdiction Senate House Senate House Senate House Senate House Senate House State or other ...... See footnotes at end of table. Tennessee Texas ...... Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Virginia* West Wisconsin Wyoming Islands Virgin U.S. Totals South Dakota STATE LEGISLATURES: MEMBERS TO BE ELECTED, 1998-2007 — Continued — 1998-2007 TO BE ELECTED, MEMBERS LEGISLATURES: STATE

156 The Book of the States 1998-99 ELECTIONS 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 35103018 10520 4017 6036 10021 80 . . .56 ...... 15125 ...... 4135 . . .59 . . . 18025 ...... 51 . . . 70 . . . 118 . . .19 ...... 99 ...... 1035 . . . 3047 . . . 17 . . . 100 ...... 40 . . . 2038 . . . 151 18 4067 . . . 141 36 60 100 ...... 10 16017 ...... 80 110 . . . 5625 65 134 151 ...... 24 . . . 13 ...... 163 41 . . . 35 . . .24 . . . (c) 180 100 ...... 25 ...... U ...... 5161 400 118 70 ...... 50 19 . . . 35 ...... 99 ...... 17 35 10 150 ...... 24 30 18 . . . 120 . . . 100 . . . 105 ...... 15 40 ...... 25 20 . . . 151 99 . . .50 . . . 17 40 ...... 36 101 . . . 100 . . . 60 ...... 160 . . . 60 17 . . . 11 . . . 203 110 80 56 100 25 134 . . . 151 . . . 65 ...... 25 ...... (c) 12 163 ...... 41 24 . . . 35 . . . 180 100 ...... 25 ...... U . . . 51 61 400 ...... 70 50 19 ...... 99 ...... 35 16 150 47 24 ...... 120 . . . 100 ...... 40 . . . 15 ...... 25 38 151 38 67 99 . . . 141 101 ...... 160 . . . 17 ...... 60 203 110 25 134 75 ...... 163 . . . 24 . . . 24 ...... 100 ...... 61 400 U ...... 50 ...... 150 17 24 . . . 120 ...... 15 25 38 99 101 ...... 203 60 75 ...... 38 ...... 75 ...... 125 ...... 39 ...... 105...... 52 40 ...... 70 122 125 . . . 40 ...... 80 ...... 124 ...... 42 ...... 70 125 ...... 46 ...... 80 39 124 ...... 105 ...... 52 ...... 122 70 40 ...... 80 124 ...... 20 (a) 120 25 (e). . . 100 ...... 20 . . . 120 11 (f) 25 42 . . . 100 25 (e) ...... 50 ...... 20 ...... 10 120 . . . 25 42 . . . 24 100 ...... 48 ...... 11 . . . 42 25 . . . 50 ...... jurisdiction Senate House Senate House Senate House Senate House Senate House Senate House ...... State or other ...... See footnotes at end of table. Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware* Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa ...... Kansas Kentucky Louisiana* Maine ...... Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada ...... New Hampshire New Jersey ...... New Mexico New York ...... Carolina North North Dakota ...... Ohio Oklahoma Oregon ...... Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Alabama STATE LEGISLATURES: MEMBERS TO BE ELECTED, 1998-2007 — Continued — 1998-2007 TO BE ELECTED, MEMBERS LEGISLATURES: STATE

The Council of State Governments 157 ELECTIONS (b) into are divided in 1972. Senate districts beginning years, 10 entire Senate The every election is up for (c) the set of terms. in the Senate which lottery will be a After redistricting districts will receive for there (d) districts. Senate Even-numbered (e) from Also, house members district 44 vacancy. Senate districts. Odd-numbered 1998 election will fill (f) for the districts senate and assembly add after the census of 2000 will likely reapportionment In Nevada, three groups. One group of senators is elected for terms of four years, four years and two years; two years, four years; four years terms of four years, One group and two of senators is elected for three groups. four and years years. years, and four two four years years; even-numbered While House members from in 1998. terms will be elected to four-year odd-numbered districts in 2000. terms beginning in 1998 and for four-year terms districts will be elected to two-year 2002 elections. The Book of the 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 3517311530 70 99 15024 7517 15017 . . .15 ...... 9815 100 ...... 99 . . . 60 ...... U ...... 35 . . . 16 . . . 15 ...... 14 . . . 30 70 . . . 99 150 . . . 25 17 75 150 16 . . . 15 ...... 98 100 15 ...... 99 . . . 60 ...... U ...... 35 . . . 17 16 ...... 15 30 . . . 70 . . . 150 99 . . . 24 17 150 75 17 . . . 15 ...... 100 98 15 ...... 99 . . . 60 ...... U ...... 40 100 ...... 100 ...... 100 1,272 4,982 171 407 1,089 4,711 0.0 180 1,153 4,841 169 482 ...... State elections administration offices, except where from * where data are noted by except Stateoffices, elections administration ...... jurisdiction Senate House Senate House Senate House Senate House Senate House Senate House This table shows the number of legislative seats up for election in a given year. As a result of redistrict- As a result year. election in a given up for seats the number of legislative This shows table State or other ...... Totals Sources: Key: scheduled elections . . . — No regularly U — Unicameral legislature (a) all 40 Senate seats deems it necessary, Legislature if the Florida reapportionment, following In the year Note: Tennessee Texas ...... Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Virginia* West Wisconsin Wyoming Islands Virgin U.S. States, 1996-97 at press information data reflect available The contained in this table maying, elections. adjust some states information on for specific Affiliations,” and Party Terms, Numbers, “The Legislators: 3.3, Table time. See terms. legislative terms. terms and 20 for four-year to run–20 two-year for may have STATE LEGISLATURES: MEMBERS TO BE ELECTED, 1998-2007 — Continued — 1998-2007 TO BE ELECTED, MEMBERS LEGISLATURES: STATE South Dakota

158 The Book of the States 1998-99 ELECTIONS

Table 5.3 METHODS OF NOMINATING CANDIDATES FOR STATE OFFICES

State or other jurisdiction Method(s) of nominating candidates Alabama ...... Primary election; however, the state executive committee or other governing body of any political party may choose instead to hold a state convention for the purpose of nominating candidates. Alaska ...... Primary election. Arizona ...... Primary election. Arkansas ...... Primary election. California ...... Primary election or independent nomination procedure. Colorado ...... Assembly/primary; however, a political party may hold a pre-primary assembly (no later than 65 days before the primary) for the designation of candidates. Each candidate who receives at least 30 percent of the delegates’ vote of those present and voting is certified as a candidate for the office by the assembly with the candidate receiving the most votes listed first. If no candidate receives at least 30 percent of the vote, a second ballot shall be taken on all candidates, and the two candidates with the highest number of votes will be certified for the office by the assembly. If any candidate receives less than 10 percent of the votes from the assembly, they are precluded from petitioning further. Connecticut ...... Convention/primary election. Major political parties hold state conventions (convening not earlier than the 68th day and closing not later than the 50th day before the date of the primary) for the purpose of endorsing candidates. If no one challenges the endorsed candidate, no primary election is held. However, if anyone (who received at least 15 percent of the delegate vote on any roll call at the convention) challenges the endorsed candidate, a primary election is held to determine the party nominee for the general election. Delaware* ...... Primary election. Florida ...... Primary election. Georgia ...... Primary election. Hawaii ...... Primary election. Idaho ...... Primary election. New parties nominate candidates for general election after qualifying for ballot status. Illinois ...... Primary election. Indiana ...... Primary election held for the nomination of candidates for governor and U.S. senator; state party conventions held for the nomination of candidates for other state offices. Iowa ...... Primary election; however, if there are more than two candidates for any nomination and none receives at least 35 percent of the primary vote, the primary is deemed inconclusive and the nomination is made by the party convention. (Applicable only for recongnized political parties.) Kansas ...... Primary election; however, candidates of any political party that receive less than 5 percent but more than 1 percent of the total votes cast for statewide offices in the general election must nominate candidates by either caucus or convention. Kentucky ...... Primary election. A slate of candidates for governor and lieutenant governor that receives the highest number of its party’s votes but which number is less than 40 percent of the votes cast for all slates of candidates of that party, shall be required to participate in a runoff primary with the slate of candidates of the same party receiving the second highest number of votes. Louisiana* ...... Primary election. Open primary system requires all candidates, regardless of party affiliation, to appear on a single ballot. Candidate who receives over 50 percent of the vote in the primary is elected to office; if no candidate receives a majority vote, a runoff election is held between the two candidates who received the most votes. Maine ...... Primary election. Maryland ...... Primary election. Massachusetts ...... Primary election. Michigan ...... Primary election held for nomination of candidates for governor, U.S. congressional seats, state senators and representatives; court of appeals, circuit and district courts; state conventions held for nomination of candidates for lieutenant governor, secretary of state and attorney general. State convention also held to nominate candidates for Justice of Supreme Court, State Board of Education, Regents of University of Michigan, Trustees of Michigan State University, Governors of Wayne State University. Minnesota ...... Primary election. Mississippi ...... Primary election. Missouri ...... Primary election. Montana ...... Primary election. Nebraska ...... Primary election. Nevada ...... Primary election. New Hampshire ...... Primary election. Non-party candidates may petition for general election ballot. New Jersey ...... Primary election. Independent candidates are nominated by petition for the general election. New Mexico ...... Convention/primary election. New York* ...... Committee meeting/primary election. The person who receives the majority vote at the state party committee meeting becomes the designated candidate for nomination; however, all other persons who received at least 25 percent of the convention vote may demand that their names appear on the primary ballot as candidates for nomination. Other candidates not receiving 25 percent of the vote may use a designating petition to put their names on the primary ballot as candidates for nomination.

See footnotes at end of table.

The Council of State Governments 159 ELECTIONS

METHODS OF NOMINATING CANDIDATES FOR STATE OFFICES — Continued

State or other jurisdiction Method(s) of nominating candidates North Carolina ...... Primary election, or ballot access by petition. North Dakota ...... Convention/primary election. Political parties hold state conventions for the purpose of endorsing candidates. Endorsed can- didates are automatically placed on the primary election ballot, but other candidates may also petition their name on the ballot. Ohio ...... Primary election. Oklahoma ...... Primary election. Oregon ...... Primary election, assembly of electors, minor party conventions and independent nomination procedure. Pennsylvania ...... Primary election and nomination papers for minor political parties and political bodies. Rhode Island ...... Primary election. South Carolina ...... Primary election for Republicans and Democrats; party conventions held for five minor parties. All must file proper forms with their political party between March 16 and March 30. South Dakota ...... Primary election. Any candidate who receives a plurality of the primary vote becomes the nominee; however, if no individual receives at least 35 percent of the vote for the candidacy for the offices of governor, U.S. senator, or U.S. congressman, a runoff election is held two weeks later. Attorney general, secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, school and public lands commissioner, and public utilities commissioner are nominated by party convention. Tennessee ...... Primary election. Texas ...... Primary election. Utah ...... Convention/primary election. Delegates are elected at neighborhood caucus meetings to attend county and state conventions and select party members to run at the regular primary election. Vermont ...... Primary election, for major parties. Independent candidates may file by petition, minor parties organized in at least 10 towns may nonimate candidates at state committee meetings. Virginia ...... Primary election; however, the state executive committee or other governing body of any political party may choose instead to hold a state convention for the purpose of nominating candidates (party opting for convention can only do so within 32 days prior to date on which primary elections are normally held). Washington ...... Primary election. West Virginia* ...... Primary election; however, executive committees may make nomination in case of certain vacancies on ballot. Wisconsin ...... Primary election. Wyoming ...... Primary election. Dist. of Columbia ...... Primary election. U.S. Virgin Islands ...... Primary election.

Sources: State election administration offices, except where noted by * where data are from The Book of The States, 1995-97. Note: The nominating methods described here are for state offices; pro- cedures may vary for local candidates. Also, independent candidates may have to petition for nomination.

160 The Book of the States 1998-99 ELECTIONS (d) ★ Nat. (f) . . .Sept., 2 wksAP (d) Nat. Nat. ★ 2nd M (d) State See footnotes at end of table. . . . Nat. June, . . . Nat. (d)APT 3rd Nat. (d)T (d) 1st May, APT 2nd June, ★ ★ ★ June, 1st TJune, 1st Nat.PriorT 8th Nat.Nat.T June, Last .. . 56th day Prior Nat. . . .Nat. . . . Nat. . . .Nat. Nat. StateNat. Nat.Nat.Nat. Nat. Nat. . . . Nat. March 2nd TNat. . . .Oct., 2nd to last S ...... StateJune, 2nd Nat. . . . State Nat... . Nat. . . . May 3rd T VNat. Nat.Nat. 8 T prior to Nat. or Nat. Nat. . . . (g) Nat.Aug., Nat. . . .APS 4th Nat...... Nat. . . . Nat. V (p) Nov. Nat. . . . Nat. . . .T Last Feb, Nat. Oct., 1st T Nat. Nat. 1st M (c) or May, Nat...... Nat. Nat. Nat. . . . Nat...... Nat.. . (d) . . . V1st T (c) April, (d) Nat. . . . Nat. . . . Nat. V Nat. . . . V ...... Nat. Nat. Nat. (d) V Nat.Nat...... Nat. Nat. Nat. Sept., 1st T after ...... Nat. Nat.Nat.June, ...... Nat. Nat. Nat. Nat...... Nat. Nat. Nat.Sept., Nat.Nat.Nat. . . . AP 4 wks...... Nat. Nat. Nat. Nat. Nat. V . . .(d) Nat. . . . V ...... Nat. V Nat. (d) April 1st T or June 2nd T (b) Nat. (b) (b) Nat. T 3rd July, (b) . . . (b)AP 21 days Nat. Nat. Nat. (d) Nat. (b) Nat. (b) (b) Nat. (b) T 3rd July, ...... Nat.(b) Nat.AP 21 days Nat. (b) Nat. (d) Nat.( b) ...... Nat. (e) 5 wks. Prior (f) Nat. Nat. (b) Nat. . . . (b) Nat. . . . VT (f) April 1st (e) Nat. . . . V (b) Nat. . . . Nat...... T 2nd T or May, 2nd Mar., ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ . . . Nov., ...... Nov., Nov., ...... Nov., Nov., . . . Nov., . . . Nov., State — Same date as state elections. Prior — Prior to general election. (P) — Presidential election years. (N) — Non-presidential election years. After primary. AP — Varies. V — National State Local (b,i) . . . Nov., ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ June, 1st TJune, 1st Aug., 4th T8 T Prior3 wks. PriorJune, TAug., 2nd . . .56th day Prior (N)(d).. . 1st T in March (P) After 1st MT (a) June, 2nd 1st S . . .Sept., .. . 9th T Prior Nov., . . . T 3rd July, . . . Nov., Sept., 2nd Last S Nov., 4th TMay, 3rd TMarch Nov., Nov., May, Nov., 5th T Prior . . .June, AP 21 days Nov., T 1st Aug. Nov., 4th MT after 1st May, . . . Nov., . . .Oct., 1st S.. . TJune, 2nd Nov., Sept., 2nd T After 1st M.. . 7th T Prior . . .Aug., Nov., Nov., 1st T after 2nd MSept., Nov., . . .T (j)June, 1st ...... Nov., .. . Nov., APT 3rd Nov., Nov., Nov., Nov., Nov., Aug., June, May, 1st T After 2nd MT 1st May, .. . Sept., 1st TT (b) 2nd Sept., June, . . . Nov., . . . Nov., Nov., June, 1st TApril, 1st T (P) May, June, 2nd TT (P) 3rd March, ...... Nov., Nov., Nov., Nov., ...... jurisdiction Primary Runoff General Primary Runoff General Primary Runoff General ...... State or other ...... — First Tuesday after first Monday. after first Tuesday — First Key: ★ M —Monday. Tuesday. T — Thursday. TH — S — Saturday. Nat. — Same date as national elections...... Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware* Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa ...... Kansas Kentucky Louisiana (h)* ...... Maine ...... Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Table 5.4 Table STATE AND LOCAL ELECTIONS FOR NATIONAL, ELECTION DATES (Formulas) Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York ...... North Carolina North Dakota Ohio

The Council of State Governments 161 ELECTIONS March, 2nd T (P) (g) race. and lieutenant governor governor Held 35 days after the date of the May primary if necessary for (h)to appear on of party affiliation, requires regardless which Louisiana has an open primary all candidates, (i) and elections at Cities may hold their primaries offices. and township Applies to federal, state, county, (j)Tuesday. to Super correspond races when congressional Except in presidential election year (k) The primary election is held on the 4th Tuesday in August in each even-numbered year, including (l)10, 1994. held on May It was holiday. landed on a Jewish have Except the 1994 election which would (m) County officials. (n)primary in County party has the option of having a county primary in conjunction with the presidential (o) the tie) the or general if there election (and a recount does not resolve is a tie in a primary Vermont, In (p) 4T or date of presi- April *, May, March 2T, *, Other election dates for special elections include: Feb. (q)are of appeals and circuit court justices Superintendent of public instruction, Supreme Court, court a single ballot. If a candidate receives over 50 percent of the vote in the primary, that candidate is elected to the in the primary, of the vote 50 percent over receives a single ballot. If a candidate candidates receiv- a single election is held between the two then vote, a majority If no candidate receives office. in October of even-num- Saturday vote is held on the first first elections, the For national ing the most votes. For state Monday in November. after the first Tuesday with the general election held on the first bered years being held on the fourth the runoff in October with elections, the election is held on the second to last Saturday depending on the location and the year. election. Local elections vary Saturday after first generally hold primary in February and different times depending on charter or governing statutes. Villages annual elections in June. hold elections in March on an annual basis. Schools for the most part Tuesday in March during is held on the 2nd presidential election years. The presidential preferential primary presidential election years. March or the regular May date. of the within three weeks superior could order only, tied candidates a recessed election, among the appropriate primary runoffs, the runoff election must be proclaimed within 7 days after primary; after recount. In state which may are held by annual town meetings proclamation, election is held 15-22 days later. Local elections vary depending on town charter. dential primary. elected with local officials. Nat.Nat.Nat.TJune, 1st . . .APT 2nd . . . Nat.Sept., 2nd TNat. Nat. Nat.Nat.Nat. . . . Nat.Nat. Nat.Nat. State (m) Nat...... Nat.* Nat. (d) Nat...... Nat. . . . Nat. . . . Nat. Nat. Nat. (q) . . . Nat. Nat. (m) Nat. or March, 1st T Nat... . Feb., 3rd Nat. T Nat. Nat. (d) . . . Nat. Nat.T 1st May, . . . or Nat. . . . March, 1st T ...... April 1st T (p) Nat. Nat. Nat. The Book of the — Continued (b) (b) Nat.T May 3rd (b) . . . Nat. (b) (b) Nat. Nat. Nat. Nat. (b) Nat. . . . Nat.T May 3rd Nat. . . . Nat. . . . Nat. Nat. Nat.T (n) 1st May, Nat. Nat. Nat. (b) Nat. . . . Nat.TH (b) Aug 1st . . . Nat. Nat. ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ State — Same date as state elections. Prior — Prior to general election. (P) — Presidential election years. (N) — Non-presidential election years. After primary. AP — Varies. V — National State Local Mar., 2nd T (P) 2nd Mar., T 2nd Mar., 3rd May, TApril, 4th T (P)(l) Sept., 2nd T After 1st M.. . TJune, 2nd TJune, 1st . . .Feb., Last T (P) . . .TH (b)Aug., 1st March, 2nd T (P) Nov., March, 2nd TAPT 2nd June,T 4th Nov., . . .APT 2nd Sept., 2nd T Nov., Nov., June, 2nd TSept., 3rd T (p) 2nd T Apr., Nov., 2nd TMay, Sept., 2nd T . . . Nov., Nov., . . .Aug., 1st T After 3rd M...... Nov., Nov., Nov., Nov., Nov., Nov., Nov., ...... Sept., 2nd T 14 day APT 1st Nov., Sept., 2nd T 14 days APT 1st Nov., Aug., 4th T (k)Aug., 4th T 3rd Sept., Nov., ...... State election administration offices, except where noted by * where data are from are data from where noted by * where except State election administration offices, This table describes the basic formulas for determining when national, state and local elections will national, state and local This table describes the basic formulas for determining when jurisdiction Primary Runoff General Primary Runoff General Primary Runoff General State or other ...... — First Tuesday after first Monday. after first Tuesday — First M —Monday. Tuesday. T — Thursday. TH — S — Saturday. Nat. — Same date as national elections. (a)A preferentialprimary is held in June. the second Tuesday Arkansas, is scheduled for a general primary In (b) years. Even (c) last day of Passover. following Tuesday then 1st conflicts with Passover, Unless that date (d) state Kansas, In and partisan election only. In Iowa, elections are determined by city charter. In Delaware, (e) elections *. School and city elections are held in odd-numbered years on Nov. offices, township County, (f) Odd years. Source: Note: Key: ★ ...... three weeks before the general primary; should no candidate receive a majority vote, the general (runoff) pri- general the vote, (runoff) a majority three weeks before the general receive primary; should no candidate mary is held. state and county elections are held to- In Mississippi, county elections. In Minnesota, county elections only. in runoff York, In New In Montana, only. held in separate years. municipalities gether; municipal elections are In South years. and counties in even years in odd municipalities and towns In Ohio, City only. York New schoolCarolina, boards vary. are on Sept., 2T. held annually Oregon ...... Pennsylvania ...... Rhode Island ...... South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas ...... Utah (o) Vermont Virginia ...... Washington Virginia* West Wisconsin ...... Wyoming U.S. Virgin Islands ...... States, 1996-97 contact the specific state election is advised to be held. For specific information on a particular state, the reader for president, U.S. Senate and U.S. House of administration office. National elections are defined as elections specific data on variations between national Representatives. In some cases, states have elected to provide these variations have been noted. years. Where provided, elections in presidential and non-presidential Oklahoma ELECTION DATES FOR NATIONAL, STATE AND LOCAL ELECTIONS AND LOCAL STATE FOR NATIONAL, DATES ELECTION

162 The Book of the States 1998-99 ELECTIONS

Table 5.5 POLLING HOURS: GENERAL ELECTIONS

State or other jurisdiction Polls open Polls close Notes on hours (a) Alabama ...... No later than 8 a.m. Between 6 and 8 p.m. Polls must be open at least 10 consecutive hours; hours set by county ...... commissioner. Alaska ...... 7 a.m. 8 p.m. Arizona ...... 6 a.m. 7 p.m. Arkansas ...... 7:30 a.m. 7:30 p.m. California ...... 7 a.m. 8 p.m. Colorado ...... 7 a.m. 7 p.m. Connecticut ...... 6 a.m. 8 p.m. Delaware* ...... 7 a.m. 8 p.m. Florida ...... 7 a.m. 7 p.m. Georgia ...... 7 a.m. 7 p.m. Hawaii ...... 7 a.m. 6 p.m. Idaho ...... 8 a.m. 8 p.m. Polls may open earlier at option of county clerk, but not earlier than 7 a.m...... Polls may close earlier if all registered electors in a precinct have ...... voted. Illinois ...... 6 a.m. 7 p.m. Indiana ...... 6 a.m. 6 p.m. local time Iowa ...... 7 a.m. 9 p.m. Kansas ...... Between 6 and 7 a.m. Between 7 and 8 p.m. Hours may be changed by county election officer, but polls must be ...... open at least 12 consecutive hours between 6 a.m. and 8 p.m. Kentucky ...... 6 a.m. 6 p.m. (prevailing time) Only persons still in line at 6 p.m. may vote until 7 p.m. Louisiana* ...... 6 a.m. 8 p.m. Maine ...... Between 6 and 10 a.m. 8 p.m. Towns with population less than 100 may close after all registered ...... voters have voted. Maryland ...... 7 a.m. 8 p.m. Massachusetts ...... 7 a.m. 8 p.m. Michigan ...... 7 a.m. 8 p.m. Minnesota ...... 7 a.m. 8 p.m. Municipalities of less than 500 may establish hours of no later than 10 a.m...... to 8 p.m. Mississippi ...... 7 a.m. 7 p.m. Missouri ...... 6 a.m. 7 p.m. Montana ...... 7 a.m. 8 p.m. In precincts of over 200 registered voters...... noon 8 p.m. In precincts of less than 200 registered voters, polls may close when all ...... registered electors have voted. Nebraska ...... 7 a.m. 7 p.m. (MST) ...... 8 a.m. 8 p.m. (CST) Nevada ...... 7 a.m. 7 p.m. New Hampshire ...... Varies Varies (cities) All polls open not later than 11 a.m. and close not earlier than 7 p.m. In 11 a.m. 7 p.m. (towns) cities, city council shall determine polling hours at least 30 days prior to state elections. New Jersey ...... 7 a.m. 8 p.m. New Mexico ...... 7 a.m. 7 p.m. New York ...... 6 a.m. 9 p.m. North Carolina ...... 6:30 a.m. 7:30 p.m. All voters standing in line at 7:30 p.m. will be allowed to vote.

North Dakota ...... Between 7 and 9 a.m. Between 7 and 9 p.m. In precincts where less than 75 votes were cast in previous elections, ...... polls may open at noon. Ohio ...... 6:30 a.m. 7:30 p.m.

Oklahoma ...... 7 a.m. 7 p.m. Oregon ...... 7 a.m. 8 p.m. Pennsylvania ...... 7 a.m. 8 p.m. Rhode Island ...... Between 6 and 9 a.m. 9 p.m. Opening hours vary across cities and towns. South Carolina ...... 7 a.m. 7 p.m. South Dakota ...... 7 a.m. 7 p.m. (MST) ...... 8 a.m. 8 p.m. (CST) Tennessee ...... No standard opening 7p.m. (CST) Must be open at least 10 hours and no more than 13 hours...... time 8 p.m. (EST) Texas ...... 7 a.m. 7 p.m. Utah ...... 7 a.m. 8 p.m. Vermont* ...... Between 6 and 10 a.m. 7 p.m. Virginia ...... 6 a.m. 7 p.m. Washington ...... 7 a.m. 8 p.m. West Virginia* ...... 6:30 a.m. 7:30 p.m. Wisconsin ...... 7 a.m. 8 p.m. 1st, 2nd, 3rd class cities...... Between 7 and 9 a.m. 8 p.m. 4th class cities, towns and villages. Wyoming ...... 7 a.m. 7 p.m. Dist. of Columbia ...... 7 a.m. 8 p.m. U.S. Virgin Islands ...... 7 a.m. 7 p.m.

Sources: State election administration offices, except where noted by * those noted. where data are from The Book of the States, 1996-97. (a) In all states, voters standing in line when the polls close are allowed to Note: Hours for primary, municipal and special elections may differ from vote; however, provisions for handling those voters vary across jurisdictions.

The Council of State Governments 163 ELECTIONS

Table 5.6 VOTER REGISTRATION INFORMATION

Mail registration Closing date for State or other allowed for registration before Persons eligible for jurisdiction all voters general election (days) absentee registration (a) Alabama ...... ★ 10 M/O Alaska ...... ★ 30 (b) Arizona ...... ★ 29 (b) Arkansas ...... ★ 30 (b) California ...... ★ 29 (b) Colorado ...... ★ 29 (b) Connecticut ...... ★ 14 (c) (b) Delaware* ...... ★ 20 (b) Florida ...... ★ 29 (b) Georgia ...... ★ (d) (b) Hawaii ...... ★ 30 (b) Idaho ...... ★ (e) (b) Illinois ...... ★ 29 M/O Indiana ...... ★ 29 (f) C,D,E,M/O,O,P,T Iowa ...... ★ 10 (b) Kansas ...... ★ 14 (b) Kentucky ...... ★ 28 (b) Louisiana* ...... ★ 24 D Maine ...... ★ Election day (b) Maryland ...... ★ 29 (b) Massachusetts ...... ★ 20 (b) Michigan ...... ★ 30 (b) Minnesota ...... ★ Election day (g) (b) Mississippi ...... ★ 30 (b) Missouri ...... ★ 28 (b) Montana ...... ★ 30 (b) Nebraska ...... ★ (h) (b) Nevada ...... ★ 30 M/O New Hampshire ...... 10 (i) B,D,E,R,S,T New Jersey ...... ★ 29 (b) New Mexico ...... ★ 28 T New York ...... ★ 25 (b) North Carolina ...... ★ 25 (b) North Dakota ...... ------(j) ------Ohio ...... ★ 30 (b) Oklahoma ...... ★ 24 M/O Oregon ...... ★ 20 (b) Pennsylvania ...... ★ 30 B,D,M/O,O,P,R,S,T Rhode Island ...... ★ 30 D South Carolina ...... ★ 30 (b) South Dakota ...... ★ 15 (b) Tennessee ...... ★ 30 (b) Texas ...... ★ 30 (b) Utah ...... ★ 6 (k) (l) Vermont ...... ★ 17 (m) Virginia ...... ★ 28 T Washington ...... ★ 30 M/O West Virginia* ...... ★ 30 (b) Wisconsin ...... ★ Election day (k) (b) Wyoming ...... (g) (b) Dist. of Columbia ...... ★ 30 (b) American Samoa ...... ★ 30 M/O Guam ...... ★ 10 (b) ...... 50 (b) U.S. Virgin Islands ...... 30 M/O See footnotes at end of table.

164 The Book of the States 1998-99 ELECTIONS

VOTER REGISTRATION INFORMATION — Continued

Sources: State election administration offices, except where noted by * (c) Closing date differs for primary election. In Connecticut, 1 day; Dela- where data are from The Book of the States 1996-97. ware, 21 days. Key: (d) Fifth Monday prior to election. ★ — Mail registration allowed. (e) With county clerk, within 24 days before an election; eligible voters . . . — Mail registration not allowed. may also register on election day at polling place. Note: Previous editions of this chart contained a column for “Automatic (f) Absent uniformed services voters and overseas voters may be regis- cancellation of registration for failure to vote for ___ years”. However, the tered until the final poll list is prepared up to 10 days before election day. National Voter Registration Act requires a confirmation notice prior to any (g) Minnesota–21 days or election day; Wyoming–30 days or primary elec- cancellation and thus effectively bans any automatic cancellation of voter tion day, or general election day. registration. (h) 2nd Friday before election day. (a) In this column: B–Absent on business; C–Senior citizen; D–Disabled (i) Also, at polls on election day. persons; E–Not absent, but prevented by employment from registering; M/O–No (j) No voter registration. absentee registration except military and oversees citizens as required by (k) By mail: Utah, 20 days; Wisconsin, 13 days. federal law; O–Out of state; P–Out of precinct; R–Absent for religious rea- (l) There are several criteria including religious reasons, disabled, etc., or sons; S–Students; T–Temporarily out of jurisdiction. if the voter otherwise expects to be absent from the precinct on election day. (b) All voters. See column on mail registration. (m) Anyone unable to register in person.

The Council of State Governments 165 ELECTIONS

Table 5.7 VOTING STATISTICS FOR GUBERNATORIAL ELECTIONS

Primary election General election Total Total State Republican Democrat votes Republican Percent Democrat Percent Other Percent votes

Alabama ...... 211,933 302,038 513,971 769,044 50.1 662,165 43.2 143,140 9.3 1,534,349 Alaska (a) ...... 24,854 24,727 116,214 87,157 40.2 87,693 40.5 38,585 17.8 216,668 Arizona ...... 297,328 262,364 564,744 594,492 52.5 500,702 44.3 35,413 3 1,129,607 Arkansas ...... 86,977 491,146 578,123 295,925 42.5 400,386 57.5 101 0 696,412 California ...... 2,441,892 2,154,374 4,596,266 3,791,904 49.2 3,525,197 45.8 382,366 5 8,900,632 Colorado ...... 173,298 68,722 242,020 432,042 21.3 619,205 30.4 65,060 3.2 1,116,307 Connecticut (b) ...... (c) 131,065 131,065 427,840 37.5 236,641 20.7 476,641 41.8 1,141,122 Delaware* ...... unopposed unopposed 0 169,733 70.7 70,236 29.3 0 0 239,969 Florida ...... 901,237 836,414 1,737,651 2,071,068 49.2 2,135,008 50.8 583 0 4,206,659 Georgia ...... 118,118 1,052,315 (d) 1,170,433 645,625 44.5 766,662 52.9 37,395 2.6 1,449,682 Hawaii ...... 54,075 201,286 255,361 107,908 29.2 134,978 36.6 126,127 34.2 369,013 Idaho ...... 118,891 57,797 176,688 216,123 52.2 181,363 43.9 15,860 3.9 413,346 Illinois ...... 695,332 1,099,025 1,794,357 1,984,318 63.9 1,069,850 34.4 52,388 1.4 3,106,566 Indiana ...... 457,246 390,938 848,184 822,533 36.9 1,382,151 62 24,432 1.1 2,229,116 Iowa ...... 311,277 128,317 439,594 556,395 56.4 414,453 42 16,400 1.7 987,248 Kansas ...... unopposed 159,154 159,154 526,113 64.1 294,733 35.9 0 0 820,846 Kentucky† ...... 164,570 506,646 673,519 237,069 42.1 616,558 48.5 20,260 0.2 873,887 Louisiana* ...... ------(e) ------Maine (f) ...... 89,623 100,206 189,829 117,990 23.1 172,951 33.8 220,367 43.1 511,308 Maryland ...... 247,500 585,190 838,602 451,256 65 879,842 61 106,232 46 1,437,330 Massachusetts ...... 241,338 553,987 795,325 1,533,390 68.7 611,650 27.4 87,166 3.9 2,232,206 Michigan ...... unopposed 689,002 1,239,601 1,899,101 61.5 1,188,438 38.5 1,538 < 0.1 3,089,077 Minnesota ...... 482,754 382,173 864,927 1,094,165 62 589,344 33.4 43,885 4.7 1,765,590 Mississippi† ...... 122,018 514,649 640,667 455,261 55.6 364,210 44.4 0 0 819,471 Missouri‡ ...... 282,313 425,770 710,636 866,268 40.4 1,224,801 57.2 51,449 2.4 2,142,518 Montana ...... 99,051 132,276 231,327 209,401 51.4 198,421 48.7 (g) (g) 407,822 Nebraska ...... 190,941 167,109 358,050 288,741 49.2 292,771 49.9 5,030 0.9 586,542 Nevada ...... 76,028 88,297 164,325 95,789 29.9 207,878 64.8 17,076 5.3 320,743 New Hampshire ...... 81,349 35,740 117,089 218,134 70 79,686 25.6 13,709 4.4 311,529 New Jersey§ ...... 204,017 401,603 605,620 1,133,394 46.9 1,107,968 45.8 176,982 7.3 2,418,344 New Mexico ...... 80,971 181,240 262,211 185,692 45.2 224,564 54.6 980 0.2 411,236 New York ...... unopposed unopposed 0 865,948 21.3 2,157,087 53.2 1,033,861 25.5 4,056,896 North Carolina ...... 279,610 588,926 868,356 1,097,053 42.8 1,436,638 55.9 32,494 1.4 2,618,326 North Dakota‡ ...... unopposed unopposed 94,754 174,931 66.2 89,349 33.8 12 0 264,298 Ohio ...... 750,781 694,437 1,445,218 2,401,572 71.8 835,849 24.9 109,017 3.3 3,248,338 Oklahoma ...... 205,947 442,223 648,170 466,740 46.9 294,936 29.6 233,336 23.4 995,012 Oregon ...... 273,310 283,136 556,446 517,874 42.4 622,083 50.9 81,053 6.6 1,221,010 Pennsylvania ...... 996,784 1,110,446 2,107,230 1,627,976 45.4 1,430,099 39.9 527,451 14.7 3,585,526 Rhode Island ...... 43,023 99,132 142,155 171,194 47.4 157,361 43.5 32,822 9.1 361,377 South Carolina ...... 302,909 314,341 617,250 470,756 50.4 447,002 47.9 16,092 1.7 933,850 South Dakota ...... 105,975 52,447 158,422 172,515 55.4 126,273 40.5 12,825 4.1 311,613 Tennessee ...... 464,447 537,046 1,001,493 807,104 54.2 664,252 44.6 15,774 1 1,487,130 Texas ...... 557,340 (h) 1,036,994 (h) 1,594,284 2,350,994 53.5 2,016,928 45.9 28,320 0.6 4,396,242 Utah ...... (c) (c) (c) 321,713 42 177,181 23 255,753 34 965,211 Vermont‡ ...... 20,292 18,112 38,631 (i) 57,161 22.4 179,544 70.5 17,943 (i) 7.5 254,648 Virginia ...... (c) (c) (c) 1,045,319 58.3 733,527 40.9 14,398 0.8 1,793,916 Washington ...... 581,718 631,217 1,216,677 940,538 42 1,296,492 58 0 0 2,237,030 West Virginia* ...... 120,519 333,327 453,856 240,390 36.6 368,302 56 48,873 7.4 567,565 Wisconsin ...... 321,487 121,916 446,882 1,051,326 67.2 482,850 30.9 29,659 1.9 1,563,835 Wyoming ...... 76,076 43,473 119,549 55,471 34.6 104,638 65.4 0 0.0 160,109

Source: State election administration offices, except where noted by * (e) Louisiana has an open primary which requires all candidates, regard- where data are from The Book of the States, 1996-97. less of party affiliation, to appear on a single ballot. If a candidate receives Note: Figures are for 1994 except where indicated: † 1995. ‡ 1996; over 50 percent of the vote in the primary, he is elected to the office. If no § 1997; candidate receives a majority vote, then a single election is held between the (a) The state recognizes two other political parties and the one limited party. two candidates receiving the most votes. (b) In 1990, Lowell P. Weicker, a Connecticut Party Candidate, polled (f) In 1994, Independent candidate Angus S. King, Jr. polled 180,829 votes 460,576 votes (40.4 percent of the total vote) and won the election with a (35.4 percent of total vote and won the election. 32,736 plurality. (g) Information is not available. (c) Candidate nominated by convention. (h) In Texas, total is for first primary. Total votes for runoff elections: Re- (d) Total shown is for first primary. Total votes for runoff elections; Georgia, publicans 201,439; Democrats 476,461. 956,027. (i) Includes Liberty Union Party (major party) and minor party candidates for governor.

166 The Book of the States 1998-99 ELECTIONS

Table 5.8 VOTER TURNOUT FOR PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS: 1988, 1992 AND 1996 (In thousands)

1996 1992 1988 Voting age Number Voting age Number Voting age Number population Number voting population Number voting population Number voting State (a) registered (b) (a) registered (b) (a) registered (b)

Alabama ...... 3,220 2,471 1,534 3,056 2,367 1,688 3,010 2,451 1,378 Alaska ...... 410 415 245 404 315 261 370 293 203 Arizona ...... 3,233 2,245 1,431 2,749 1,965 1,516 2,605 1,798 1,204 Arkansas ...... 1,869 1,394 884 1,729 1,184 950 1,614 1,203 828 California ...... 19,527 15,662 10,263 20,863 15,101 11,374 19,052 14,004 10,195 Colorado ...... 2,843 2,285 1,551 2,501 2,003 1,597 2,489 2,037 1,432 Connecticut ...... 2,300 1,900 750 2,535 1,962 1,616 2,492 1,795 1,443 Delaware ...... 547 (c) 271 525 340 290 490 318 250 Florida ...... 11,043 8,078 5,304 10,586 6,542 5,439 9,614 6,047 4,302 Georgia ...... 5,396 (c) 2,299 4,750 3,177 2,321 4,665 2,941 1,810 Hawaii ...... 889 545 370 889 465 383 824 444 369 Idaho ...... 858 700 492 740 611 482 701 572 409 Illinois ...... 11,431 6,663 4,311 8,568 6,600 5,164 8,550 6,357 4,559 Indiana ...... 4,146 3,500 2,728 4,108 3,180 2,347 4,068 2,866 2,169 Iowa ...... 2,138 1,776 1,252 2,075 1,704 1,355 2,068 1,690 1,226 Kansas ...... 1,898 1,439 1,076 1,881 1,366 1,162 1,829 1,266 993 Kentucky ...... 2,928 2,391 1,420 2,779 2,076 1,493 2,746 2,026 1,323 Louisiana ...... 3,137 (c) 1,784 2,992 2,247 1,790 3,010 2,232 1,628 Maine ...... 934 1,001 606 930 975 679 893 855 555 Maryland ...... 3,811 (c) 1,781 3,719 2,463 1,985 3,491 2,310 1,714 Massachusetts ...... 4,623 (c) 2,556 4,607 3,346 2,774 4,535 3,275 2,633 Michigan ...... 7,067 6,677 3,849 6,884 6,147 4,275 6,791 5,953 3,669 Minnesota ...... 3,412 2,730 2,211 3,278 2,711 2,356 3,161 2,917 2,125 Mississippi ...... 1,961 1,826 894 1,826 1,640 1,008 1,867 1,596 932 Missouri ...... 3,902 3,343 2,158 3,858 3,067 2,391 3,281 2,943 2,094 Montana ...... 647 590 412 586 530 418 586 506 379 Nebraska ...... 1,208 1,015 677 1,167 951 744 1,167 899 661 Nevada ...... 1,180 778 468 1,013 650 506 780 445 350 New Hampshire ...... 860 755 514 830 661 545 823 650 451 New Jersey ...... 6,005 (c) 3,076 5,943 4,060 3,344 5,943 4,011 3,100 New Mexico ...... 1,210 (c) 556 1,150 707 591 1,101 675 521 New York ...... 13,564 9,161 6,439 13,609 9,196 7,069 13,480 8,612 6,486 North Carolina ...... 5,800 4,300 2,618 5,217 3,817 2,612 4,913 3,432 2,134 North Dakota ...... 437 (c) 272 463 (c) 315 483 (c) 309 Ohio ...... 8,300 6,638 4,534 8,146 6,358 5,043 7,970 6,323 4,394 Oklahoma ...... 2,419 1,823 1,206 2,328 2,302 1,390 2,404 2,199 1,171 Oregon ...... 2,344 1,962 1,399 2,210 1,775 1,499 2,044 1,528 1,235 Pennsylvania ...... 9,197 6,806 4,506 9,129 5,993 4,961 9,060 5,876 4,536 Rhode Island ...... 751 603 390 776 554 425 764 549 385 South Carolina ...... 2,750 1,815 1,203 2,566 1,537 1,236 2,565 1,447 1,047 South Dakota ...... 530 456 329 500 448 336 507 440 313 Tennessee ...... 3,660 3,056 1,918 3,861 2,726 1,982 3,598 2,417 1,636 Texas ...... 13,698 10,541 5,612 12,524 8,440 6,154 12,270 8,202 5,427 Utah ...... 1,322 1,050 691 1,159 965 780 1,078 807 662 Vermont ...... 430 385 261 420 383 293 407 348 247 Virginia ...... 5,089 3,323 2,417 4,842 3,054 2,583 4,544 2,877 2,192 Washington ...... 4,122 3,078 2,294 3,818 2,814 2,287 3,417 2,499 1,865 West Virginia ...... 1,414 (c) 6364 1,350 956 684 1,398 969 653 Wisconsin ...... 3,786 (d) 2,196 3,677 (d) 2,531 3,536 (d) 2,192 Wyoming ...... 343 241 216 322 235 201 351 226 177

Sources: 1988, 1992 and 1996 data provided by Committee for the Study (a) Estimated population, 18 years old and over. Includes armed forces in of the American Electorate, with update by the state election administration each state, aliens, and institutional population. offices. 1992 base data provided by state election offices, as available; re- (b) Number voting is number of ballots cast in presidential race. maining data provided by Committee for the Study of the American Elector- (c) Information not available. ate. (d) No statewide registration required. Excluded from totals for persons registered.

The Council of State Governments 167 CAMPAIGN FINANCE e ections December ed officers, n election; annually on n election; annually t for from January through May 1 period ter election and 30 days after primary. on; 10 days after election; and annually on on; 10 days after election; and annually h calendar quarter after treasurer is appointed f January, April, July beforeApril, and October; 7th day f January, maries; and on the 4th and 18th days immediatelymaries; and on the 4th and 18th days ays after general election. (f) Supplemental reports are judges, whose salary is less than $100 or more per month, and judges file judges, whose salary is less than $100 or more days before election; post-election report due 30 days after the election, days before election; post-election ough last day of qualifying for office and on the 4th, 18th and 32nd days of qualifying forough last day office preceding the general election for an opposed candidate, political committee, or preceding the general election for an opposed candidate, political on funds file public receiving Candidates committee of continuous existence. election, and general primary the 4th, 11th, 18th, 25th and 32nd days prior to first candidate Any and on the 4th, 11th, 18th and 25th days prior to the second primary. within 90 days of that date. who becomes unopposed files report due within 15 days of the end of each quarter. Final monthly 30 report due within 15 days end of each quarter. report of the in which the election is held. days after the end of the month and on December 31 until contributions 31 of year after election, and annually are balanced and the fund is closed. expenditures 31; pre-election report not less than 12 days before the election, complete through 31; pre-election report not less than State central committees: January 30, April 10, July 10; 12 days before any election.April 10, July 10; 12 days before any 30,State central January committees: 90 if deficit, or, of surplus, days after distribution Supplemental reports: seven or election, then 30 days after increasedays in deficit. after primary istrar of Angeles Los and San Francisco whether Semi-annual: July 31 and January 31 for all candidates and committees, and county clerk of county whereand county clerk month; after the end of each due within 15 days a monthly report Generally, county clerk and recorder (other officers). balance or deficit. unexpended wide committees file with division of elections, while with division wide committees file islative, district, or multi-county or district, candidates) islative, no of the election until a report shows on the anniversary required annually other communities file with county supervisor of elections. other communities file or town clerk: for city or town offices or measures. offices city or town clerk: for or town candidate resides. complete through 20 days after the election. (b) and clerk of county of candidates,residence; legislative and all elect or made expenditures, contributions received or not they supplemental election; quarterly before any days due seven pre-election report of elections in candidate’s copy to supervisor with qualifies, thr Senate, House of Representative and district attorney.Senate, of Representative House for state Senate or Probate judge in counties of district: State Ethics and county offices. House of Representatives, 31. January interests. Commn.: Statement of economic Clerk of board supervisors: of legislature). (including state City local judgesfor and county offices. seeking retention 20 board of equalization, court of appeals and superior court of clerk state, of county with with judges Secy. file except el Periodic: for or made expenditures. contributions only if they received largest number of registered voters in the district in and voters number of registered largest clerk of county of domicile. (d) before Jun 12 days years: March 22, of even-numbered or November in June county. appropriate election. (e) and 12 days the November election, before 5, October committees and persons making independent of $100 or more unless no funds haveexpenditures made expenditures or reportable been received State during reporting period. candidates. other than statewide county of residence for and second pri preceding first Candidates whose cumulative contributions exceed contributions Candidates whose cumulative political committees; approved $500; exploratory action committees. Secy. of state (c) officeholders. Candidates, committees and elected Secy. of state, reg Candidates, political committees, committees political party executive of continuous existence, before whom candidate with officer Candidates file by the tenth day of eac Generally Political Committees.candidates inState candidates and municipal residents;municipalities of more than 1,000 labor entity, a business ongoing organizations; or municipality a contribution making organization, office). Commission (central Alaska Public Office contributing groups and individuals or expenditure; or candidate. group more than $250 to any Candidates and political committees. state and judicial offices, of state: for statewide Secy. one week before electi 30 days and 45 days before and between 10 and 5 days before a and state measures of state: for state offices Secy. June 30 repor election year, In regular (a) year. the prior not reported and expenditures February 15 for contributions Candidates; political committees (except thoseCandidates; political committees (except less than $250 in a calendar spend or receive which to support or oppose a local organized year and are (statewide, of state elections: Non-municipal either Secy. leg 11 days before and 30 d appropriate Candidates, political committees, and party more thancommittees spending or receiving election. $1,000 in any of state, and with local candidates with Secy. Generally clerks. with town committees filing referendum Candidates and committees. o second Thursday Generally: af election; 45 days state each regular State Election Commissioner. 30 days and eight days before election; December 31 of year of election; or statewide ballot issue); and persons making ballot issue); and persons or statewide more than $100.independent expenditures Non-statewide Municipal elections: municipal clerk. clerk and recorder of each multi-county issues: county ...... jurisdiction from Statements required with Statements filed filing for Time State or other See footnotes at end of table. Arkansas California Florida Alaska Arizona Alabama Table 5.9 Table REQUIREMENTS GENERAL FILING LAWS: FINANCE CAMPAIGN (As of January 1998. this table available August, information for 1996) * Updated Colorado Connecticut Delaware

168 The Book of the States 1998-99 CAMPAIGN FINANCE ary ports in the ee). 50 are filed in the 5th day after 50 are filed 31 of each year in office for winning in office 31 of each year ebruary 15 and 15 days before and 15 daysebruary 15 and 15 days before January 19 annually, except for committees for committees for except January 19 annually, (hand-delivered) before election or convention; (hand-delivered) s: 32nd and 15th day before an election, and 30 dates have five days from filing deadline to file with deadline to file days from filing five dates have no pre-convention report was filed; annually by third annually filed; report was no pre-convention eneral election runoff); and December 31 of election and December eneral election runoff); s after a general or special election. Supplemental s after a general or special election. fter. In years in which no primary In years in which or general is held, a fter. ore and ten days after primary, 15 days general before after primary, ore and ten days efore election, and January 10 each year. Constitutional year. election, and January 10 each efore contributions: 15 days each election. Semi-annual before contributions: ent of an unexpended balance or expenditure deficit are filed annually on on annually January filed are deficit balance or expenditure ent of an unexpended equired until fund shows a zero balance. a zero equired until fund shows Generally 25 working days before primary election, and ten working days before primary election, and ten working before Generally 25 working days city and school office candidates who file five days before the election and the five candidates who file city and school office in a year in which the candidate is not standing for election. primary; Candidates and committees: 180th, 90th, 30th, and tenth day before nmental Standards and Conduct. State offices after elections. inal and a copy with Campaign Spending Commission. with Campaign Spending inal and a copy candidates. County superintendent of elections for other superintendent of elections candidates. County and elections. offices candidates. where candidate resides. clerk for politicalState Board of Elections and county and local political committees acting as both state committee. January 31. 31 and July expenditures: and contributions of reports six months thereafter. and every the last day of election year, duplicate with board of candidate’s county of residence. (h) county of residence. with board of candidate’s duplicate county election office: city or school Commission. County, Commission. Other statutory political committee: to Board.county election commissioner and copy A the May reports. and July state or city committee is not required to file and October reports July, the May, is not required committee to file candidate’s of state basis: with Secy. elected on less than statewide of residence. Local offices: and county election officer county election officer. Supervisory Committee on Campaign Finance Disclosure. Generally, those making or accepting contributions making or accepting those Generally, of a candidate for of $500 on behalf in excess candidates referenda. and of state for statewide Secy. or recall.election, a referendum, and 15 days 45 days bef of elections to superintendent state of with copy Secy. (6 days g election, before for general assembly residence in county of candidate’s due December year; supplemental report Candidates, parties and committees; committeesCandidates, parties and committees; an electionthat form within ten days before and spend $1,000 or more. Orig and original file counties of less than 200,000 voters, In each election, and 30 day copies with either Commission or clerk in county two $2 deficit over or of surplus in the event reports Candidates, political committees, and any person any and Candidates, political committees, of more other than $50 who makes an expenditure of state. to a candidate Secy. political or than by a contribution committee. and local political committees. of state Treasurers of Elections for state political committees; State Board Reports of campaign committees,Political committees, candidate committees, and political action party regular committees. (g) Commission for most. Local candidates State Election county election board of each with and committees file days 11 or (postmarked) days 14 if convention after days 20 before after election. Supplemental re days and 30 days By seven ev candidates fileAssembly in district. General county 30 reports. April 30 and July committees file 31. Measure 1 for committ January in (by March political party Wednesday Candidates and committees receiving contributionsCandidates and committees receiving of $500 or in excess or making expenditures Campaign Finance Disclosure office: Statewide incurring debt greater than $500 in a calendar year. political committee: State statutory commissioner. and 19, October 19, July 19, May Candidates, political committees, party committees, of the month therea first of state. with Secy. elected statewide: State offices constitutional amendment committees, and persons of more than $100.making independent expenditures Constitutional amendments: Kansas Commission on Gover eight days b Generally, F each amendment committees file Candidates, campaign committees, permanentcommittee political partycommittees, executive in (when organizations fundraisers, contributing political issues committees,$100), of excess of Election Finance. Duplicate reports Registry Kentucky in county where with clerk candidate resides. filed inaugural committees and those making independentcommittee Candidates/campaign of $500 or more one election. in any expenditures candidates major or district office; Candidates for Candi election. an after days for other who office contributions of receive more 30 days after an election. Permanent committees: executive Party Registry. r supplemental reports Annual last day calendar quarter. of each committees: reportsAnnual by Febru before and 40th day after general election. tenth day than $200 from any one source or make expenditures one source or make any than $200 from of more than $5,000; political committees, persons who expenditures make independent not a candidate other than to or from a or accept contributions candidate or committee more than $500; persons expenditures or make contributions who accept more than $200 to support or oppose propositions. (i) 15 for most surpluses/deficits...... jurisdiction from Statements required with Statements filed filing for Time ...... State or other AMPAIGN FINANCE LAWS: GENERAL FILING REQUIREMENTS — Continued * Updated information for this table available August, 1998. August, table available for this information * Updated Continued — REQUIREMENTS FILING GENERAL LAWS: FINANCE AMPAIGN Georgia C Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa ...... Kansas Kentucky Louisiana

The Council of State Governments 169 CAMPAIGN FINANCE , of or tember ter election, 995 and xpenditures e year after e year eral election. before primary, eight days before general eight days before primary, before election; gubernatorial candidates also election; gubernatorial elated political committees: pre-electionelated year very fourth year thereafter: seven days before days thereafter: year seven fourth very ion and January 31 annually. (j) ion and January 31 annually. neral election or before taking office. Central and Central neral election or before taking office. legislative, and high court offices file ten days before file and high court offices legislative, 1 of each year; political or independent committees (PACs) committees year; political or independent 1 of each r election; committees other than independent committees: r election; committees other than tees, party committees, ballot question committees: 11 days tees, party committees, ballot question ter than April 20 for candidate filed/committee formed after end of previous candidate filed/committee April 20 for ter than than $1,000 in that year, and 42 days before an election. Party file committees before days and 42 than $1,000 in that year, before general election. semi-annually and election, and January 20 of year after general election. Candidates for other than election, and January 20 of year years. 25, and October 25 in even July an 10th and September yeardays following after an election; March 10th of each candidates and related district office State is filed. election until closing report after political committees: 12th day before election, not more than 20 days candidates and related office Other public is filed. report closing and whenever or if contributions e same as for state districtpolitical committees: office 40th and seventh day before and 30th day after election with minor exception. 40th and seventh A since the last report. $1,000 or more of made or received were expenditures outstanding debts shows is required if post-election report supplemental report is less than $5,000. until the deficit than $5,000; this report mustgreater be filed year ballot issues committee: pre-election to campaign exceed $500. Statewide day of each March 10th, quarter; and tenth day of subsequent on the fifth reports 20 days after month through September; 15 and 25 days before election; within than 20 days election. Independent committees: 12th day before election, not more year is due. (m) after election, and when closing report at the end of the calendar Practices.Candidates and their noncontinuing committees and and earlier election, before second Friday any primary, before Tuesday Fourth more or spent received January 15 in non-election years 15 and July if they file all continuing committees file with State Administrative with State all continuing committees file file contractors Government Board of Election Laws. election, after general six months on If there is a surplus or deficit, until the surplus on the election anniversary and annually election, general with Secy. of state. of with Secy. or more): with city citywide candidates in cities of 100,000 clerk or election commission. Other candidates:or town Political Finance.with Director of Campaign and day af political committees: and third business offices non-city or town 20 of year after general election. designating depository and January candidates. judicial office special report for is eliminated. deficit April 25 and October 25 in odd years, 31, July January 25, on state level: filing clerk of appropriate county; circuit office; legislative For 1 calendar year. prior the entire 31 to cover election; January any political committee has headquarters. 10th in an election year; 15 and 25 days before an election; not more than 20 municipal clerk for municipal office.municipal for clerk dates are detailed reporting specified. fourth thereafter, year every administrator of county where candidate is resident or 10th and Sep day quarter; March after each reports quarterly on the fifth Candidates, political committees, politicalCandidates, political party committees, and persons action committees, in excess of $50. expenditures making independent Ethics and Election Commission on Governmental of $300 or more; contributions Candidates receiving Six days before and 42 days after each political committees; party central committees;political committees; party central slates. filed with the board candidate with which states files after ge Tuesday the third Party central committees and statement of candidacy. on the date of the last gen annually continuing committees also file Candidates and political committees. committees,Candidates, political and independent committees;party committees and ballot question judicial office, state elective of state: candidates for Secy. for candidates (except and committees City or town certain persons expenditures. making independent Candidate commit party committees. County clerk: and all political office Administrator: State Court local office. candidates for afte days 30 days and eight before Court: General for Candidates committees,Candidates, party committees, political 3 January than later not of a duplicate Board files Ethical Practices Board; ofand persons making independent expenditures more than $100. candidate reports with the auditor in each legislative Candidates and political committees. statewide, Candidates for elect a primary and general or state district for statewide, of state if candidate Secy. other than 1995 and e years For county of the district. Committees, candidates who spend or receive more candidatesCommittees, who spend or receive of more a single contribution than $1,000 or receive (k) than $250, and persons making independent of $500 or more. expenditures inCandidates and political committees (except certain school districts and special district elections). Commissioner of Political Practices and election candidates and r office Statewide Nola or each January required 15 if contributions (l) Supplemental reports are year...... jurisdiction from Statements required with Statements filed filing for Time State or other See footnotes at end of table. Maryland Maine ...... CAMPAIGN FINANCE LAWS: GENERAL FILING REQUIREMENTS — Continued * Updated information for this table available August, 1998. available this table for information * Updated — Continued FILING REQUIREMENTS GENERAL LAWS: FINANCE CAMPAIGN Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana

170 The Book of the States 1998-99 CAMPAIGN FINANCE ng re ceeds of candidate or by April 15th, of each calendar year. Aggregate calendar year. of each ees, and political committees: 29th day and n, as appropriate; and 15th day of second month n, as appropriate; and 15th day fore a primary or general election, and 40th day fore a primary or y primary, 15 days before city general and 15 days before election, y primary, 0th day after general election. Annual statement due Annual statement 0th day general election. after pose political committees: by 10 days before and 30 d 20th day after election, and if post-election report is after city general election. Candidate at recall election: after city general election. Candidate cial district office election: 15 days before election, election: 15 days cial district office election. Person making candidate-related independent election. Person making candidate-related ays after election and expenses report 60 days after after election and expenses report ays tee: if petition for recall not filed, 30 days after notice of after notice 30 days recall not filed, if petition for tee: sion; and if court orders special recall election, 15 days sion; and if court orders special ery 60 days thereafter until certification of winding up thereafter until certification 60 days ery unpaid, and every 12 months after an election as long as 12 months and every unpaid, eceding year is statements not required to be filed during not required statements eceding year is etition expired; if court does not order special recall election, special does not order if court etition expired; after an election, 6 months after an election if contributions remain 6 months after an election if contributions after an election, eneral election, and 15th day of second month after general election. City office election, and 15th day month after general of second eneral contributions report 30 days after election, and expenses report after 60 days after election, 30 days and expenses report contributions previous years. (n) years. previous before 15 days or general before primary, Candidate at primary election: 15 days candidate for statewide office, state senator, office, for statewide candidate assemblyman in multi-county district, or any other office in multi-county or any district, assemblyman g question voted on only in the county. City clerk: on only in the county. question voted days 15 general before group; and ballot question advocacy expenditures oted on in other than a single county or city. County clerk: or city. oted on in other than a single county expenditures for a candidate elected only the city; for a candidate from expenditures for a question voted group and ballot question advocacy after election. on only in the city. office state legislative for except candidates seeks office, Continuing political committees: report) is filed. (final business and magistrates offices, County Clerk: county elective unpaid debts remain. General purpose political committee: by 10 days befo clerk, as appropriate, depending on the type of committee.clerk, as appropriate, by January 31 for pr independent expenditures if any contributions if any independent expenditures or individual/ political party) (except received $500; ballot exceed expenditures cumulative persons and groups if any with multi-county district; person making independentquestion advocacy elected from other than a for a candidate expenditures or individual/cumulative received contributions cit $500; and committees for the exceed before expenditures days 15 candidate: or county; committee for the recall of a public single city month if individual/cumulativesecond of a public officer recall of day 15th for a question group and ballot question advocacy officer; v on in a candidate for state senator or assemblyman voted 30 d report contributions $500. Persons exceed or expenditures contributions at spe election. Candidate commit Recall election. person making office; county or township single county; elected only for a candidate and corporations, independent expenditures business individuals, include labor unions, political action associations, voluntary p circulate to intent committees.committees, and political party 30 days after court deci for group and ballot question advocacy from the county; a before and 30 days after making independentperson for city office; candidate Candidates for state councilor, governor, senator, and county office Court, to General representative election or city general electio of state. Secy. $500, and political exceed whose expenditures committees (including political party committees) $500. exceed or expenditures whose receipts Candidate committees and joint candidates periodic election fund reportscommittees (except for if total amount to be expended not required a copy office, for case of candidates non-statewide $1,000 for does not exceed by all sources candidacy candidate committee, $4,000 for joint candidates Commission. In Enforcement Election Law Jersey New of county where candidate with the county clerk is filed joint candidates, or $6,000 for committee with two committ candidates joint Candidates, an election in county where candidate resides. file before day candidates committee with three or more candidates 11th report, ev not the final from $200 over contributions although aggregate single source must be reported); political committees $1,000 or more in an election; raisethat or expend continuing political committees; political party leadership committees. committees; and legislative of or treasurers candidates Public officials, political committee primary 12 weeks before (except Wednesday candidates campaign committees (except candidates’ 15th, October 15th and January 15th July or receiving anticipate statements they that filing magistrates), (except judicial offices offices, state legislative or office spending less than $1,000 for non-statewide days and political committees. offices, multi-county district multi-county offices, or general elective in primary of state: statewide office statewide $2,500 for Secy. election), and treasurers of political committees. after Wednesday and 2nd 3 weeks before election, Wednesday political party), offices. or debts unexpended state legislative single-county Candidates and special pur depleted. (o) or surplus satisfied 6 months after election until obligations election. Every and 30 days after an election. or public solicitation pro or testimonial affair expenditures, contributions, exceeded, starti within 20 days after $100 aggregate $100 to be reported over with 19th day after election (p). Candidate committees, political party committees,Candidate committees, and ballot questionindependent committees, Commission.Accountability and Disclosure Nebraska or spending raising, receiving, committees upon in a calendar year. more than $2,000 day and tenth day be By 30th commissioner or county with election Copies to be filed and city office township, State, county, district, that candidate-related make candidates; persons 6 and election, primary after state: of Secy. or ...... jurisdiction from Statements required with Statements filed filing for Time State or other New Hampshire New Jersey ...... New Mexico Nebraska Nevada ...... CAMPAIGN FINANCE LAWS: GENERAL FILING REQUIREMENTS — Continued * Updated information for this table available August, 1998. available this table for information * Updated — Continued FILING REQUIREMENTS GENERAL LAWS: FINANCE CAMPAIGN

The Council of State Governments 171 CAMPAIGN FINANCE th ment election making contributions a second primary, by the 10th day after the by the 10th day a second primary, 1th day before and 10th day after contested primary 1th day before and o reports are otherwise required, by last Friday in o reports are otherwise required, day before and 27th day after the election. Periodic day before and must submit reports according for the to the schedule day after an election: annual statement on the last was eliminated. General election: by after General election: was 10th day eliminated. if contributions are received or expenditures made during or expenditures received are if contributions ry: 4th day before and 10th day after primary. General before after primary. 4th day ry: and 10th day ted. (q) ted. year. Candidates and political committees in elections in Candidates year. cept corporations, limited liability companies, and cept corporations, limited liability nuary except in year post-general election statement is filed. nuary except ment: 12th day before election. Year-end statement: January statement: 31 Year-end election. ment: 12th day before eneral election through general election day, a business-day state a business-day eneral election through general election day, statements are also required by January 15 and July 15 in each subsequent year by January 15 and July 15 are also required statements primary (and 10th day after primary of Primary election: by 10th day before is made. or expenditure after the contribution associations.) (r) September of generalAugust, July, for Monthly statements of contributions required if campaign committee receives contribution causing aggregate contribution if campaign committee receives required office executive state $2,500 in case of designated to exceed from contributor candidate or $500 in case of supreme court candidate. oup or person; and corporations, cooperative corporations, cooperative oup or person; and corporations, imited liability companies, and associations. State legislative imited liability companies, and associations. general election day, with county board of elections. general election day, Board of Elections, Political Committees: with State a an election for committees taking part solely in except elections, of board to file with a local candidate required political with local board. County also required to file are of elections. board with the county party committees file in boards with other to file Committees are required certain instances. political committees, State Board of Elections: candidates, $100 with respect to candidates for single-county district, the election is conducted. particular method under which Individuals county and municipal offices.county of residence. $100 must report within ten days over or expenditures independent contributions within offices political parties. County board of elections: in county withcounty and multi-county district (file 19 From candidate. office by campaign committee of statewide year required greatest population), county political committees, andcounty political parties. g before day islative office candidate office islative with the county auditor in the candidate’s candidates file wide or leg Candidates and political committees, however,Candidates and is not required candidates or their for filing committees (1) that do notauthorized political or presidential executive state Candidates: electors, calendar year or $1,000 more than $50 in a expend (2) before an uncontestedin an election cycle, and multi-county party positions delegates convention court supreme justices, constitutional offices, City), with State legislative York in a city, or (3) for an election primary election, (if not wholly elected within New 1 and 32nd elections: Primary or less than 10,000 unless total or village town, prima Runoff election. village (except Board of Elections; other public offices election: 32nd day and 11th $1,000. exceed receipts or expenditures and party positions in a single county or New offices of elections, as with city or county board City), York termina until activities election not on if and village offices appropriate; referendum Candidates, political committees, making independent and individuals committees, $100; however, over or expenditures contributions or contributions and persons making independent in municipalities andmunicipal and county offices for to candidates $100 with respect over expenditures not requiredcounties under 50,000 are to file committees, and referendum state and district offices party committeesreports. Candidates and political primary if the candidate and loans will expenditures whose contributions, Elections: candidates, political committees, and persons report is candidate eliminated); if there Annual election. reporting. from $1,000 can be exempted not exceed referenda. County Board of with respect to statewide over or expenditures making independent contributions January of following 50,000 over municipalities the calendar year for which n who office or legislative Candidates for statewide a than $100 during more contributions any receive candidates, political parties, of state: state office Secy. political partiescalendar year; that receive initiative/referendum political committees, and statewide of more than $100 and contributecontributions (ex year following of state Pre-election state a money to of more than $100; political committees administering l contributions and persons who solicit or accept PACs; gr than $100 in a calendar year more aggregating and initiatives; referenda concerning statewide and corporations, limited liability companies, or to promote passage spend money associations that or defeat of a measure. Campaign committees, political action committees, and state board of education campaign funds, and political parties. of state: statewide legislative Secy. and national state political committees, and state offices, 12th day before and 38th of Ja day business ...... jurisdiction from Statements required with Statements filed filing for Time State or other ...... See footnotes at end of table. North Carolina North Dakota ...... Ohio New York ...... CAMPAIGN FINANCE LAWS: GENERAL FILING REQUIREMENTS — Continued * Updated information for this table available August, 1998. available this table for information * Updated — Continued FILING REQUIREMENTS GENERAL LAWS: FINANCE CAMPAIGN

172 The Book of the States 1998-99 CAMPAIGN FINANCE vious ection. 31 of . election: ). Candidate fter petition filing l election, and 28th day after contributions exceeds $500, 10 days exceeds contributions before primary, runoff primary, and general election primary, runoff primary, before ly reports: January 15, April 15, 15, and October July April January 15, reports: ly lection annual supplemental statement is required supplemental statement lection annual last Tuesday prior to primary and general election, prior to primary Tuesday last ows an unexpended balance of contributions or balance of contributions an unexpended ows or committee involved with a statewide election: by July election: with a statewide or committee involved ast Tuesday before election; annually thereafter by February thereafter by before election; annually Tuesday ast ice candidates, candidates’ committees, political action committees, and committees, political action committees, ice candidates, candidates’ wide office candidates and political committees influencing statewide statewide candidates and political committees influencing wide office 6th Tuesday and 2nd Friday before primary and general election. All other before primary and general and 2nd Friday election. Tuesday 6th campaign fund or completion of a committee’s business regarding past election. regarding business campaign fund or completion of a committee’s committee which doesn’t accept contributions exceeding $500 in aggregate may $500 in aggregate exceeding accept contributions doesn’t committee which of $500 or more or independent expenditure contribution Aggregate be exempted. reporting period must be reported within 24 after closing date for pre-election runoff of receipt. 10th day before primary, hours elections: County and local election. and 40th day after general and general election, primary, by pre not covered calendar year 1 for or remainder and by preceding February Subsequent reports: 10 days after calendar quarter in which contributions are in which contributions 10 daysSubsequent reports: after calendar quarter by committee within 20 days before to be an election Independent expenditure or candidate, office immediately if more than $10,000 for statewide reported time when at any may Final report be filed any other candidate. $2,000 for made or incurred. or expenditures received no longer contributions or deficit. and All candidates 2nd Friday election. before primarycommittees: and general ice and legislative office candidates office ice and legislative Stateoff wide, district state, and congressional election. (s) If the 29-39 days and 5-8 days before election and 30 days after wide question. County auditor: county office December 31 1 and candidates: by July and county office Legislative (u) report. non-statewide question.non-statewide 10 days before question: with non-statewide or committee involved 1. Person candidates/committees and supporting/opposing committees. candidates/committees Clerk Clerk of political subdivision: municipal and school board (report between primary replacesprimary and runoff October 15 report officer is located: multi-county district office. Chief city 15th day a Chief petitioners: until there is no balance or deficit. legislative as appropriate: ethics committee, Representatives candidates and caucus committees. are made, whether before or after an election. (t) or expenditures received election officer: city office. county board of elections. the Commonwealth or appropriate nomination concerns who file both candidates If report with county file and those who documents with the Secy. on January political committees: 30 days after election and annual report of the Commonwealth. boards, then with the Secy. report be filed may then termination or debt; each year until no balance surplus ballot and have for 10th if did not qualify deadline; annually by September non-legislative committees. State Senate or House of after threshold amount met; if $500 threshold not met, 15 days before an el candidate files nomination documents, either the Secy. of nomination documents, the Secy. either candidate files by election; political party committees; persons or ballot or with a question question committees involved a state election;constitutional amendment at a statewide with in charge committees. Person and persons and political committees involved candidates and candidate’s with a of an election: persons and committees involved election.a question at a non-statewide Person year. election of l and year election of 1 and 30 days after election. a calendar year in the state. a calendar year committees)Candidates (or their principal campaign Secy. of state: state committees; candidates or candidate’s office political action committees that participate in an with involved political action committees, and persons committees, political party committees, and candidate’s political party committees: and political committees; chief petitioners forand political committees; chief within a county. County Clerk: non-city office office. sh post-election statement Candidates, candidate committees, and otherCandidates, candidate or making contributions committees accepting in in the aggregate in excess of $500 expenditures candidates/ State Ethics Commission: state and county committees. candidate committees and other-non-local quarter elections: office State days 8 report Pre-election 15. petitions. and recall referendum, initiative, chief administrative the County clerk in county where a post-e deficit, expenditure party receiveand municipal committees that in a $100 from one source of over contributions calendar year, or spend more than $1,000 in theof a candidate on behalf or question.aggregate Candidates and committees. candidates and State Ethics Commission: non-legislative and county state legislative, State executive, of if receipt or expenditures Initial report: off state state: of Secy. and at 90-day due 120 days after election 1. Ongoing reports intervals March annual report by report). file Political party committee must an election (final thereafter on March 31, June 30, September 30, and December 31 until dissolution of Candidates and political committees if amountCandidates and political committees $250 during a reporting period. a with which Report concerning office candidate: Candidates, political action committees, State and state State Board of Elections. or specia general a primary, 7th day before 28th and received or expended or liabilities exceed incurred or expended received ...... jurisdiction from Statements required with Statements filed filing for Time State or other Oregon ...... Oklahoma South Carolina South Dakota CAMPAIGN FINANCE LAWS: GENERAL FILING REQUIREMENTS — Continued * Updated information for this table available August, 1998. available this table for information * Updated — Continued FILING REQUIREMENTS GENERAL LAWS: FINANCE CAMPAIGN Pennsylvania Rhode Island

The Council of State Governments 173 CAMPAIGN FINANCE . on ate one e, election weeks tion indebtedness and surplus funds indebtedness and surplus nd class city, and 3rd class city with nd class city, s and political committees in an election s and political committees in an l summary report may be submitted at any at report may be submitted l summary and general election; 10 days after general y report due December 31st of general election y report due December 31st of general days before primary if candidate involved, 7 days days before involved, primary if candidate political campaign committees, and single-measure political campaign nually thereafter or when all contributions and nually thereafter or when all contributions ive office candidates: interim reports due 7 days before candidates: interim reports office ive e office candidates, political committees, and political parties: 40 candidates, political committees, e office 8th day before runoff election day, if applicable). General purpose political General if applicable). election day, 8th day before runoff 5th day monthly by of each month in lieu of semi- committee may elect to file purpose political and specific and pre-election reports. candidates annual Opposed contributions reports if aggregate only semi-annual committees may elect to file not Local officeholders $500 in an election. do not exceed and expenditures and contributions period aggregate in which for a reporting required to file $500. (x) do not exceed expenditures no election before election at least once within 2 months after election. If party ordinance, 7 days before election and 30 days after election. Political 7 days 7 days before primary, 10th of generalcommittees: election year, July and 7 days general election. before primary, 7 days before December 31st, before candidates: 10 days primary and general and county office State legislative as for state election, and 30 days after the general election; annual reporting 10 days before candidates: and 10 days candidates. Local office office executive after the election. xas Ethics Commission, county clerk or clerk county clerk xas Ethics Commission, or July reports by and political committees: semi-annual Candidates, officeholders a copy with county election commission where thecandidate resides. Multi-candid must statement annual a supplemental be filed. statement is filed, (v) within 10 days quarter. political campaign committees: after each and political campaign committees in state elections.and political campaign General for local elections. candidates and committees if political treasurer appointed more than political campaign committees: committees file candidates and their political Assembly balanc 7 days before after each election. If unexpended and 48 days year, exists after the post-elec deficit or expenditure continuing obligations Appropriate Appropriate county election commission: local office year of election; in year before election, by February 1 each year through Candidates, officeholders and political committeesCandidates, officeholders committees political party county executive (except (w) of non-county subdivision. secretary of and expenditures contributions with aggregate Te $5,000 or less in a calendar year). 15 and January 31. Opposed candidate state lieutenant governor, Candidates for governor, general, state attorney state treasurer, auditor, and legislative state executive Lieutenant Governor: or personal campaign state representative senator, only); candidate office committee (executive political issues committees, and corporations. and for city offices county office candidates for candidates, political action committees, State executive/legislat office or second class; political partyin cities of the first committees, political action committees and political City candidates. candidates. office county clerk: County city office recorder: or make contributions issues committees that receive of $750 or more in a calendar political expenditures before general election; summar make politicalyear; and corporations that if contest, 7 party convention of $750 or more in a calendar year.expenditures fina and dissolution of statement year; candidates, state legislative, office State executive who have candidates county and local office candidates, political office of state: state executive Secy. of or made expenditures accepted contributions year: pre-election reports by 30th and 8th day before each election day (and by State executiv $500 or more; political parties; and political 2 1st class city, in county, Candidates time. committees that accepted have contributions or nomination papers: state legislative, candidate files with whom Officer and political parties. committees, of $500 or more in a calendarmade expenditures year. candidates. office and local county, 10 days before primary days and 15 and an election; and July for and any been accounted at least once within 2 population of 10,000 or more: if local ordinance, have expenditures action committees, political issues committees and corporations: annually by Political before general election, year. election and December 31st of general in a local electi involved Political eliminated. committees and political parties and 10 days clerk 10 days before after the election with the municipal also file Candidates and political campaign committees.Candidates and candidates state office Finance: of Election Registry single-candidate Candidates, ...... jurisdiction from Statements required with Statements filed filing for Time State or other ...... See footnotes at end of table. Texas ...... Utah Vermont Tennessee CAMPAIGN FINANCE LAWS: GENERAL FILING REQUIREMENTS — Continued * Updated information for this table available August, 1998. available this table for information * Updated — Continued FILING REQUIREMENTS GENERAL LAWS: FINANCE CAMPAIGN

174 The Book of the States 1998-99 CAMPAIGN FINANCE led ort e with ed at r candidate whose name will r candidate whose 8th day before election, 30th day after 8th day before election, day 30th f following year. For election year - April 15, year - For election year. f following 15, September 15, October 15, 8th day before September October 15, 8th day 15, 15, designated; 21st and 7th day before and by the designated; 21st and 7th day before after November election, 15 of following January after November ing an election; 10th day of each month in which no ing an election; 10th day each month in which of or office filled at November general election: For November at filled or office ays after a primary, general or special election; and general ays after a primary, e campaign fund is closed and campaign concluded ired if a contribution is received or expenditure made in the or expenditure is received ired if a contribution hedule followed until final report filed. Candidates: for offices at a special Candidates: for offices report filed. until final hedule followed special election held on a date other than regularly scheduled general scheduled election. regularly other than special election held on a date pplicable schedule for (1) candidates for office filled at November general at November filled schedule for office for (1) candidates pplicable election, except political party committee not required to file report due on 30th report not required to file political party committee except election, 10th day if total by monthly reports Continuing political committees also file $200. Candidates and exceed since last report or expenditures contributions qualify for post-election reports if they only file political committees may only the registration or candidates may file campaign reporting abbreviated qualify for (y) mini-campaign reporting. statement if they primary; 7-10 Last Saturday in March or within 15 days thereafter before the islative, and multi-county political islative, local office. County, city or local district party committeeor local district party city County, local office. Sc year. Public Disclosure Commission and auditor or elections since last rep or expenditures total contributions month provided previous all other offices. in March contributions thereafter if on last Saturday or within 15 days annually Candidates or their campaign committees, personsCandidates or their PACs, (including and political committees and general of Elections: all statewide State Board andcommittees, political party unexempted party groups officials) of election organized over or expenditures contributions anticipating all candidates Candidates: f persons, political committees, assembly candidates, and inaugural fund committees. Electoral board where other thanpolitical party committees (committees candidates for general assembly and candidate resides: state party committees, district party committees, July before June primary, 8th day o 15 January and year non-election 30th day election, November years 15 of following July 15 and January to taking office, election and prior File in accordanc Persons and political committees: report filed. until final $100, and inaugural fund committees. Exempted also filed with local electoral board. counties or citiescounty or city party committees for than 100,000,with a population of more or organized reportpolitical party groups officials) of elected when contributions accepted or contributions oramount made exceed $10,000 (or higher expenditures in of elections) in aggregate set by state board and political committees to Persons calendar year. $500 in exceeding independent expenditures report date: election election not held on regular other election. election of $100 in any a statewide by political party received contributions Earmarked party of elected group committee or organized to be reported. officials in except Candidates and political committees and office election campaigns for federal elective and political Candidates precinct committee officer. the candidate of county in which resides. officer reports with the Continuing political committees file Public Disclosure Commission and auditor or elections whose constituency committees concerning an office county and contains less less than an entire covers At time campaign treasurer is and in jurisdictions with less thanthan 5,000 voters of county in which the committee maintains its office requ are reports other or headquarters. is the exemption unless office are exempted 1,000 voters follow month the of day 10th voided. $200; and at tim exceed a party agents, committeeCandidates, financial fill or (2) candidates for general election, local office day after November treasurers, and persons, associations or persons and at fil election, nomination or election to office May general or (3) candidates for county commission: of the Clerk that support or (including corporations) offices. organizations subdivision leg state, state: of oppose a candidate or issue, and their treasurers or Secy. candidates in May general influence the outcome of an election. Local office officer. equivalent Schedule for each year it seeks to filing. Must comply with election-year June 15 and July 15 in election: 8th day before primary and general election, days and 25-30 d before years. and subsequent Inauguration and January 15 of the next election year, July March 15 after inauguration; 15 of inauguration year. fund committees: fo Post-primary not required report report). (final political committee. appear on general election ballot, or from continuing $5,000 or any loan is outstanding. exceed or expenditures ...... jurisdiction from Statements required with Statements filed filing for Time State or other Virginia CAMPAIGN FINANCE LAWS: GENERAL FILING REQUIREMENTS — Continued * Updated information for this table available August, 1998. available for this table Updated information * — Continued FILING REQUIREMENTS GENERAL LAWS: FINANCE CAMPAIGN Washington Virginia West

The Council of State Governments 175 CAMPAIGN FINANCE fter general ampaign 1 of each odd- rch, June, August, October August, June,rch, July 1 and 20 until a termination report is filed. (z) is filed. termination 1 and 20 until a report July or general election; continuing semi-annual reports or general election; after an election to defray campaign expenses and any ongoing and any campaign expenses after an election to defray Candidates: within 10 days after an election. Non-party committees: within 10 Candidates: within 10 days after within 10 days after organizations: or referendum or special election. Initiative after election. within 10 days organizations: petition submitted. Ballot proposition before 30-45 days petition drive: or referendum supporting an initiative PAC’s election. wide office candidates, state and county wide office enda only. City Clerk: city school district elections. City Clerk: enda only. political groups and individuals involved with statewide involved and individuals political groups jurisdiction: local referenda. Clerk of the most populous with local involved Board) and committees and individuals andpolitical party central committees, state legislative, after an election; political action committees and candidates’ c days committees, and political party county central committees. numbered year committees: Party until committee terminates. 10 days a empt from reporting. contributions, disbursements, or disbursements, contributions, ear are ex Candidates and personal campaign committees,Candidates and individuals political groups, political committees, meet minimum criteria concerningand conduits that committees, state State Elections Board: political party candidates and and committees, committees and elections, office and local office in both state individuals or transfers. obligations, disbursements, contributions, A political committee, political group, or individual, 8-14 days before a primary campaignif other than a candidate or personal and from registration and committee is exempted 31 and 1 January between contributions, or accept if it does not make reporting of candidates duplicates and committees (and office $25 or incur obligations of over disbursements, make elector, Elections for presidential in a calendar year. refer Elections with State reports certain required to be filed district clerk: other district school elections. School and precinct committeeman delegate, convention and reporting. registration from are exempted political groups Persons, political committees and required political committees and individuals (except independent a statement concerning under oath to file do not that candidate-related disbursements) aggregate anticipate $1,000 in a calendar year and of over obligations $100 of over contributions receipt of single-source y in a calendar committees,Candidates, candidates’ campaign and county political political action committees, state party central committees, and referendum/initiative state state: of Secy. organizations. and their supporting committees. district judge candidates formed committees oneCandidates spending more than $250 in any election; political committees; persons making of $50 or more. independent expenditures Director of Campaign Finance. and supporting candidates other office clerk: County report semi-annually on July 1 and December 3 committees also Ma of day 10th years: Election 31. January year: Each years: July 31. (aa) and December; 8 days before an election. Non-election ...... jurisdiction from Statements required with Statements filed filing for Time State or other See footnotes at end of table. Wyoming Dist. of Columbia Wisconsin CAMPAIGN FINANCE LAWS: GENERAL FILING REQUIREMENTS — Continued * Updated information for this table available August, 1998. available this table for information * Updated — Continued FILING REQUIREMENTS GENERAL LAWS: FINANCE CAMPAIGN

176 The Book of the States 1998-99 CAMPAIGN FINANCE (p) after final day of by a continuing political committee contribution of over $250 received Single-source (q) period must be reported after close of pre-election filing of more than $1,000 received Contributions (r) election contribution of $500 or more received in 20 day period before an Supplemental statement for (s) 9th day and before the day preceding the election, a pre-election If $500 in contributions received after (t) a combined report than is due no later days is due within 30 report of the end of a quarter, If a pre-election (u) be filed is received within 9 days prior to an election, statement must If a contribution of $500 or more (v) ($5,000 if it concerns within 10 days of election loan or transfer of funds received contribution, If large of more(w) than by voters filled office district office, for statewide Commission: Candidate Ethics Texas (x) between 9th and 2nd campaign expenditures or direct pre-election contributions aggregate large Certain (y) Contributions of over $500 received by a candidate or political committee or made by a political commit- (z) candidate, committee, or indi- of $500 or more by a state office contribution An unreported cumulative (aa) pre-election report must be reported Contributions of $200 or more received after closing date for last within 24 hours. Report of independent expenditures to be filed within 24 hours after expenditure more than to be filed within 24 hours after of independent expenditures 24 hours. Report within spent. each time $500 more is made, and thereafter $500 is contribu- hours. Single-source day to be reported within 48 period and on or before election quarterly reporting reported election day to be between the 13th day and a candidate or political committee tions received by within 48 hours. each year after committees are to file by January 15th and July 15th of within 24 hours of receipt. Political filed. of treasurer and depository statement or group referendum/initiative and by candidate office or legislative statewide within 48 hours by be filed must person. the day before the election. supplemental statement is due on 15 days before the election. within 48 hours. 72 hours. within reportfiled be candidate), must a local office $2,500 if it concerns candidate; a state office to be filed by January 31. Any report due in December is purpose supporting committee or state board specific of education; or representative, state senator county, one purpose political committee for assisting specific and officeholder with Commission; or opposing candidate filing political committee with the Commission; specific purpose files the office for if a candidate an officeholder more than one specific purpose political committee required to file with involved with a statewide measure; precinct county office, and a general candidate for purpose political committee. County clerk: officer; filing candi- committees supporting or opposing a purpose of one county; specific by voters filled or an office office, assisting an officeholder committee for purpose and specific officeholder with the county clerk; date who files with a county purpose committee involved and specific with the county clerk; files if a candidate for the office purpose specific for local office; candidates or secretary of non-county political subdivision: measure. Clerk committee for purpose and specific officeholder candidate; or opposing a local office committee supporting purpose com- and specific with the clerk/secretary; files if a candidate for the office assisting an officeholder mittee involved with a local measure. of State within 48 hours. before an election must be reported to Secy. day election are to be reported within 24 hours tee after the last pre-primary report or within 21 days of the general 1 to general election, reports of bank depos- (contribution made) or 48 hours (contribution received). From July due each Friday. 7 days its during previous A candidate-related 24 hours of receipts. within an election must be reported vidual within 15 days before of more than $20 cumulatively within 15 days before an election must be reported within 24 disbursement hours of making. within 24 hours. (Washington, D.C.: Na- (Washington, Campaign Finance Law 96 Campaign Finance Edward D. Feigenbaum and James A. Palmer, A. Palmer, Feigenbaum and James D. Edward This table deals with filing requirements for state and local offices in general terms. For detailed legal in general terms. For and local offices requirements for state This deals with filing table Note: (a) within 24 hours. week before election must be reported $250 made within one Contributions exceeding (b) year. for previous the entire activity 31 covering by January an annual In other years, report is filed (c)less than $1,000 in calendar and spend who raise may and officeholders forms used by candidates be Short (d) two copies of state, the Secy. with and committees: and one copy candidates, Original officers, Statewide (e) and late independent expenditures of $1,000 or more made during Late contributions received or made (f) by the recipi- than $500 within 16 days before the election must be reported Contributions received more (g) in referenda, and of certain making expenditures organizations and labor from corporations Also required (h) Referenda reports filed with appropriate county election board and State Election Commission. Public (i) Special report required within 48 hours after a receipt of contribution of certain amounts, or expenditures (j) Any contribution or loan to a statewide candidate of $2,000, or more than $400 to any legislative or (k) with filed became the Missouri Ethics Commission. Statements officer 1, As of January 1993, the filing (l) other commit- candidate ($500 for any office by a statewide of more than $1,000 received Contributions (m) Report required for all candidates and related political committees within 24 hours if contribution of (n) Report of contributions of $500 or more received within 14 days before election is required to be filed (o) before election is to be filed Wednesday after 2nd than $500 received more Notice of a contribution Source: tional Clearinghouse on Election Administration, Federal Election Commission, 1996). Administration, on Election tional Clearinghouse statutes should be consulted. requirements, state in contributions $1,000 or more in committees receive areThere three types of committees: (1) recipient year. more in a year; committees make independent expenditures of $1,000 or a year; (2) independent expenditure of $10,000 or more in a year. contributions make and (3) major donor committees County of of the Voters with the Registrar of copies two Angeles County, of Los with the Registrar-Recorder of Equalization, Board legislature, county of domicile. State filer’s copies with the San Francisco, and two copies with the two of state, and Superior and one copy with the Secy. elections: Original Appellate Court with the filer’s copies two and in the district affected, voters number of registered county clerk with the largest with the largest with the county clerk elections: originalcounty of domicile. Other multi-county and one copy county of domicile. offices County with the filer’s copies two in the jurisdiction, voters number of registered domi- county of copies with the filer’s with the county clerk, two courts: originaland municipal and one copy and one copy with the city clerk. original cile. City offices: be reported by special methods within 24 hours. the 16 days before an election must ent within 48 hours after receipt. Regulatory Public utilities file a special report with Indiana Utility persons making independent expenditures. Commission. Commission. utilities file a special report with the Indiana Utility Regulatory persons form day. to certain before election through election 20 days last pre-election report and the election must district court candidate received between the closing date and the within 48 hours after receipt. reported be candidates and committees, and candidates for the supreme office Ethics Commission for statewide the Missouri of with the Secretary and county clerk file court circuit office, courts. for legislative or appellate Candidates for other candidates. requirements Varied place of residence. of the candidate’s State and election authority tee) after the closing date of the last pre-election disclosure report but before election day must be reported 48 hours after receipt. within ballot issue, within 10 days before election, or within or statewide office for statewide $500 or more received before election. within 17 days offices for state district of $100 or more received 48 hours if contribution 5 days after receipt. within CAMPAIGN FINANCE LAWS: GENERAL FILING REQUIREMENTS — Continued * Updated information for this table available August, 1998. available this table for information * Updated — Continued FILING REQUIREMENTS GENERAL LAWS: FINANCE CAMPAIGN

The Council of State Governments 177 CAMPAIGN FINANCE f didate te per 00 per candidate per limit, with no more than $25,000 in last investment and law firms and their firms and law investment employees and directors, officers, limited in Party for judicial office. in or engaged making contributions receiving to candidates candidates contributions fundraising for state-level $50,000 Generally, public financing. from business cannot compete for Agency. Housing FinanceFlorida stores 28 days before general election. outlets and convenience Food contributions cannot solicit or make of more than $100 to a candidate for Commissioner of agriculture and of and employees officials certain not solicit contributions. may office that Prohibited. Unlimited. Service Commission may only Service Commission a PAC. through contribute limited to aggregate Separate segregated fund- segregated Separate of $100,000/election and twice limits per candidate. individual limited to aggregate Labor PAC: of $50,000 per election and same limits per candidate as individuals. candidates and $270 for local candidates; combined total for all and is $68,670 statewide PACs $6,870 local. Committees certified at the upper limits are to give and limited to $3,440 statewide $1,370 local. political action committee. Certain jurisdictions have local have Certain jurisdictions to candidates.limits on contributions to candidates. limits on contributions local Certain jurisdictions have only. per special election or special Certain election only. runoff local limitsjurisdictions have based political committee; and to candidates.on contributions a political committee $2,500 for per candidate per special election election only. or special runoff Unlimited.Prohibited.Limited to $1,200 per statewidecandidate per election and $600 Same as corporate. candidate per nonstatewide Unlimited.per election. Prohibited.Limited to $500 per candidate. political committee; $2,500 for a Same as corporate. political committee; and $1,000 per per special person per candidate only. election election or special runof special election election or special runoff Same as corporate. Unlimited. Same as corporate. PAC: Corporate Same as corporate. Limited to $500 per candidate; Unlimited. to can Limited by office. may not contribute Party Unlimited. Limited to $500 to any candidate, to any Limited to $500 or political political committee Unlimited. Unlimited. by Public Public utility regulated Unlimited. party per election. perLimited to $1,000 per office Corporations and theiryear. per Limited to $1,000 per office limited collectively subsidiaries to $1,000 for a single candidate. year. Same as labor union.Prohibited. Same as labor union.Limited to $1,000 per candidate Same as corporate. Prohibited. Unlimited. Limited to $1,000 per candidate Same as corporate. statewide $690 for Limited to Prohibited. Limited to $2,500 per candida . . . per election.Limits of $1,000 per candidate $5,000 for a broad- Limits of Same as labor union. Limits of $5,000 for a broad-based Limits of $5,0 per election from approved election...... jurisdiction Corporate Labor union political action committee (PAC) industry Regulated party Political State or other See footnotes at end of table...... Colorado (a) Connecticut (a) (a) Delaware Florida (a) Table 5.10 Table BY ORGANIZATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS LIMITATIONS LAWS: FINANCE CAMPAIGN (As of January 1998. this table available August, information for 1996) * Updated Alabama Alaska (a) Arizona Arkansas (a) California (a) California

178 The Book of the States 1998-99 CAMPAIGN FINANCE on. senate and partisan offices of county offices senate and partisan council; $15,000 for state representative. general election. candidate for public office. candidate candidates by major lottery vendors. candidates by of $5,000 Limited to an aggregate candidates; an aggregate statewide for of $5,000 for state party central other offices; committees; $6,000 for caucuses; state$4,000 for legislative and $2,000 for other party committees. and for not-for-profit center, in riverboat involved organizations gambling. auditors. Limited to $5,000 for major office districtcandidates, $2,500 for office Unlimited. any other candidates, and $1,000 for Separate segregated fund- segregated Separate $6,000 for statewide offices in any offices statewide $6,000 for election period. $25,000 for partisan mayor and state $20,000 for prosecuting attorney; major office Limited to $5,000 for candidates, $2,500 for district office any other candidates, and $1,000 for greater than $100,000not contribute to any least $50 to the PAC at contributed during the preceding calendar year Aggregate twice the limits. give may combined that all PACs limits from for primary receive candidates may and general elections: $50,000 for $35,000 for district major office; $10,000 for other office. office; Same as corporate. Unlimited.up to $500 per calendar year ifthere is no PAC. to statewide No contributions Unlimited. per election. & loans and companies, savings notification statewide unions, credit and lottery major lottery venders Limited to $1,000 in anyLimited to $1,000 election period. Same as corporate. two-year Limited to $2,000 for Same as PAC offices; $4,000 for four-year offices; to $50,000 for governor; Limited lieutenant governor; $40,000 for Unlimited.Unlimited. of $5,000 Limited to an aggregate candidates, an statewide for of $5,000 for state aggregate party central committees; $4,000 other offices; $6,000 for caucuses; statefor legislative and $2,000 for other party committees. Unlimited.Prohibited. Unlimited.Limited to $2,000 per statewidecandidate per election; $1,000 Same as corporate.per election for Senate seats; $500 per election for House seats, Unlimited if through a union PAC; district district judge, local office, Unlimited. judge, district attorney magistrate Unlimited. Unlimited.and state school board. Prohibited. Same as corporate.Limited to $5,000 for major office Same as corporate. candidates, $2,500 for district candidates, $1,000 for and office per candidate, other offices, any four-yearper election. During any Unlimited. greater period, may not contribute Prohibited for banks, insurance Unlimited. politicalthan $100,000 to any Limited to $500 per candidate Same as corporate.committee other than a candidatecommittee. Unlimited. Same as labor union.and primaries uncontested in Unlimited Unlimited. Limited to $5,000 per candidate Unlimited. by Prohibited. No contributions per election. Same as corporate. Limited to $500 per slate per electi per election. per candidate, offices, period, may four-year During any per candidate, per election. office, holder may not contribute Casino license committee. PACs than a candidate political committee other to any Same as corporate. with greater than 250 members who . . . Same as corporate...... jurisdiction Corporate Labor union political action committee (PAC) industry Regulated party Political ...... State or other ...... LIMITATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY ORGANIZATIONS — Continued * Updated information for this table available August, 1998. August, this table available for information * Updated — Continued BY ORGANIZATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS LIMITATIONS Hawaii (a) Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa ...... Kansas (a) (a) Kentucky Louisiana (a) Maine ......

The Council of State Governments 179 CAMPAIGN FINANCE vernor/lt. ed to in a non-election year. Attorney general: Attorney in a non-election year. and limited to $10,000 per election year Other $2,000 in a non-election year. election year and $1,000 in a non- Senate/state State election year. election year and $1,000 in a non- election year. party on the ballot at most recent gubernatorial election, limited for all of elections in a campaign to aggregate governor, governor/lt. $15,000 for candidates, $5,000 for other statewide public commissioner, $2,000 for service and $500 for $800 for state senator, to Contributions other candidates. judicial candidates prohibited. Separate segregated fund- segregated Separate office candidates; Senate $500 for office candidates; $250 for House limits forcandidates; varying candidates.local office candidate; $5,000 for a Senate office individual and 10 times allowable candidate; $2,500 for a House candidate limit for other candidates. contribution PAC that qualifies as an independent that qualifies PAC ten times committee may contribute limited PAC these amounts. Lawyer to $100 per judicial candidate. general: limited to $1,000 per election year. year and $200 in a non-election limited to $500 offices: Other statewide per election year and $100 in a State Senate/state non-election year. limited to $500 per electionrepresentative: year and $100 in a non-election year. limited for each contested primary and general election in a campaign to $400 for governor/lieutenant $200 for other statewide governor, candidates, and $100 for all other candidates. per $5,000 to limited offices: statewide limited to $5,000 per representative: committee if exceed aggregatecommittee if exceed of $15,000 or 10contributions revenues. percent of gross limits annual with aggregate Limited to $3,400 for a statewide sought. depending upon office $1,000 for state senate andoffice, $500 for state representative Limited to $3,400 for a statewide $1,000 for state Senate and office, candidates per election cycle. limited to $200 per candidate per year. a PAC. through Prohibited except $500 for state representative go State central: for $68,000 A candidates per election cycle. of not more than $3,000 contributions $2,000 per election year and $500Attorney in a non-election year. per candidate, per year. $10,000 for $5,000 Senate, governor, offices. elective for House, $68,000 for all other state companies. $20,000 per election year and $5,000 Limited to $1,000 per candidateper election. Unlimited.Unlimited.Prohibited. Unlimited. Unlimited. committee, As an independent Same as labor union.$1,000 for statewide Limited to Generally prohibited. Unlimited. Prohibited. Unlimited. Limited to $10,000 for a statewide All political committees of a political Prohibited for candidate elections. Prohibited. to limited governor: Governor/lt. Same as labor union. Prohibited; includes insurance limited to governor: Governor/lt. Limited to an aggregate ofLimited to an aggregate election$10,000 per four-year and $4,000 per candidatecycle or political committee. Same as corporate.Prohibited. of to an aggregate Limited as political Must organize corporate. Same as election cycle $6,000 per four-year committee. per candidate or political per candidate, Limited to $500 lobbyists Prohibited. Registered Unlimited. State party committees limit ...... jurisdiction Corporate Labor union political action committee (PAC) industry Regulated party Political State or other See footnotes at end of table...... Mississippi Missouri (a) Montana Michigan (a) Minnesota LIMITATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY ORGANIZATIONS — Continued * Updated information for this table available August, 1998. available August, this table for information * Updated — Continued BY ORGANIZATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS LIMITATIONS Maryland (a) Massachusetts (a)

180 The Book of the States 1998-99 CAMPAIGN FINANCE cipal ion; idates in so limited in ry, unlimited in ry, ty state committee limited candidate or political committee working candidate committee ($5,000 per year), candidates committee; otherwise, subject to PAC PACs. limits. Unlimited as to leadership municipal party committee per year.municipal county of county committee. Political Unlimited to political committee orcontinuing political committee. party national committee limited to $50,000 per year to state party regulatory office or candidate for the or candidate office regulatory entity or of directly regulated office for if charges persons prohibited service set by or license issued by office. the regulatory if a corporation, also limited to an in contributions of $5,000 aggregate per calendar year. and expenditures Separate segregated fund- segregated Separate candidate or political committeeworking on behalf of a candidate to agree who does not voluntarily limit campaign expenditures;otherwise unlimited. limited to $1,000 per election if to who does not on behalf of a candidate to limit campaign agree voluntarily otherwise unlimited. expenditures; per office per election and per partyper office per election and per party office general election. State, statewide and legislative and State, statewide to maximum candidates are limited contributions amount of aggregate Same as corporate. that may be in election years accepted from independent (including committees; businesses corporations); labor unions; industry, trade or professional associations; - $750,000; and political parties: Governor attorney of state, treasurer, secretary - general, auditor of public accounts corporate. Same as Service Public $75,000; legislature, of of Regents Commission, Board of Nebraska & State University Board of Education - $25,000. $20,000 per office: Statewide state, county, City, election cycle. $10,000 per or judicial office: corporate. Same as Same as corporate.election cycle. Prohibited. Same as corporate. Same as corporate. Prohibited. Same as corporate. Limited to $1,000 per election if to Unlimited. Prohibited. Political party political committee Limited to $1,500 per non- per primary candidate governor or general election; $1,800 per per primary candidate governor Same as corporate.or general election; $25,000 topolitical party state committeeor county committee or legislativeleadership committee per year;$5,000 to municipal party committee Unlimited to politicalper year. candidate $5,000 per non-governor certain bank, Prohibited for utility, Political par per primary or general election; candidate per $1,800 per governor primary or general election; or and insurance corporations associations; otherwise, limited to $25,000 to political party state committee leadership or legislative committee or county committee Unlimited to year. committee per per primary or general elect candidate per primary or general municipal party per year; $5,000 to $1,500 per nongovernor governor per candidate for to $1,800 candidate per primary or general party state committee or county election; $1,800 per governor election; $25,000 to political al candidate for governor; political committee or continuingmuni and County office. governor leadership committee or legislative to may not contribute committees to municipal party contributions in other counties, and cand unlimited for candidates for non- committee or continuing politicalcommittee. political committee. committee per year; $5,000 to districts containing legislative certain Unlimited. limitSame maximum aggregate and per party committee per office limit Same maximum aggregate or constituted committee per but as individuals, calendar year of $5,000 limited to an aggregate Unlimited. Same as labor union. per calendar year as individuals. and in political contributions committee or constituted committeeper calendar year. expenditures limit per Same maximum aggregate Prohibited in prima Unlimited. committee or constituted committee and, per calendar year as individuals, Unlimited. Solicitation by state Unlimited...... jurisdiction Corporate Labor union political action committee (PAC) industry Regulated party Political State or other LIMITATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY ORGANIZATIONS — Continued * Updated information for this table available August, 1998. August, this table available for information * Updated — Continued BY ORGANIZATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS LIMITATIONS Nebraska (a) Nevada ...... New Hampshire New Jersey (a) ...... New Mexico New York (a) ......

The Council of State Governments 181 CAMPAIGN FINANCE contributions per election of contributions committee for governor,committee for $25,000 to candidate or principal Separate segregated fund- segregated Separate committee or other political committee or other for that committee per election election. candidates.election to candidate or principalcampaign ofCourt, Court or judge of Supreme Court; Tax Appeals, or Oregon limitations on contributionshowever, to a candidate do not apply if amount from opponent’saggregate and loans from personalcontributions to contributions funds and family campaign exceedsopponent’s $25,000. Limited to $100 in per election to candidateaggregate candidates. or or principal campaign for state senatorprincipal campaign committee however,or state representative; to alimitations on contributions candidate do not apply if aggregate aggregate contributions amount from opponent’s and loans from personal funds and to opponent’s contributions family superintendent of public instruction, $10,000. Political campaign exceeds committees that are not a principal $5,000 Industries; and Labor of Bureau campaign committee or political which a candidate committees over general, commissioner of the attorney and control direction exercises Supreme for judge of Court, Court of and $500 to candidate representative; prohibited from making contributions to candidate for state senator or state to other political committees except principal committee or candidate’s As a Court. Tax Appeals, or Oregon political committee not organized or oppose to support exclusively a candidate’s committees except political committee, prohibited from candidates for national or party or measures. office to other political making contributions or oppose to support exclusively measures. or candidates national office or party easury funds to any candidate easury funds to any bor organization may not makebor organization per to $500 in aggregate Limited Same as corporate. Political party committees limited to $5,000 to a political party committee a or political action committee in $5,000 to a candidate/ calendar year, state office candidate committee for in a municipality or municipal office of 250,000 or more, for election other campaign, and $1,000 to any local candidate/candidate committee. Prohibited. Prohibited. Limited to $4,000 per candidate Prohibited. Unlimited. Prohibited.Prohibited.Prohibited. Prohibited. Prohibited.Corporation, professional to Limited per person or family corporation or non-profitcorporation may not make directly orcontributions as labor union. Same indirectly from treasury funds La or nonmeasure candidate to any directly or indirectly contributions political committee. from tr or nonmeasure political committee. Unlimited. of state, state treasurer, secretary to judicial Unlimited, except Prohibited. Prohibited. Prohibited. superintendent of public instruction, Same as labor union. general, commissioner of attorney to judicial Unlimited, except governor; committee for campaign Industries,Bureau the and of Labor Unlimited. $10,000 to candidate or principal campaign committee of candidate for of state, state treasurer, secretary ...... jurisdiction Corporate Labor union political action committee (PAC) industry Regulated party Political State or other See footnotes at end of table...... LIMITATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY ORGANIZATIONS — Continued * Updated information for this table available August, 1998. available August, this table for information * Updated — Continued BY ORGANIZATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS LIMITATIONS North Carolina (a) North Carolina North Dakota ...... Ohio (a) Oklahoma (a) Oregon ......

182 The Book of the States 1998-99 CAMPAIGN FINANCE tatewide Senate, and ce in aggregate per ce in aggregate . ited to $50,000 per statewide Unlimited. 0 per candidate per election, $5,000 per other ection; $3,500 candidate per election. utuel betting licensees cannot Prohibited. one party candidate (no to any $25,000 and contractors may not contribute. political contributions, if do not political contributions, surplus. security have contribute to candidates. contribute Separate segregated fund- segregated Separate $1,000 per recipient per calendar year $1,000 per recipient $25,000 for alland maximum of limit per recipient except recipients, adoubles to $2,000 if recipient is who has general office candidate for and an for public funding, qualified be contributedactivities. additional $10,000 may to a political party committee for and party-building organizational activities. aggregate for unlimited contributions); in-kind limit on allowable party committee for $10,000 to a all party candidates; to contributions and party-building organizational election. Candidate for election. Candidate statewide limited to 50 percent of totaloffice from in aggregate contributions party a regulated during from contested case. committees. Candidates for other aggregate limited to $75,000 in office from all committees. Prohibited all party committees. election from within 10 days before election. from an out-of-state political committee and subject to special notification are reporting requirements. per committee per calendar year.committee may solicit contributions per committee per calendar year. and families.members year. per committee per calendar not out but permitted if an association of dues or treasury funds. to or expenditures contributions Lobbyist in its operating expenses. candidate in aggregate per election.candidate in aggregate in the aggregate per other office not accept a contribution may office offi other for $20,000 candidate and $1,000 for other and $5,000 for or state Senate office commissioner or candidate for that state $40,000 for office, Prohibited.Prohibited. Prohibited. Prohibited. Unlimited. Prohibited. Unlimited. Limited to $3,500 per statewidecandidate per election; $1,000 Limited to $3,500 per statewideper other candidate per election;$3,500 per committee per calendar per election; $1,000 per candidate candidate per election; $3,500 other Corporation or corporateyear. Limited to $3,500 per statewide other candidate per election; $3,500committee may solicit contributions election; $1,000 per candidate per other candidate per el to the corporation or corporate or organization Organization Limited to $3,500 per statewide$1,00 candidate per election; committee only from shareholders, and families. employees, only from to the organization Lim Prohibited.Prohibited.union is corporation; Prohibited if Unlimited. for state office Limited to $2,500 Limited to $7,500 for statewide Public utility may not include PAC influence election or operate Prohibited; public service Prohibited. s for Limited to $250,000 Unlimited. Unlimited to political parties, 60 days before during except election, and to political committees Same as corporate.to support or oppose a measure.Unlimited. may not be made Unlimited, but Limited to $1,000 per candidateor committee per election. Same as corporate. Same as corporate.Unlimited. or labor corporation employees Unlimited. from mandatory assessments from members. Contributions organization Unlimited. Limited to $3,000 per candidate Same as corporate. Unlimited. Unlimited. Unlimited. or committee per election. Unlimited. Insurers prohibited from making Unlimited. Pari-m ...... jurisdiction Corporate Labor union political action committee (PAC) industry Regulated party Political State or other ...... LIMITATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY ORGANIZATIONS — Continued * Updated information for this table available August, 1998 August, this table available for information * Updated — Continued BY ORGANIZATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS LIMITATIONS Pennsylvania (a) Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina (a) South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas (a) Texas Utah (a) Vermont Virginia

The Council of State Governments 183 CAMPAIGN FINANCE paign committee that authorized disbursement level from all level authorized disbursement political committees. Political party than $150,000 in more may not receive biennium from all political any committees other than political party committees. campaign and legislative from committees Contributions (other than political party or legislative campaign committees) limited to $6,000 in a calendar year. otherwise unlimited. cycle to state office candidates by a office to state cycle a caucus of the state political party or to 50¢ per legislature are limited (state legislative voter in district candidate) or state (state office a candidate) and by office executive major party county central committee or legislative district committee limited to 25¢ per voter in district or candidate) office (state legislative office state (state executive candidate). County central committees and legislative district only committees may contribute for that offices those state legislative Aggregate their jurisdiction.include contributions made by a single contributor other than a bona fide political party state organization within 21 days of a general election not exceed $50,000 for a may campaign or $5,000 office statewide for any other campaign. primary or general election, and $1,000 committee per party executive to state calendar year. society may political committees, and individuals concerning a statement oath under files Separate segregated fund- segregated Separate senator, $500 for assemblysenator, amounts for varying representative, in a and $6,000 other offices, for a political party.calendar year making independent disbursements. independent candidate-related becomes subject to the disbursements of more than 65 percent receive not A candidate may limits for PACs. Same as corporate.Insurer or Same as corporate. per election contributions Aggregate Limited to 4 percent of authorized also may not offer Prohibited; or party political a however, Unlimited; a referendum. candidate, state $1,000 for office Same as corporate. Labor Same as corporate. contributions from agency shop from agency contributions to insurance not contribute per primary or general election. Chapter Prohibited if labor union is a Prohibited. Prohibited. Unlimited. Prohibited. Prohibited in primary elections; Aggregate contributions per contributions Aggregate election to state office candidates office election to state limited to $500 for state legislative may not make organization candidate and $1,000 foroffice candidate. office state executive fees paid by nonmember without within 21 contributions Aggregate authorization. nonmember’s days of a general election may not $5,000 for a campaign for exceed office. other than statewide in calendar contributions Aggregate year to each political party state and to each major organization party county central committee or district committee legislative limited to $2,500 and to a caucus limited of the state legislature to $500. fraternal benefit commissioner candidate. Prohibited. concerning Prohibited, except a referendum. per candidate, Limited to $1,000 Same as labor union. concerning 185 association, except for statewide level disbursement to candidates, special privileges Prohibited. cam legislative Limited to $1,000 per candidate, per ...... jurisdiction Corporate Labor union political action committee (PAC) industry Regulated party Political State or other See footnotes at end of table...... Wyoming LIMITATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY ORGANIZATIONS — Continued * Updated information for this table available August, 1998. available August, this table for information * Updated — Continued BY ORGANIZATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS LIMITATIONS Washington (a) Washington West Virginia Virginia (a) West Wisconsin (a) Wisconsin

184 The Book of the States 1998-99 CAMPAIGN FINANCE Separate segregated fund- segregated Separate must be $50 or less. Contributions of over $50 to be made by negotiable instrument or credit card. In Hawaii, card. of over $50 to be made by negotiable instrument or credit must be $50 or less. Contributions the transaction. In Louisiana, require a receipt to the donor and a record of contributions greater than $100 labor all contributions by corporations, must be by written instrument and contributions greater than $100 unless in re- prohibited cash contributions Jersey, must be by check. and associations In New organizations, In contributor statement is filed (maximum up to $200 cumulatively). a written sponse to public solicitation or to or for a In Pennsylvania, must be $100 or less in the aggregate if per election. Ohio, must be $100 or less must be $100 or less in the Texas, In individual. an $25 from over if In South Carolina, prohibited candidate. Washington, purpose political committee. In per each for general no limit reporting except period, aggregate individuals and any non-in-kind Non-in-kind contribution of more than $50 by must be $50 or less if no receipt. be less instrument. In District of Columbia, must must be made by written contribution by political committees than $25. . (Washington, D.C.: . (Washington, Campaign Finance Law 1996 Law Campaign Finance Limited to an aggregate of $600Limited to an aggregate $100 for mayor; per election and Same as corporate. chair; $100 for $100 for council for $50 at-large; council member or council member from a district member at-large; board of education $50 for board of education member and or party official; from a district $25 for a neighborhood advisory as corporate. Same committee member. Same as corporate...... Edward D. Feigenbaum and James A. Palmer. A. Palmer. and James D. Feigenbaum Edward jurisdiction Corporate Labor union political action committee (PAC) industry Regulated party Political State or other Note: For detailed legal requirements, state statutes should be consulted. Note: For detailed legal requirements, Key: the law. in to contribution . . . — No reference (a) Florida,Arkansas, Colorado, Kansas, Maine,Maryland and Alaska, In Restrictions on cash contributions. Source: National Clearinghouse on Election Administration, Federal Election Commission, 1996). Administration, Federal Election National Clearinghouse on Election $100. In Connecticut, less than Dela- York, or less. In California to $100 North Carolina eliminated and New limited to $50 limited to $50 or less. In Kentucky, Virginia, West and Vermont Nebraska, Massachusetts, ware, and lieutenant governor. for governor to slate of candidates’ is entirely cash contribution prohibited or less, but to $250 or less. In Oklahoma, individual’s Michigan limits cash contributions In Missouri, must less. be $25 or Wisconsin, otherwise prohibited. In of not candidate committee permitted; than $50 in cash to a more contribution LIMITATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY ORGANIZATIONS — Continued * Updated information for this table available August, 1998. August, this table available for information * Updated — Continued BY ORGANIZATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS LIMITATIONS Dist. of Columbia (a) Dist. of Columbia

The Council of State Governments 185 CAMPAIGN FINANCE ibited. less than e less than ion must not exceed ion must $100. Contribution in the name of another $100. Contribution Contribution in the name of another proh in the name Contribution for state political activities. City for activities. state political to may contribute employees county/state political activities; may contribute county employees judges to city/state political activities; may not solicit and judicial employees candidacies. for their own except Judges and judicial office employees. candidates may not contribute. from soliciting, as are certain judgesown).(for campaigns other than their may of not be required Contribution in the name of Contribution $50 per year. state employees. another prohibited. incidentally except of agency employees direction and control should not solicit or a political organization funds for in the name of another of $25. Contribution subject Judges and employees candidate. to their direction and control should not prohibited. to a pay an assessment or contribute or candidate (other political organization judicial candidate). than the specific Limited to $1,000 per per year. office Limited to $690 per statewidecandidate; $270 per other offices; Unlimited. limits for opponent. new and a maximum of $2,560 in total may trigger Unlimited, but imply that spouse may Definitions per calendar year. contributions under candidate’s contribute . . .Limited to $1,000 per candidateper election. Unlimited. Same as individual.Limits of $1,000 per person percandidate per special election or Generally unlimited. only. election special runoff Same as individual. local have Certain jurisdictions unlimited aegis. to limits on contributions Same as individual. may of state not be required Contribution candidates. Prohibited. Unlimited. Prohibited. are prohibited employees Certain state b must contribution Anonymous may not solicit employees Local agency contribut Anonymous of $15,000Limit to an aggregate Unlimited. Unlimited. Unlimited. Same as individual. solicitation. through a large heads and deputies State department be must contribution Anonymous Judges and employees subject to their be maximum must contribution Anonymous prohibited. Unlimited. Unlimited. Unlimited. of state No solicitation employees per election and $2,500 for $1,500 for other statewidegovernor; or local $1,000 for sheriff office; state senate, $500 for chief executive; or probate judge; $250 for state or other local office; representative; and $5,000 per year to state party. be required. Prohibited for judges. not may may solicit. Contribution not prohibited. in the name of another $15. Contributions ...... jurisdiction Individual Candidate family member Candidate’s Government employees Anonymous or in name of another State or other See footnotes at end of table. Alaska (a) Arizona Arkansas (a) (a) California Colorado (a) Connecticut (a) Alabama Table 5.11 Table BY INDIVIDUALS ON CONTRIBUTIONS LIMITATIONS LAWS: FINANCE CAMPAIGN (As of January 1998. this table available August, information for 1996) * Updated

186 The Book of the States 1998-99 CAMPAIGN FINANCE ited. ited. Contribution in the name of another prohibited. Contribution be $50 or less. must contribution Anonymous in the name of another prohib Contribution in the name of another prohib Contribution should not make contributions. another state employee. Contribution another state employee. permitted. under certain prohibited employees circumstances; generally prohibited judgesfor and judicial employees. solicit on duty or may not firefighters cannot solicit employees in uniform; state (2) acting in official (1) when on duty, (3) from those employees capacity, relationship with a business to have known state and (4) from agency, the employee’s the directly supervised by employees solicit. Judges may not personally employee. Judges not be required. may Contribution and their employees, should not contribute, are subject to the same constraints. campaigns. Some restrictionson candidates for judge. Unlimited. Spouse and children: unlimited. to coerce state employees Prohibited for Prohibited. Judges Same as individual. Unlimited. by Solicitation and contribution Prohibited. Limited to $1,200 per statewideLimited to $1,200 and $600 candidate per election as individual. Same candidate per non-statewide per election. Limited to $500 per candidate. Same as individual.Unemancipated child under 18 Unlimited, exceptlimited to $100 per candidate. candidates accepting publicSome restrictions on judges andjudicial personnel. are limited to financing $25,000 to their own to $500 per candidate. Limited Limited to $5,000 in the aggregate . . . candidates in anto statewide and $1,000 in theelection year, Solicitation generally prohibited for state in a non-election year. aggregate Limited to $2,000 in the aggregate to general assembly and other and candidates in an election year, in a non- $1,000 in the aggregate election year. two-yearLimited to $2,000 for $4,000 for four-yearoffices; hours, working during employees Limited to $50,000, $6,000 for statewideoffices; in an election period.offices the candidate’s including by a state owned or within a building same Other family members: as individual. Unlimited. election in any family, as candidate. Same Judges contributions. may not solicit entity. Prohibited. period. employee. another state prohibited generally Unlimited, but for judicial candidates and judicial employees. prohibited. Solicitation of contributions Unlimited. Prohibited. Unlimited. to other employees Contributions Unlimited. are prohibited. Unlimited. Unlimited. to coerce Prohibited for state employee enforcement personnel/ Certain law ...... jurisdiction Individual Candidate family member Candidate’s employees Government Anonymous or in name of another ...... State or other ...... Delaware (a) Delaware Florida (a) Georgia Hawaii (a) Idaho Illinois Indiana LIMITATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY INDIVIDUALS — Continued * Updated information for this table available August, 1998. August, table available for this information * Updated — Continued BY INDIVIDUALS ON CONTRIBUTIONS LIMITATIONS

The Council of State Governments 187 CAMPAIGN FINANCE ited. ited. ited. monwealth. onymous contribution must be $50 or less onymous contribution Anonymous contribution must be $10 or less. contribution Anonymous in the name of another prohib Contribution more than aggregating excess with any another prohibited. in the name of another prohib Contribution Contribution in the name of another prohib Contribution solicitation not another state employee. Prohibited for Prohibited another state employee. employees. judicial judges and certain not be required. may Contribution Same as individual. generally prohibited. Solicitation Prohibited. Unlimited. Same as individual.Unlimited.Unlimited. generally Solicitation and contribution generally contribution Anonymous spouse. Unlimited for for loans, Unlimited, except spouse. Unlimited for which are limited depending to coerce Prohibited for state employee not be required. may Contribution Prohibited. Unlimited.Limited to $2,000 per statewidecandidate per election; $1,000 Unlimited.per election for senate seats; $500 per election for house seats district magistrate and local office, and state judge, district attorney, Unlimited.school board. Limited to $500 per candidate Same as individual.per election (lower limits forschool board), $500 to a political (direct). Loans Unlimited joint slate governor for per candidate per Limited to $500 are limited to $50,000 perand $2,500 to all state/local Unlimited. election. Minors limited to $100.political parties. Minors limited Solicitations are generally prohibitedto $100. No more than $1,500 $10,000 candidate; and larger a of part as except to allin total contributions $25,000 per statewide cannot compel Certain employees An permanent committees and for other candidates. in any organizations contributing unlimited to inaugural year (but committees). major office Limited to $5,000 for candidates, $2,500 for district to coerce Prohibited for state employee candidates, $1,000 for and office per candidate, other offices, any Prohibited. per election. During any four-year more not contribute period, may political than $100,000 to any state employees. at targeted specifically committee other than a candidate contributions. $1,000 escheating to the com committee. of $25,000 Limited to an aggregate judges. May not be required of state in a calendar year and $1,000 Prohibited prohibited. for employees per candidate per election. School district employees employees. of $10,000 Limited to an aggregate (b) election cycle per four-year and $4,000 per candidate or political committee. Limited to $500 per candidate aggregate with an per year, limit of $12,500 per year.Minors limited to $25 per year. board to school may contribute not in their districts. candidates sought. upon office prohibited. employee. another state in the name of prohibited. Contribution issues committee, $1,500 to PAC, and lieutenant governor; Assessments and coercion of state ...... jurisdiction Individual Candidate family member Candidate’s Government employees Anonymous or in name of another State or other See footnotes at end of table. Kansas (a) (a) Kentucky Louisiana (a) Maine ...... Maryland (a) Massachusetts (a) Iowa ...... LIMITATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY INDIVIDUALS — Continued * Updated information for this table available August, 1998. August, table available for this information * Updated Continued — BY INDIVIDUALS ON CONTRIBUTIONS LIMITATIONS

188 The Book of the States 1998-99 CAMPAIGN FINANCE ited. ited, er ributions must be less than must ributions Contribution in the name of another prohib Contribution permitted if contributions earmarked except disclosure requirements met. Anonymous contribution must be $25 or less. must contribution Anonymous in the name of another prohib Contribution solicited for contributions. Members solicited for contributions. of the Missouri Ethics Commission Judge and judicial not contribute. may to party, candidates should not contribute unless judge a candidate. of certain specified agencies. of certain not be required. may Contribution agencies of certain specified Employees not contribute. may candidate committee cannot to another candidate contribute committee other than in fundraising event. Limited to $3,400 for a statewideLimited to $3,400 $1,000 for state senate, to Unlimited,office, except state representativeand $500 for cycle;candidates per election $50,000 per gubernatorial from candidate campaign limited to $100 forlawyers to $50,000 Unlimited, except per gubernatorial campaign per election cycle.candidate for judicial office. and family per election limited to governor: Governor/lt. cycle. judges and employees for Prohibited limited Unlimited, except of a judge under direction and control Same as individual. Prohibited. Contribution candidacy. that judge’s for Solicitation prohibited during hourscont Anonymous may not be required. senate candidates; $250 for varying house candidates; limits for local office candidates. Limited for each contestedprimary and general election in governor/a campaign to $400 for $200 for other lieutenant governor, Unlimited. candidates, and $100 for statewide all other candidates. Unlimited. Same as individual. that Unlimited, except government Solicitation by municipal Unlimited. Prohibited. or be may not receive employees prohibited while on job employees place of employment. or at unlimited. Contribution prohibited. contribution Anonymous $2,000 per election year and$500 in a non-election year. general: limited toAttorney year to 10 times election $1,000 per election year and limit if accepting a public Other $200 in a non-election year. limited to $500 subsidy. offices: statewide non- per election year and $100 in a senate/state State election year. limited to $500 per representative: election year and $100 in a non- election year. Unlimited.Limited to $1,000 for statewide candidates; for $500 Prohibited judgesoffice for of employment. Unlimited. and judicial and their employees, in the name of anoth $20. Contribution Unlimited. prohibited. Same as individual. not may candidates. Contribution Unlimited. be required. may not employees Judge and judge’s employees Solicitation prohibited for . . . Merit system solicit for party...... jurisdiction Individual Candidate family member Candidate’s employees Government Anonymous or in name of another State or other Michigan (a) Minnesota Montana (a) Nebraska (a) LIMITATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY INDIVIDUALS — Continued * Updated information for this table available August, 1998. August, table available for this information * Updated — Continued BY INDIVIDUALS ON CONTRIBUTIONS LIMITATIONS Mississippi Missouri (a)

The Council of State Governments 189 CAMPAIGN FINANCE on $100 or more, donated to nonprofit entity. donated to nonprofit third is from person that contribution not be publicly directed that contribution reported. employee with regulatory office, with regulatory employee or office, candidate for regulatory agent of candidate may not solicit contributions from regulated entities contributions anonymous Aggregate $100. and persons. Non-probationary state primary or general election during received cannot be dismissed foremployees races and statewide limited to $2,000 for limit must Excess over $500 for other races. failure to contribute. be donated to general fund or to a Section In the name of 170(b)(1)(A) organization. if recipient knows another person prohibited Spouse of candidate governor for other familyand presumably public Prohibited to demand from other Prohibited. employees. ice unlimited. Candidate Candidate for non-governor Candidate for personal funds; if not office. of candidate for non-governor leadership committee per $5,000 to political year. committee per election; $5,000 to continuing political committee or municipal party committee per year. election cycle. City, county, state, county, City, election cycle. $2,000 per or judicial office: election cycle. Limited to $5,000 per candidate, limited toper election, except Unlimited.$1,000 per election if to candidate on or political committee working not behalf of a candidate who does to limit campaign agree voluntarily expenditures. Limited to $1,500 per non- Same as individual. candidate per primarygovernor or general election; $1,800 per off candidate per primarygovernor accepting for governor or general election; $25,000 to public funds limited topolitical party state committee $25,000 per primary oror county committee or legislative members limited to $1,800 per primary or general election; state Cannot coerce classified leadership committee per year; general election from$5,000 to municipal party for spouse, child, parent, unlimited accepting public funds, Unlimitedcommittee per year. or sibling residing in same household to political committee or political party state continuing political committee. unlimited. $25,000 to Prohibited. committee or legislative or candidate. organization committee or county Unlimited. to contribute. employee treasurer or to state must be delivered Unlimited. Unlimited. or public officer Elected office, over if prohibited contributions Anonymous Statewide office: $10,000 per $10,000 office: Statewide Same as individual. Same as individual. May not solicit funds for a political contributi If anonymous ...... jurisdiction Individual Candidate family member Candidate’s Government employees Anonymous or in name of another State or other See footnotes at end of table. New Hampshire New Jersey (a) ...... New Mexico (a) Nevada ...... LIMITATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY INDIVIDUALS — Continued * Updated information for this table available August, 1998. August, table available for this information * Updated Continued — BY INDIVIDUALS ON CONTRIBUTIONS LIMITATIONS

190 The Book of the States 1998-99 CAMPAIGN FINANCE of coerce a state employee or applicant for a state position subject to the Act to make a contribution Personnel by threatening adverse or preferential personnel actions. may not solicit contributions. Full-time judges and judicial candidates may not make contributions to political State and candidates. organizations solicit may not and employees officers campaign funds while on duty or in uniform. Political subdivision may extend prohibition to local public employees. product of number of enrolled voters party in district x $.25, in candidate’s but not more than $100,000. Candidate’s spouse - unlimited.Candidate’s Solicitation prohibited for police forcename of Anonymous prohibited. In the Unlimited to own campaign. Unlimited to own maximum aggregate per - primary office: Statewide office. product of number of enrolled party in state in candidate’s voters x $0.05, but not less than $4,500or more than $13,400; generalelection - $28,000. State senator: -primary - $4,500; general election $7,000. Member of assembly: -primary - $2,800; general election City mayor,York $2,800. New public advocate, comptroller:primary election - greater of $4,500together)spouses their and sister, or product of number of enrolled in city x party in candidate’s voters required.be not primary office: - Statewide office. $.05, but not more than $13,400; limited to maximum aggregate per child, parent, grandparent, brother,general election - $28,000. Other product of number of enrolled voters primarypublic office: - ofgreater Contribution permitted, but may$1,000 or product of number of party in candidate’s voters of enrolled - product of number general election party in state x $.025; in candidate’s party in enrolled candidate’s voters thanin district x $.05, but not more of product or $20,000 of greater -$50,000. Election to party position not more than $2,500 in name of senator: primary - in state x $.025; state greater of $1,000 or product of voters in number of enrolled number of enrolled voters in$100,000; than more not but $.25, party in district x $.05,candidate’s by multiplied party district candidate’s prohibition. violate not does but not more than $50,000. Party or partnership registered of number of product or general election - greater of $20,000 constituted committee - limited to per year. of $62,500 aggregate voters in district x $.25, but not more assembly: of Member $100,000. than primary - greater of $12,500 or product in district party x $.25, but candidate’s of number of enrolled voters in not more than $100,000; general Limited to $4,000 per committee election - greater of $12,500 or product or candidate per election for that Unlimited.election. voters in district of number of registered general election - greater of $1,250 or product of number of enrolled voters x $.25, but not more than $100,000; in district x $.25, but not more than Unlimited. Unlimited. $100,000. Election to party position - Unlimited. Judge or judicial candidate may not Prohibited. Unlimited.may person No contributions. solicit Full-time judges and judicial candidates Prohibited. Limited to an aggregate of Limited to an aggregate andyear per $150,000 members (candidate’s Other family members and judicial candidates.contributions except prohibited, another ...... jurisdiction Individual Candidate family member Candidate’s employees Government Anonymous or in name of another State or other North Carolina (a) Carolina North North Dakota New York New York (a) ...... LIMITATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY INDIVIDUALS — Continued * Updated information for this table available August, 1998. August, table available for this information * Updated — Continued BY INDIVIDUALS ON CONTRIBUTIONS LIMITATIONS

The Council of State Governments 191 CAMPAIGN FINANCE e name classified service or public employee. classified service or receive Judge may not solicit campaign funds. Same as individual.as Same may not and employees State officials in prohibited contributions Anonymous Unlimited to own campaign; candidate or candidate’sprincipal campaign committee. committee, and political committee over which candidate exercises direction or control demanded to pay a political assessment. Limited per person or family to $5,000 to a political partycommittee or political actioncommittee in a calendar year,$5,000 to a candidate/candidate for individuals. Candidate or state office committee for otherwise subject to limits committee may not contribute or make independent in a municipality office municipal candidate.of 250,000 or more for election expenditure for anothercampaign, and $1,000 to any other local candidate/candidate committee for election campaign. Limited to $500 in aggregate perelection to candidate or principal Unlimited in personalcampaign committee for governor, theto contributed funds of state, state treasurer, secretary Same as individual.superintendent of public instruction, principal campaign Candidate’s attorney general, commissioner of the bureau of labor and industries, of or judge of supreme court, court appeals; or Oregon tax court; may not solicit. Contribution prohibited limitations onhowever, should not solicit. Classified employees solicit or receive contributions. Judgescontributions to a candidate do prohibited from contributing of another prohibited. not apply if aggregate amount Solicitation prohibited during hours of of $50. Contribution in th excess and contributions funds to another candidate or from opponent’s for state highway patrol members and Prohibited. andfunds personal from loans for other than national or political principal campaign supernumerary tax consultants. committee personal other than candidate’s to opponent’s contributions family campaign exceeds $25,000. other political committee not or to any organized party office Limited to $100 in aggregate perelection to candidate or principalcontribute. nationalcandidates not or should party office Judges campaign for state senator or statesubject Otherwise, measures. or exclusively to support or oppose to same limitations as individuals. be not may Contribution employment. limitations however, representative; on contributions to a candidate do not apply if aggregate amount from and loans contributions opponent’s from personal funds and family campaign to opponent’s contributions exceeds $10,000. If under 18, limited to $25 in aggregate per candidate per election. Prohibited from contributing more than $100 in calendar year to any one political candidate’s committee (except principal campaign committee or political committee organized exclusively to support or oppose candidates for national or political or $1,000 or measures) party office to any one political committee. Unlimited, except to judicialcandidates. Unlimited. Unlimited. May not solicit or be solicited if in Prohibited...... jurisdiction Individual Candidate family member Candidate’s employees Government Anonymous or in name of another State or other See footnotes at end of table. Oklahoma (a) Oregon ...... Ohio (a) LIMITATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY INDIVIDUALS — Continued * Updated information for this table available August, 1998. August, table available for this information * Updated — Continued BY INDIVIDUALS ON CONTRIBUTIONS LIMITATIONS

192 The Book of the States 1998-99 CAMPAIGN FINANCE escheats to state. prohibited generally. contribution Anonymous demand a political assessment. Judges demand a political funds. State classified should not solicit commission, public service, state crime action utility commission, community board of health personnel and county agency, contributions Workplace not may solicit. are by state classified service employees restricted. Judges and judicial candidates should not make candidate contributions. not solicit contribution with understanding judicial office judge or candidate for judge, judicial officer, enforcement law and attorney candidate, solicitor and staff, campaign. for own except staff and general Judge and judicial candidate should not solicit. Contribution prohibited by state ethics commission personnel; judges and judicial candidates should not contribute, to may contribute office in elective except Employees a political party or organization. may Department of the Judicial and officers not coerce or command political contributions and employees. officers from state Same as individual. State classified employees may not Prohibited. Must be returned to donor if * Updated information for this table available August, 1998. available August, this table for information * Updated unlimited; may solicit. State or officials municipal identity can be ascertained; if it cannot, campaign, — Continued — Continued generally toqualified and elected Unlimited. Same as individual. Employer cannot give preference to Unlimited. Unlimited.$1,000 per recipient per calendar own year and maximum of $10,000 To per- all recipients,for except todoubles limit recipient $2,000 if recipient is a a candidate for however, Unlimited.candidate for general who has qualifiedoffice has who office general to receive public funding,and an additional $10,000may be contributed to apolitical party committee contributions (and loans) receive public funding, by the candidate may not and party- organizational for exceed 5 percent of the building activities. total the candidate is Limited to $3,500 per statewide the campaign. permitted to spend in candidate per election; $1,000 may not and employees Public officers per other candidate per election; Prohibited. $3,500 per committee per calendaryear. Full-time will be influenced. official that employees may not be solicited. should not solicit. State classified Limited to any calendar year to office$1,000 for a statewide Unlimited.candidate; $250 for a legislative candidate; and or county office $3,000 to a political party. Unlimited. employees who contribute; must them of right to refuse without inform No one may solicit uniformed penalty. trust fund. to children’s Must give Judge or judicial candidate may not solicit.. . . or candidate. to a political organization Judge or judicial candidate may not contribute ...... jurisdiction Individual Candidate family member Candidate’s employees Government Anonymous or in name of another State or other Rhode Island (a) (a) South Carolina South Dakota Pennsylvania (a) LIMITATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY INDIVIDUALS BY INDIVIDUALS ON CONTRIBUTIONS LIMITATIONS

The Council of State Governments 193 CAMPAIGN FINANCE 0. ited, ited. nymous contribution nymous be made so as to ion prohibited. Contribution in the name of another prohib Contribution in the name of another Contribution in the name of another prohib unless there is disclosure. in the name of another. contribution department under civil service law may not department under civil service to contribute solicit. Judges expressly permitted only to political party or candidate. employees during hours of employment. Judges Judges should not solicit funds. are not permitted to make contributions to a political party or organization. solicit. Non-elective salaried government aggregate per election. of sheriff’s Judges should not solicit. Employees days of a general election tomay not accept aggregate contributions per election cycle from all political party county central committees and legislative district committees combined that exceed 25¢ per voter in district (state legislative candidate) or state office office (state executive candidate). Candidates may not accept contributions that form of if city with commission exceed limits. Otherwise, same as for individuals. or committee per election. jointly held funds, but may agent may not solicit from official’s limited to greater of one percent of total Limited to $2,500 for state officeLimited to $2,500 other for $1,000 and candidate for Limited to $250,000 candidate in aggregate per Same as individual.election. $40,000office, statewide $20,000or senate, state for Unlimited. for state government superiors Prohibited in. . . for office, other Unlimited. to solicit their employees. Prohibited to government benefits. solicit persons who receive Unlimited. state office candidate.executive Aggregate contributions within 21 contributions within 21days of a general election may not own campaign exceedingexceed $5,000 for a campaign for $50,000 for office.statewide office.other than statewide State career service employees may not solicit. officestate for Candidates . . . may not solicit. Contribution prohibited political to organization, a political party, government. Judges may not contribute Limited to $1,000 per candidate, Same as individual. or non-judicial candidate. Same as individual. service employees and State classified Anonymous contribut Unlimited.Limited to $1,000 per candidateor committee per primary or Unlimited, except federalgeneral election. Unlimited. candidate office limited to Unlimited.Unlimited.Aggregate contributions per election candidatesto state office ofportion or funds personal limited to $500 for state legislative candidate and $1,000 foroffice owntheir using Unlimited $1,000 to another candidate individual.as Same not make aggregate Unlimited. Solicitation prohibited. Unlimited on government property Solicitation not may Contribution . . . Unlimited. Prohibited to solicit executive branch or is prohibited. State or local official . . . Ano source. the conceal Judges agency. in employees officials per primary or general election$30 or received contributions accumulated and $1,000 to state party executive Contribution by judges prohibited.committee per calendar year.. . . judges and judicial candidates may not Contributor disclosure required for employees may not be solicited...... jurisdiction Individual Candidate family member Candidate’s Government employees Anonymous or in name of another State or other See footnotes at end of table...... Texas (a) Texas Virginia (a) West Tennessee LIMITATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY INDIVIDUALS — Continued * Updated information for this table available August, 1998. August, table available for this information * Updated Continued — BY INDIVIDUALS ON CONTRIBUTIONS LIMITATIONS Utah ...... (a) Vermont Virginia (a) Washington

194 The Book of the States 1998-99 CAMPAIGN FINANCE hibited. Anonymous contribution must be $10 or less. Anonymous contribution name of another prohibited. Contribution in the tical party. candidates. (b) Language has been held to be unconstitutionally vague. In Wisconsin, must be $10 or less. Oklahoma individual’s contribution of not more than $50 in cash to a than of not more contribution must be $10 or less. Oklahoma individual’s Wisconsin, In must be $50 or less if no receipt. Non- Washington, In prohibited. candidate committee is permitted; otherwise, individuals and any non-in-kind contribution by political committees in-kind contribution by more than $50 by donor and a record of the transaction for instrument. Hawaii requires a receipt to the must be made by written instru- any greater than $100 must be by written contributions greater than $100. In Louisiana, contributions be by and associations Cash contribu- must check. organizations, corporations, by labor All contributions ment. or a written contributor statement is solicitation tions in New Jersey are prohibited unless in response to public $100 or less per election. In Pennsylvania, must be filed (maximum up to $200 cumulatively). In Ohio, must be candidate. In Rhode Island and South Carolina, prohibited if over $25 $100 or less in the aggregate if to or for a no limit for per each reporting period, except be $100 or less in the aggregate must Texas, In from an individual. general purpose political committee. Limited to same amounts asLimited to same Solicitation and contribution prohibited . (Washington, Na- D.C.: . (Washington, Unlimited as to candidate’s Campaign Finance Law 96 Campaign Finance Limited to an aggregate of Limited to an aggregate year.$10,000 in a calendar $10,000Limits for campaign: $1,000 for office, for statewide $500 for statestate senator, fundspersonal andor funds property personal own jointly and property owned representative, $2,500 or $3,000ownedfunds personal and property marital property by a jointly or as for court of appeals judge individual, except in the case of may spouse. State Judges duties. office in official engaged (depending on population of or as marital property with for not solicit poli or contribute district), $1,000 or $3,000 for candidate and spouse. while or employment of hours during circuit judge (depending on election candidate campaign who fund receives population of circuit), and for grant is limited to 200 of $250 the greater local office, or 1¢ x number of inhabitants of the amount percent that an individual may contribute. ($3,000 maximum). Limited to an aggregate of$25,000 and to $1,000 per general, candidate, per primary, or special election in any general Unlimited.election year and the preceding year. Limited to an aggregate of Same as individual. Unlimited. Same as individual. Contribution permitted but employees Judges may not solicit funds for Anonymous contributions pro . . . $600 per election and $100 formayor; $100 for council chair;$100 for council member at-large; $50 for council member from a district or board of education $50 for board of member at-large; education member from a district $25 for and a or party official; neighborhood advisory committee member. may not solicit or collect political contributions...... Edward D. Feigenbaum and James A. Palmer A. Palmer D. and James Feigenbaum Edward jurisdiction Individual Candidate family member Candidate’s employees Government Anonymous or in name of another For detailed legal requirements, state statutes should be consulted. State or other MITATIONS ON CONTRIBUTIONS BY INDIVIDUALS — Continued * Updated information for this table available August, 1998. available this table for Updated information * — Continued INDIVIDUALS BY CONTRIBUTIONS ON MITATIONS Source: Note: Key: in the law. . . . — No reference to contributions (a) Florida,Arkansas, Colorado, Kansas, Maine,Maryland and Alaska, In Restrictions on cash contributions. Wyoming ...... Dist. of Columbia (a) 1996). Administration, Federal Election Commission, tional Clearinghouse on Election Delaware, less than $100. In Connecticut, York, and New North Carolina limited to $100 or less. In California be $50 or less, must limited or less. In Kentucky, to $50 Virginia, West and Vermont Massachusetts, Nebraska, Michi- and lieutenant governor. governor to slate of candidates prohibited for is entirely contribution cash but gan limits cash contributions to and District of Columbia, must be $25 or less. In $20 or less. In Missouri over $25. New Mexico limits unidentifiable Montana, recipient must maintain receipt for cash contributions contributions received at special events up to $1,000 are not subject to anonymous contribution limits. cash to general organization. fund or to a Section 170(b)(1)(A) must be donated $1,000 after expenses Excess over Wisconsin (a) Wisconsin LI

The Council of State Governments 195 CAMPAIGN FINANCE used to repay contributors, used to repay donated to another committee (except one donated to another committee (except plus funds may be taken as income by candidate. as income by be taken plus funds may ederal office or ballot measure committee; office ederal contributors; donated to a party committee, certain to a party donated contributors; political organizations charitable organizations, (after 12/31/92 may within limits or other candidate committee not be donated to another candidate’s use). personal or used for candidate’s salary for the and an amount equal to the yearly sought, surplus either be turned funds must office of the to the state treasurer for the benefit over party, political fund, to an organized general revenue (b). campaign to the candidate’s or to contributors expenses or professional certaindefray legal security system subject home or office to purchase to restrictions. Personal use of funds by candidate prohibited. candidate. future the candidate’s established to further to charity, transfers to another committee, donations another committee, transfers to to charity, for other non- to state agencies or funds, or uses purposes. personal lawful legislative, or governmental purpose or governmental legislative, candidate for to a political party, contributed receivesif candidate or elected officer f Certain benefit. substantial personal campaign, or used to to an out-of-state contributed must related be directly expenditures received. of benefit regardless associated with the election and aftermath; or used or registration, election, voter political education. May not beused to encourage another race. from withdrawal candidate’s in not political whose purposes are organization of or a political subdivision nature, or to the state to a political party or to a be given candidate may of a partisan the state. Surplus on behalf communications, petition-related and other expensesexpenses, surplus to committees may also distribute permitted by the commission. organizations. agencies or tax-exempt government Personal use of funds by candidate prohibited. xpenditures permittedxpenditures rally meeting halls, expenses, Polls, May be before filing date except date before filing for personal travel expensesand public opinion polls/surveys. to another candidate or used as income, contributed spent on a future campaign, used to repay fund. allowance to office committee, or transferred Sur until treasurer and campaign professional printing and advertising, beendepository have designated. salaries, staff fees, service travel, or pro to contributors, rata distributed campaigns), transportation, voter rent, supplies, Ballot question used for transition expenses. Treasurer or authorized agent.Treasurer ...... Candidate or treasurer...... by or those authorized Treasurer ...... treasurer. . . . May be retained for a future campaign; returned to . . . be directly related to political, Must . . . May be used for contributions; debts or charitable e No . . . funds needed to pay debts, After setting aside any Must be reasonably related to an or charitable to a nonprofit May be contributed Only committee named and designatedOnly committee by candidate. . . . treasurer. or deputy Candidate, treasurer, ...... permitted No expenditures ...... Maybegiven tocharity, contributions expenses, officeholder to as Unlimited ...... jurisdiction expenditures allowed filing first to purposes (a) surplus funds ...... State or other Who make may expenditures Total prior Expenditures certain For Use of See footnotes at end of table. Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Alaska Alabama Table 5.12 Table ON EXPENDITURES LIMITATIONS LAWS: FINANCE CAMPAIGN (As of JanuaryAugust, 1998. this table available information for 1996) * Updated

196 The Book of the States 1998-99 CAMPAIGN FINANCE ored, sonal use of literary organization. Per organization. literary vice, scientific, education,vice, youth, recreation, scientific, ice-holder expenses; donations to any community to any donations ice-holder expenses; ansferred to a public officeholder account in to a public officeholder ansferred olunteer fire department, or a successful committee. department, or a successful olunteer fire eimburse a candidate for candidate’s contributions; candidate’s for a candidate eimburse eceived; used for repayment of any prior campaign used for repayment of any eceived; political party; donated to a nonprofit or charitable to a nonprofit political party; donated to the state for the general or given organization; trust fund fund or the election campaign financing (by a subdivision or political (by a state candidate) funds by local candidate). Personal use of candidate prohibited. were for which they office campaign for elective funds by candidate prohibited. or in connection with a public policy question. Expenditures may only be used toExpenditures may only be used are to be used to Funds remaining after an election ordinary and necessary campaign incurred in connection with expenses future to any transferred organization; nonprofit campaign for electivethe candidate’s or office, the public officer’s r or retention of thatfullfillment office. as a candidate; or transferred to incurred obligation state, national, or local committee of any any use of Personal candidate. political party or to any filing fees, and communications filing supplies,printing, food, office poll lists and canvasses, voter organization, or scientific charitable, educational, rent, advertising, watchers, v counsel. rallies, legal inanced candidatesinanced . . . voters; House/Senate/voters; council prosecutor - $1.40 others - voters; x qualified voters. 20¢ x qualified funds by candidate prohibited. may be increased undercertain circumstances. - $2.00 x qualifiedmayor returned amounts dependent upon office; various to a candidate’s given to contributors; pro rata and polls. surveys, reports, or charitable, voluntary limits: $5 millionvoluntary and lt. governor; governor for $2 million for cabinet. Limits lt. governor voters; qualified voters;- $1.40 x qualified Surplus funds may be used to election day. r tr youth, social or community, recreational organizations; off ser . . . chair,Must be authorized by agents. designated or their treasurer, ...... Only for nomination, election or of a person in public office, retention ...... deputy treasurers. agreeing to and those treasurer,Candidate, chair, or designated agents. . . .Only campaign treasurer or influence the results of an election.deputy treasurer. prior incurred to or on obligations pay remaining . . . election year Voluntary . . . - $2.50 x limits: governor May only be used to defray Must be related to a campaign and charitable organization May be donated to any candidate-spons fundraising; for used be May purpose, including donations to ordinary and necessary related activity; politically Candidate committee.Only campaign treasurers or . . .f Publicly . . . expenses, salaries, travel Staff religious, to a tax-exempt, May be contributed ...... jurisdiction expenditures allowed filing to first purposes (a) surplus funds ...... State or other Who make may expenditures Total prior Expenditures certain For Use of ...... Idaho Illinois Georgia Hawaii Delaware Florida LIMITATIONS ON EXPENDITURES — Continued * Updated information for this table available August, 1998. available this table for information * Updated — Continued ON EXPENDITURES LIMITATIONS

The Council of State Governments 197 CAMPAIGN FINANCE o given to a given d to lease or to a charitable utors, transferred to the candidate’s utors, transferred xpenses reasonably related to the expenses of expenses to the xpenses reasonably related contributors. Personal use of funds by candidate Personal contributors. prohibited. groceries, and payments for the candidate; meals, payments clearly other food not for campaign uses; use of funds by candidate Personal contributors. prohibited. May be transferred to candidate committees, politicalMay be transferred committees. to or returned pro rata office, elective holding paraphernalia, contributions toother candidates or committees, campaign Candidate and the like. leases and payments; campaign; most motor vehicle funds may only be used for and most service professional organization or rental mortgage memberships; organization campaign purposes, legitimate advertising, salaries, rent, including of the service or value campaign market of the fair in excess supplies, travel, paraphernalia, or for constituency expenses. or office-holder services prohibited. by candidate item. Personal use of funds continuing political activity, an to service in related activity to or contributions elected office, party committees or other candidate committees, or state election commission, political used for organizations, tax-exempt parties, certain or officeholder continuing political activity e xpenditures permittedxpenditures tax Political receiving parties pro rata be returned balance may unexpended Any spent for current election ofback to beginning campaign purposes for legitimate if ineven activity, calendar year.different spent. the time in which the funds must be in general elections, including campaign supplies, travel, advertising, salaries, rent, be generally not may funds campaign Candidates’ to the services unrelated for personal or expenses; penalties; personal debts used to pay civil/criminal formuntil registration properly filed. expenses. or officeholding a party to the state committee, organization, $500 may be made bya political committeeuntil statement of organization is properlyfiled. general fund, or returned in whole or pro rata to or a proposition; used in candidate, political party, related to a or activity future political campaigns; items stolen, to replace candidate prohibited except funds by future campaign. Personal use of lost, or damaged in connection with a campaign. election; $300,000 in aprimary runoff election;and $1.8 million in ageneral election. in a general election, and for administrative costs of maintaining a party headquarters. to a Section 501(c)(3) be donated the same office, of funds by candidate prohibited. Personal use to the state treasury. or escheat charity, Candidates accepting public No e million in a primary depository is designated. candidates party’s their support retained t election committee, for party executive * Updated information for this table available August, 1998. available August, this table for information * Updated — Continued — Continued Any person, upon proper notificationAny . . . No expenditures Must be related to a politicalcontributors; to rata pro returned be May Must be through sale depositoryaccounts. . . .must account Initial report Generally prohibited. PublicMust be by or through treasurer. not be use funds may Public checkoff . . . authorize or all must make Treasurer on behalf of a candidate.expenditures for all funds raised and limited to $1.8 financing only be used funds may checkoff until primary campaign beyond extend item whose benefits purchase any may use these funds to money permitted No expenditures campaign legitimate Must be for to treasurer. to all contrib Residual funds must be contributed of in excess aggregating campaign or holding of office. or against a spent for charitable organization; Only treasurer expenditures. may make ...... Must be used for campaign, for ...... jurisdiction expenditures allowed filing to first purposes (a) surplus funds ...... State or other Who make may expenditures Total prior Expenditures certain For Use of See footnotes at end of table. Louisiana Iowa ...... Kansas Kentucky Indiana LIMITATIONS ON EXPENDITURES ON EXPENDITURES LIMITATIONS

198 The Book of the States 1998-99 CAMPAIGN FINANCE date ral id and may not on. Other funds may paid not later than 60 days must be returned on a pro rata on for which the funds are granted. lic financing funds must be repaid days within 10 lic financing transferred to another committee of same candi organization; or given to a higher education or given organization; institution for scholarships. cannot be used to pay a candidate. Judicial candidate or be returned to contributors funds must surplus donated to state bar. repayment or debt retirement expenses; of campaign repayment incurred performance in expenses or payment for to which elected. of office lic financing funds must belic financing Pub make expenditures for enhancement expenditures make of their political future. Limited to salaries, wages, and fees; wages, Limited to salaries, use of funds by candidate prohibited. Personal committee expenditures Pub is properly organized. to campaign. Other candidates mayprohibited. funds by candidate annually beginning January beginning annually 1, 1997. incurred later than 30 days after committee; donated to a local board of education, the election. educational or charitable non-profit recognized election; additional are expenditures authorizedin response to editorials, endorsements, etc. Candidates accepting public . . . be adjusted each electionyear based on Consumer 1994 figuresPrice Index; governor/lt.shown): election year. $1,725,920; governor: $287,655; general: attorney the election during candidate’s $143,829; office: other statewide state senate: $43,150 (1992 charitable or tax-exempt representative: state (with restrictions), party, figure); $21,576. Limits in non- election years are 20 percent of election year limits. space and and printing; office Under certain conditions, funds Public institution or returned to contributors. furnishings; supplies; and other may increase. expenditures reasonably related to expenses the election. expenditures expenditures of $5,000 politicalper candidate or committee per election. future campaigns or transferred to other candidate’s committees, unrestricted gift to the state; gift to loan organization; or educational charitable Candidate, committee treasurer,or designee. . . . may only be madeAn expenditure designee.or the treasurer’s Gubernatorial candidates . . . No limited to $2 million peronly be spent on Public funds may be promptly repa Public funds must permitted until committee spent for expenses directly related to further the use of election. Personal or state other things of value primary following be be made through treasurer. adjusted voters, x qualified with the authorization of the treasurer who accept public funds not expenses purposes, and for Must be authorized by treasurer or cent paid to a party basis to contributors; deputy treasurer of the committeeor fund. subsidies are limited as or materials, facilities, services, electi be used in a subsequent (to in election years follows communications, mailing, and . . . advertising and travel; transportation ...... upon authority of candidate or must Other expenditures treasurer. limited to 30¢ governor governor/lt. candidates for form until registration is properly filed. the candidate’s used to further for legal nomination or election, after the electi Other surplus funds . . .Public funds may only be spent Publicly financed is limited to PAC permitted No expenditures may be only Public contributions . . . funds must be re Public . . . for used the to contributors, Returned pro rata ...... jurisdiction expenditures allowed filing to first purposes (a) surplus funds State or other Who make may expenditures Total prior Expenditures certain For Use of Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Maine ...... Maryland LIMITATIONS ON EXPENDITURES — Continued * Updated information for this table available August, 1998. available this table for information * Updated — Continued ON EXPENDITURES LIMITATIONS

The Council of State Governments 199 CAMPAIGN FINANCE ical f campaign may expend or may expend prohibited. and opinion; constituents; obtaining public input to another be transferred funds may unexpended party committee, candidate committee, a political the Campaign organization, charitable a tax-exempt Act Cash Fund; the state or Finance Limitation to or returned political subdivisions; certain not make expendituresA committee may contributors. or med clothes, for of a candidate’s the payment or dental expenses; mortgage or rental payments or dental expenses; installment permanent residence; for the candidate’s by the candidate; an auto owned payments for reportable debts (excluding satisfaction of personal campaign loans); or personal services (such as or accounting services). legal dispose of unspent to are required officeholders authorized in a statutorily manner, contributions for contribution return to contributors, including and donation to tax-exempt political purpose, Elected candidates may use for entity. nonprofit or public present or future campaign expenses candidate Personal funds by use of expenses. office prohibited. . aising, receiving, or receiving, aising, goods, for materials, funds except and volunteers, for workers, social events offices; disbursing more than $2,000 more disbursing or facilities to assist services, in a calendar year until it files a statement of a candidate for a or oppose organization and has atreasurer. ballot question.other and newsletters loans; campaign of repayment gifts of acknowledgment; political communications; meals, lodging and travel. related and office-holder After termination of a candidate committee, however, candidates and their agents candidates however, expenditures. also permittedare to make made by a committee r or transfer party may not expend o operation continued for funds transfer All expenditures must be made by or must be All expenditures through the treasurer. limitations ruled Voluntary and deputyCampaign treasurer . . .campaign treasurer. or assistant treasurers;Treasurers ...... unconstitutional...... Expenditure may not be A committee other than a political After an election, a committee Personal use of funds by candidate ...... non-candidate and candidates defeated and Elected ...... jurisdiction expenditures allowed filing to first purposes (a) surplus funds State or other Who make may expenditures Total prior Expenditures certain For Use of See footnotes at end of table...... Montana Nebraska Missouri LIMITATIONS ON EXPENDITURES — Continued * Updated information for this table available August, 1998 August, table available for this information * Updated — Continued ON EXPENDITURES LIMITATIONS Nevada ......

200 The Book of the States 1998-99 CAMPAIGN FINANCE eral special or prohibited. Judicial candidates must return unused funds to contributions to any charitable to any contributions Code, Revenue 170(c) of Internal leadership political committee, legislative to related expenses and administrative the operation of the candidate committee or joint candidates committee of a leadership candidate or a legislative committee; the pro-rata repayment of the payment of ordinary or contributors; of holding and necessary expenses candidates Gubernatorial public office. limited as to use of public funds. committee may makecommittee may candidate, written consent Political committee and filed. making independent must declare expenditures it statement in registration will abide by $1,000 limit per expenditure candidate per election. politically related election for fundraising or other luding travel expenses) in expenses) luding travel easurer must be appointedbe must easurer ...... limit campaign expenditures and bymade by candidate partycommittees, political a registration expenditures, be filed, statement must onand immediate family behalf in acandidate’s political committee and if the primary or general election in accordance with a to support a is organized expendituremaximum schedule. of the candidate or agent fiscal candidate’s been secured must have the candidate, or for sponsored by activity donations to charitable organizations. in $5.9 1989 general election: million. Spending limits aresubject to adjustment priorto election year to reflectchanges in campaign costs.Gubernatorial candidate funding is public receiving limited to $25,000 in primary and $25,000 in general candidate’selection from personal funds. is that organization or non-profit from taxation under Section exempt Code; Revenue 501(c) of the Internal candidate, candidate transmittal to another committee, or joint candidates committee continuing or to a political committee committee, or political party committee use by such other candidate the lawful for established before candidateor political committee may an expenditure. make overhead of the or committee; the payment Personal use of funds by candidate prohibited. Candidates or candidate’s fiscal agent. fiscal Candidates or candidate’s agree to Candidate may political Before non-party . . . be used after gen may Contributions Treasurer or deputy treasurer of aTreasurer to aid Maximum amount . . . be used for may the Contributions Personal use of funds by candidate candidate, political party committee,political committee, and continuingpolitical committee. candidate for governor (exc 1993 primary: $2.6 million; payment of campaign expenses; in Section described organization of candidate or politicalTreasurer committee. Tr and separate bank account or donate to charitable organization. contributors ...... jurisdiction expenditures allowed filing to first purposes (a) surplus funds State or other Who make may expenditures Total prior Expenditures certain For Use of New Hampshire LIMITATIONS ON EXPENDITURES — Continued * Updated information for this table available August, 1998. available this table for information * Updated — Continued ON EXPENDITURES LIMITATIONS New Jersey ...... New Mexico

The Council of State Governments 201 CAMPAIGN FINANCE prohibited. ose, including ose, disposed of by return to contributors, donation to contributors, return disposed of by candidate or candidate’s principal campaign candidate or candidate’s political activity, or transfer to political party political activity, committee. Personal use of funds by candidate prohibited. defray campaign expenditures be or ordinary and necessary expensesor ordinary incurred in connection with duties for a future retention to charitable organization, of public officeholder. campaign, deposit with the state, defense of activity, actions, community campaign legal committee until thecommittee until designation of a treasurer been have and depository filed. to personal use may not be converted Contributions to political campaign or of candidate not related use in subsequent campaign. or holding for donor, committee may receive or make contributions expenditures. or party position. office holding public subject to expenditure limit subject to expenditure involved. depending on office or statewide for Candidates . . .to the statutory maximumlimit in a primary or general a declarationelection by filing of limitation on expenditures, the bound by are not but declaration: if an opposing the candidate has not filed the declaration or has filed . . . has made declaration but the exceeding expenditures applicable limit. A incurred with duties as an officeholder; expenses transferring them to a political committee of a them to a charitable political party; contributing other lawful or using them for any organization; purpose. Candidate or treasurer of candidateCandidate or treasurer . . . may not be Expenditures for may be expended Contributions purp lawful May be used for any or political committee.Except for independent expenditures, may becandidate-related expenditures ormade only through the treasurer Candidates for state in constitutional office orassistant treasurer of a candidate political committee. candidate- expenditures, general election who Except for independent qualify for and receive ...... may related expenditures not be made until a treasurer the a campaign committee, only For campaign treasurer and deputy made by a politicalcampaign treasurer. . . . public matching funds are is appointed and certified. purpose. lawful any and deputy treasurer ofTreasurer candidate committees and othercommittees...... return to transfer to political party committee, Candidate must designate . . . must be Candidate expenditures Expenditures must be made by or funds by candidate Personal use of a treasurer beforethrough the treasurer of a politicalcommittee. may office . . . state legislative ordinary, verifiable, legitimate, campaign candidate’s . . . and necessary. use contributions Candidates may to limit expenditures agree committee may Funds of state candidate/candidate . . . to only . . . by contributions committee may dispose of excess and necessary ordinary using them to defray any ...... jurisdiction expenditures allowed filing to first purposes (a) surplus funds State or other Who make may expenditures Total prior Expenditures certain For Use of ...... See footnotes at end of table. New York ...... LIMITATIONS ON EXPENDITURES — Continued * Updated information for this table available August, 1998. August, table available for this information * Updated — Continued ON EXPENDITURES LIMITATIONS North Carolina North Dakota ...... Ohio Oklahoma Oregon ......

202 The Book of the States 1998-99 CAMPAIGN FINANCE rned ndidate prohibited. to pay for the expenses of for the expenses to pay terminated, residual funds residual terminated, be transferred in whole or in part in whole to a newly be transferred be donated to a tax-exempt established PAC; be donated to the state; or charitable organization; Personal use of funds by to the donor. be returned candidate prohibited. recipients and committee is restricted to specific prohibited. uses. Personal use of funds by candidate wspaper announcements of repay more than $200,000 during may be maintained or holding public office gaining of or usual expense ordinary for conducting a political campaign forbidden. unless expressly benefit. treasurer cumulative of any an election cycle campaign accounts; be donated to a candidate in committee until a chaircommittee until beenand treasurer have appointed. as provided except expenditure by law.made before the should Judicial candidate to contributors. pro rata of suchand the filing designation. personal loans to campaign by the or a PAC, a political organization, public office, candidate. benefit. for private not use contributions limitations on contributions; subject to the statutory certify name and address of ne political treasurer before inmaking an expenditure and transportation of candidacy; an election. the polls. unable to go to voters who accepts public funding. appointment of a or appointed assistant treasurer. assistant or appointed Campaign treasurer or deputycampaign treasurer. for Unlimited, except be may No expenditures not be used to may Contributions office general candidate for made by a politicalCandidates or duly authorizedused not funds Campaign of a committee. officer an or treasurer may make chair, ...... or retu expenditures, be used for may lawful Political treasurer of candidate andpolitical campaign committee...... Candidate and political . . . force; dissemination Clerical/office Personal use of funds by ca committee are required to public speakers; of literature; . . . funds of a candidate or Disposition of excess of money expenditure Necessary should not use for private candidate office Judicial For a political committee, the treasurer, a political committee, For . . . may be No expenditure committee No candidate, political is activity financial After ...... jurisdiction expenditures allowed filing to first purposes (a) surplus funds State or other Who make may expenditures Total prior Expenditures certain For Use of Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Pennsylvania LIMITATIONS ON EXPENDITURES — Continued * Updated information for this table available August, 1998. available this table for information * Updated — Continued ON EXPENDITURES LIMITATIONS

The Council of State Governments 203 CAMPAIGN FINANCE tributions for tributions may not be converted to the personal not be converted may ions to the personal use of a former ions to the personal committee also may not convert may committee also a candidate or officeholder. Specific purpose Specific a candidate or officeholder. election for governor and $250,000 election for governor assigned to new debts and existing fund. use may the candidate but candidate is prohibited, such funds to reduce personal campaign debts. xpenditures that exceedxpenditures by and repayment of loans made contributions. Specific-purpose politicalSpecific-purpose committees may not make restricted. Reimbursement or family Expenditures from expenditures candidate or officeholder. of personal funds for from be reimbursed personal funds may purpose and general-purpose campaign treasurer General purpose political committeees, other than political party county may not make executive, $500 exceeding expenditures unless a campaign treasurer at filed appointment was least 60 days before the the and expenditures committee has accepted at least 10 from contribution persons. ice or chief justice of the ice or chief judicial office - $2 million; judicial office court of appeals - $500,000 e if the population of thejudicial district is morethan one million, or a $500 without filing $350,000 if the population campaign treasurerof the judicial district is one political committees, other a to a candidate of by relatives million or less; and other appointment. Specific- judicialnon-statewide office. per election for other statewide party county than political limited candidate or officeholder - $350,000 if theoffices of $500,000 per to an aggregate population of the judicial may committees, executive expenditures not make district is more than one totaling more than $500 to million, $200,000 if the support or oppose a candidate population of the judicial state office, for statewide district is 250,000 to one state board of legislature, million, and $100,000 if education, or multi-county the population of the unless a district office judicial district is lessthan 250,000. at least filed appointment was 30 days before the election. political committee; campaign treasurerpolitical committee; treasurer acting inor assistant campaign per expenditures aggregate and an individual capacity; an official expenditures or authorize judicial election for unreimbursed who makes independent, prohibited. Payment advertising candidates; statewideexpenditures. a campaign before filing of use treasurer appointment. for personal from contributions of candidate, services officeholder, political contribut off Candidate and the secretary ofa personal campaign committeein the case of a candidate for stateA committee member office. executive over an expenditure may not make . . .$1,000 without written authorizationby candidate or committee secretary. Designated treasurer. candidate must State office by law Expenditures prohibited campaign committee before . . . a statement of file personal appointment of may not use con candidates Judicial the committee may make expenditures. may not be made. . . . benefit. private candidate’s may Existing surplus be contributed use of funds to personal of surplus Conversion Candidate for candidate’s own election; own Candidate for candidate’s limits on Voluntary not make Candidates may for political Use of public funds Contributions ...... jurisdiction expenditures allowed filing to first purposes (a) surplus funds State or other Who make may expenditures Total prior Expenditures certain For Use of ...... See footnotes at end of table. Utah Vermont Texas ...... LIMITATIONS ON EXPENDITURES — Continued * Updated information for this table available August, 1998. August, table available for this information * Updated — Continued ON EXPENDITURES LIMITATIONS

204 The Book of the States 1998-99 CAMPAIGN FINANCE f by ansfer to new candidate committee; contribution to new ansfer used in a succeeding election; returned to contributors;used in a succeeding to defray political party committee; or used of expenses office elective unreimbursable by candidate candidate. Personal use of funds prohibited. contributions, the original an amount not to exceed account for personal to the candidate’s transfer for lost earnings during the reimbursement charitable to a registered campaign, donation retention for transmittal to the state, a organization, to transferred future campaign for the same office, committee, or a political party or caucus political public office-related payment of non-reimbursed may to the be transferred Contributions expenses. for or expended personal account of a candidate for loans personal use for reimbursement candidate’s while campaigning or lost earnings to cover committee and performing services for the political for repayment of expenses directfor out-of-pocket loans made to political committee. Candidate may more than $3,000 per election not be reimbursed campaigns. loans made to their own for terminating political committee to another committee Prohibited. be funds may report, surplus of final filing After rent, maintenance,political expenses; tr travel, lodging and administrativetravel, nominating petition costs;expenses; be used in connection with may contributions to a contributed duties as a public officeholder; of prevention registrationunlawful transportation; and voter of voters; to a political or transferred charitable organization; public polls; and non-cash post- party committee. Personal use of funds by of appreciation.election expressions Use of excess campaign assets election expenses. Judicial candidates may not use or of for reimbursement except candidate prohibited, for permit use of contributions is prohibited. personal for economic benefit benefit. private campaign treasurer not campaign treasurer acceptancelater than upon of a contribution. contributed donated to a Section 170 organization; including a to other candidates or committees, before filing designation.before filing Political party may not and furnishing of political for money disburse unlesselection expenses payment of headquarters or office; treasurer is appointed. rata on a pro basis. Per services; to contributors returned agency and advertising political advertising staff; support or to political party committee or candidate; expenses; public meeting-related by funds may be transferred a statute, excess Per excess the same candidate. statute, for . . . candidate, orCampaign treasurer, treasurer person on authority of campaign or candidate...... one appoint must Candidate agents andCandidates, financial political committee treasurers...... act as No person may for payments lawful in Generally, contributors the to byreturn of disposed be May agent treasurer or financial Excess campaign assets may be disposed o ...... jurisdiction expenditures allowed filing to first purposes (a) surplus funds State or other Who make may expenditures Total prior Expenditures certain For Use of Virginia Washington Virginia West LIMITATIONS ON EXPENDITURES — Continued * Updated information for this table available August, 1998. available this table for information * Updated — Continued ON EXPENDITURES LIMITATIONS

The Council of State Governments 205 CAMPAIGN FINANCE tion or the ited by law, returned to the ited by law, contributions for private benefit of candidate. benefit private for contributions to a purposes; returned to donors; transferred or educational technical, or literacy scientific, with constituent services or used for organization; certain limits. (a) Post election. (b) or spouse take any campaign funds for personal use or for income for Unopposed candidate may not dependent children after the filing deadline (or if opposed in the primary but not in the general election, after dependent children after the filing deadline (or if opposed in the the date of winning the nomination). Disbursements may not be may not Disbursements Expenditures may be made for any political used for any Residual funds may be ice candidates who . (Washington, D.C.: Na- . (Washington, more for a campaign thanmore for a campaign in theamount specified committee, politicalauthorized disbursement committee, political group, schedule unless opponents before or individual statement is registration not accepting grant do not and campaign agree to comply with the filed limit voluntarily. depository account established. school fund. common * Updated information for this table available August, 1998. available August, this table for information * Updated Campaign Finance Law 96 Campaign Finance — Continued — Continued Treasurer of a candidate, politicalTreasurer group, orcommittee, political off State election campaign receive by candidate or made must Contributions purpose. lawful not prohib purpose individual.. . . fund grant may not expend personal campaign be used for a political purpose. to a charitable organiza donated or donor, ...... not use may Candidate for judicial office Only the chair, treasurer, or designated treasurer, Only the chair, an expenditure. make agents may ...... May be donated to a political party for political ...... Edward D. Feigenbaum and James A. Palmer. A. Palmer. and James D. Feigenbaum Edward jurisdiction expenditures allowed filing to first purposes (a) surplus funds For detailed legal requirements, state statutes should be consulted. State or other Who make may expenditures Total prior Expenditures certain For Use of Source: Note: Key: in the law. . . . — No reference ...... tional Clearinghouse on Election Administration, Federal Election Commission, 1996). Commission, Federal Election Administration, tional Clearinghouse on Election Wisconsin LIMITATIONS ON EXPENDITURES ON EXPENDITURES LIMITATIONS Wyoming Dist. of Columbia

206 The Book of the States 1998-99 CAMPAIGN FINANCE activities and distribution to general election candidates. and distribution activities among qualified parties as specified by taxpayer. by parties as specified among qualified on contributions received by received on contributions certain political committees (e); fees; donated surplus candidate filing on surcharge funds; and voluntary motor vehicle intangibles tax returns, members of the cabinet. applications, license driver’s registrations, and annual reports boat registrations for corporations. plates.vehicle party use. political parties for state and county exceed $500 per $500 exceed tax filer. add-ons. $25 (c) matched by state. candidates. general election to statewide Tax provisions relating to individuals relating provisions Tax Public financing as surcharge is deductible. as surcharge central or county partycommittees, or $500 for to candidates contributions who abide by expenditure limits, with deductible maximum of $100 of a to a total contribution single candidate. other moneys...... Any amount Add-on not to Surcharge Direct appropriations; fines; and tax . . . only. governor and lieutenant for governor candidates To political party designated taxpayer. by To ...... $2 (a) ...... Checkoff political party designated taxpayer for party by To ...... designated Money $100 (a)...... (b) $2, $5, or $10 . . . and donated amounts. Surcharge ...... political party designated taxpayer. by To $1 . . .(a) ...... $1, $5, $10, or Surcharge and an equal amount Surcharge ...... and distribution political parties for party activities To party designated taxpayer. political by To ...... to $100 for contributions ...... $2 (a) . . . $5 (d)...... Direct appropriations; assessments ...... appropriated funds, Checkoff, and and lieutenant governor candidates governor for To ...... offices. elective all non-federal candidates for To $1 ...... $1.50 (a) ...... Checkoff . . . Checkoff personalized motor from Revenues . . . equally between the qualified Percentage divided political party designated taxpayer. by To political party designated taxpayer or divided by To ...... State Credit Deduction Checkoff Surcharge of funds Source of funds Distribution ...... Louisiana Maine ...... Maryland Kansas Kentucky Table 5.13 Table AND PUBLIC FINANCING PROVISIONS TAX ELECTIONS: STATE FUNDING OF (As of January 1998. table available August, information for this 1996) * Updated Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Alabama Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa ......

The Council of State Governments 207 CAMPAIGN FINANCE fund aising general, lection years, who agree to tion. ng political parties candidates abiding by expenditure limits and r expenditure by candidates abiding lieutenant governor, secretary of state, attorney secretary of state, attorney lieutenant governor, qualifying contributions in statewide primary and general statewide in qualifying contributions elections. of a political general elections; to the state committee and to state party for multi-candidate expenditures; purposes. general fund for administrative for governor, candidates limitation, to otherwise qualified and 50 percent committee of party, executive to state committees of party according to to county executive in each tax return checkoffs proportion of income from income. county to total checkoff for governor and lieutenant governor in general election. in general and lieutenant governor governor for after primary and representative senator and state 100 percent fund. In general election year, candidates’ in election campaign fund to state party (with 50 percent to special party election year, committee). If presidential 100 percent in presidential election year candidates’ to state party (with 50 percent to special party committee). among opposed candidates fund divided Candidates’ for who agree to abide by the expenditure governor limit and raise matching funds equal to 5 percent of on a Matching limit. funds are provided expenditure one-to-one basis for general election campaign. 50 percent allocation divided: Party calendar quarter. auditor of public accounts, legislature, public service legislature, auditor of public accounts, of of the University commission, board of regents Nebraska, and state board of education state party and 50 percent in presidential election year not more than 50 percent in election campaign fund to abide by the statutory spending limita candidates. contribution of income tax refund,contribution and amounts repaid to campaign limitation cash fund by finance agreeing to abide by the statutory spending not is greater then the spending limitation for the office income tax refund.tax income ...... Tax provisions relating to individuals relating provisions Tax Public financing be deductible. candidates is intended to to newsletter fund contribution. for Income tax surcharge income tax refund due. surcharge for candidates fund. e In non-general according to registration...... $1 (a) . . . Checkoff To ...... $3 (a) ...... $100 (a) ...... Checkoff . . . of $2 ...... and candidates primaries candidates in gubernatorial To Direct appropriations, taxpayer of opponents expenditure If highest estimated maximum ...... $25 for political contribution ...... $1 (a) ...... to amount of Up ...... fund; for political parties Checkoff $1 (a) $2 (a) ...... amo fund divided Political parties’ ...... and checkoff. Direct appropriations . . . Checkoff gubernatorial candidates. qualified To . . . designated taxpayer. by political party To ...... qualified candidates. (a) qualified candidates. (a) Refund up to $50 tofor contributions political parties and . . .(a) $5 .. . anonymous contributions. state offices, general, other statewide attorney governor, excess checkoff appropriations, Direct lieutenant governor, for candidates qualifying To $50 for contributionsto statewide . . . $1 (a) . . . Checkoff each equally among major political parties Divided ...... State Credit Deduction Checkoff Surcharge of funds Source of funds Distribution ...... See footnotes at end of table...... FUNDING OF STATE ELECTIONS — Continued * Updated information for this table available August, 1998. available August, this table for information * Updated — Continued ELECTIONS OF STATE FUNDING Massachusetts Michigan Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Minnesota North Dakota ...... Ohio Nevada ...... New Hampshire New Jersey ...... New Mexico New York ...... North Carolina

208 The Book of the States 1998-99 CAMPAIGN FINANCE Remainder legislative office and state Court candidates Supreme office legislative in a spring, general, or special election. (f) taxpayers designating the party in each county to the total number of taxpayers in the state who designate the party. to qualifying candidates in general election for to qualifying candidates in general of state, secretary lieutenant governor, governor, as state general, and general treasurer, attorney $750,000 for was for 1994 funds (maximum matching for all other candidates). and $187,500 governor major political parties. Distributed to eligible political to eligible Distributed major political parties. If a party is not byparty designated taxpayer. is allocated to each designated, 5 percent of the amount elected, and the remainder party for each state officer its candidate to the votes party in proportion to each election. Maximum in previous received governor for of $200,000 all political parties.allocated to are revenue from sales andrevenue are use taxes). 50 percent to county to state central committee, and number of central committee in proportion to the (a) For joint returns, amount indicated may be doubled. (b) Additional amounts may be donated. (c) And a separate designation of $1, $5, $10, or $25. (d) On intangibles tax return. (e) Declared unconstitutional and no longer collected. (f) Candidates must meet certain qualifications. tax refund. (Washington, D.C., (Washington, Tax provisions relating to individuals relating provisions Tax Public financing Campaign Finance Law 1996 Law Campaign Finance ...... of income $25 (a) $1 (a) ...... Surcharge ...... Checkoff . . . designated political party. To . . . state office, to state executive According to formula, ...... $1 ...... actually (although funds Checkoff taxpayer: 50 percent political party designated by To ...... $100...... $5 (a) ...... (“credit”) . . . Checkoff . . . allocated to $2 ($4 for a joint return) of checkoff First . . . Lessor of (1) total with a contributions (a), or maximum of $50 liability. (2) the taxpayers’ No credit for contributions and state to statewide . . . candidates who legislative declaration of do not file limitation on expenditures...... State Credit Deduction Checkoff Surcharge of funds Source of funds Distribution ...... Edward D. Feigenbaum and James A. Palmer, A. Palmer, and James D. Feigenbaum Edward ...... Table details only those states that have a tax provision relating to individuals or a provision for public or a provision to individuals relating a tax provision that have details only those states Table ...... Note: Key: . . . — No provision. Source: ...... Wyoming Vermont Virginia Washington Virginia West Wisconsin South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas ...... Utah National Clearinghouse on Election Administration, Federal Election Commission, 1996). Administration, Federal Election Commission, National Clearinghouse on Election only for certain types of candidates and/or financing of state elections. Credits and deductions may be allowed political parties. Consult state statutes for further details. FUNDING OF STATE ELECTIONS — Continued * Updated information for this table available August, 1998. available August, this table for information * Updated — Continued ELECTIONS OF STATE FUNDING Oregon ...... Pennsylvania Rhode Island Oklahoma

The Council of State Governments 209 INITIATIVE/REFERENDUM RECALL

Table 5.14 STATEWIDE INITIATIVE AND REFERENDUM

Changes to constitution Changes to statutes Initiative Referendum Initiative Referendum State or other jurisdication Direct (a) Indirect (a) Legislative (b) Direct (c) Indirect (c) Legislative Citizen petition (d) Alabama ...... Alaska ...... ★ . . . ★ . . . ★ Arizona ...... ★ . . . ★★. . . ★★ Arkansas ...... ★ . . . ★★. . . ★★ California ...... ★ . . . ★★. . . ★★ Colorado ...... ★ . . . ★★...... Connecticut ...... ★ ...... Delaware* ...... ★ ...... ★ . . . Florida ...... ★ . . . ★ ...... Georgia ...... ★ ...... Hawaii ...... ★ ...... Idaho ...... ★★. . . ★★ Illinois ...... ★ . . . ★★. . . ★ . . . Indiana ...... ★ ...... Iowa ...... ★ ...... Kansas ...... ★ ...... Kentucky ...... ★ ...... ★★ Louisiana* ...... ★ ...... Maine ...... ★ . . . ★★ ★ Maryland ...... ★ ...... ★★ Massachusetts ...... ★★. . . ★★ ★ Michigan ...... ★ . . . ★ . . . ★★ ★ Minnesota ...... ★ ...... Mississippi ...... ★★...... Missouri ...... ★ . . . ★★. . . ★★ Montana ...... ★ . . . ★★. . . ★★ Nebraska ...... ★ . . . ★★. . . ★★ Nevada ...... ★ . . . ★ ★★★ ★ New Hampshire ...... ★ ...... New Jersey ...... ★ ...... New Mexico ...... ★ ...... ★★ New York ...... ★ ...... North Carolina ...... ★ ...... North Dakota ...... ★ . . . ★★. . . ★★ Ohio ...... ★ . . . ★ ★★★ ★ Oklahoma ...... ★ . . . ★★. . . ★★ Oregon ...... ★ . . . ★★. . . ★★ Pennsylvania ...... ★ ...... Rhode Island ...... ★ ...... South Carolina ...... ★ ...... South Dakota ...... ★ . . . ★★. . . ★★ Tennessee ...... ★ ...... Texas ...... ★ ...... Utah ...... ★ ★★★ ★ Vermont ...... ★ ...... Virginia ...... ★ ...... Washington ...... ★ ★★★ ★ West Virginia* ...... ★ ...... Wisconsin ...... ★ ...... Wyoming ...... ★ . . . ★ . . . ★ U.S. Virgin Islands ...... ★★. . . ★★ ★

Sources: State election administration offices, state constitutions and stat- considered by the legislature; (2) submission by the legislature (designated in utes, except where noted by * where data are from The Book of the States, table as “Legislative”), whereby the legislature may voluntarily submit laws 1996-97. to the voters for their approval; and (3) constitutional requirement, whereby Note: This table summarizes state provisions for initiatives and referenda. the state constitution may require that certain questions be submitted to the Initiatives may propose constitutional amendments or develop state legisla- voters. tion and may be formed either directly or indirectly. The direct initiative Key: allows a proposed measure to be placed on the ballot after a specific number ★ — State Provision. of signatures have been secured on a citizen petition. The indirect initiative . . . — No state provision. must be submitted to the legislature for a decision after the required number (a) See Table 1.3, “Constitutional Amendment Procedure: By Initiative,” of signatures has been secured on a petition and prior to placing the proposed for more detail. measure on the ballot. (b) See Table 1.2, “Constitutional Amendment Procedure: By the Legisla- Referendum refers to the process whereby a state law or constitutional ture,” for more detail. amendment passed by the legislature may be referred to the voters before it (c) See Tables 5.16 through 5.19 on State Initiatives, for more detail. goes into effect. Three forms of referenda exist: (1) citizen petition, whereby (d) See Tables 5.20 through 5.23 on State Referenda, for more detail. the people may petition for a referendum on legislation which has been

210 The Book of the States 1998-99 INITATIVE/REFERENDUM/RECALL

Table 5.15 STATE INITIATIVES: REQUESTING PERMISSION TO CIRCULATE A PETITION

Individual Request Signatures required to responsible Request form Restricted Financial Applied to (a) request a petition (b) for petition State or other submitted furnished subject contributions Deposits jurisdiction Const. amdt. Statute Const. amdt. Statute to by (c) matter (d) Title Summary reported (e) required (f) Alabama ...... Alaska ...... I . . . 100 LG SP Y LG LG Y $100 Arizona ...... DD(g) 15% (g)(g) 10% (g) SS ST N ...... Y . . . Arkansas ...... D D 10% 8 % AG SP N AG AG Y . . . California ...... D D ...... AG SP N AG AG Y $200 Colorado ...... D D ...... N (h) (h) Y . . . Connecticut ...... Delaware* ...... Florida ...... D ...... SS SP N P P Y . . . Georgia ...... Hawaii ...... Idaho ...... D . . . 20 SS SP N AG AG Y . . . Illinois ...... D ...... Y ...... Indiana ...... Iowa ...... Kansas ...... Kentucky ...... Louisiana* ...... Maine ...... I . . . (i) 5 (i) . . . SS Y P SS Y . . . Maryland ...... MaSSachusetts ...... I I 10 10 AG SS Y AG AG Y . . . Michigan ...... D I ...... Y P P Y . . . Minnesota ...... MiSSiSSippi ...... I ...... SS . . . Y AG AG Y . . . MiSSouri ...... D D ...... SS SP Y SS,AG . . . Y . . . Montana ...... D D ...... SS SP Y AG AG (j) Y (j) . . . Nebraska ...... D D ...... SS SP Y AG AG Y N Nevada ...... D I ...... SS SP Y P P N N New Hampshire ...... New Jersey ...... New Mexico ...... New York ...... North Carolina ...... North Dakota ...... D D 25(k) (k) 25 (k) SS SP N SS,AG SS,AG (e) Y (e) . . . Ohio ...... D I ...... SS SP Y . . . AG Y . . . Oklahoma (l)...... D D ...... SS SP N AG AG Y . . . Oregon ...... D D 25 25 SS SS N AG AG Y . . . Pennsylvania ...... Rhode Island ...... South Carolina ...... South Dakota ...... D D ...... SS SP N P . . . Y . . . TenneSSee ...... Texas ...... Utah ...... I,D . . . 5 LG SP N SP . . . (m) Y (m) N Vermont ...... Virginia ...... Washington ...... I,D . . . 1 SS SP N AG AG Y N West Virginia* ...... Wisconsin ...... Wyoming ...... D . . . 100 SS SS Y AG,SS AG,SS Y $500 U.S. Virgin Islands ...... D . . . 10% EV SBE SBE Y (h) (h) Y . . . Source: State election administration offices, state constitutions and statutes, may be applied. The majority of these restrictions pertain to the dedication of except where noted by * where data are from The Book of the States, 1996-97. state revenues and appropriations, and laws that maintain the preservation of Key: public peace, safety, and health. In Illinois, amendments are restricted to “struc- tural and procedural subjects contained in” the legislative article. . . . — Not applicable AG — Attorney General D — Direct initiative (e) In some states, a list of financial contributors and the amount of their P — Proponent contributions must be submitted to the specified state officer with whom the I — Indirect initiative ST — State EV — Eligible voters petition is filed. In North Dakota, if over $100 in aggregate for calendar year. SP — Sponsor (f) A deposit may be required after permission to circulate a petition has LG — Lieutenant Governor Y — Yes SS — Secretary of State been granted. This amount is refunded when the completed petition has been N — No SBE - State Board of Elections filed correctly. (g) The total number of votes cast for governor in last election. (a) An initiative may provide a constitutional amendment or develop a new (h) Title Setting Board–secretary of state, attorney general, director of leg- statute, and may be formed either directly or indirectly. The direct initiative islative legal services. allows a proposed measure to be placed on the ballot after a specific number (i) The name and address of five voters. of signatures have been secured on a petition. The indirect initiative must first (j) Contributions reported to Commissioner of Political Practices; petitions be submitted to the legislature for decision after the required number of filed with Secretary of State. signatures have been secured on a petition, prior to placing the proposed (k) Petition needs 25 people who act as a sponsoring committee. Their names measure on the ballot. and addresses appear on the front of the petition. (b) Prior to circulating a statewide petition, a request for permission to do (l) In Oklahoma, a person is not required to obtain permission to circulate so must first be submitted to a specified state officer. a petition. Information provided by Oklahoma refers to procedural require- (c) The form on which the request for petition is submitted may be the ments for filing a petition only. responsibility of the sponsor or may be furnished by the state. (m) Political issues committees must report if contributions or expendi- (d) Restrictions may exist regarding the subject matter to which an initiative tures exceed $750 in a calendar year.

The Council of State Governments 211 INITIATIVE/REFERENDUM/RECALL Days prior to election allowed for petitionremoved be petition Maximum time period Can signatures Completed than 25% from 1 county (g)county 1 from 25% than . . . Y SS ...... Basis for signatures (see key below) (see key Basis for signatures ...... 15% VGVG10% VG8% VSS5% ...... 8% from 1/2 CDVEP, 8% ...... VG8% ...... 10% VG ...... VG 8% 10% TV from 2/3 ED. . .VG 5% . . .VSS 5% ...... 1 county no more than 25% from VG, 3% . . .10% VG . . . more no VG, 3% . . .VG12% . . . from 2/3 CD 8% each VG, 8% ...... from 2/5 SLD 10% each VG, 10% 6% EV 1 yr. 2/5 counties 5% each from 10% EV, 3/4 counties each 10% from TV, 10% ...... 2 yr.. . . from 2/3 CD 5% each VG, 5% from 5% each VG, 1/3 SLD 5% . . . 2/5 counties 5% each from 7% EV, from 3/4 counties 10% each TV, 10% 6 mos...... 4 yr...... 150 days Y. . .VG 6 mos. 10% 4% resident population . . . 8% VG from 1/2 counties 1.5% each VG, 10% (k)VH15% Y ...... (c) NVG8% 1 yr. . . . Y 2 yrs. . . . 1/2 counties (l) 1.5% each from VG, 3% ...... N. . . SS...... SS SS (d) (e) SS ...... 2% resident population 2 yr. SS...... Y 131 days 4 mos. N Y 4 mos...... 91 days ...... 3 mos. SS ...... SS ...... SS SS . . . 1 yr...... Y 131 days ...... Y ...... VH 8% 4 mos. (h) 4 mos. 90 daysVG 6% . . . 4 mos...... 4 mos. (j) ...... 1 yr. 3 mos. . . . SS . . . SS ...... SS . . . 1 yr...... 30 days prior to LS . . . 90 days ...... 6 mos. 4 mos. 4 mos. N ...... SS . . . (j) ...... N ...... SS ...... days 90 ...... SS ...... 4 mos. SS (d) . . . (i) 90 days ...... 90 days prior to LS ...... 90 days ...... (f) ...... N ...... days 90 ...... (i) ...... N (m) . . . SS ...... SS ...... 4 mos...... 4 mos...... jurisdiction amdt. Const. Statute (a) circulation petition (b) from with filed Const. amdt. Statute ...... State or other ...... See footnotes at end of table. Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware* Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa ...... Kansas ...... Kentucky Louisiana* Maine ...... Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada ...... New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York ...... North Carolina North Dakota ...... Ohio Oklahoma Oregon ...... Pennsylvania ...... Rhode Island ...... South Carolina Table 5.16 Table THE PETITION CIRCULATING INITIATIVES: STATE

212 The Book of the States 1998-99 INITIATIVE/REFERENDUM/RECALL Days prior to election months).

allowed for petitionremoved be petition Maximum time period Can signatures Completed (k) days. Constitutional amendment–276 days; Amend or create a statute–291 (l) Direct–6 months; Indirect–10 months. (m) Not after petition has been filed. (n) Direct–4 months; Indirect–2 weeks prior to legislative session. (a) to sponsors. provided and been approved forms have petition when The begins period petition circulation (b) his/her name from a petition, a request to do so must be submitted Should an individual wish to remove (c) Director of elections. (d) to county circuit clerks for signature certification. Petitions first must be submitted (e) recent general election including 6% each from 22 counties. Pending 6% of qualified voters at most (f) after to SS by be submitted 5:00 p.m. on 50th day ballot, petitions must be placed on November To (g) in December. Wednesday First to the filing date are ruled invalid. (h) In Michigan, signatures dated more than 180 days prior the next general election; statute–approxi- (i)Constitutional amendment–not less than 120 days prior to (j) Third Friday of the fourth month prior to election (3 Sponsors are those individuals granted permission to circulate a petition, and are therefore responsible for the therefore responsible granted permission to circulate a petition, and are Sponsors are those individuals given petition. validity of each signature on a whom the petition is filed. in writing to the state officer with of ballot title or April 30 of year of election on initiative would change requirements. 18 months from receipt initiative, whichever occurs earlier. on 25th day in 2nd regular session. convening of Legislature in 1st regular session, or by 5:00 p.m. mately 160 days prior to the next general election. The Book of the The Basis for signatures (see key below) (see key signatures Basis for 10% VG10% ...... VG 5% ...... 10% VG, 10% each from 1/2 counties ...... VG 8% . . . 2 election cycles . . . from 2/3 countiesTV, 15% Y 10 % ED 1 yr. LG.. . 18 mos...... (l) . . . Y SS . . . June 1 ...... 180 days . . . 1 yr. SS ...... Y ...... SS . . . 182 days SBE ...... 120 days ...... (n) 90 days ...... State election administration offices, except where noted by * where data are from where noted by data are * where except offices, State election administration ...... jurisdiction amdt. Const. Statute (a) circulation petition (b) from with filed Const. amdt. Statute State or other Sources: Key: . . . — Not applicable. in the last election. position of governor cast for the votes Total — VG EV — Eligible voters. last general election. in of votes the highest number receiving cast for office the votes Total VH — in last election. voters Total TV — election. general of secretary of state at the previous cast for all candidates for the office votes Total VSS — on the last presidential cast in the state as a whole election. votes Total VEP — ED — Election district. CD — Congressional district. SBE - State Board of Elections. SLD — State legislative district. LG — Lieutenant Governor SS — Secretary of State LS — Legislative session Yes Y — N — No South Dakota Tennessee Texas ...... Utah ...... Vermont Virginia ...... Washington Virginia* West Wisconsin ...... Wyoming Virgin Islands U.S. States, 1996-97 STATE INITIATIVES: CIRCULATING THE PETITION — Continued THE PETITION CIRCULATING INITIATIVES: STATE

The Council of State Governments 213 INITIATIVE/REFERENDUM/RECALL Petition ne, jail term)ne, by: (d) a petition that is: Number of days to amend/appeal Number of days Within how many how Within falsifying petition for Penalty certified . . .Director of electionsCounty recorderSS of votersClerk or registrar SS...... Supervisor of elections...... County clerkSBE and election authority 60 days. . . 30 days. . . 10 days...... Registrar of . . .voters, SS ...... 30 daysLocal board of registrar clerksCity & township 14 days. . . 30 daysCircuit clerk ...... SS, local election authority ...... days 60 30 daysCounty clerk and recorder . . .County clerk or election commissioner . . .County clerk or registrar . . . 15 days. . . 30 days ...... 2 weeks ...... 40 days ...... Class B misdemeanor 2 weeksSS ...... County board of elections . . . 15 days ...... 4 weeks ...... 4 weeks (f) ...... SS, county elections official Class 1 misdemeanor ...... 20-50 days...... $50-$100, 1-5 yrs...... LG ...... 10 days ...... (e) . . . SS ...... $5,000, 2 yrs. . . . 15 days ...... SS ...... SS . . . 10 days ...... $1,000, 1 yr. . . . 10 days (g) 35 days ...... Calss IV felony SS ...... SS . . . SS A midemeanor . . . Class ...... 20 days SS ...... SBE . . . $500, 6 mos...... $10,000, 1-10 yrs. . . . SS ...... $1,000, 1 yr. SS ...... SS ...... $1,000, 6 mos. SS SS ...... (possible) Class C felony . . . BSC ...... SS ...... SS ...... SS . . . $1,000, 1 yr...... SS ...... See footnotes at end of table. State or other jurisdiction Signatures verified by: (a) verified Signatures State or other jurisdiction days after filing Incomplete (b)Accepted (c) Not (denotes fi Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware* Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa ...... Kansas ...... Kentucky Louisiana* Maine ...... Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada ...... New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York ...... North Carolina North Dakota ...... Ohio Oklahoma Oregon ...... Pennsylvania ...... Rhode Island ...... South Carolina Table 5.17 Table ON THE BALLOT TO BE PLACED THE INITIATIVE PREPARING INITIATIVES: STATE

214 The Book of the States 1998-99 INITIATIVE/REFERENDUM/RECALL y: (d) Petition a petition that is: Number of days to amend/appeal Number of days (c) this not accept a valid petition. In such a case, sponsors may appeal In some cases, the state officer will (d)the submitted by when the required number of signatures has been A petition is certified for the ballot (e) county jail, or both. No more than $500, one year in (f) Applies to statutory initiatives. (g)secretary of state If an initiative petition is submitted not less than 165 days before the election and if the (h) Direct–no specific limit; Indirect–45 days. (i) a petition that is not accepted be appealed within 10 days. may Washington, In decision to the Supreme Court, where the sufficiency of the petition will be determined. If the petition is determined. If the petition where the sufficiency of the petition will be decision to the Supreme Court, initiative is required to be placed on the ballot. determined to be sufficient, the to be valid. filing deadline, and are determined signatures has not passed, the for filing the determines there are insufficient signatures, but the deadline petitioners may submit additional signatures. The Book of the Within how many how Within for falsifying petition Penalty certified SS...... County clerk...... SS...... SSSupervisor of elections ...... 60 days ...... (h) ...... 30 days 60 days ...... 30 days ...... 30 days ...... $500, 2 yrs. . . . 30 days 10 days (i) ...... Class C felony . . . $1,000, 1 yr...... LG SBE SS SS . . . SS ...... State election administration offices, except where noted by * where data are from State election administration offices, ...... Sources: Key: . . . — Not applicable. SS — Secretary of State. LG — Lieutenant Governor. BSC — Board of State Canvassers. SBE — State Board of Elections. (a)verified The validity of the signatures, as well as the correct number of required signatures must be (b)by filing If an insufficient number of signatures is submitted, sponsors may amend the original petition State or other jurisdiction by: (a) verified Signatures days after filing Incomplete (b)Accepted (c) Not jail term) (denotes fine, b South Dakota Tennessee Texas ...... Utah ...... Vermont Virginia ...... Washington Virginia* West Wisconsin ...... Wyoming Virgin Islands U.S. States, 1996-97 before the initiative is allowed on the ballot. of signatures has not If the necessary number additional signatures within a given number of days after filing. been submitted by this date, the petition is declared void. STATE INITIATIVES: PREPARING THE INITIATIVE TO BE PLACED ON THE BALLOTBE PLACED TO INITIATIVE THE PREPARING INITIATIVES: STATE — Continued

The Council of State Governments 215 INITIATIVE/REFERENDUM/RECALL

Table 5.18 STATE INITIATIVES: VOTING ON THE INITIATIVE

Can a Effective date of Election where Days to defeated Ballot (a) approved initiative (b) Can an approved initiative be: Stae or other initiative contest election initiative jurisdiction Title by: Summary by: voted on Const. amdt. Statute results (c) Amended? Vetoed? Repealed? be refiled? Alabama ...... Alaska ...... LG,AG LG,AG (d) . . . (e) 90 days (e) 10 Y N after 2 yrs. Y Arizona ...... GE (f) IM (f) (f) IM (f) 5 (g) Y (g) (f) N (f) (g) Y (g) Y Arkansas ...... AG AG GE 30 days 30 days 20 Y N N . . . California ...... AG AG GE,PR or SP (1 day (b) IM 5 (h) Y (h) N Y Y Colorado ...... SS,AG,LSS SS,AG,LSS (i) 30 days 30 days . . . Y N Y Y Connecticut ...... Delaware* ...... Florida ...... P,AG P,AG GE (j) . . . 10 Y N N Y Georgia ...... Hawaii ...... Idaho ...... AG AG GE . . . 30 days 20 Y N Y Y Illinois ...... (k) (k) GE 20 days . . . 15 ...... Indiana ...... Iowa ...... Kansas ...... Kentucky ...... Louisiana* ...... Maine ...... REG or SP . . . (f) 30 days (f) . . . Y N Y . . . Maryland ...... Massachusetts ...... AG AG GE() 30 days(b 30 days 10 Y Y Y after 2 biennial elections Michigan ...... BSC BSC GE(b) 45 days 10 days 2 (l) Y N Y Y Minnesota ...... Mississippi ...... AG AG GE 30 days ...... Y N Y after 2 yrs. Missouri ...... SS,AG LC GE or SP 30 days IM 30 Y (m) N Y (m) Y Montana ...... AG GE July 1 Oct. 1 ...... N ...... Nebraska ...... AG AG GE 4 mos.(b) 10 days 10 days 40 . . . N . . . Y ...... after filing Nevada ...... SS,AG SS,AG GE 10 days (n) 10 days (n) 14 (o) N N N . . . New Hampshire ...... New Jersey ...... New Mexico ...... New York ...... North Carolina ...... North Dakota ...... AG,SS AG,SS PR,SP or GE 30 days 30 days 14 (q) w/i 7 yrs. (p) N (q) w/i 7 yrs. (p) Y Ohio ...... SS Ohio Ballot Board (q) 30 days 30 days 15 . . . N . . . Y Oklahoma ...... P,AG P,AG REG or SP IM IM ...... N Y after 3 yrs. Oregon ...... AG AG GE even yrs. 30 days 30 days 40 Y N Y Y Pennsylvania ...... Rhode Island ...... South Carolina ...... South Dakota ...... AG AG GE 1 day 1 day 10 Y N Y Y Tennessee ...... Texas ...... Utah ...... LC LC GE . . . (s) 5 days (r) 40 Y N Y Y Vermont ...... Virginia ...... Washington ...... AG AG GE . . . IM 3 after 2 yrs. . . . after 2 yrs. Y West Virginia* ...... Wisconsin ...... Wyoming ...... SS SS,AG GE 120 days . . . 90 days . . .. Y N after 2 yrs. after 5 yrs...... after LS U.S. Virgin Islands ...... SBE SBE LC IM IM 30 Y N N Y

See footnotes at end of table.

216 The Book of the States 1998-99 INITIATIVE/REFERENDUM/RECALL

STATE INITIATIVES: VOTING ON THE INITIATIVE — Continued

Sources: State election administration offices, except where noted by * (c) Individuals may contest the results of a vote on an initiative within a where data are from The Book of the States 1996-97. certain number of days after the election including the measure proposed. Key: (d) First statewide election at least 120 days after the legislative session. . . . — Not applicable. PR — Primary election. (e) After certification of election. LG — Lieutenant Governor. GE — General election. (f) Upon governor’s proclamation. SS — Secretary of State. REG — Regular election. (g) Unless measure was approved by a majority vote of qualified electors. AG — Attorney General. SP — Special election. (h) As specified. P — Proponent. IM — Immediately. (i) Ballot issues shall be decided in a state general election, biennial local LC — Legislative Council. LS — Legislative session. district election or on the first Tuesday in November of odd-numbered years. LSS — Legislative Legal Services. Y — Yes. (j) First Tuesday after the first Monday in January following the general BSC — Board of State Canvassers. N — No. election. SBE — State Board of Elections. w/i — Within. (k) Title and summary provided in petition or, if initiated by General As- (a) In some states, the ballot title and summary will differ from that on the sembly, in the legislation. petition. (l) After election is certified. (b) A majority of the popular vote is required to enact a measure. In Mas- (m) By vote of people for constitutional change. sachusetts and Nebraska, apart form satisfying the requisite majority vote, (n) Fourth Wednesday in November. the measure must receive, respectively, 30% and 35% of the total votes cast (o) After election; if a recount is done, contest must be filed within five in favor. An initiative approved by the voters may be put into effect imme- days of recount. diately after the approving votes have been canvassed. In California and (p) Except by a two-thirds vote by both houses of the legislature. Nebraska, the measure may specify an enacting date. In Colorado, measures (q) General election at least 90 days after filing. take effect from the date of proclamation by governor, but no later than 30 (r) Effective date may be written in the initiative, otherwise it takes place days after votes have been canvassed and certified by secretary of state. In within five days. Nebraska, 10 days after completion of canvass by the State Board of Can- vassers.

The Council of State Governments 217 INITIATIVE/REFERENDUM/RECALL

Table 5.19 STATE REFERENDUMS: REQUESTING PERMISSION TO CIRCULATE A CITIZEN PETITION

Signatures Request required to forms RestrictedIndividual responsible Financial State or other Citizen request a Request furnished subjectfor petiton contributions Deposit jurisdiction petition (a) petition (b) submitted to: by: (c) matter (d) Title Summary reported (e) required (f)

Alabama ...... Alaska ...... Y 100 LG SP Y LG LG Y $100 Arizona ...... Y 5% VG SS ST N Y Y Y . . . Arkansas ...... Y . . . AG SP N AG AG Y . . . California ...... Y . . . AG SP N AG AG Y N Colorado ...... Y ...... N (g) (g) Y . . . Connecticut ...... Delaware* ...... Florida ...... Georgia ...... Hawaii ...... Idaho ...... Y SS SP N AG AG Y . . . Illinois ...... Y ...... Indiana ...... Iowa ...... Kansas ...... Kentucky ...... Y . . . SS . . . Y ...... Louisiana* ...... Maine ...... Y (h) 5 (h) SS SS Y SP SS Y . . . Maryland ...... Y . . . SS ...... Massachusetts ...... Y 10 SS SS . . . AG AG Y . . . Michigan ...... Y ...... Y P P Y . . . Minnesota ...... Mississippi ...... Missouri ...... Y . . . SS SP Y SS,AG . . . Y . . . Montana ...... Y . . . SS SP N AG AG Y N Nebraska ...... Y 5% EV SS SP Y AG AG Y N Nevada ...... Y . . . SS SP N P P (i) N New Hampshire ...... New Jersey ...... New Mexico ...... Y . . . SS ...... SS SS ...... New York ...... North Carolina ...... North Dakota ...... Y 25 EV SS SP N SS,AG SS,AG (e) Y (e) N Ohio ...... Y . . . SS SP Y . . . AG Y N Oklahoma (j) ...... Y . . . SS SP N SP,AG SP,AG Y . . . Oregon ...... Y . . . SS SS N AG AG Y . . . Pennsylvania ...... Rhode Island ...... South Carolina ...... South Dakota ...... Y . . . SS SP Y P . . . Y N Tennessee ...... Texas ...... Utah ...... Y5LGSPNSP. . .(k) Y (k) . . . Vermont ...... Virginia ...... Washington ...... Y 1 SS SP Y AG AG Y N West Virginia* ...... Wisconsin ...... Wyoming ...... Y 100 SS SS Y SS SS Y $500 U.S. Virgin Islands ...... N 10% SBE Y . . . (h) (h) Y N Sources: State election administration offices, except where noted by * of state revenues and appropriations, and laws that maintain the preservation where data are from The Book of the States, 1996-97. of public peace, safety and health. In Kentucky, referenda are only permitted Key: for the establishment of soil and water and watershed conservation districts. . . . — Not applicable. AG — Attorney general. (e) In some states, a list of individuals who contribute financially to the EV — Eligible voters. P — Proponent. referendum campaign must be submitted to the specified state officer with VG — Total votes cast for the position ST — State. whom the petition is filed. In North Dakota, if over $100 in aggregate for VG — of governor in the last election. SP — Sponsor. calendar year. LG — Lieutenant governor. Y — Yes. (f) A deposit may be required after permission to circulate a petition has SS — Secretary of state. N — No. been granted. This amount is refunded when the completed petition has been SBE - State Board of Elections filed correctly. (a) Three forms of referenda exist: citizen petition, submission by the leg- (g) Title Setting Board secretary of state, attorney general, director of leg- islature, and constitutional requirement. This table outlines the steps neces- islative legal services. sary to enact a citizen’s petition. (h) The name and address of five voters. (b) Prior to circulating a statewide petition, a request for permission to do (i) Expenditures advocating defeat or passage of the question in excess of so must first be submitted to a specified state officer. Some states require $500 must be reported. such signatures to only be those of eligible voters. (j) In Oklahoma, a person is not required to receive permission to circulate (c) The form on which the request for petition is submitted may be the a petition. The individual must, however, file the petition with the secretary responsibility of the sponsor or may be furnished by the state. of state. The circulation period is 90 days. (d) Restrictions may exist regarding the subject matter to which a referendum (k) If more than $750 is spent to influence the vote. may be applied. The majority of these restrictions pertain to the dedication

218 The Book of the States 1998-99 INITIATIVE/REFERENDUM/RECALL

Table 5.20 STATE REFERENDUMS: CIRCULATING THE CITIZEN PETITION Maximum time period Can signatures State or other allowed for petition be removed from Completed petition filed: jurisdiction Basis for signatures circulation (a) petition (b) With Days after legislative session Alabama ...... Alaska ...... 10% TV, from 2/3 ED w/i 90 days of LS Y LG 90 days Arizona ...... 5% VG w/i 90 days after LS Y SS 90 days Arkansas ...... 6% VG . . . N SS 90 days California ...... 5% VG 90 days Y SS 90 days Colorado ...... 5% VSS 6 mos. . . . SS 90 days Connecticut ...... Delaware* ...... Florida ...... Georgia ...... Hawaii ...... Idaho ...... 6% w/i 60 days after LS . . . SS 60 days Illinois ...... 10% EV 24 mos. prior to election . . . SBE 6 mos. before election Indiana ...... Iowa ...... Kansas ...... Kentucky ...... 5% VG ...... SS 4 mos. Louisiana* ...... Maine ...... 10% VG 90 days of LS (c) . . . SS 90 days Maryland ...... 3 % VG ...... SS . . . Massachusetts ...... 3% VG 90 days . . . SS 90 days after signed by governor Michigan ...... 5% VG 90 days after LS N SS 90 days Minnesota ...... Mississippi ...... Missouri ...... 5% VG, from 2/3 ED . . . N SS 90 days Montana ...... 5% VG, 5% each from 1/3 ED 1 yr. Y SS 6 mos. Nebraska ...... 5% VG, from 2/5 county ...... SS 90 days Nevada ...... 10% EV last GE approx. 6 mos. . . . SS 120 prior to next GE New Hampshire ...... New Jersey ...... New Mexico ...... 10% EV last GE, from 3/4 county ...... 4 mos. prior to next GE New York ...... North Carolina ...... North Dakota ...... 2% total population 90 days . . . SS 90 days after receiving Ohio ...... 6% VG, 3% each from 1/2 county ...... SS 90 days Oklahoma ...... 5% VH w/i 90 days of LS N SS 90 days Oregon ...... 4% VG w/i 90 days of LS N SS 90 days Pennsylvania ...... Rhode Island ...... South Carolina ...... South Dakota ...... 5% VG . . . N SS 90 days Tennessee ...... Texas ...... Utah ...... 10% VG . . . Y LG 60 days Vermont ...... Virginia ...... Washington ...... 4% VG w/i 90 days after LS Y SS 90 days West Virginia* ...... Wisconsin ...... Wyoming ...... 15% TV, from 2/3 county w/i 90 days after LS Y SS 90 days U.S. Virgin Islands ...... 10% EV,D 180 Y SBE 60 days

Sources: State election administration offices, except where noted by * w/i — Within where data are from The Book of the States 1996-97. (a) The petition circulation period begins when petition forms have been Key: approved and provided to or by the sponsors. Sponsors are those individuals . . . — Not applicable. granted permission to circulate a petition, and are therefore responsible for VG — Total votes cast for the position of governor in the last election. the validity of each signature on a given petition. EV — Eligible voters. (b) Should an individual wish to remove his/her name from a petition, a TV — Total voters in the last general election. request to do so must first be submitted in writing to the state officer with VH — Total votes cast for the office receiving the highest number of votes whom the petition is filed. in last general election. (c) Request for petition must be submitted within 10 days of adjournment VSS — Total votes cast for all candidates for the office of secretary of state of legislative session. at the previous general election. ED — Election district. GE — General election. LS — Legislative session. LG — Lieutenant governor. SBE - State Board of Elections. SS — Secretary of state. Y — Yes N — No

The Council of State Governments 219 INITIATIVE/REFERENDUM/RECALL

Table 5.21 STATE REFERENDUMS: PREPARING THE CITIZEN PETITION REFERENDUM TO BE PLACED ON BALLOT No. of days to amend/appeal Within how Penalty for Petition petition that is: State or other many days falsifying petition certified jurisdiction Signatures verified by: (a) after filing Incomplete (b) Not accepted (c) (denotes fine, jail term) by: (d) Alabama ...... Alaska ...... Director of elections 60 (e) 10 (e) 30 days Class B misdemeanor LG Arizona ...... SS, county recorder (f) 20 (f) . . . 10 Class 1 misdemeanor SS Arkansas ...... SS . . . 30 15 Class A $50-$100, 1-5 yrs. SS ...... misdemeanormis California ...... County clerk or registrar of voters ...... SS Colorado ...... SS 30 15 (g) . . . (h) SS Connecticut ...... Delaware* ...... Florida ...... Georgia ...... Hawaii ...... Idaho ...... County clerk ...... 10 $5,000, 2 yrs. SS Illinois ...... Indiana ...... Iowa ...... Kansas ...... Kentucky ...... Louisiana* ...... Maine ...... SS, registrars of voters 30 ...... Maryland ...... County board of elections ...... Massachusetts ...... Local boards of registrars ...... $1,000, 1 year SS Michigan ...... City and township clerks ...... BSC Minnesota ...... Mississippi ...... Missouri ...... SS, local election authorities . . . . . , . . . Class A misdemeanor SS Montana ...... County clerk, recorder 28 ...... $500, 6 mos. SS Nebraska ...... S, county clerk, election commr. 40 ...... Class IV felony SS Nevada ...... County clerk, registrar 20-50 ...... $10,000, 1-10 yrs. SS New Hampshire ...... New Jersey ...... New Mexico ...... 30 15 ...... New York ...... North Carolina ...... North Dakota ...... SS 35 (b)20 (i) ...... SS Ohio ...... County board of elections . . . 10 . . . Fifth degree felony SS Oklahoma ...... $500, 2 yrs. . . . Oregon ...... SS, county elections officials 15 ...... Class C felony (possible) SS Pennsylvania ...... Rhode Island ...... South Carolina ...... South Dakota ...... SS ...... SS Tennessee ...... Texas ...... Utah ...... County clerks 60 ...... $500, 2 yrs. LG Vermont ...... Virginia ...... Washington ...... SS (j) . . . (k) 10 (k) . . . SS West Virginia* ...... Wisconsin ...... Wyoming ...... SS 60 60 60 $1,000, 1 yr. . . . U.S. Virgin Islands ...... SBE 60 30 30 . . . (l)

Sources: State election administration offices, except where noted by * sufficiency of the petition will be determined. If the petition is determined to where data are from The Book of the States 1996-97. be sufficient, the referendum is required to be placed on the ballot. Key: (d) A petition is certified for the ballot when the required number of signatures . . . — Not applicable. have been submitted by the filing deadline, and are determined to be valid. SS — Secretary of State. (e) If within 90 days of the legislative session. LG — Lieutenant Governor. (f) In Arizona, the secretary of state has 15 days to count signatures and BSC — Board of State Canvassers. to complete random sample; the county recorder then has 10 days to verify SBE — State Board of Elections. signatures. (a) The validity of the signatures, as well as the correct number of required (g) At least 3 months prior to general election. signatures must be verified before the referendum is allowed on the ballot. (h) Not more than $500 or one year in city jail, or both. (b) If an insufficient number of signatures are submitted, sponsors may (i) No additional signatures may be added. Sponsors have 20 days to cor- amend the original petition by filing additional signatures within a given num- rect insufficient signatures which already have been gathered. ber of days after filing. If the necessary number of signatures have not been (j) No specified time. submitted by this date, the petition is declared void. (k) In Washington, a petition that is not accepted may be appealed in 10 days. (c) In some cases, the state officer will not accept a valid petition. In such (l) Legislature. cases, sponsors may appeal this decision to the Supreme Court, where the

220 The Book of the States 1998-99 INITIATIVE/REFERENDUM/RECALL

Table 5.22 STATE REFERENDUMS: VOTING ON THE CITIZEN PETITION REFERENDUM

Ballot (a) Effective date Days to State or other Election where of approved contest election jurisdiction Title by: Summary by: referendum voted on referendum (b) results (c) Alabama ...... Alaska ...... LG, AG LG, AG 1st statewide election 180 days after LS 30 days 10 Arizona ...... GE IM 5 Arkansas ...... AG AG GE or SP 30 days 60 California ...... AG AG GE or SP 31 days after LS IM . . . Colorado ...... SS, AG, LSS SS, AG, LSS (d) 30 days . . . Connecticut ...... Delaware* ...... Florida ...... Georgia ...... Hawaii ...... Idaho ...... AG AG GE 30 days 20 (e) Illinois ...... Indiana ...... Iowa ...... Kansas ...... Kentucky ...... GE or SP IM . . . Louisiana* ...... Maine ...... GE or SP more than 60 days but less than 6 mos. after LS 30 days . . . Maryland ...... SS, AG LSS GE 30 days . . . Massachusetts ...... GE more than 60 days after filing 30 days . . . Michigan ...... BSC BSC GE 10 days 2 (e) Minnesota ...... Mississippi ...... Missouri ...... SS,AG LC GE or SP called by legislation, or by governor IM 30 Montana ...... AG AG GE Oct. 1 (f) . . . Nebraska ...... AG AG GE not less than 30 days after filing 10 days 40 Nevada ...... SS, AG SS, AG GE Nov., 4th Wed. 19 (g) New Hampshire ...... New Jersey ...... New Mexico ...... SS . . . GE IM . . . New York ...... North Carolina ...... North Dakota ...... SS, AG SS, AG PR, SP or GE 30 days 14 (e) Ohio ...... Ohio Ballot Bd. GE more than 60 days after filing 30 days 15 Oklahoma ...... SS . . . GE or SP IM . . . Oregon ...... AG AG GE (h) 30 days 40 Pennsylvania ...... Rhode Island ...... South Carolina ...... South Dakota ...... AG AG GE 1 day 10 Tennessee ...... Texas ...... Utah ...... LC LC GE 5 days (f) 40 Vermont ...... Virginia ...... Washington ...... AG AG GE IM 3 West Virginia* ...... Wisconsin ...... Wyoming ...... SS SS, AG GE more than 120 days after LS 90 days 30 U.S. Virgin Islands ...... SBE SBE GE IM 7 Sources: State election administration offices, except where noted by * of State Canvassers and upon the governor’s proclamation. In Colorado mea- where data are from The Book of the States, 1996-97. sures take effect from the date of proclamation by governor, but no later than Key: 30 days after votes have been canvassed and certified by secretary of state. In . . . — Not applicable. Massachusetts the measure must also receive at lease 30 percent of the total LG — Lieutenant Governor. GE — General election. ballots cast in the last election. AG — Attorney General. PR — Primary election. (c) Individuals may contest the results of a vote on a referendum within a SS — Secretary of State. REG — Regular election. certain number of days after the election including this matter. In Alaska, five BSC — Board of State Canvassers. SP — Special election. days to request recount with appeal to the court within five days after recount. LC — Legislative Counsel. IM — Immediately. (d) In Colorado, ballot issues shall be decided in state general election, LSS — Legislative Legal Services. LS — Legislative session. biennial local district election or on the first Tuesday in November of odd- SBE — State Board of Elections . numbered years. (a) In some states, the ballot title and summary will differ from that on the (e) After election is certified. petition. (f) Unless otherwise specified. (b) A majority of the popular vote is required to enact a measure in every (g) In Nevada, 14 days after election or 5 days after recount. state. In Arizona, a referendum approved by the voters becomes effective upon (h) In Oregon, a state referendum initiated by citizen petition can only be the governor’s proclamation. In Nebraska, a referendum may be put into ef- voted on in a general election. A referral by the legislature can be voted on in fect immediately after the approving votes have been canvassed by the Board a general election, a primary, or on any date determined necessary.

The Council of State Governments 221 INITIATIVE/REFERENDUM/RECALL (c) 15% (m) 90 days 30% EV (g) 90 days jurisdiction 33 1/3% VO 33 1/3% . . . (m) 33 1/3% EV (i) days 180 ) (g) (i) (see key below) Basis for signatures (b) signatures Basis for congressional district Recall may be initiated may not be Recall time Maximum . . . judicial officersAll but ...... judicial officersAll but . . . of records judicial officers All but (d)...... (h) records of judicial officers All but officialsAll state level 1 90 days...... elected or appt.All public officers ...... All public officers . . . 120 days No limit . . . (d). . . 6 mos. . . .All elected officials . . .All county officials ...... No limit...... 2 mos. . . . U.S. CongressAll but ...... (d) 6 mos...... 200U.S. Congress All but ...... 20% EVg ...... 6 mos.G,LG,SS,AG,T ...... 1. . . 33 1/3% EV (i) 6 mos. (l)mos. 6 ...... VO 40% 1 ...... VG 25% ...... (d) ...... VO . . . 25% ...... 20% EV ...... 10% EV. . 6 . mos./5 legislatorsdays ...... 60 days VO 40% ...... VG 25% ...... 6 mos...... jurisdiction in given VO 25% ...... 90 days VO 25% . . . 180 in givenVO 25% ...... (j) . . . 60 days ...... 15% (m) ...... 90 days (k) ...... 25% EVg 1 yr...... 3 mos...... (n) 15% ...... 25% EVg ...... 90 days ...... All judicial officersbut All. . .AllAll...... All 120 days . . . (d) . . . (e) . . . (f) ...... legislators 6 mos./5 days ...... 180 . . . No limit legislators 6 mos./5 days ...... VO 25% 180 days. . . VO 25% ...... VO 25% ...... 180 . . . 5 counties 1% from VO, 12% VO 25% ...... VO 25% VO 20% ...... 1/15 from each 15% EV (g), ...... VO 25% 120 days 160 days 60 days ...... jurisdiction (a) is applicable recall can be attempted been in officetermin remaining officers Statewide Others petition circulation ...... State or other whom to Officers No. of times recall has after official initiated with days allowed for ...... See footnotes at end of table...... Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa ...... Kansas Kentucky Louisiana* Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada ...... New Hampshire New Jersey ...... New Mexico New York ...... North Carolina North Dakota ...... Ohio Oklahoma Oregon ...... Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut . Delaware* Florida Georgia ...... Table 5.23 Table CIRCULATION OFFICIALS AND PETITION TO STATE PROVISIONS: APPLICABILITY STATE RECALL

222 The Book of the States 1998-99 INITIATIVE/REFERENDUM/RECALL (c) 60 days (s) (s) 25% VP (r) 25% (r) (see key below) Basis for signatures (b) signatures Basis for (f) election. at least equal in number to 50% of those voting in the last general If signatures are obtained (g)general election to fill office. Eligible voters for office at last (h) after the first recall attempt. Must wait at least until 18 months (i) 40% if under EV. 1,000 EV; 33 1/3% if over Basis for signatures (j) than 90 days prior to the filing deadline are ruled invalid. In Michigan, signatures dated more (k) 20% EV for municipal or school officials. 15% EV for district or county officials, (l) session begins for legislators. Six months or 10 days after legislative (m) for all candidates for governor at the 15% of the total votes cast in the public officer’s electoral district (n) board of elections an application for In Rhode Island, a recall may be instituted by filing with the state (o) Statewide officials 270 days; others 180 days. (p) Petition may be filed after official has been in office one year. (q) State, congressional, judicial, legislative and county offices. (r) district village, and school town elected officials. city, For (s) and village). town (city, for local offices 30 days offices, statewide For election next preceding the filing of the petition at which a candidate for governor was elected for a four-year election next preceding the filing of the petition at which a candidate term. signed by duly qualified electors equal to three issuance of a recall petition against said general officer which is general election for that office. If, upon percent of the total number of votes cast at the last preceding of the required number of electors, the state verification, the application is determined to contain signatures the electors of the state. Within 90 days board of elections shall issue a recall petition for circulation amongst electors consisting of 15% of the total of issuance, recall petitions containing the signatures of duly qualified said office must be filed with the sate elections number of votes cast in the last preceding general election for board. The Book of the Recall may be initiated may not be Recall time Maximum Municipal only (1st and 2nd class)Municipal only ...... of records judges of courts All but . . .All...... All ...... IM ...... 1 ...... 180 ...... (p) yr. 1 . . .VO 25% . . . 1 yr...... 15% EV ...... 1 yr. . . .VO 35% . . . (q) VG 25% ...... VO 30% (o) ...... VO 30% ...... 180 days ...... State election administration offices, except where noted by * where data are State election administration offices, from ...... jurisdiction is applicable (a) recall can be attempted been in officetermin remaining officers Statewide Others petition circulation State or other to whom Officers No. of times recall has after official initiated with days allowed for ...... Sources: Key: . . . — Not applicable. All — All elective officials. the last election for the office or official being recalled. VO — Number of votes cast in in the last general election for governor. EVg — Number of eligible voters EV — Eligible voters. in the last election. the position of governor cast for votes Total — VG cast for position of president in last presidential votes election. Total VP — IM — Immediately. entitled to vote for the (a) An elective official may be recalled by qualified voters recalled official’s (b) officials are Signature requirements for recall of those other than state elective based on votes in the (c) been approved and The petition circulation period begins when petition forms have provided to sponsors. (d) treasury is reimbursed the cost of the Additional recall attempts can be made provided that the state (e) Must wait until 6 months after the first recall attempt. States 1996-97. to vote for the successor(s) of the entitled successor. An appointed official may be recalled by qualified voters elective officer(s) authorized to appoint an position. individual to the jurisdiction to which the said official has been elected. aSponsors are those individuals granted permission to circulate petition, and are therefore responsible for the validity of each signature on a given petition. previous recall attempt(s). STATE RECALL PROVISIONS: APPLICABILITY TO STATE OFFICIALS AND PETITION CIRCULATION — Continued CIRCULATION PETITION AND STATE OFFICIALS TO APPLICABILITY RECALL PROVISIONS: STATE South Dakota Tennessee Texas ...... Utah Vermont Virginia Washington . Virginia* West Wisconsin Wyoming Islands Virgin U.S.

The Council of State Governments 223 INITIATIVE/REFERENDUM/RECALL Election type(g) results Voting on the recall (f) on the recall Voting Penalty forPenalty Days allowed forstep Days to Days to contest a petition that is: Days to amend/appeal 60 . . . $1,000/1 yr. 30-60 5 after cert. 60-90 days SP OR GE ...... Director of electionsSS, county recorder. . .County clerk/registrar of voters...... 20...... Election Supervisor. . .County clerk...... 30...... Not allowed . . .County election officer ...... Class B midemeanor of votersRegistrar Class 1 misdemeanor ...... 10 ...... 30...... 30 ...... 70 (k) clerks City and township $1,000, 12 mos.SS ...... County . . . clerk, . . . recorder 10 ...... 5 30-45 . . .County clerk, registrar . . . 60-90 days after cert...... 75-120 days after cert.. . . $5,000, 2 yrs...... GE or PR Class B misdemeanor SP, ...... County clerk ...... 10...... 60-80 days after cert. SP. . . 10 ...... $100-1,000, 30-90 days . . . 30-45 days after cert.SS 30 ...... PR or GE SP, ...... 10 . . . SP 10 . . .SS . . . or county clerk ...... 5 ...... 5 ...... mos.6 $500, ...... 60-90 days after cert...... 5 ...... $10,000, 1-10 yrs...... SP or GE (j) ...... 45+ days after cert. (h) . . . 35 ...... (h) SP or GE 20 (m) ...... 25-50 ...... 30 . . . 30 . . . 20 (i) ...... 5 w/i 60 days after cert...... 5 . . . (possible) Class C felony 10 SP ...... (l) ...... SP . . . 3 mos. . . .after 10 . . . cert...... 30 ...... SP 2 (i) or GE ...... 5 ...... w/i 40 days after cert. . . . 35 SP ...... 90 day after cert...... SP ...... 10 (n) ...... 10 ...... SP . . . SP ...... 40 ...... 7 ...... GE or PR . . . SP, ...... 14 (o) ...... jurisdiction (a) by: verified Incomplete (b) Not accepted (c) jail time) (denotes fines, (d) certified certification (e) Election held ...... State or other Signatures falsifying petition petition to be down after election ...... See footnotes at end of table. Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas ...... California Colorado Connecticut . Delaware* Florida Georgia ...... Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa ...... Kansas Kentucky Louisiana* Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi ...... Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada ...... New Hampshire New Jersey ...... New Mexico New York ...... North Carolina North Dakota ...... Ohio Oklahoma Oregon ...... Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Table 5.24 Table AND ELECTION REVIEW, APPEAL PROVISIONS: PETITION STATE RECALL

224 The Book of the States 1998-99 INITIATIVE/REFERENDUM/RECALL election Voting on the recall (f) on the recall Voting (g) results of a vote on a recall within a certain number of days after the Individuals may contest the results (h) the fourth in February, Tuesday on which In Idaho, may elections the dates be conducted are the first (i) election is certified. After (j) per year allowed by the election The election must be held on the next available date of six dates (k)and township clerks. The Board of State In Michigan, all petition signatures are verified by the city (l) a recall election is to be held. In Nevada, a recall election is held 10-20 days after the court determines (m) addresses or correcting some other Only signatures already collected can be amended such as adding (n) After petition is filed with the secretary of state. (o) Fourteen days after the canvas board has certified the results. (p) a petition that is not accepted may be appealed in 10 days.Washington, In (q) declaration of candidacy is filed. Where (r) After certificate. (s) May be held on general election but is still considered special election. (t) Business days. are certified. In Alaska, an appeal to courts must be filed within five days of the recount. are certified. In Alaska, an appeal In Monday in November. the first following Tuesday or the August, in Tuesday the first in May, Tuesday subdivision. may be called upon motion of the governing board of a political addition, an emergency election which falls political subdivision shall be held on the nearest of these dates Recall elections conducted by any be held. of the political subdivision orders that the recall election shall more than 45 days after the clerk committee. valid signatures. Both of these procedures fall Canvassers certifies the petition as having adequate number of the sufficiency of recall petitions for under the auspices of the secretary of state. The governor determines secretary of state. governing board orders a recall election. The In South Dakota, a recall election is held 30-50 days after the filed. governing board must meet within 10 days after the petition is flaw which makes the signatures unverifiable. Penalty for Penalty Days allowed for Days to step Days to contest not more than 3 yrs. or both. The Book of the Not accepted (c) fines, jail time) (denotes certified (d) certification (e) Election held Election type(g) results a petition that is: Days to amend/appeal Incomplete (b) verified (a) by: Municipal finance officer...... auditorcounty SS, . . .(q)offices Filing ...... SBE...... 5 ...... 10 (p) ...... Felony 7 (r) ...... Not more than $10,000, ...... 31 ...... 10 w/i . . . (l) ...... 10 IM ...... 6 weeks after cert. 45-50 days after cert...... SP . . .(s) SP ...... SP ...... 60 . . .(t) 3 . . . 3 ...... GE ...... 7 ...... State election administration offices, except where noted by * where data are State election administration offices, from ...... jurisdiction State or other Signaturespetition falsifying beto petition after down Sources: Key: . . . — Not applicable. SBE - State Board of Elections. SS — Secretary of State. SP — Special election. GE — General election. PR — Primary election. IM — Immediate and automatic removal from office. w/i — Within (a) The validity of the signatures, as well as the correct number of required signatures must be verified (b) amend the If an insufficient number of signatures are submitted, sponsors may original petition by filing (c) such a case, In some cases, the state officer will not accept a valid petition. In sponsors may appeal this (d) been submitted by the signatures has A petition is certified for the ballot when the required number of (e) days to step down from his position The official to whom a recall is proposed has a certain number of (f) in each state. A majority of the popular vote is required to recall an official ...... South Dakota ...... Tennessee Texas ...... Utah ...... Vermont Virginia ...... Washington Virginia* West Wisconsin ...... Wyoming U.S. Virgin Islands ...... States 1996-97 before the recall is allowed on the ballot. number of signatures have not been necessary additional signatures within a given number of days. If the submitted by this date, the petition is declared void. decision to the Supreme Court, where the sufficiency of thepetition will be determined. When this is declared, the recall is required to be placed on the ballot. filing deadline, and are determined to be valid. before a recall election is initiated, if he desires to do so. STATE RECALL PROVISIONS: PETITION REVIEW, APPEAL AND ELECTION — Continued ELECTION APPEAL AND REVIEW, PETITION RECALL PROVISIONS: STATE

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