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Princes and Merchants: European City Growth Before the Industrial Revolution*
Princes and Merchants: European City Growth before the Industrial Revolution* J. Bradford De Long NBER and Harvard University Andrei Shleifer Harvard University and NBER March 1992; revised December 1992 Abstract As measured by the pace of city growth in western Europe from 1000 to 1800, absolutist monarchs stunted the growth of commerce and industry. A region ruled by an absolutist prince saw its total urban population shrink by one hundred thousand people per century relative to a region without absolutist government. This might be explained by higher rates of taxation under revenue-maximizing absolutist governments than under non- absolutist governments, which care more about general economic prosperity and less about State revenue. *We thank Alberto Alesina, Marco Becht, Claudia Goldin, Carol Heim, Larry Katz, Paul Krugman, Michael Kremer, Robert Putnam, and Robert Waldmann for helpful discussions. We also wish to thank the National Bureau of Economic Research, and the National Science Foundation for support. 1. Introduction One of the oldest themes in economics is the incompatibility of despotism and development. Economies in which security of property is lacking—either because of the possibility of arrest, ruin, or execution at the command of the ruling prince, or the possibility of ruinous taxation— should, according to economists, see relative stagnation. By contrast, economies in which property is secure—either because of strong constitutional restrictions on the prince, or because the ruling élite is made up of merchants rather -
The Fiscal Logic of the Spanish Empire
1 Paper presented the March 28, 2003, Conference at Princeton University tituled “Imperial Crucibles”, organized by professors Jeremy Adelman and Stanley Stein. A Later version of this paper was published as "The Fiscal Logic of the Spanish Empire: New Spain and the Costs and Benefits of Colonialism, 1750-1810", en Renate Pieper & Peer Schmidt (eds.), Latin America and the Atlantic World. El mundo atlántico y América Latina (1500-1850). Essays in honor of Horst Pietschmann, Berlin, Böhlau verlag Köln Weimar Wien, 2005, pp. 367-385. THE FISCAL LOGIC OF THE SPANISH EMPIRE: NEW SPAIN AND THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF COLONIALISM, 1750-1810 Carlos Marichal (El Colegio de México) From before the time of Gibbon, historians with a global perspective have been discussing the rise and fall of empires. Today political scientists frequently speak of hegemonic states. If we look to some of the best-known studies conducted over the last forty-odd years, we can identify various, theoretical approaches adopted by those working on imperial or hegemonic states. On the one hand, there is a well-known school of researchers who are identified as belonging to the world-system school, which operates at a high level of generality to explain major changes in the international power structures by situating them 2 within the cyclical rhythms and secular trends of the world economy as a whole. 1 A second school which can be denominated as geopolitical, has paid more attention to analysis of the military, naval or coercive capabilities of hegemonic states to maintain their power and their mercantile or territorial empires.2 A third approach adopted by historical sociologists, like Charles Tilly, has offered explanations based on the changing capacities of states to exercise power through manipulation of capital and coercion. -
The English Invasion of Spanish Florida, 1700-1706
Florida Historical Quarterly Volume 41 Number 1 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol 41, Article 7 Issue 1 1962 The English Invasion of Spanish Florida, 1700-1706 Charles W. Arnade Part of the American Studies Commons, and the United States History Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Article is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Florida Historical Quarterly by an authorized editor of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Arnade, Charles W. (1962) "The English Invasion of Spanish Florida, 1700-1706," Florida Historical Quarterly: Vol. 41 : No. 1 , Article 7. Available at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol41/iss1/7 Arnade: The English Invasion of Spanish Florida, 1700-1706 THE ENGLISH INVASION OF SPANISH FLORIDA, 1700-1706 by CHARLES W. ARNADE HOUGH FLORIDA had been discovered by Ponce de Leon in T 1513, not until 1565 did it become a Spanish province in fact. In that year Pedro Menendez de Aviles was able to establish a permanent capital which he called St. Augustine. Menendez and successive executives had plans to make St. Augustine a thriving metropolis ruling over a vast Spanish colony that might possibly be elevated to a viceroyalty. Nothing of this sort happened. By 1599 Florida was in desperate straits: Indians had rebelled and butchered the Franciscan missionaries, fire and flood had made life in St. Augustine miserable, English pirates of such fame as Drake had ransacked the town, local jealousies made life unpleasant. -
Public-Private Partnerships Financed by the European Investment Bank from 1990 to 2020
EUROPEAN PPP EXPERTISE CENTRE Public-private partnerships financed by the European Investment Bank from 1990 to 2020 March 2021 Public-private partnerships financed by the European Investment Bank from 1990 to 2020 March 2021 Terms of Use of this Publication The European PPP Expertise Centre (EPEC) is part of the Advisory Services of the European Investment Bank (EIB). It is an initiative that also involves the European Commission, Member States of the EU, Candidate States and certain other States. For more information about EPEC and its membership, please visit www.eib.org/epec. The findings, analyses, interpretations and conclusions contained in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the EIB or any other EPEC member. No EPEC member, including the EIB, accepts any responsibility for the accuracy of the information contained in this publication or any liability for any consequences arising from its use. Reliance on the information provided in this publication is therefore at the sole risk of the user. EPEC authorises the users of this publication to access, download, display, reproduce and print its content subject to the following conditions: (i) when using the content of this document, users should attribute the source of the material and (ii) under no circumstances should there be commercial exploitation of this document or its content. Purpose and Methodology This report is part of EPEC’s work on monitoring developments in the public-private partnership (PPP) market. It is intended to provide an overview of the role played by the EIB in financing PPP projects inside and outside of Europe since 1990. -
Nightlife in Lisbon and in Porto
Nightlife in Lisbon and in Porto ABOUT Nightlife in Lisbon and in Porto Portugal by... Condé Nast traveler When dusk stretches its mantle over the city of Seven Hills, when the litany of squealing trams gradually dies down, Lisbon prepares to show its most versatile and eclectic side. Because night-time in the Portuguese capital is full of possibilities capable of satisfying the most demanding night owls: terraces to chill out, from where it is possible to admire the magical palette of colours in the evening sky, dancing in nightclubs to the latest electronic music from Europe, meeting artists in industrial spaces in the purest style of Berlin or immersing oneself in the Portuguese culture of fado and "saudade" in traditional but modernised fado houses. All this is possible in this city that may seem melancholy during the day, but is cheerful and vibrant like few others by night. Cais do Sodré, the Bohemian night An area formerly littered with brothels and gambling houses where sailors went for a night of delight and a pair of arms in which to lose themselves after the hard months at sea, it has now been transformed into one of the most vibrant night spots in Lisbon. The epicentre of this old/former Red Light District is Rua Nova do Carvalho, a street whose provocative garish pink- painted asphalt is home to a variety of unique and unusual places where you can watch a burlesque show, drink a cocktail whose name would shock our mothers (such as "chic whore"), eat some Portuguese tapas between drinks or watch an innovative live concert. -
Alcobaça Nazaré Caldas Da Rainha Óbidos Peniche Bombarral Cadaval Lourinhã Torres Vedras Alenquer Sobral De Monte Agraço Arruda Dos Vinhos
Alcobaça Nazaré Caldas da Rainha Óbidos Peniche Bombarral Cadaval Lourinhã Torres Vedras Alenquer Sobral de Monte Agraço Arruda dos Vinhos Este suplemento é parte integrante da edição nº 5286 da Gazeta das Caldas e não pode ser vendido separadamente. 12 Julho, 2019 2 Gazeta das Caldas Um Verão em Isaque Vicente festa no Oeste O Verão no Oeste é uma festa. Até meados de Setembro os eventos sucedem-se por todos os municípios que compõem a região e há de todos os tipos e para todos os gostos. Gazeta das Caldas fez uma compilação dos principais eventos para que esteja a par de tudo o que pode desfrutar. Haverá feiras e festas populares, mas também mercados medievais, recriações históricas, sempre com a gastronomia, a música e muita diversão à mistura. Além destes grandes eventos, por todos os concelhos também se realizam inúmeras festas tradicionais das localidades. Não há motivos, por isso, para ficar em casa. Joel Ribeiro que viria a tornar-se Duque de [email protected] Wellington. Depois da batalha da Roliça, Wellesley deslocou os seus CISTERMÚSICA ATÉ soldados para o Vimeiro de modo AO FINAL DO MÊS a integrar os reforços que desem- barcaram na Praia de Porto Novo, Já está a decorrer em Alcobaça o fes- momento importante na restaura- Natacha Narciso tival Cistermúsica, que conta alguns ção da independência portuguesa. dos melhores intérpretes de música Além da batalha, será recriado um e de dança na cena nacional e inter- mercado oitocentista, com ofícios nacional. Até 28 de Julho, o palco da época, animações de rua, tea- principal é o Mosteiro de Alcobaça, tro, concertos, mostra e venda de mas serão realizados espectáculos produtos, gastronomia, workshops de forma descentralizada, como em e diversões para os mais pequenos. -
Sustainable Financing Review for Croatia Protected Areas
The World Bank Sustainable Financing Review for Croatia Protected Areas October 2009 www.erm.com Delivering sustainable solutions in a more competitive world The World Bank /PROFOR Sustainable Financing Review for Croatia Protected Areas October 2009 Prepared by: James Spurgeon (ERM Ltd), Nick Marchesi (Pescares), Zrinca Mesic (Oikon) and Lee Thomas (Independent). For and on behalf of Environmental Resources Management Approved by: Eamonn Barrett Signed: Position: Partner Date: 27 October 2009 This report has been prepared by Environmental Resources Management the trading name of Environmental Resources Management Limited, with all reasonable skill, care and diligence within the terms of the Contract with the client, incorporating our General Terms and Conditions of Business and taking account of the resources devoted to it by agreement with the client. We disclaim any responsibility to the client and others in respect of any matters outside the scope of the above. This report is confidential to the client and we accept no responsibility of whatsoever nature to third parties to whom this report, or any part thereof, is made known. Any such party relies on the report at their own risk. Environmental Resources Management Limited Incorporated in the United Kingdom with registration number 1014622 Registered Office: 8 Cavendish Square, London, W1G 0ER CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 BACKGROUND 1 1.2 AIMS 2 1.3 APPROACH 2 1.4 STRUCTURE OF REPORT 3 1.5 WHAT DO WE MEAN BY SUSTAINABLE FINANCE 3 2 PA FINANCING IN CROATIA 5 2.1 CATEGORIES OF PROTECTED -
Transport Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia (2017 – 2030)
Transport Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia (2017 – 2030) Republic of Croatia MINISTRY OF THE SEA, TRANSPORT AND INFRASTRUCTURE Transport Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia (2017 - 2030) 2nd Draft April 2017 The project is co-financed by the European Union from the European Regional Development Fund. Republic of Croatia Ministry of the Sea, Transport and Infrastructure I Transport Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia (2017 – 2030) TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background on development of a Croatian Comprehensive National Transport Plan .................................................. 1 1.2 Objectives of the Transport Development Strategy (TDS 2016) ............................. 4 1.3 Revision of the TDS (2016) Ex-Ante conditionality .................................................. 4 1.4 Methodology for the development of the TDS (2016) ............................................ 5 2 Analysis .................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 General aspects of transport ................................................................................... 7 2.2 Public transport and zero-emission modes ........................................................... 34 2.3 Rail Transport......................................................................................................... 72 2.4 Road transport -
Route Evaluation Report Croatia Eurovelo 8 – Mediterranean Route
Route Evaluation Report Croatia EuroVelo 8 – Mediterranean Route MEDCYCLETOUR Project Davorin Belamarić April 27th 2018 Contents 1 Background ......................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Mission of the project and report objectives ................................................................. 5 1.2 Organization ................................................................................................................ 7 1.3 Brief methodological explanations ................................................................................ 8 1.3.1 Different phases of the route evaluation ................................................................ 8 1.3.2 ECS – European Certification Standard used for this evaluation ........................... 9 1.3.3 Used tools and equipment, photographs ..............................................................10 1.4 Overview of the sections .............................................................................................10 2 Infrastructure ......................................................................................................................16 2.1 Existing route infrastructure ........................................................................................16 2.1.1 Public transport ....................................................................................................19 2.2 Critical deficiencies .....................................................................................................30 -
Portugal's Wine Globalization Waves, 1750-2015
European Historical Economics Society EHES WORKING PAPERS IN ECONOMIC HISTORY | NO. 113 Portugal’s wine globalization waves, 1750-2015 Pedro Lains Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon MAY 2017 EHES Working Paper | No. 113 |May 2017 Portugal’s wine globalization waves, 1750-2015* Pedro Lains Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon Abstract From 1750 to 2015 we may detect three waves of globalization of wines produced in Portugal, namely, port wine exports for the British market in the 18th century, common wines exports to France in the second half of the 19th century, and finally the growth of exports to European markets from the last decade of the 20th century up to the present times. This chapter explores the fundamentals of such waves looking at trends in output, productivity, domestic and foreign consumption, commercial agreements and economic policies. The first two waves came to halt as conditions in the foreign markets changed, because they did not have a solid domestic base of production and commercialization. The chapter argues that the third wave is of a different kind as it developed from a more solid domestic base of the wine sector that had developed for decades based on domestic consumption. Thus we may conclude that wine globalization is also about changing domestic economic conditions. The process was however long and painful, as the sector had a very irregular performance throughout the 20th century which is however related to the overall backwardness of the Portuguese economy in the European context. JEL classification: N53, N54, O13, Q11, Q17 Keywords: Portugal; Agriculture; Wine; Globalization; Domestic markets; Competitiveness. -
Etir Code Lists
eTIR Code Lists Code lists CL01 Equipment size and type description code (UN/EDIFACT 8155) Code specifying the size and type of equipment. 1 Dime coated tank A tank coated with dime. 2 Epoxy coated tank A tank coated with epoxy. 6 Pressurized tank A tank capable of holding pressurized goods. 7 Refrigerated tank A tank capable of keeping goods refrigerated. 9 Stainless steel tank A tank made of stainless steel. 10 Nonworking reefer container 40 ft A 40 foot refrigerated container that is not actively controlling temperature of the product. 12 Europallet 80 x 120 cm. 13 Scandinavian pallet 100 x 120 cm. 14 Trailer Non self-propelled vehicle designed for the carriage of cargo so that it can be towed by a motor vehicle. 15 Nonworking reefer container 20 ft A 20 foot refrigerated container that is not actively controlling temperature of the product. 16 Exchangeable pallet Standard pallet exchangeable following international convention. 17 Semi-trailer Non self propelled vehicle without front wheels designed for the carriage of cargo and provided with a kingpin. 18 Tank container 20 feet A tank container with a length of 20 feet. 19 Tank container 30 feet A tank container with a length of 30 feet. 20 Tank container 40 feet A tank container with a length of 40 feet. 21 Container IC 20 feet A container owned by InterContainer, a European railway subsidiary, with a length of 20 feet. 22 Container IC 30 feet A container owned by InterContainer, a European railway subsidiary, with a length of 30 feet. 23 Container IC 40 feet A container owned by InterContainer, a European railway subsidiary, with a length of 40 feet. -
Sistema Aquífero: Caldas Da Rainha – Nazaré (O33)
Sistemas Aquíferos de Portugal Continental SISTEMA AQUÍFERO: CALDAS DA RAINHA – NAZARÉ (O33) Figura O33.1 – Enquadramento litoestratigráfico do sistema aquífero Sistema Aquífero: Caldas da Rainha-Nazaré (O33) 421 Sistemas Aquíferos de Portugal Continental Identificação Unidade Hidrogeológica: Orla Ocidental Bacia Hidrográfica: Ribeiras do Oeste Distrito: Leiria Concelhos: Alcobaça, Bombarral, Caldas da Rainha, Óbidos e Nazaré Enquadramento Cartográfico Folhas 296, 306-B, 307, 316, 317, 326 e 338 da Carta Topográfica na escala 1:25 000 do IGeoE Folhas 22-D, 26-B e 26-D do Mapa Corográfico de Portugal na escala 1:50 000 do IPCC Folhas 22-D, 26-B e 26-D da Carta Geológica de Portugal na escala 1:50 000 do IGM 22D 296 Alcobaça Nazaré 306-B 26B 307 316 317 Alcobaça 326 Caldas da Rainha 26D Óbidos 338 Bombarral Figura O33.2 - Enquadramento geográfico do sistema aquífero Caldas da Rainha - Nazaré Enquadramento Geológico Estratigrafia e Litologia As formações aquíferas deste sistema são de idade pliocénica e assentam, em geral, sobre o complexo evaporítico hetangiano. A formação da base é constituída por areias marinhas fossilíferas do Pliocénico superior (-3,5 a -2,7 Ma), que assentam sobre a Formação de Dagorda (Cachão, 1995; Cabral, 1995). Sistema Aquífero: Caldas da Rainha-Nazaré (O33) 422 Sistemas Aquíferos de Portugal Continental Segundo Cabral (1995) a espessura desta formação oscila entre 20 a 35 m. Seguem-se areias continentais, com leitos de lenhitos e diatomitos, também do Pliocénico superior (-3 a -2,5 Ma). É possível encontrar alguns seixos e, por vezes, uma ou mais bancadas delgadas de calcário arenítico e de conglomerados.