s. CAR. REF 973.713 LES

c ' S5 CAR. Lesser, Charles H. REF Re11c o£ the Lost 973.713 Cause4 LES Iistory

The design on the cover and title page is adapted from the line drawing of the "Secession Banner" in George Henry Preble's Histary of the Flag of the United States ... Illillllll~illl~III~11I ~111111111111iijlllilllllllllll 9502 9100 019 202 1

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'The Story of 's by Charles H Lesser

* The Ordinance of Secession

David F. Jamison, President of tlM Secession Convention. This contnnporary carte tk oisise is by tlM Charleston photographer C j. Quinby, whose firm was on J(jng Street. Quinby executed a remarkable series of photographs of 11Mtklegates while they urerein Charleston.

"The Ordinance of Secession has been like evening, he read South Carolina's Charleston for weeks. Since Novern- signed and ratified," intoned David F. new Declaration of Independence to ber, when several large public meet- Jamison, president of the Convention the assembled throng. Concluding, ings were held. the streets had been of the People of South Carolina. In a he held up the Ordinance of Secession festooned with increasing numbers of loud voice he continued, "I proclaim and called for three cheers "for the banners, transparencies. paintings. and the State of South Carolina an Inde- Separate Commonwealth of South flags. A liberty pole stood at the corner pendent Commonwealth." In Insti- Carolina." More than seventy years of Havne and Meeting streets. In the tute Hall in Charleston, South Caro- earlier in 1788, South Carolinians in a evenings, the Charleston Restaurant lina, on the evening of December 20, special convention of elected delegates near the Charleston Theater illumi- 1860, that fateful act was now con- had ratified the United States nated a full length transparency of the cluded. Wild cheering broke out. Constitution. Now the delegates of leader of the most extreme secession- Order was restored, and at 9:15 P.M. "the people" in another convention ists, Robert Barnwell Rhett, and the the convention adjourned.· William had again expressed their sovereign theater, on its facade. featured a thirty- Edward Martin, clerk of the South power. Fully conscious of the historic by-twenty-foot painting of the city as it Carolina Senate for more than twenty moment, South Carolina pronounced would be after independence. The years, went out into Meeting Street. the union dissolved.' Pavilion Hotel at Meeting and Hasell On this unusually warm and spring- Excitement had been building in streets displayed a banner painted by 1*

.--- Hiram Powerss statue of John C Calhoun on an 1861 one dollar note of th~ Bank of th~ State of South Carolina. Commissioned by tix Charleston City Council bifor~ Calhoun s death, th~statu« was sent to Columbia for safokuping during tbe Civil War and destroy~dtber« in 1865.

Lawrence L. Cohen depicting Hiram Photographists," had been busy with cornerstone of an edifice of southern Powers's statue of John C. Calhoun. similar productions, including one for states "BUILT FROM THE RUINS." The statue's tablet bore the words a liberty pole in the new railroad town Later in the day, thatbannerwasmoved "Truth,Justice, and the Constitution," of Florence." to Institute Hall and hung above the but Cohen painted the banner with a On the afternoon of December 20, table where the Ordinance of Seces- shattered tablet and gave Calhoun's the officers of the Lower Guard House sion was to be signed. The artist who spirit, looking down from the clouds, stretched a line from their quarters at painted this banner, Isaac B. Alexan- the words "Behold its Fate." The Powers the corner of Meeting and Broad across der, came to Charleston as a business statue itself, like much else, would be the intersection to City Hall. From the associate of John N. Gamewell, who shattered during the ensuing War line they hung another banner featur- had purchased the rights to a new fire Between the States. Artist Cohen, who ing the Powers statue of Calhoun, this alarm system. Charleston, like New worked for "Osborn and Durbec, one portraying South Carolina as the York,Philadelphia, and Baltimore, had *2

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been wired for this modern protec- wanted South Carolina to act in con- where there had been strong oppo- tion, but Gamewell's Fire Alarm Tele- junction with other southern states, a nents of secession, the few Unionists graph did not save Institute Hall from larger group demanded immediate whose names were offered as candi- a devastating fire the next year. and separate state secession. On No- dates met overwhelming defeat." As Alexander's "Secession Banner" sur- vember 6, this more radical group Mary Boykin Chesnut put it later in vived as a relic of the Lost Cause, but defeated a last ditch attempt to ad- her diary, it seemed that "Mr. Petigru the edifice of southern states it cele- journ the newly elected General As- alone in South Carolina has not se- brated on this Independence Day sembly, thereby assuring the forma- ceded.?" would, like Institute Hall, be in ruins tion of a convention as soon as the Five former governors, four former in a few years." state received word of Lincoln's elec- United States senators, the chief offi- South Carolina had long been in tion." cers of Furman University and Lime- the forefront of the southern rights That news arrived the next day. Both stone College, two railroad presidents, movement. Until his death in 1850, the state senate and house of represen- and a dozen clerics were among the _ i John C. Calhoun was the movement's tatives immediately began the legisla- 169 men elected as delegates to the political theorist and leading states- tive process that led to the Ordinance convention. The majority were col- man. In 1832, a convention of the of Secession. On November 13, the lege graduates. More than one people used Calhoun's arguments to General Assembly in joint session rati- hundred were planters, and many of declare the federal tariff acts of 1828 fied an act calling for a convention of these planters had also passed the bar. and IR~2 unconstitutional and to sus- the people to convene in Columbia on More than forty had served in the state pend their legal force within thestate, I \)ccemi>erI7. The election of dele- senate, more than one hundred in the Compromise prevented armed con- gates was set for December 6. James house of representatives. Nearly 90 flict, but the threat of sectional strife Louis Petigru, South Carolina's most per cent had been born in the state. still loomed. In 1852, the political eminent Unionist, would warn that Nearly all the delegates owned slaves. leadership of South Carolina "in "South Carolina is too small for a re- Almost half of them owned at least Convention assembled" asserted that public and too large for an insane fifty, and twenty-seven had very large "encroachments upon the reserved asylum," but even in the upcountry holdings of one hundred or more. rights of the sovereign States of this John A. Inglis. author of the Union, especially in relation to slav- Decem,," 17 resolution that ery" justified disunion. Though the South ClUolina immediately state did not then secede, the ques- secede and chairman of the tion remaining was less one of "if' committee that drafted the than "when." The last popular vote in Ordinance of Secession. which secession was to any degree an open question was castat the general election of October 8,1860. The men eligible to vote in that canvass elected a strongly pro-secession General As- sembly. White South Carolinians, be- .deviled by a perception of northern aggression that threatened their way oflife, saw the impending election of as the last straw. While conservative "cooperationists" 3* the committee to draft an ordinance and appointedlohn A. Inglis as chair- ~. man. By Ih(' next (Ow/ling, Ih(' ('0111- mince had agreed on the text that they ...•..~ would introduce for South Carolina's ~~. • < Ordinance of Secession." Unfortunately we have no contem- porary account of the committee's work, but earlier the Charleston Mrrrw)' had printed the essence of what must have been its debate. On November 29, the Mrrr1lly printed a draft ordi- nance contributed by a "W. F. H.," who noted that "the speedy secession of the State may be considered a fixed fact" and offered "a sort of diagram on which the problem can he worked." RokrtBamweORhett. the "Fatherof The draft took nearly one hundred Secession." Rhettw~amtmkrofthe lines of tiny newsprint. It hegan: committee that tlrafteti the Ortlinllnct "Whereas, The Constitution of the of Stctssion, but accortling to a later United Stales was adopted in order to recollectionbyhisson,tlmietl personal form a more perfect Union, establish authorship of the text. justice, ensure domestic tranquility, Former govertlor John L. Manning Columhia caused the change in loca- provide for the COIJIIIIOII defence. pro- owned more than six hundred fifty tion. Robert A. Thompson, who owned mote the general welfare, and secure slaves.' the newspaper the Kroioee Courier and the blessings ofliberty to ourselves and The convention assembled in represented Pickens District in the our posterity." But then "W,F.H." Columbia's First Baptist Church and, convention, described the scene in the deadened the ring of these familiar on its first day, unanimously resolved flickering gaslight at the depot of the words by adding, "And whereas it has that "the State of South Carolina should South Carolina Railroad at four the ceased to effect anyone of these ob- forthwith secede from the Federal next morning. "From SOO to 1,000 jects, it is now the interest and duty of Union." JohnA. Inglis introduced the persons," he told his readers, "were South Carolina to repeal the acts by resolution. A forty-seven-year-old Bal- fleeing from the small pox in a panic." which she entered into the Union." timore native who was now a lawyer Thompson made his way through the Titled "An Ordinance to repeal the and judge, Inglis had come to South crowd and traveled to Charleston, Ordinance passed in Convention, on Carolina as a young man to become where he and other members of the the 23d day of May, 1788," this draft principal of the Cheraw Academy. He convention met briefly in Institute Hall voided South Carolina's ratification of also proposed the appointment of a that afternoon. 'Before the conven- the United States Constitution; author- committee to draft an ordinance, but tion adjourned at four minutes past ized the governor to negotiate with the before the committee could be named, five that day, PresidentJamison named , federal government for the return of the convention adjourned to meet in Robert Barnwell Rhett,JamesChesnut, the forts, dockyards, and other na- Charleston the next.day," Jr.,James L. Orr, Maxcy Gregg, Ben- tional facilities within the state; gave Fear of a smallpox epidemic in jamin F. Dunkin, and W. F. Hutson to the governor, with the advice and *4 consen t of the state senate, power over I foreign affairs; proposed that the south- ern states adopt the Articles of Con fed- eration of 1778 as a temporary constitution; and empowered the General Assembly to "take all such measures as may be necessary to carry into effect this ordinance, and secure the welfare and safety of the common- wealth of South Carolina."!" On December 4, the Mercury re- sponded to the draft submitted by its "esteemed correspondent." Robert Barnwell Rhett, Jr., son of the seces- James Chesnut,Jr.•tkkgateftom sionist leader, was editor of the paper, Kershaw District anti member and, 111 what we must presume is his of thecommittee that drafted tht~ voice, the Mercury objected to the Ordinllnct! of Secession. This "batch of details" which blurred the mgravingftom aphotograph by draft's "force and dignity.': Rhett,Jr., Mathew Brady appeartd in the . urged separation of the act of seces- December 22. 1860. issue of Harper's Weekry. Chesnut had sion from the troublesome consequent submitted his resignation to the particulars of governing a newly inde- United States Senate on penden t state. "If all these details are November 10. to be appended to the Ordinance of Secession," he cautioned, "it may be United States of America," is dated chose to present a much shorter and . delayed not only days, but weeks, be- December II. Its preamble cites tar- simpler text. The third surviving draft, fore it passes."!' iffs, the obstruction of the recovery of scrawled on the back of the last page of Inglis's resolution had also asked fugitive slaves, "hostile agitation against the seven-page draft of December 11, "individual members desiring to sub- the Southern institution of Slavery," has been credited as the source of that mit for the consideration of the Con- and the election of Lincoln as itsjusti- text. Titled an "Ordinance .to with- vention, any draft or scheme of such fication and notes the declaration of draw South Carolina from the federal Ordinance, ... to hand the same, 1852. Eleven sections follow. They union under the style of the United without delay, to the said Committee." declare "the Confederacy heretofore States of America," this draft has been We do not know how many drafts the existing between the State of South attributed to Francis H. Wardlaw, and committee had to consider in the few Carolina and other states" dissolved, Wardlaw has thus usually been cited as hours in which it did its work, but amend the state constitution, direct having "written" the Ordinance of besides the draft printed in the Mer- the governOl' to send a commissioner Secession. The "Wardlaw draft" pro- flOy, a manuscript document contain- to President Buchanan, provide for posed to do lillie more than rescind ing two other drafts, both unsigned, "foreign" trade, and empower the South Carolina's ratification of the survives. The longest of these addi- governor to appoint postmasiers.!" United States Constitution. The tional drafts, "An Ordinance to with- IlIglis's couuuit tcc, doubtless to cOll!lIlitt(,(· adopt('d that stratl'gy, hut draw from the Confederacy hereto- satisfy those who wanted no further the actual source for most of the words fore existing under the name of the delay inoHicially leaving the Union, that became the Ordinance was the 5* draft by "W.F.H.~ published in the lina, in Convention assembled" simply between South Carolina and other Mercury. "W.F.H.~ was doubtless W. declare: States, under the name of "The Ferguson Hutson, a lawyer, legislator, That the Ordinance adopted by us United States of America," is and member of the drafting commit- in Convention, on the twenty-third hereby dissolved. tee. W. Ferguson Hutson therefore day of May, in the year of our Lord There was no need for debate. Behind seems to deserve the credit as "author" one thousand seven hundred and closed doors, a roll call vote was taken, of the Ordinance of Secession. eighty-eight, whereby the alphabetically bysurname, endingwith The convention had moved from Constitution of the United States "Mr. President." It began at 1:07 P.M. Institute Hall to the smaller and qui- of America was ratified, and also and ended eight minutes later, at 1:15 eter St. Andrew's Hall. There in the all Acts and parts of Acts of the when David F. Jamison said "aye." early afternoon of December 20, General Assembly of this State, South Carolina had seceded by unani- Chairman Inglis rose to present the ratifying amendments of the said mous vote." committee's report. It proposed that Constitution, are hereby repealed; A few minutes later, the Columbia the "People of the State of South Caro- and that the union now subsisting lawyer and former United States sena-

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------_.------tor William Ford de Saussure proposed noon, Hayne and the three solici- tion ceremony, delegate Reed assured that the official copy of the Ordinance tors-Simeon Fair, Henry McIver, and the members that the supervisory be prepared on parchment under the Jacob Pinckney Reed-oversaw the "en- committee could have the document direction of the state's attorney gen- grossing" of the manuscript." ready by seven or "before that time, if eral, Isaac W. Hayne. Hayne, grand- "Engross," from the medieval Latin required." Although all accounts re- son ofIsaac Hayne, the South Carolina word grossa, meaning large handwrit- fer to parchment, analysis of fibers "martyr" of the American Revolution, ing, is the legal term for the produc- from the engrossed Ordinance prove was a member of the convention and tion of the fair official copy of a docu- that a linen parchmen t-likepaper sized an adept and powerful lawyer and ment. In this matter, as in all others with starch was actually used. IS Ben- politician. He suggested in an amend- relating to the ratification of the Ordi- jamin Franklin Arthur of Union, who ment that the three circuit court solici- nance, the convention wasdetermined had been appointed clerk of the con- tors who were members of the conven- to act in a legally "correct" way. As the vention on its opening day, is credited tion join him in supervising the convention debated at length over the with copying the text. For two years document's preparation. That after- timing, place, and nature of a ratifica- before his appointment as clerk, secretary of state. A man of modest nual fairs of the South Carolina Insti- means who would lose his house on tute, founded in 1849 to encourage Wall Street for debt during Recon- industrial development. Winner of struction, he received the sum of 43 seven medals at the Crystal Palace in cents for "Sealing the Ordinance ofSe- London in 1851, the South Carolina cession."!" Duffus clamped the silver Institute had built its hall a few years matrices dating from the American later, in part with state and city funds. Revolution over specially prepared Institute Hall's interior decoration was wafers attached to ribbons or cords postponed until 1859, but Vivio Gar- threaded through the top of the manu- ibaldi, an artist and musician who was script to create the wax seal. Thus, the a nephew of the Italian hero Giuseppe attorney general and solicitors could Garibaldi, had recently elaborately em- report that they had "caused the great bellished the in terior under Duverna' s seal of the State to be attached direction. Garibaldi had filled the thereto. "18 back of the stage with depictions of the Benjamin Faneuil Dunkin, delegate from Prince The delegates eventually agreed that state's emblematic palmetto tree, clas- George, Winyah, and member of the committee to the signing would take place in Insti- sical figures, rice, cotton, and symbols draft the Ordinance. In an account thiny years tute Hall that evening. The hall, which of commerce and manufactures.!? later, Dunkin was given credit for devising the was con tracted to William Duverna for Amidst these signs of progress and document-s title. operas and concerts, housed the an- culture, the state's leadership as-

Arthur had been private secretary to former Governor William H. Gist. Although he was not a delegate, that evening Arthur would add his signa- ture to those of the 169 elected mem- bers to "Attest" the document." South Carolina had discontinued the use of pendant great seals to au- thenticate documents in favor of a small seal in the early decades of the nineteenth century. In 1832, how- ever, the state's officials had specially brought out the silver matrices of the great seal to validate the Nullification Ordinance. Now, for the last time, the same legitimizing rite was performed for the Ordinance of Secession. In this business,] ames A.Duffus had his brush Isaac W. Hayne, chairman of the committee in charge ofpr~aring the "engrossed» or official copy of the with history. Duffus had been clerk to Ordinance of Secession. A delegate to the convention from the parishes ofSt. Philip and St. Michae~ Hayne city council and now held a similar was also attorney general In January 1861, Governor Pickens sent Hayne as a special envoy to President position in the Charleston office of the Buchanan to seek the peaceful transfer of Fort Sumter. *8 sembled. At 6:45 P.M. the delegates marched in procession from St. Andrew's Hall to meet the state's legis- lators, who had also adjourned to Charleston and by invitation awaited the members of the convention at the foot ofInstitute Hall's stairs. The hall, with a capacity of nearly three thou- sand, was filled to overflowing. To thunderous applause, first the conven- tion, then the state senate, and finally the house of representatives entered, the legislative officers wearing their robes of office. On the stage, chairs The matrices of thegreat sealof South Carolina. D~si~d by William Henry Drayton andArthur waited for the president and clerk of Middleton in 1776and executed by the Charleston silversmith Georg~Smithson, th~ matrices toere uud for tb« last time to seal the Ordinance of Secession. the conven tion, the president and clerk of the senate, the speaker and clerk of the house of representatives, Gover- John T. Sloan. Thomas Chiles Perrin of the document. Evergreens did nor Francis Wilkinson Pickens "and of Abbeville Court House led off. The appear at "the consecrated spot" in Sf. suite," and the venerable Lutheran ladies in the galleries cheered and Philip's churchyard, but the citizens pastor Dr. John Bachman. waved handkerchiefs with an excite- celebrated elsewhere. A few minutes The stooped and white-haired Dr. ment that was especially pronounced after the convention had cast its vote Bachman, a noted naturalist who had for the delegation from St. Philip's that afternoon, the East Bay Artillery collaborated with Audubon, raised his and St. Michael's, for former governor fired a cannon whose cartridge con- hands, and all present rose to their Gist,and, above all,for Robert Barnwell tained powder "preserved since the feet in prayer. Bachman asked for Rhett. Alater account noted that Rhett stirring times of Nullification by one of "wisdom from on high" for the con- knelt in prayer before signing.20 On our patriotic townswomen." Artillery vention, which had been forced by his election, President Jamison had continued to reverberate elsewhere in "fanaticism, injustice, and oppression" declared that signing the Ordinance the city, in the state, and throughout to sever the state's ties, and followed would be "the greatest honor of my the South for the next several days. an appeal to "enable us to protect and life." The next evening, Lieutenant Pensacola, Mobile, Montgomery, New bless the humble race that has been Governor William Wallace Harllee, a Orleans, Savannah, Augusta, and Co- entrusted to our care" with entreaties delegate to the convention from Mar- lumbus, Georgia, all reported one for peace, victory if war came, and ion District, echoed these sentiments hundred gun salutes. Two unfortu- "prosperity to our Southern land." The when he asserted in a speech that sign- nate men in Camden had their hands crowd then listened to PresidentJami- ing the Ordinance had made Decem- blown off by an exploding cannon, a son read the Ordinance, responded ber 20 the "proudest day of my life. "21 portent of what was to come." with an enthusiasm that shook the An anonymous writer had suggested In Charleston on Secession Day, building, and watched as the signing, that after adoption of the Ordinance, bands played, crowds cheered, bells which took two hours, began. Byprior the convention, legislature, and "every rang, bonfires burned, and rockets agreement, the order wasalphabetical male citizen who is not incapacitated" exploded until past midnight. The by election district, called out by the should march in "glorious procession" steam presses of Evans and Cogswell clerk of the house of representatives, to the tomb of Calhoun for a reading printed thousands of copies of an extra 9* Institute Hall, iober« th~Ordinllnct!of Secession was sign~d,in th~ middk of an 1861 tneu:from a publishd card s~~ograph. Circular Congr~gationa1 Churr:h is to its kft. Both buildings, Ioca~d on Muting Street, burmd in thegreatfireofD~t:mIb" 1861. This card s~~ograph of "Secession HaU» was sliU sold in Cbarleston as lase as the 1880s. of the Charleston Mercury'withthe head- years, over 60 percent of the southern the "Marseillaise" and debuted Profes- line "The Union is Dissolved." Militia white males who were between 13 and sor Thomas J. Caulfield's "Grand Se- companies, extensively drilled in the 43 years of age on this Secession Day cession March," Governor Pickens last month, now formally paraded would wear the grey uniforms of the addressed the great crowd gathered through the streets. In the afternoon, Confederacy. About 18 percent of below in the street from the hotel bal- the First Regiment of Rifles passed in that age group would give their lives cony. "I hope and trust," he said, "Iam review "first in quick time, then in for the Lost Cause." in possession of information which double-quick time ~in frontofthe head- The capi tal cityof Columbia, spared induces me to believe that, perhaps, quarters of Governor Pickens at the from a major smallpox epidemic, cele- there may be no appeal to force on the Mills House. One of the companies in brated the next day. At 2:00 P.M., at partofthe Federal Authority." Aspirit the regiment, the Washington Light the request of city council, businesses of bravado filled the air. Reminding Infantry, had recently abandoned their closed, and the city's bells rang con- his audience of the state's heroic victo- elaborate blue uniforms with three tinuously for an hour. At seven that ries in the Revolution and the Mexican dozen brass ball buttons for a more evening as Columbians specially illu- War, Pickens proclaimed that if war serviceable grey with but one row of minated their homes and businesses, came, South Carolina stood ready "to buttons, each bearing the image of the Charleston was preparing for another march forward to honor and inde- palmetto. Other young men wore blue ceremony. Military units and the pendence" with "not a feather quiver- cockades and plaited palmetto leafs German Fire Company, replete with ing in her plume." After prolonged on their lapels to show they were ready flags, banners, and bands, marched to cheers for Pickens, and a response "in to be called to arms. In the next four the MillsHouse. After the bands played behalf of the citizens and military" by

------~------General John Schnierle, George ger, a conservative former Unionist committee's proposed statement was Christy's Minstrels, who were perform- from Charleston who later served as insufficient for "a new Declaration of ing in the city, sang "a number of secretary of the treasury of the Confed- Independence." The document exquisite airs. "24 eracy, chaired the committee. should, he said, also emphasize the The charade of this blackface min- Memminger's committee reported the tariff and federal expenditures for strel troupe on the hotel balcony was next day, but itwas the 24th before the internal improvements. Although as close as the independence ceremo- convention adopted the "Declaration Gregg's unhappiness with the nies got to the slaves who comprised of the Immediate Causes which In- document's exclusive emphasis on the majority of the state's population. duce andJustifythe Secession of South slavery would be echoed later, the The convention, however, in formu- Carolina from the Federal Union."25 convention overrode his objections lating a separate justification for its A short document, the "Declara- and voted by a margin of more than simple statement of repeal, would make tion of Immediate Causes" claimed four to one to issue the declaration. it clear that it adopted the Ordinance that the northern states had "deliber- Thus they agreed, in the words of dele- of Secession to defend slavery. Shortly ately broken" the federal compact by gate Lawrence ~I. Keitt, to "rest disun- before the committee to draft the repudiating their responsibility under ion upon the question of slavery. "26 ordinance made its report on the 20th, the fourth article of the United States There is little direct evidence for PresidentJamison, who doubtless was Constitution to return runaway slaves. what the state's black majority thought privy to the committee's work, had South Carolina wasthus "released from as the nation moved toward the bloodv appointed another "Committee to her obligation." This constitutional confrontation that would bring them draft asummary statement of the causes argument did not please everyone. In freedom. Years later. a former slave which justify the secession of South the debate in the convention, Maxcy owner recalled that during the seces- Carolina." Christopher G. Mernmin- Gregg, in particular, argu~d that the sion excitement, black children in the

James Simons II (1813-1879), S~alurofthe House of Representatives, and William Dennison Porter (1810- 1883), president of the Senate. Both men were on the stage when the Ordinance of Secessionwas signed and both wore their robes of office as they Jq in these contemporarycartedevisitephotographsbyC; Quinby.

11* A. Grinevald's picture of the signing of the Ordinan~ of Secession from the cover of a piece ofshtltltmusic dedicated to the signers of the document. The "Secession Banner" is shoum at the back of the stage. The composer of the music, George D. Robinson, is listed as a "Music Teacher" in the 1860 Charleston citydirectory. GrintIVa/d, listedasan "artist, " also painted a 'View of the Harbor, "but he is otherwise unknown.

L Top left: Governor F. W. Pickens. The legislatureelected Pickens to that office aflw tlays before the state secededfrom the Union. Pickens had recently been President Buchanan s ambassador to Russia, but he was the head of a newly declared independent state at the time of this 1861 carte de uisite photograph. Top right: Isaac H. Means, Secretary of State at the time the Ordinance of Secession was signed. The document was given over to his custody on the night of December 20, 1860. Means was thus the first in an unbroken succession of state officials who have had custody of the historic document. .

streets of Charleston chanted happily, remembered words of the black chil- members of the Secession Convention. "Wid a blue cockade, an a rusty gun, dren is open to question. The memo- As a member of the committee to draft We'l mek dem Yankees run like fun." ries of Mariah Heywood recorded in the Ordinance, Dunkin is said to have In the next four years, slavesfrequently the slave narratives collected in the given that document its title. Hewould accompanied their masters to war as 1930s suggest they did not. In 1860, soon give Mariah as a wedding present body servants, butwhether those slaves Mariah wasowned byBenjamin Faneuil to his daughter. Mariah recalled that shared the views suggested by the Dunkin, one of the few northern-born "Great many time" prayer meetings asking God to end slavery closed when "the chicken crow for day. "27 The Ordinance, adopted in defense of slavery, heralded the war that an- swered Mariah Heywood's prayers. I~,. President Jamison turned over the ~ sealed and signed manuscript to the I~ secretary of state. On the back of the document appears the receipt:

Secretary States office Charleston S. C 2(Jh Dee 1860 I do herelly certify that this Ordinance was this day received lly mefrom the hands of David F. Jamison President of the Con- vention in thepresence ofsaid bodyand was llymefiled in this officellyhis order. Witness my hand the day and date above written Isaac H. Means Secretary of State

On the 28th, the convention re- solved to allow Artemas T. Darby, winner of a contested election in St. Matthew's, to add his signature to the document and thus join the 170 other signers in the lore of the state. Shortly thereafter, the Ordinance was moved to the seat of government in Colum- bia. Though the document, aswe shall see, was nearly captured in 1865, it has remained in state custody ever since.F' Four days after the delegates signed the Ordinance in Institute Hall, Henry The "Secession Banner Hpainted by Isaac B. Alexander. The banner hung above the table when Isaac Caughman, a twice-wounded the Ordinance of Secession was signed and is now on loan to the Charleston Museum from the veteran of the state's heroic Palmetto South Carolina Historical Society. Regiment in the Mexican War, rose to present another resolution to the con- vention. Caughman proposed, "That ____ copies of the Ordinance of Secession and the signatures thereto, be photographed for the use of the members of the Convention." His resolution was referred to the commit- the area. The inhabitants "left every- Andrew Gordon Magrath attempted tee on printing, chaired by Paul Quat- thing, arms, equipment of all kinds," to reorganize state government. Sec- tlebaum. The press of business of the and "all the letters and papers, both retary Huntt's sister recalled, after the newly independent nation, however, public and private ... in their flight." turn of the century, that Mary Huntt prevented the convention from acting Only two white inhabitants could be hid the Ordinance on her person in on the committee's report before itad- found in Beaufort on the 9th. One of Spartanburg in April 1865, when Colo- journedonJanuary5, 1861. At the end the lithographs was among the papers nel George Stoneman's raiders of March, the convention reassembled captured in the forts and at Beaufort. reached that town.f to consider the constitution of the Before the end of the month, this The original was safe, but when Confederate States of America. On "valuable addition to the list of tro- Northern forces entered South the 28th, the delegates al?jreed by a phies now in possession of the [fed- Carolina's capital, Daniel McWork- vote of 99 to 63 to purchase two eral] government" had been framed man, an Iowa soldier then serving in hundred lithographic copies of the and was hanging in Washington in the Alabama's only Union regiment, found Ordinance of Secession for two offices of the Navy Department. The one of the Evans and Cogswell litho- hundred dollars. Messrs. Evans and Navy Department knew that their graphs on a wall of the State House. A Cogswell, printers to the convention, document was a copy, but other Evans century later, this copy seems to have had anticipated this official action and and Cogswell lithographs have been fooled residents of McWorkman's had already produced the facsimiles, treasured by their captors and their home state. In 1966, Governor Robe~t which the committee found bore "a descendants as the actual Ordinance.t" E. McNair of South Carolina received very notable similarity" to the original. The state was not invaded again a letter from the mayor of Keokuk, Distributed to each of the signers and until near the war's end in 1865. As Iowa, who offered to return "the Ar- a few others under the direction of the General William Tecumseh Sherman's ticles of Secession from the Union by convention's president, the Evans and troops approached Columbia in Feb- your State in the year 1860." In 1990, Cogswell lithograph was larger than ruary of that year, Isaac H. Means's the Keokuk Public Library returned the original, and at the bottom in very successor as secretary of state, William McWorkman's booty to the Palmetto small letters, it bore the imprint "LITH. R. Huntt, worked valiantly to save the State." OF EVANS & COGSWELL, CHAR- state's records. His wife Mary has been Former governor John L. Manning LESTON, S. C." The printers, who ran credited with saving the Ordinance. made sure his copy of the most famous off a few extra lithographs for them- Huntt moved the records of his office, document to bear his signature es- selves, did not need these words to tell .including the original manuscript of caped a similar fate. In April 1865, them that they were handling a copy. the state's premier act of "treason," General Edward E. Potter led Union Other persons over the years have safely out of the city before the Union troops on a raid from Georgetown to ignored the imprint and instead seen troops arrived. When the burning of Camden. As the Yankees approached only the faithful image, which even Columbia lit the skies on February 17, Milford, Manning's imposing mansion reproduced the signers' ink blots." ninety boxes of records were out of in Sumter District, Manning appar- The first of the Evans and Cogswell harm's way in a boxcar. The records ently stuffed his lithograph behind an lithographs to be taken as a trophy of were first taken up the Charlotte and immense Empire bookcase. It would war wascaptured within the year. Naval South Carolina Railroad as far as remain there until it was discovered forces under Samuel Francis Dupont Charlotte and subsequently hidden in nearly a hundred years later during reduced Forts Walker and Beauregard Chester. Huntt and his wife had a restoration work.P in Port Royal Harbor on November 7, difficult time in the ensuing1weeks Shortly after Sherman's forces 1861. This successful invasion, it was moving about the upstate with some of reached Columbia, the 102nd United reported, caused "a perfect rout" in the essential records as Governor States Colored Troops approached 15 * The receipt on the back of the Ordinance of Secession. The engrossed manuscript has stayedin state custodysincethe night it wassigned, but Union soldierscaptured severalof the lithographic focsimiles made for the signers with the mistaken belief that they had found the original document.

Charleston. AMichiganregiment, the opposite Drayton Hall, they discov- records of the State Department." The 102nd was largely made up of free ered what they called the "Scroll of thoughts of the black troops about the black farmers, laborers, and barbers 'Treason. '" In a chain of events with document that brought them to the born in the Midwest, Canada, and else- more than a little irony, the Evans and cradle of the Confederacy are not where. Marching from the south, the Cogswell lithograph ofthe Ordinance recorded, but Lieutenant Southworth regiment crossed the Ashley River on of Secession they captured was subse- clearly saw the importance and possi- February 27 and set up camp on the quently reproduced in Michigan.v' bilities of the find. At the bottom of Charleston Neck. George A. South- Soldier's Retreat had once briefly the lithograph, he recorded the bare worth, a white first lieutenant in his belonged to Pierce Butler, a South facts of their "scout," added his name, early twenties from Leoni, Michigan, Carolina signer of the Constitution. A and entered the date-March 3, 1865. took command of Company G on the small plantation with about thirty On June 21, he applied for a thirty day 28th. Almost immediately thereafter, slaves, it seems to have chiefly pro- leave "for the purpose of transacting Southworth's company and three duced grain, butter, and livestock." important private business at my home others went out on a two day "scout." We do not know if the slaves were still in Leoni, Michigan." Before the year While out, the scouting party made a there when the black Union troops was out, he had copyrighted a new i great find in what they thought wasthe approached or why the Charleston lithograph of the captured document, house of the secretary of state. At physician who then owned the place complete with inscription, in the .~ Soldier's Retreat, the plan tation of Dr . had a lithograph and additional pa- United States District Court for the David W. Lamb on the Ashley River pers that could be mistaken for "other Eastern District of Michigan. 36 l * 16 I I t The Michigan edition of the Ordi- The "SecessionTable» in the nance, which reproduces Southworth's Union County Historical handwritten note about capture "in Mugum. There is evidence the house of Dr. Lamb," is, like the to IUPportlocal lore that this Evans and Cogswell lithograph it was is the table on which the taken from, periodically mistaken for Ordinance of Secession was signed. Relics of the event the original. The importance attached have long had a special to timeworn and damaged copies of significance in South these two contemporary facsimiles Carolina. speaks powerfully of the place the Civil War holds in the nation's memory. A 1906 publication claimed that the Ordinance had "recently come to light, and is owned by Mrs.John Robinson of Belvidere, NewJersey." The president of the South Carolina Daughters of the Confederacy was, as might be on the Evans and Cogswell lithographs editions are based on the document expected, troubled by this discovery, but quickly faded on the original en- itself. One, the origin of which is but the official responsible for the grossed document. The Charleston unknown, may have been issued for state's records reassured her that the firm "Ravenel Agency, Inc., Publishers the fiftieth anniversary of the Ordi- Ordinance "has never been out of the of Rare Documents" printed the first nance in 1910.' The other, a grey custody of State officials since the nigh t of these three editions on "parchment photographic reproduction, was issued it was signed. "37 That reassurance still paper" in the summer of 1960 in an- by the South Carolina Department of must be repeated from time to time. ticipation of the Ordinance's centen- Archives and History in 1988. Both are As late as 1948, the economist and nial. The Ravenel version is somewhat smaller than the original." historian Broadus Mitchell was con- smaller than the original document. Profit as well as piety were motives cerned that a document that gave The firm was certain, according to behind most of the seven facsimile "every appearance of being the origi- their advertising brochure, that the editions of the Ordinance of Seces- nal" wason display in the Rufus Putnam "descendants of these dedicated South- sion. Reverence for the Lost Cause house in Massachusetts." Letters ern patriots ... and people everywhere alone led to the preservation of a embodying similar concerns from less who admire men of strong convictions" remarkable number of other artifacts knowledgeable correspondents pep- would want to acquire a copy. The associated with the evening of Decem- per the files of South Carolina's archi- second appeared ten years later when ber 20, 1860. The convention itself 011 val agency. the R. L. Bryan Company in Columbia January 5, 1861, provided, 'That the Five other facsimile editions of the printed a version larger than the origi- table, chair, and appurtenances used Ordinance of Secession have been nal on tan paper. The third was pub- in Secession Hall .. , for the signature printed in the twentieth century. Three lished by a Lexington, South Carolina, of the Ordinance of Secession, be of them, like the 1865 Michigan Scroll firm in 1988. Although some of the deposited, with amemorandum of the of Treason edition, have been derived telltale ink blots have been eliminated same, after the final adjournment of from the lithographs that Evans and on the 1988 edition, enough remain to the Convention, in the Legislative Cogswell produced for the members show that the image derived from the Library in the State House in Colum- of the convention. These facsimiles Evans and Cogswell lithograph, not bia," By 1865 the conven tion 's secre- reproduce the ink blots that remained from the original."? The DNO other tary, Benjamin Franklin Arthur, was 1 17 *

.• James Ezra Tindal (1839-1906). As Secre- tary of State, Tindal had custody of the Ordinance of Secessionfrom 1890 to 1894 and had the badlyfaded document reinked. An experimental former and advocate of agricultural education who had studied at the University of Bonn before the war, Tindal wasan unsuccessfolcandid.ltefor governor in 1894. Thisengravingisfromf. C.Hemphill's 1908 publication Men of Mark in South Carolina.

an assistant auditor in Columbia. to sign the Ordinance have had a spe- a frame even cheaper than that which Arthur helped with the removal of the cial place among these relics ever since holds the precious Ordinance of Nul- state's records for safekeeping and may the Evans and Cogswell firm presen ted lification adopted in 1832. "46 The text well have had the opportunity to res- a massive gold pen with an ebony and signatures on the engrossed cue the table on which the document holder to President Jamison for the manuscript had been traced over be- had been signed. A table said to be occasion.P Isaac B. Alexander's "Se- tween 1890 and 1894 when James E. that relic now resides in the Union cession Banner," which for nearly a Tindal was secretary of state. Oral County Historical Museum in Arthur's century had reposed in Yankee hands reports that have been handed down hometown of Union, South Carolina." in the New England Historic Genea- tell us that a German scribe was hired A side chair on which PresidentJami- logical Society, is now on loan to the to do the work, but no records of the son is said to have been seated that Charleston Museum from the South transaction or of the seal's removal evening was presented to the Char- Carolina Historical Society." have been found."? A pencil grid that leston Museum in 1950. Bits of velvet By 1901, the original Ordinance, ispresent over the signatures may have supposedly from a desk on which the faded, traced over, and minus its seal, been added to aid the work of our Ordinance was written and pieces of hung framed in the secretary of state's fabled German scribe. palmetto from the decorations that office in Columbia. That year, a news- The acerbic reporter's 1901accoun t were in Institute Hall for the signing paper reporter noted that "the emanu- of the Ordinance was prompted by a are in the museums established by the ensis?" who had reinked the faded great reunion of South Carolina Con- Daughters of the Confederacy in both Ordinance had "performed his work federate veterans held in Columbia in Columbia and Charleston." Pens used badly" and that the document was "in May of that year. Twelve signers of the *18 Ordinance were still living, and some leans, a selection of Revolutionary War the surrender of Appomattox. "51 of them were among the veterans for records, "the interesting old Indian In April, Wister's close friend from whom the children scattered flowers Records of the State," and that other Porcellan Club days at Harvard, Theo- as they marched in the city. At the premier document of the Lost Cause, dore Roosevel t, came to the cityfor his opening of the convention, the re- the Nullification Ordinance. Gantt's official visit to the exposition. The marks of the beloved hero General choices from the state's treasures were president had been scheduled to make Wade Hampton III met thunderous supplemented with items from the his appearance on February 12, applause. "Our cause was lost," he collection of the new "Confederate Lincoln's birthday, but as the account said, "but ajust cause never dies." Two Relic Room" in the State House organ- in the official Charleston Yearbooknoted, signers, Henry McIver, chief justice of ized by the Wade Hampton Chapter of the visitwasdelayed untilApril9, which the state supreme court, an,d Col. Jo- the Daughters of the Confederacy. happened to be the anniversary of seph Daniel Pope, dean of the school General Hampton himself, at age 83, Lee's surrender to Grant at Appomat- of law at the South Carolina College, in what would be his last public ap- tox. The president, noting the "fine were prominently visible during cere- pearance, came down to Charleston to generosity and manliness" of the origi- monies the next evening at the home the exposition for South Carolina nal invitation for Lincoln's birthday, that had been built by subscription for College's centennial celebration on stressed healed wounds in his address General Hampton." December 19.50 in the exposition auditorium. Memo- Seven months later on December 1, The novelist Owen Wister, a great- ries of "the greatest war of modern 1901, the South Carolina Interstate great-grandson of the South Carolina times"were "now priceless heritages of and West Indian Exposition opened in signer of the Constitution Pierce But- honor. ... All of us, North and South, Charleston. Another of that city's at- ler, stood in front of the Ordinance at can glory alike in the valor of the men tempts to revive its economy, the expo- the exposition and pondered its mean- who wore the grey." Roosevelt popu- sition brought international attention ing for the nation's history. "After the larized an understanding of the war and a presidential visit before closing Declaration of Independence, what that ignored profound ideological in bankruptcy at the end of May. "Of writing can you find," he queried, "what differences to honor commitment and course the most valuable of the relics documen t, comparable in significance sacrifice irrespective of cause. The Or- on display," wrote the News and Courier, to the original Ordinance of Seces- dinance now shared that aura, but the "is the original ORDINANCEOF SECES- sion, 'done' at Charleston on the twen- defeat for which Wister was grateful SION."49 tieth day of December, 1860?" Wister had not solved the racial issues that Brought to Charleston with a spe- spent that winter in Charleston finish- had been at the core of the conflict. In cial guard and the permission of a ing his novel The Virginian and would an .era of legalized and hardened seg- legislative resolution, the Ordinance subsequently use the city as the setting regation, there was a separate "Negro was part of an unprecedented exhibit for another, Lady Baltimore. Like the Building" at the exposition. 52 of records and artifacts organized by Ordinance on which he gazed, Wister In 1905, the secretary of state trans- ChiefClerkJesse T. Gantt of the office had been born in 1860, and he made ferred the Ordinance of Secession to of the secretary of state. In addition to much of that document in a report on the Historical Commission of the State the Ordinance, the state's historical the exposition for the Century maga- of South Carolina. 53 ByDecember 20, exhibit included Chief Justice Nicho- zine. "Between its four corners," Wis- 1910, the fiftieth anniversary of its las Trott's manuscript "Laws of the ter rhapsodized, "flowsour life-blood. signing, only one of the delegates was Province of South Carolina" of 1719, Between its four corners lies the vital living. Newspaper editor and pub- the silver "vase"that the ladies of South center of our history." A northerner lisher, Confederate officer, lawyer, Carolina had presented Andrew bybirth, the novelist also reported that legislator, and Presbyterian elder, .. Jackson after the battle of New Or- as he stood there he "thanked God for eighty-two-year-old Robert A. 19 * Thompson of Walhalla would continue to be the object of public attention. The New Yorh Herald in an illustrated sketch of Thompson the next year noted, "Had the outcome of the great war in which he fought been different his name migh t have been blazoned in the mernorv of his countrymen as gloriously as if he had signed the Declaration ofIndependence." In an eyewitness account of the convention Thompson had written for his Keoioec Courier, he had noted that December 20, 1860, was "regarded as the sacred Independence of the State." In 1860, Thompson had owned seven slaves,in- cluding a baby girl and two boys, 3 and 4 years of age. In 1895, another South Carolina "Convention of the People" enacted a new state constitution that ensured that those boys, now men, and others like them could not vote in the Palmetto State. By 1901, the docu- ment of which Thompson was to be the last living signer was an historic relic enshrined in a glory that tran- scended the divisions of North and South. Robert Anderson Thompson, last survivor of the Secession Conven- tion, died at his home in Walhalla on August 8,1914.;4 The last human link to the document was gone, but the Or- dinance of Secession endures at "the vital center of our history," a Declara- Rober: A. Thompson, tk last surviving signer of tk Ordinance of Secession. This tion ofIndependence, defense of slav- photograph was taken late in his lift at a time when Thompson was the object of some ery, trophy of war, and relic ofthe Lost public notice in the newspapers. Cause. *-----

*20 * LAppendix

The signers of the South Carolina Ordinance of Secession with the locations of their signatures on the document

The post offices and election districts below are taken from Planters of 1860 (26 signers); Jon L. Wakelyn, Biographical the list on pages 315-19 of the Journal of the Convention. Both Dictionary of the Confederacy (16 signers); the Dictionary of parishes and judicial districts served as election districts in American Biography (15 signers); the Biographical Directory of antebellum South Carolina. The names and dates are the United States Congress, 1774-1989 (9 signers); and Ezra J. primarily from the biographical sketches inJohn Amasa May Warner and W. Buck Yearns, BiographicalRegisterofthe Confed- and Joan Reynolds Faunt, South Carolina Secedes, but they erate Congress (9 signers). The figures are for the column and have also been compared with N. Louise Bailey, Biographical number within the column where the signature may be Directory of the , 1776-1985 (42 signers); found. Chalmers G. Davidson, The Last Foray; The South Carolina James Hopkins Adams (1812-61) 3-23 Peter Porcher Bonneau (1816-71) 1-26 Gadsden, Richland District. Haddrell's, ChristChurch Parish Robert Turner Allison (1798-1882) 5-33 Joseph Josiah Brabham (1817-83) 1-16 Meek's Hill, York District. Buford's Bridge, Barnwell District David Clinton Appleby (1808-64) 3-33 Alexander Henry Brown (1809-79) 3-27 Branchville, St. George,Dorchester Parish Charleston, St. Andrew's Parish Benjamin Franklin Arthur (1826-70) Charles Pinckney Brown (ca. 1825-1864) 4-3 Clerk of the Convention, Union District Charleston, St. James: Goose CreekParish Samuel Taylor Atkinson (1822-80) 5-30 John Buchanan (1790-1862) 2-11 Georgetown, Prince George, Winyah Parish Winnsboro, Fairfield District Lewis Malone Ayer, Jr. (1821-95) 1-14 Andrew William Burnet (1811-96) 4-32 Buford's Bridge, Barnwell District Charleston, St. Philip's and St. Michael's Parishes Robert Woodward Barnwell (1801-82) 4-1 William Cain (1792-1878) 4-7 Beaufort, St. Helena Parish Black Oak, St. John's, Berkley Parish Archibald Ingram Barron (1807-87) 5-36 Joseph Caldwell (ca. 1808-1888) 3-9 Yorkville, York District Mount Bethel, Newberry District Donald Rowe Barton (1806-89) 3-13 John Alfred Calhoun (1807-74) 1-6 Branchville, Orange Parish Abbeville Court House, Abbeville District Thomas Wilson Beaty (1825-86) 2-20 William Hans Campbell (1823-1901) 2-16 Conwayboro, Horry District Greenville Court House, Greenville District Eustace St. Pierre Bellinger (1812-76) 3-28 james Henry Carlisle (1825-1909) 5-14 Walterboro, St. Bartholomew's Parish Spartanburg Court House, Spartanburg District Alfred Walker Bethea (1816-65) 3-3 Merrick Ezra Carn (1808-62) 3-29 Little Rock, Marion District Walterboro, St. Bartholomew's Parish Simpson Bobo (1804-1885) , 5-15 James Parsons Carroll (1809-83) 2-3 Spartanburg Court House, Spartanburg District Aiken, Edgifield District .. Henry Isaac Caughman (1803-73) 2-30 Lexington Court House, Lexington District William Columbus Cauthen (1825-65) 2-23 Hanging Rock, Lancaster District. Edgar Wells Charles (1801-76) 1-30 Darlington Court House, Darlington District James Chesnut,Jr. (1815-85) 2-18 Camden, Kershaw District Langdon Cheves (1814-63) 4-16 Savannah, Ga., St. Peter's Parish Ephraim Mikell Clark (1814-85) 3-26 Charleston, St. Andrew's Parish Henry Workman Conner (1797-1861) 4-22 Charleston, St. Philip's and St. Michael's Parishes Robert Lafayette Crawford (1825-63) 2-22 Lancaster Court House, Lancaster District William Curtis (1817-73) 5-16 Limestone Springs, Spartanburg District. Artemas Thomson Darby (1806-78) 4-34 Fort Motte, St. Mathew's Parish Julius Alfred Dargan (1815-61) 1-31 Darlington Court House, Darlington District Richard James Davant (1805-73) 4-11 Gillisonville, St. Luke's Parish Henry Campbell Davis (1823-86) 2-10 Ridgeway, Fairfield District William Ford de Saussure (1792-1870) 3-21 Columbia, Richland District Former GovernorJames Hopkim Adams, who signed the Richard De Treville (1801-74) 4-30 Ordinance asa delegatefrom Richland District. During Charleston, St. Philip's and St. Michael's Parishes his term as governor, 1854-1856, he unsuccessfully sought the reopeningof the slave trade. C.J Quinby took Anthony White Dozier (1801-70) 5-25 thiscartede oisitephotographand threeothers-offormer Johnsonville, Williamsburg District governors John L Manning, John Hugh Meam, and Perry Emory Duncan (1800-67)' 2-13 John P. Richardson-when the men were in Charleston Greenville Court House, Greenville District for the SecessionConvention. Benjamin Faneuil Dunkin (1792-1874) 5-29 Charleston, Prince George, Winyah Parish Alexander Quay Dunovant (1815-69) 1-21 Chesterville, Chester District Robert Gill Mills Dunovant (1821-98) 2-2 Edgefield Court House, Edgefield District Daniel DuPre (1793-1878) 4-5 South Santee Ferry, St. James', Santee Parish

*22 William King Easley (1825-72) 2-14 William Gregg (1800-67) 2-4 Greenville Court House, Greenville Distric Aiken, Edgefield District WilliamJ. Ellis (ca.1804-ca.1868) 2-21 William Steele Grisham (1824-78) 3-17 Conwayboro, Horry District Walhalla, Pickens District Thomas Reese English, Sr. (1806-69) 5-19 Andrew Jackson Hammond (1814-82) 2-5 Mayesville, Sumter District Hamburg, Edgefield District Chesley Daniel Evans (1817-97) 3-1 Thomas Middleton Hanckel (1822-88) 4-31 Marion Court House, Marion District Charleston, St. Philip's and St. Michael's Parishes Simeon Fair (1801-73) 3-10 William Wallace Harllee (1812-97) 3-2 Newberry Court House, Newberry District Mars' Bluff, Marion District William Peronneau Finley U803-76) 1-15 James Perry Harrison (1813-71) 2-15 Aiken, Barnwell District Cedar Falls, Greenville District Daniel Flud (1818-96) 3-32 Isaac William Hayne (1809-80) 4-28 Summerville, St. George's,Dorchester Parish Charleston, St. Philip's and St. Michael's Parishes Alexius Mador Forster (1815-79) 5-31 Edward Rogers Henderson (1811-65) 3-30 Georgetown, Prince George, Winyah Parish Blue House, St. Bartholomew's Parish Barham Bobo Foster (1817-97) 5-12 John Henry Honour (1802-85) 4-29 Glenn Springs, Spartanburg District Charleston, St. Philip's and St. Michael's Parishes John Edward Frampton (1810-96) 3-19 William Hopkins (1805-63) 3-22 Pocotaligo, Prince William's Parish Hopkins'Turn Out, Richland District James Clement Furman (1809-91) 2-12 William Hunter (1816-1902) 3-14 Greenville Court House, GreenvilleDistrict Wolf Creek, Pickens District James M. Gadberry (1817-62) 5-21 William Ferguson Hutson (1815-81) 3-20 Union Court House, Union District Pocotaligo, Prince William's Parish Henry William Garlington (1811-93) 2-26 John Auchincloss Inglis (1813-78) 1-22 Laurens Court House, Laurens District Cheraw, Chesterfield District John Conrad Geiger (ca.1802-1870) 2-31 John Isaac Ingram (1820-88) 1-29 Sandy Run, Lexington District Manning, Clarendon District William Henry Gist (1807-74) 5-23 Stephen Jackson (1808-87) 1-24 Union Court House, Union District Mount Crogan, Chesterfield District Thomas Worth Glover (1796-1884) 3-11, David FlavelJamison (1810-64) Orangeburg, Orange Parish President of the Convention, Midway, Barnwell District Ebenezer Wescot Goodwin (1823-91) 3-4 JamesJefferies (1802-66) 5-24 Brightsville, Marlboro District Gowdeysville, Union District Robert Newman Gourdin (1812-94) 4-21 John Jenkins (1824-1905) 4-10 Charleston, St. Philip's and St. Michael's Parishes Edisto Island, St. John's, Colleton Parish Theodore Louis Gourdin (1790-1866) 4-21 Joseph Evans Jenkins (1793-1874) 4-15 Pineville, St. Stephen's Parish Adams'Run, St. Paul's Parish Henry Davis Green (1791-1871) 5-17 William Dalrymple Johnson (1818-1901) 3-5 Mechanicsville, Sumter District Bennettsville, Marlboro District Maxcy Gregg (1814-62) 3-24 Lawrence Massillon Keitt (1824-64) 3-12 Columbia, Richland District Orangeburg, Orange Parish

23* Joseph Brevard Kershaw (1822-94) 2-19 Christopher Gustavus Memminger (1803-88) 4-25 Camden, Kershaw District Charleston, St. Philip's and St. Michael's Parishes Benjamin Franklin Kilgore (1820-97) 5-13 John Izard Middleton (1800-77) 1-7 Laurensville, Spartanburg Distric Georgetown, All Saints Parish John P. Kinard (ca. 1812-1890) 3-7 Williams Middleton (1809-83) 5-2 Newberry Court House, Newberry District Charleston, St. Philip's and St. Michael's Parishes John Herman Kinsler (1823-1901) 3-25 (1822-99) 4-19 Columbia, Richland District Charleston, St. Philip's and St. Michael's Parishes John Gill Landrum (1810-82) 5-11 Thomas Wade Moore (1809-71) 1-19 Spartanburg Court House, Spartanburg District Smith's Turn Out, ChesterDistrict Benjamin William Lawton (1822-79) 1-17 Robert Moorman (1814-73) 3-8 Allendale, Barnwell District Maybinton, Newberry District Andrew Fielding Lewis (1814-94) 3-15 Edward Noble (1823-89) 1-2 Pendleton, Pickens District Abbeville Court House, Abbeville District Richard Columbus Logan (1832-1904) 5-27 John Lascelles Nowell (1798-1881) 5-9 Kingstree, Williamsburg District Charleston, St. Thomas and St. Dennis Parish William Strother Lyles (1813-62) 2-9 John Sanders O'Hear (1806-75) 5-10 Strother, Fairfield District Charleston, St. Thomas and St. Dennis Parish Andrew Gordon Magrath (1813-93) 4-18 (1822-73) 1-10 Charleston, St. Philip's and St. Michael's Parishes Anderson Court House, Anderson District Gabriel Manigault (1809-88) 4-26 John Saunders Palmer (1804-81) 5-8 Charleston, St. Philip's and St. Michael's Parishes Echaw, St. Stephen's Parish John Laurence Manning (1816-89) 1-28 Francis Simons Parker (1814-65) 5-28 Fulton, Clarendon District Georgetown, Prince George, Winyah Parish Benjamin Franklin Mauldin (1814-86) 1-13 Thomas Chiles Perrin (1805-78) 1-1 Williamston, Anderson District Abbeville Court House, Abbeville District John Maxwell (1791-1870) 3 -18 Joseph Daniel Pope (1820-1908) 4-2 Pendleton, Pickens District Beaufort, St. Helena Parish Matthew Peterson Mayes (1794-1878) 5-18 Francis James Porcher (1821-72) 5-6 Mayesville, Sumter District Charleston, St. Philip's and St. Michael's Parishe Alexander Mazyck (1801-94) 4-6 John Gotea Pressley (1833-95) 5-26 Charleston, St. James ~ Santee Parish Kingstree, Williamsburg District Edward McCrady (1802-92) 5-5 Paul Quattlebaum (1812-90) , 2-32 Charleston, St. Philip's and St. Michael's Parishes Lightwood Creek, Lexington District Henry McIver (1826-1903) 1-23 Samuel Rainey (1789-1867) 5-34 Cheraw, Chesterfield District Guthriesville, York District John McKee (1787-1871) 1-18 Jacob Pinckney Reed (1814-80) 1-11 Chester Court House, ChesterDistrict Anderson Court House, Anderson District Alexander McLeod (1812-82) 3-6 Robert Barnwell Rhett (1800-76) 4-24 Bennettsville, Marlboro District Charleston, St. Philip's and St. Michael's Parishes John Hugh Means (1812-62) 2-8 George Rhodes (1802-81) 4-17 Buckhead, Fairfield District Lawtonville, St. Peter's Parish

*24 ------

Left to right, John P. Richardson, John Hugh Means, and John L Manning. All three delegates had served as governor: Richardson ftom 1840-1842, Meansftom 1850-1852, andManningfrom 1852-1854. Earlier a prominent Unionist, Richardson had voted against the Nullification Ordinance. Means was later colonel of the 17th South Carolina Infontry and was fotally wounded at the second Battle of Manassas. Manning was one of the wealthiest men in the South with plantations in Louisiana as well as South Carolina.

Francis DeLesseline Richardson (ca. 1818-?) 5-3 Benjamin Eson Sessions (1815-73) 1-8 Charleston, St. Philip's and St. Michael's Parishes Conwayboro, All Saints Parish John Peter Richardson (1801-64) 1-27 John Monroe Shingler (1794-1872) 44 Fulton, Clarendon District Holly Hill, St. James', Goose CreekParish David Pressley Robinson (1819-92) 2-24 William Pinkney Shingler (1827-69) 1-25 Craigville, Lancaster District Charleston, Christ Church Parish William Bascomb Rowell (1800-80) 2-33 Thomas Young Simons, Jr. (1828-78) 4-33 Marion Court House, Marion District Charleston, St. Philip's and St. Michael's Parishes Benjamin Huger Rutledge (1829-93) 54 Richard Franklin Simpson (1798-1882) 1-12 Charleston, St. Philip's and St. Michael's Parishes Pendleton, Anderson District Elias Ball Scott (1805-72) 4-14 Joseph Starke Sims (1802-75) 5-22 Summerville, St. Paul's Parish Pacolet Mills, Union District Ephraim Mikell Seabrook (1820-95) 4-12 John Julius Pringle Smith (1816-94) 4-27 Bluffton, St. Luke's Parish Charleston, St. Philip's and St. Michael's Parishes George Washington Seabrook (1808-66) 4-9 James C. Smyly (1820-72) 2-7 Charleston, St. John's, Colleton Parish Lotts, Edgefield District Peter Gaillard Snowden (1823-89) 4-8 David Lewis Wardlaw (1799-1873) 1-5 Black Oak, St. John's, Berkley Parish Abbeville Court House, Abbeville District Albertus Chambers Spain (1821-81) 5-20 Francis Hugh Wardlaw (1800-61) 2-1 Sumter Court House, Sumter District Edgefield Court House, Edgefield District Leonidas William Spratt (1818-1903) 5-1 William Dendy Watts (1800-61 ) 2-28 Charleston, St. Philip's and St. Michael's Parishes Laurens Court House, Laurens District Andrew Baxter Springs (1819-86) 5-35 Joseph Newton Whitner (1799-1864) 1-9 Fort Mill, York District Anderson Court House, Anderson District Peter Stokes (1822-1904) 3-31 Thomas Wier (1800-80) 2-29 Branchville, St. Bartholomew's Parish Clinton, Laurens District Robert Anderson Thompson (1828-1914) 3-16 Williams (1798-1870) 2-27 Pickens Court House, Pickens District Spring Grove, Laurens District Thomas Thomson (1813-81) 1-4- Isaac DeLiesseline Wilson (1810-89) 1-32 Abbeville Court House, Abbeville District Society Hill, Darlington District John Morgan Timmons (1800-69) 1-33 John H. Wilson (ca. 1825-1869) 1-3 Timmonsville, Darlington District Abbeville Court House, Abbeville District James S. Tompkins (1793-1864) 2-6 William Blackburn Wilson (1827-94) 5-32 Park's Store, Edgefield District Yorkville, York District John Ferrars Townsend (1799-1881) 4-20 Thomas Jefferson Withers (1804-65) 2-17 Edisto Island, St. Philip's and St. Michael's Parishes Camden, Kershaw District Theodore Dehon Wagner (1819-80) 4-23 Richard Woods (1813-84) 1-20 Charleston, St. Philip's and St. Michael's Parishes Carmel Hill, ChesterDistrict John Jacob Wannamaker (1801-64) 4-13 Henry Clinton Young (1794-1875) 2-25 St. Mathew's, St. Mathew's Parish Laurens Court House, Laurens District * *endnotes

1. Journal of the Convention of the People of South Carolina Held in Dec. 21, 1860; file on "Tanglewood," 612 Laurens St., Camden 1860-'61, Together with the Reports, Resolutions, &c. (Charleston: (home of Isaac Brownfield Alexander), Camden Archives, Evans & Cogswell, Printers to the Convention, 1861), 53-54; Camden, South Carolina; Thomas J. Kirkland and Robert M. Charleston Mercury, Dee. 21, 1860; N. Louise Bailey, Mary L. Kennedy, Historic Camden, 2 vols. (Columbia: The State Com- Morgan, and Carolyn R. Taylor, BiographicalDirectory of the South pany, 1905-1926), 1:342-43, 2:438-39; Paul C. Ditzel, Woodland Carolina Senate, 1776-1985 (Columbia: University of South Hills, California,June 15, 1989, to the author. Mr. Ditzel is the Carolina Press, 1986), 2:1066-69. For the weather see Charleston author of a forthcoming book on fire alarm devices and the Daily Courier, Dee. 21 and 22, 1860. Gamewell Company. 2. Charleston Daily Courier, Dee. 21, 1860; Keowee Courier, 4. Journals of the Conventions of the People of South Carolina Jan. 5, 1861; Charleston Mercury, Nov. 30, Dee. 1, 1860; Directory of Held in 1832,1833, and 1852 (Columbia: R. W. Gibbes, State the City of Charleston (Charleston: W. Eugene Ferslew, 1860) and Printer, 1860), 151-52;John Barnwell, Love of Order: South Anna Wells Rutledge, Artists in the Life of Charleston: Through Carolina's First Secession Crisis (Chapel Hill: The University of Colony and State, from Restoration to Reconstruction (Columbia: Uni- North Carolina Press, 1982); Stephen A. Channing, Crisis of Fear: versity of South Carolina Press, 1980), passim. Secession in South Carolina (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1970), 3. Charleston Mercury, Dec. 21, 1860; Charleston Daily Courier, 245; Dwight L. Dumond, The Secession Movement, 1860-1861 (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1931), 138. Department of Archives and History. The ordinance measures 5. Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of South 233/8 inches wide and 26 5/8 inches high and bears no Carolina: Being the Sessions of 1860 [-1861} (Columbia: R. W. watermark. Gibbes, State Printer, 1860 [sic 1861]), 19-20;Journal of the Senate 16. A 1942 account full of rather fanciful stories by of the State of South Carolina: Being the Sessions of 1860 {-J861} (Co- Arthur's son is in an account book, 1854-1861, in the Benjamin lumbia: R. W. Gibbes, State Printer, 1860 [sic 1861]), 14; Lacy K. Franklin Arthur Papers, South Caroliniana Library, University of Ford, Jr., Origins of Southern Radicalism: The South Carolina South Carolina. An engrossing committee was subsequently Upcountry, 1800-1860 (New York and Oxford: Oxford University appointed on Dec. 24 (Journal of the Convention, 79) and author- Press, 1988),369-70. ized to employ two clerks (Ibid., 89). OnJan. 31, 1861, Presi- 6. C. Vann Woodward, ed., Mary Chesnut's Civil War (New dent Jamison authorized payment of $75 to James Simons,Jr., Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1981),71. "as engrossing clerk," but there is no evidence linking Simons 7.John Amasa May and Jqan Reynolds Faunt, South with the engrossing of the Ordinance of Secession. The warrant Carolina Secedes (Columbia: The University of South Carolina for payment is in the South Carolina Archives. Press, 1960), 93-99. This volume contains biographical sketches 17. James A. Duffus, claim for services rendered notarized of all of the delegates. See also headnote to appendix. Ralph A. Nov. 21, 1861; City Council of Charleston, petition for the right Wooster, The Secession Conventions of the South (Princeton: to tax the dividends of city banks, "no date" petitions # 2400 (ca. Princeton University Press, 1962),11-25, is the source for slave 1855), Records of the General Assembly; tax returns of James A. holdings. The figures are bare minimums since Wooster tallied Duffus, 1860, 1863, 1865, Parishes of St. Philip and St. Michael, the 1860 slave census schedules only for the district the delegate Records of the Comptroller General; and B.J. Whaley, Trustee, represented. Slave holdings elsewhere in the state or on the vs.James A. Duffus, Report Book,Jan. 7, 1867-Dee. 30, 1868, pp. large plantations in the gulf states owned by some of the 295-96, Charleston District Court of Equity, all in the South delegates are thus omitted. Chalmers G. Davidson's study of Carolina Archives. Duffus lost out by a vote of 78 to 73 to planters who owned over 100 slaves, The Last Foray; The South William R. Huntt in the election for Secretary of State in 1863 Carolina Planters of 1860: A Sociological Study (Columbia: The Uni- ("no date" petitions #2446). versity of South Carolina Press, 1971) has the same methodologi- 18. Journal of the Convention, 53. callimitation. Davidson includes 26 members of the convention. 19. Kenneth Severens, Charleston Antebellum Architecture and 8.Journal of the Convention, 13-16; U. R. Brooks, South Civic Destiny (Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, Carolina Bench and Bar (Columbia: The State Company, 1908), 1988), 217-20. 1:114-16. 20. Charleston Mercury, Dec. 21, 1860; Charleston Daily 9. Robert A. Thompson, Charleston, Dec. 18, 1860, Courier, Dee. 21, 1860; [Claudine Rhett], "Reminiscences of Se- printed in Keowee Courier,Jan. 5, 1861;Journal of the Convention, cession," Rhett Papers, Charleston Museum; Samuel Mays, "A 25-26; Charleston Mercury, Dee. 20, 1860. Personal Account of the South Carolina Secession Convention," 10. W. F. H., "To the Editor of the Charleston Mercury," United Daughters of the Confederacy Magazine 25 (1962): 16-17, 36- Charleston Mercury, Nov. 29, 1860. 37; Mrs. F. G. Fontaine, 1886, quoted in the State (Columbia), 11. Charleston Mercury, Dec. 4, 8, 1860. Dec. 18, 1910. 12. Draft ordinance, Dee. 11, 1860, and 'Wardlaw draft," 21. Journal of the Convention, 10; Charleston Mercury, Dec. 22, South Carolina Archives. The drafts were given to the depart- 1860. ment by the Wardlaw family sometime between 1910, when the 22. "A Carolinian," Charleston Mercury, Dec. 20, 1860, and centennial issue of the State (Columbia) places them in the the issues of that paper for Dee. 21 and 22; Charleston Daily hands of J. L. Wardlaw, and the early 1950s. In this period the Courier, Dee. 21, 22, 1860. department kept no detailed accession records. 23. Diary of John Berkley Grimball, Dec. 20, 21, 1860, 13. Charleston Mercury, Dee. 21, 1860. South Carolina Historical Magazine 56 (1955): 102; Diary of Jacob 14. Stenographic report of the proceedings in Charleston Frederick Schirmer, Dee. 20, 1860, Ibid. 61 (1960): 232; Daily Courier, Dec. 21, 1860; Channing, Crisis of Fear, 190. [Claudine Rhett], "Reminiscences of Secession"; Charleston 15. Paul S. Storch, Chief Conservator, South Carolina State Mercury, Dec. 18, 21, 22, 1860; Fitzhugh McMaster and Barry E. Museum, Aug. 14, 1989, to Ms. Patricia Morris, South Carolina Thompson, 'Washington Light Infantry of Charleston, S. C., 1858," Plate No. 529, Military Collector & Historian 34 (1982): 118- Carolina Archives. Iowa, Adjutant General's Office, Roster and 19; Maris A. Vinovskis, "Have Social Historians Lost the Civil Record of Iowa Soldiers in the War of the Rebellion, vol. 1: 1st-8th War? Some Preliminary Demographic Speculations,"Journal of Regiments-Infantry (Des Moines: Emory H. English, State American History 76 (1989): 38-40. Printer, 1908),223; Wm. Stanley Hoole, Alabama Tories: The First 24. Daily Southern Guardian (Columbia), Dee. 22, 1860; Alabama Cavalry, U.S.A., 1862-1865 (Tuscaloosa: Confederate Charleston Mercury, Dee. 22, 1860; Charleston Daily Courier, Dee. 22, Publishing Company, Ine., 1960), 15,43-45,50,100; accession 1860. files at the South Carolina State Museum, to which this litho- 25. Journal of the Convention, 43,61-62,81-84,325-31. graph was given in 1990. McWorkman's name also appears as 26. Charleston Mercury, Dee. 22, 1860; Edward McCrady,Jr., Workman. "Address of Colonel Edward McCrady,Jr., before Company A Another copy taken by "our grandfather, Captain Ashley" (Gregg's Regiment), First S. C. Volunteers, at the Reunion at that "was mounted for exhibit by the Chicago Historical Society" Williston, Barnwell County, S. C., 14thJuly, 1882," Southern was offered as "the original" to Governor Burnet Maybank in Historical Society Papers 16 (1888): 255. 1940. Thomas Wolfe, Western Air Express Corporation, Los 27. [Claudine Rhett], "Reminiscences of Secession"; Angeles, Calif., Nov. 19, 1940, to the Honorable Burnet May- Charles Joyner, Down by the Riverside: A South Carolina Slave bank, copy in South Carolina Historical Commission Files, South Community (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, Carolina Archives. 1984),21,64,227,233. 33. Conversation with Charles E. Lee, retired director of 28. Journal of the Convention, 120. Darby's signature was the South Carolina Department of Archives and History, April placed where there was room at the foot of the fourth column 14, 1989; Milford folders, National Register of Historic Places and thus is with the delegation from St. Philip's and St. Michael's files, South Carolina Archives; Jack E. Boucher, A Record in Detail: instead of in its proper place with St. Matthew's. The Architectural Photographs ofJack E. Boucher (Columbia: 29. Journal of the Convention, 80-81, 184, 216-18, 409; University of Missouri Press, 1988), 19-20. Charleston Mercury, Dee. 25, 1860; Bailey, Biographical Directory of 34. Record of Events, 102nd United States Colored the South Carolina Senate, 1:291-92. The lithograph bears the Infantry, Roll 215, Microcopy 594, Compiled Records Showing signature of Artemas T. Darby, so it has to have been made after Service of Military Units in Volunteer Union Organizations, and December 28. Its measurements are 26 5/8 inches wide and 33 descriptive roll of the 102nd United States Colored Troops, 1/2 inches long. Alexander S. Salley,Jr., in a letter of July 23, Record Group 94, National Archives; Michigan, Adjutant 1945, to Randolph G. Adams (copy in the subject file at the General's Office, Record of Service of Michigan Volunteers in the Civil South Carolina Archives) notes that "An old printer of Char- War, 1861~1865, vol. 46: Record First Michigan Colored Infantry leston told me many years ago that each printer in the establish- (Kalamazoo: Ihling Bros. & Evarard, printers, 1905);John ment had an extra one pulled for himself." Robertson, comp., Michigan in the War (Lansing: W. S. George & 30. C. C. Fulton, Nov. 13, 1861, to the Secretary of the Co., State Printers, 1882),489-93. Navy, Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War 35. Henry A. M. Smith, "The Ashley River: Its Seats and of the Rebellion (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1894- Settlements," South Carolina Historical and GenealogicalMagazine 1922), Series I, 12:291-92; New York Times, Nov. 14, 22, 27, 1861. 20 (1919): 15-16; 1860 Agriculture Schedules, St. Andrew's 31. AlexiaJones Helsley, "William R. Huntt and the Rescue Parish, Roll 3, South Carolina Archives Microcopy No.2, U. S. of South Carolina's Records," South Carolina Historical Magazine Census: Original Agriculture, Industry, Social Statistics,and 87 (1986): 259-63; Wm. R. Huntt, Oct. 5, 1865, to James Patter- Mortality Schedules for South Carolina, 1850-1880; 1860 Slave son, printed in the State (Columbia), May 10, 1891; Mrs.James Schedules, Charleston District, Roll 1232, National Archives Conner, Mrs. Thomas Taylor, et. aI., editors, South Carolina Microcopy 653, Eighth Census of the United States, microfilm Women in the Confederacy (Columbia: The State Company, 1903- copy at the South Carolina Archives; 1860 Directory of the City of 1907),2:120-21; Sarah G. Buckheister, Columbia, June 1,1903, Charleston, 89. to Mrs. Adams, South Caroliniana Library, University of South 36. Jane L. Southworth, widow's pension application no. Carolina. 815148, pension case files, Record Group 15, Records of the 32. Kenneth C. Henke,Jr., Keokuk, Iowa,Jan. 18, 1966, to Veterans Administration; Southworth's application for leave of the Honorable Robert N. McNair, copy in subject file, South June 21, 1865, filed with his compiled service record, Record Group 94, Records of the Adjutant General's Office, National Ar- "writing" of the document with its signing. chives; inscription and copyright registration on the "Scroll of 42. Phone conversation with Chris Loeblin, Curator of Treason" lithograph. This lithograph is'24 inches wide and 30 History, the Charleston Museum, July 19,1989; Item #26, page 1/2 inches high. 14 and item #14, page 24, Catalogue of Articles of Historic Interest 37. Peleg Dennis Harrison, The Stars and Stripes and Other Connected with the War Between the States in the Collection of the American Flags, Including Their Origin and History ... (Boston: Little, Daughters of the Confederacy of Charleston, S. C. (Charleston: Brown and Company, 1906),311; Alexander S. Salley,Jr., Feb. Walker, Evans, & Cogswell, 1902); piece of velvet from the "Bill 20,1907, to Miss Mary B. Poppenheim, South Carolina Historical Teague Collection of Confederate Relics and Curios" and in- Commission Files, South Carolina Archives. scription from an old identification card about a piece of 38. Broadus MitcheU,July 29, 1948, to Linwood Erskine, palmetto presented to Mrs. T. S. Mills by General Clement Esq., President, Rufus Putnam Assn., copy in South Carolina His- Stevens as she was leaving Institute Hall, South Carolina Confed- torical Commission Files, South Carolina Archives. erate Relic Room and Museum, Columbia. For a "palmetto cross 39. The Ravenel edition measures 19 by 24 inches and was book mark, made from a piece of palmetto branch that lay on lithographed in an edition of 1,000 copies by the Charleston the desk at the time of Secession" see Charleston Sunday News, Lithographing Company. The R. L. Bryan edition, 25 by 38 June 28, 1896. inches, bears the wording "Reprinted 1970 by The R. L. Bryan 43. Charleston Mercury, Dee. 21, 1860; pen used by Simeon Co., Columbia, S. C." as well as the original Evans and Cogswell Fair, untitled account by Alexander S. Salley, the State Magazine imprint. The Lexington edition has the imprint "REPRINTED (Columbia), December 17, 1950; pen used by Henry W. Garling- 1988 BYMAC KOHN INC. FOR SOL-TEX ENTERPRISES, BOX ton, South Carolina Confederate Relic Room and Museum; pen 2062, LEXINGTON, S. C." and measures 20 by 24 inches. In used by Thomas Worth Glover, item 5, page 12, Catalogue of addition, Alexander S. Salley, Jr., in a letter of Sept. 24, 1938, to Articles; pen used by George Rhodes, Robert E. H. Peeples, Miss Sallie Stallworth (South Carolina Historical Commission comp., "Family Records from Bible of George Rhodes," South Files, South Carolina Archives) notes, "The State Company has Carolina Historical Magazine 54 (l 953): 101; pen used by Richard issued a little reproduction of one of these fac-similies about Franklin Simpson, Mays, "A Personal Account," 36-37. one-fourth the actual size of the document. They sell for 50lt 44. After the signing the banner was hung from the each." exterior of the building. Alexander later gave the banner to a 40. The former measures 17 by 16 inches and is on paper cousin of Dr. John H. Fogg of Boston, who presented it to the watermarked: Parsons, Defendum, Linen Ledger. In phone society. In 1962 the society returned the banner to South conversations on Aug. 24 and 25, 1989, Charles Dolecki of the Carolina. New England Historical and Genealogical Register 29 Parsons Paper Division of Holyoke, Mass., indicated that this (1875): 118; George Henry Preble, History of the Flag of the United paper began to be manufactured ca. 1911. A copy of this States of America, and of the Naval and Yacht-Club Signals, Seals, and facsimile is in the South Caroliniana Library, University of South Arms ... ,4th ed. (Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Carolina. This department's edition, issued in a run of 1,500 Company, 1894),496-97; Nathaniel N. Shipton, Manuscript copies, was printed by Dependable Printing Co., Ine., Columbia, Curator, New England Historic Genealogical Society, to the from a photostat and measures 12 1/2 by 13 3/4 inches. For author, March 1, and June 21,1989. A large banner used in thirty years prior to issuing this facsimile the department did a Savannah's celebration of South Carolina's secession is in the brisk business in photostats of the Ordinance. visitor center at Fort Pulaski National Park. Furniture from both 41. Journal of the Convention, 190; B. F. Arthur, 1st Asst. St. Andrew's Hall and First Baptist Church have also been Auditor S. C., Spartanburg, March 13, 1865, statement of preserved as relics because of their association with the conven- expenses on account of removal of records, Feb. I-l-March 1, tion. 1865, South Carolina Archives; postcard copyrighted 1927 45. i.e., amanuensis, one employed to write from dictation featuring photographs of members of three generations of the or copy manuscripts; a scribe. Arthur family and of the table in the Union Carnegie Library, 46. The State (Columbia), May 9,1901. Picture File, South Carolina Archives; B. F. Arthur, Jr.'s, account, 47. Alexander S. Salley,Jr., Feb. 20, 1907, to Miss Mary B. 1942, Benjamin Franklin Arthur Papers, South Caroliniana Poppenheim. Francis Marion Hutson, who joined the staff of Library. Some of the local accounts of the table confuse the the Historical Commission in 1936, told William L. McDowell, Jr., in the early 1950s that an itinerant German who was in Char" Yearbook, 1902, City of Charleston, So. Ca. (Charleston: Walker, leston sometime in the 1890s had been hired to trace over the Evans & Cogswell, 1903), 158, 160-61. Ordinance. The late LaVerne Watson, director of the South 51. Owen Wister, "The Charleston Exposition," Char- Carolina Confederate Relic Room and Museum, had heard a leston, March 10, 1902, printed in Century Illustrated Monthly similar story. Benjamin F. Arthur, Jr.'s story that use of the Magazine 64: 161-62; Malcolm Bell, Jr., Major Butler's Legacy: Five Ordinance as a fire screen in the governor's office after Recon- Generations of a Slaveholding Family (Athens and London: The struction caused it to fade sounds apocryphal. See footnote 16. University of Georgia Press, 1987), xvi-xvii, 461. 48. The State (Columbia), May 8,9,10,1901, Dec. 18, 52. Owen Wister, Roosevelt, the Story of a Friendship, 1880- 1910. The front page story in the May 9,1901 issue includes 1919 (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1930),95-99; only nine survivors. The 1910 account includes ten signers who Hemphill, "A Short Story," 163-65; Charleston News and Courier, had "passed away since that great reunion." An eleventh, Robert April 10, 1902; Bell, Major Butler's Legacy, 462-69. A. Thompson, was then still living. William Hunter was omitted 53. Alexander S. Salley, July 31,1945, to Randolph G. from both reckonings. Adams, copy in subject file, South Carolina Archives. In 1940 49. Charleston News and Courier, Dee. 9,1901. Salley hoped to acquire a display vault for the Ordinance, which 50. "Report of Board of Commissioners to Cooperate at was then still "in a common wooden frame." Alexander S. Salley, South Carolina Interstate and West Indian Exposition," Reports June 21,1940, to Senator Edgar A. Brown, South Carolina and Resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina, Historical Commission Files, South Carolina Archives. Regular Session CommencingJanuary 13, 1903 (Columbia: The 54. The State (Columbia), Dee. 18, 1910, Aug. 8, 1914; New State Company, 1903), 1:980; the State (Columbia), Nov. 30, Dee. York Herald quoted in the State,Jan. 2, 19!2; Keowee Courier,Jan. 10, 1901; Charleston News and Courier, Nov. 30, Dee. 9, 1901; con- 5, 1861; 1860 Slave Schedules, Pickens District, Roll 1236, current resolution authorizing the exhibit in House and Senate National Archives Microcopy 653, Eighth Census of the United journals, Feb. 11 and 12, 1901;]. C. Hemphill, "A Short Story of States, microfilm copy at the South Carolina Archives. the South Carolina Inter-State and West Indian Exposition,"

------*------* lAcknowledgements and photo credits

My experience as an archivist gives me a heightened apprecia- of Secession, the 1861 one dollar note of the Bank of the State of tion for the assistance I have received from the staffs of the South Carolina, and the matrices of the Great Seal of South South Caroliniana Library at the University of South Carolina, Carolina. All are in the custody of the South Carolina Departmen t the South Carolina State Library, the South Carolina Historical of Archives and History. Terry Richardson photographed the Society, the Charleston Museum, the South Carolina Confeder- "Secession Banner," which is owned by the South Carolina Histori- ate Relic Room and Museum, the South Carolina State Museum, cal Society and on loan to The Charleston Museum. It is repro- the Camden Archives, the National Archives, and the Library of duced here courtesy of The Charleston Museum, Charleston, Congress. Friends and colleagues have also been most generous South Carolina. The "Secession'Table" was photographed in in offering criticism of my manuscript and in listening to more Union by Dennis Prather. All of the portrait images except three about the Ordinance of Secession than perhaps they wanted to likenesses listed below are from the remarkable Heyward Album of hear. These debts are too numerous to mention by name, but cartes de visite at the South Caroliniana Library. Charles Gay of the Ruth S. Green deserves my special thanks. She assisted with library's staff photographed these images as well as the sheet music, much of the research for this publication and found needles in the photograph of Robert A. Thompson, the newspaper engraving many large haystacks. Her knowledge, persistence, and atten- of James Chesnut, Jr., and the engraving of Secretary of State tion to detail made Relic of the Lost Cause possible. Tindal. These four items are also in the holdings of the library. Hunter Clarkson of Alt Lee Inc. photographed the Ordinance