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THE BETRAYAL of DEMOCRACY: TIANANMEN's SHADOW OVER JAPAN Jing Zhao

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THE BETRAYAL of DEMOCRACY: TIANANMEN's SHADOW OVER JAPAN Jing Zhao HAOL, Núm. 4 (Primavera, 2004), 75-82 ISSN 1696-2060 THE BETRAYAL OF DEMOCRACY: TIANANMEN'S SHADOW OVER JAPAN Jing Zhao* US-Japan-China Comparative Policy Research Institute, USA. E-mail: [email protected] net.msu.edu *Presidente del US-Japan-China Comparative Policy Research Institute, San Jose, California, EEUU. Recibido: 18 Marzo 2004 / Revisado: 22 Abril 2004 / Aceptado: 14 Mayo 2004 / Publicado: 15 Junio 2004 Resumen: The Chinese people's heroic struggle demonstration. The Cold War ended abruptly for political freedom in 1989 encouraged East under the stimulus of the Tiananmen Square Europe and the USSR to abandon their single- Incident. Regrettably, however, fifteen years party system. The Cold War ended abruptly after the incident, the regional political under the stimulus of the Tiananmen Square framework in East Asia has not become more Incident. This article explores the other dark secure; instead, it has become more turbulent. side of the Tiananmen Incident in the international stage: its deep shadow over Japan. There are several factors to illustrate why the Based on the author's personal experience, the Tiananmen Incident stimulated a worldwide article records, reviews and analyzes Japan's democratic movement, but at the same time cast failure in its political transformation in the a deep shadow over the East Asian politics until region during this historical period from two today. First of all, needless to say, China's aspects: 1) Why and how the Japanese political system basically remains the same as government had to engage China economically?; before, and those who were responsible for the 2) Why and how the Japanese government incident, directly or indirectly, are still staying betrayed democracy and human rights regarding power in China. Second, Japan's failure in its China? The article concludes that Sino-Japanese political transformation in the region during relations should be based on principles of human thishistorical period also deserves serious review rights and democracy. and analysis. History provided Japan the rare Palabras Clave: betrayal, China, democracy, opportunity to play a role as "global civilian economy, human rights, Japan, Soviet Union, power"2 during and especially after the Cold Tiananmen Square. War. There were high expectations, mostly _____________________ outside of East Asia, for Japan to take initiative in promoting human rights and democracy in ollowing the June 4th Tiananmen Square East Asia, especially after the incident. Incident of 1989, one after another, all F Leninist regimes1in East Europe For example, in "the first systematic, collapsed, in an eerie reversal of the so-called comparative, and theoretical exploration of 'domino theory'. Then in 1991 the Soviet Union democratization in East Asia"3, American astonishingly dissolved itself. It is not an political scientist Edward Friedman concluded: exaggeration to say that the Chinese people's heroic struggle for political freedom encouraged "Taking Japanese democracy seriously, Sato East European and the USSR people to abandon and Arase describe likely changes in the their single-party system, and Beijing's brutal direction of international human rights activism oppression and the consequent isolation from in Japan that would be inconceivable according international society also taught the East to explanations premised solely on cultural European regimes, especially the USSR continuity and socioeconomic interest. They leadership, to refrain from using military forces illuminate the particular political forces that so to crush their own people's peaceful far have kept Japan from becoming a leader in © Historia Actual Online 2004 75 The betrayal of democracy Jing Zhao human rights diplomacy in Asia. These political In a recent book referring to the Japanese forces can be changed or be defeated. There are government's response to the incident, the already tendencies in the direction of change. authors describe how Japan was instrumental in The democratic potential of Asia looks much pulling the G7 countries back into engaging larger if one does not find a permanent China after the Tiananmen Square killings. A Japanese cultural obstacle blocking a change to reviewer of this book commented: "Their a policy of promoting human rights". argument that Japan's 'quiet' (i.e. low-key, low- "The authors of the chapters on a future risk) diplomacy has not been adequately Japanese policy on human rights, as do all the recognized is a strong one"5. This becomes authors in this book, find more that is species- common sense in the Western world. It argues wide in the East Asian experience, including the that Japan "engaged" China differently from multiple potential of its complex and rich other Western countries: to persuade other culture, than is expected by theories premised Western countries to remove economic on an essentialist and monolithic notion of sanctions against China. However, there is culture and socioeconomic preconditions"4. another side of the same 'engagement' coin: Japan traded with the Beijing regime on how to It is beyond this essay's scope to examine the handle the fate of Chinese people who were "theories premised solely on culture and participated in human rights and democracy socioeconomic preconditions". However, it is activities in Japan. obvious that the Japanese politics after the incident did not change as Professor Friedman 1. WHY THE JAPANESE GOVERNMENT (and many others outside of East Asia) HAD TO 'ENGAGE' CHINA expected. We need to explore further and deeper ECONOMICALLY the dialectic of the Japan's role in the context of Sino-Japanese political relations. To do so, The Japanese government's stance on economic people first need to know how the Japanese sanctions was nonetheless reasonable, government responded to the Tiananmen understandable, and, perhaps, rational for its Incident. national interest. First of all, it was impossible for the Japanese government to join the This incident was a turning point for 'international' economic sanction against China contemporary Sino-Japanese relations, by suspending or freezing its ODA loan to especially for the 'friendship' between the two China6. Until 1989, the Japanese government governments. As a comparison, let us consider a and all Japanese political parties had been typical case just before the incident, indicating headed by senior Japanese who were born the unequal, asymmetric relationship between during the war. They understood that Japan's the two governments. A Japanese Ministry of ODA loan to China was a kind of substitute of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) Deputy Minister Japan's war reparations to China. The then suggested that Japan not take Deng Xiaoping's Japanese Prime Minister Uno stated soon after words seriously, because Deng was no longer in the incident regarding the massacre: "We do not charge of Sino-Japanese relations in details. He have the slightest intention of taking punitive described Deng "sitting above the clouds." The sanctions against China"7. Uno was only a result was that the Japanese government had to temporary substitute because the ruling LDP remove him from his MOFA position upon could not decide who would be the Prime receiving China's diplomatic protest. Minister in a short time8. Ito Masayoshi, an old friend of China" who had just refused to take the This kind of case, that Japanese senior officials Prime Minister position, rushed to China to offer being removed because of their 'reckless advice. The Chinese government knew Ito's remarks' toward China, would never happen intention to "teach us a lesson". Ito was told that again after the Tiananman Incident. The China's Prime Minister Li Peng was visiting a Japanese government fully utilized the "ten-thousand people pit"9 in Northeast China. opportunity provided from this incident to Ito had to fly to Japan's former puppet regime's transform the 'granted friendship' (from Beijing) territory to meet Li Peng. It was clear who could to a 'normal' (equal, symmetric) relationship teach whom a lesson in that place. At the same with China when the Beijing regime was time, it was also reported that Eishiro Saito, the isolated from the majority of the international head of Keidanren (Japan's big-business world. organization), urged no change in economic relations with China, "As Prime Minister Li 76 © Historia Actual Online 2004 Jing Zhao The betrayal of democracy Peng said, China is now trying to see who its section further explores why the Japanese real friends are"10. government could not use "democracy" or "human rights" card against China. As the representative of Chinese students in the Osaka area organizing democratic activities 2. HOW DID THE JAPANESE before, during and after the incident, I GOVERNMENT 'ENGAGE' CHINA witnessed, experienced and protested against POLITICALLY Japan's handling of this incident. With regard to the economic sanction issue, I wrote a statement While different people have different views on of our organization, Kansai Area Chinese Japan's economic stance, Japan's political stance Student Association for a Democratic China, at after the Tiananmen Incident sent an Osaka Press Club requesting the Japanese unambiguous signal to people all over the world. government to reconsider its ODA policy when The Japanese government's mistreatment of the regime in Beijing was obviously oppressing ordinary Chinese people, sometimes in the name its own people11. From the Chinese people's of Beijing's request, remains a dark record in point of view, a quick response, at least a serious contemporary Sino-Japanese history since the warning, from the outside world to the ongoing 'normalization' of their relationship in 1972. mass killings conducted by any regime, is morally necessary. In the long term, however, It was reported that the Japanese government after the mass killings were over, economic had a secret agreement with the Chinese sanctions are neither necessary nor effective. government not to grant Chinese political Thus the criticism of Japan's 'low-key' asylum15. Although it was impossible to verify diplomacy did not receive wide response, even this report, it was widely believed by Chinese in though it does not deserve any praise.
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