Companion to Feminist Studies

COMPANION TO FEMINIST STUDIES

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Name: Naples, Nancy A., editor. Title: Companion to feminist studies / edited by Nancy A. Naples. Description: Hoboken, NJ: Wiley‐Blackwell, 2021. | Includes index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020026504 (print) | LCCN 2020026505 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119314943 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119314950 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119314929 (epub) Subjects: LCSH: Women’s studies. Classification: LCC HQ1180.C656 2021 (print) | LCC HQ1180 (ebook) | DDC 305.4–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020026504 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020026505

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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents

About the Editors vii Notes on Contributors ix Acknowledgments xvii

PART I INTRODUCTION 1 1 Feminist Studies as a Site of Critical Knowledge Production and Praxis 3 Nancy A. Naples

PART II FEMINIST EPISTEMOLOGY AND ITS DISCONTENTS 13 2 Biological Determinism and Essentialism 15 Sheila Greene 3 Marxist and Socialist Feminisms 35 Elisabeth Armstrong 4 Radical and Cultural Feminisms 53 Lauren Rosewarne 5 Materialist Feminisms 73 Bronwyn Winter 6 Black Feminism and Womanism 91 Rose M. Brewer 7 Intersectionality as Critical Inquiry 105 Patricia Hill Collins 8 Queer, Trans, and Transfeminist Theories 129 Ute Bettray 9 Postcolonial Feminism 155 Umme Al‐wazedi vi Contents 10 Feminisms in Comparative Perspective 175 Anne Sisson Runyan, Rina Verma Williams, Anwar Mhajne and Crystal Whetstone 11 Transnational Feminisms 193 Gul Aldikacti Marshall

PART III METHODOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 211 12 Feminist Methodologies 213 Cynthia Deitch 13 Feminist Empiricism 231 Gina Marie Longo 14 Feminist Science Studies 247 Samantha M. Archer and A.E. Kohler 15 Feminist Economics 265 Valeria Esquivel 16 Feminist Ethnography 281 Dána‐Ain Davis and Christa Craven 17 Feminist Historiography 301 Ariella Rotramel 18 Feminism, Gender, and, Popular Culture 321 Diane Grossman

PART IV FEMINIST PRAXIS 339 19 Feminist Pedagogy 341 Danielle M. Currier 20 Feminist Praxis and Globalization 357 Manisha Desai and Koyel Khan 21 Feminism and Somatic Praxis 373 Gill Wright Miller 22 Feminist Health Movements 393 Meredeth Turshen and Marci Berger 23 Feminist Praxis and Gender Violence 411 Claire M. Renzetti and Margaret Campe 24 Feminist Political Ecologies in Latin American Context 427 Astrid Ulloa 25 Feminism and Social Justice Movements 447 Molli Spalter

Index 469 About the Editors

Editor

Nancy A. Naples is Board of Trustees Distinguished Professor of Sociology and Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies. She served as president of the Society for the Study of Social Problems, Sociologists for Women in Society, and the Eastern Sociological Society. Her publications include over fifty book chapters and journal articles in a wide array of interdisciplinary and sociological journals. She is author of Grassroots Warriors: Community Work, Activist Mothering and the War on Poverty and Feminism and Method: Ethnography, Discourse Analysis, and Activist Research. She is editor of Community Activism and Feminist Politics: Organizing Across Race, Class, and Gender; and co‐editor of Border Politics: Social Movements, Collective Identities, and Globalization; Teaching Feminist Praxis; Women’s Activism and Globalization: Linking Local Struggles and Transnational Politics; and The Sexuality of Migration: Border Crossings and Mexican Immigrant Men by Lionel Cantú. She is series editor for Praxis: Theory in Action published by SUNY Press and Editor‐in‐Chief of the five‐volume Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies. Her awards include the 2015 Jessie Bernard Award for distinguished contributions to women and gender studies from the American Sociological Association and the 2014 Lee Founders Award from the Society for the Study of Social Problems. She also received the 2010 Distinguished Feminist Lecturer Award and the 2011 Feminist Mentor Award from Sociologists for Women in Society, and the University of Connecticut’s College of Liberal Arts and Sciences’ 2011 Excellence in Research for the Social Sciences and Alumni Association’s 2008 Faculty Excellence Award in Research. She is currently working on a book on sexual citizenship.

Managing Editor

Cristina Khan is a lecturer in the Department of Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies at Stony Brook University. She received her PhD from the Department of Sociology at the University of Connecticut in 2019 with a certificate in Feminist viii About the Editors Studies. Her specializations include race, ethnicity, embodiment, sexualities, and qualitative research methods. Her dissertation, “Undoing Borders: A Feminist Exploration of Erotic Performance by Lesbian Women of Color,” draws on two years of ethnographic fieldwork and 40 in‐depth interviews with a collective of lesbian exotic dancers, uncovering how race and sexuality, together, shape women’s potential to enact agency over the conditions of their participation in exotic dance. Her research on “Constructing Eroticized Latinidad: Negotiating Profitability in the Stripping Industry” has been published in Gender & Society. She is also co‐author of Race and Sexuality (Polity Press, 2018). Her research experience includes serving as a consultant on diversity and equity initiatives at the New York City Department of Education, and as a research assistant on cochlear implant usage and experience amongst families, under the supervision of Dr. Laura Mauldin. Notes on Contributors

Umme Al‐wazedi is Associate Professor of Postcolonial Literature in the Department of English and Division Chair of Language and Literature at Augustana College, Rock Island, Illinois. Her research interest encompasses women writers of South Asia and the South Asian Diaspora, postcolonial and Muslim feminism, and postcolonial disability studies. She has published in South Asian Review and South Asian History and Culture and has also written several book chapters. She coedited a special issue of South Asian Review titled “Nation and Its Discontents” and a book titled Postcolonial Urban Outcasts: City Margins in South Asian Literature (Routledge, 2017) with Madhurima Chakraborty of Columbia College Chicago, Illinois. Samantha M. Archer received her BA and MA from The University of Texas at Austin and is currently a PhD student in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Connecticut. She is a biocultural anthropologist and anthropological geneticist whose work merges the study of contemporary and ancient human DNA with critical queer, feminist, indigenous, and Black science studies. Her article, “Bisexual Science,” cowritten with lab mate and colleague Dr. Rick W.A. Smith, was published in American Anthropologist (2019). Elisabeth Armstrong is a Professor in the Program for the Study of Women and Gender at Smith College. She has published two books, Gender and Neoliberalism: The All India Democratic Women’s Association and Globalization Politics (Routledge, 2013) and The Retreat from Organization: US Feminism Reconceptualized (SUNY Press, 2002). Marci Berger, PhD, is an Assistant Professor at the Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey. Her areas of interest include public health, health policy, public policy and sexual and reproductive health policy. Ute Bettray currently teaches (trans)feminisms and (trans)gender studies at Humboldt University in Berlin, Germany where is preparing to write her Habilitation titled Literary Female Sexology, 1849–1899. She is also currently preparing an article x Notes on Contributors titled “A Transfeminist Reading of Hannah Arendt’s The Life of the Mind (1978) via Newest German Literature.” Prior to teaching at Humboldt University, Dr. Bettray held an appointment as Visiting Assistant Professor of German at Lafayette College where she also taught courses such as Introduction to Women’s and Gender Studies and Transfeminisms in the Women’s and Gender Studies Program. Before coming to Lafayette College, Dr. Bettray had worked as a Visiting Assistant Professor of German and Gender Studies at Swarthmore College. She is in the process of publishing two book manuscripts located at the intersections of transfeminism and transnational transfeminism and German Studies. These manuscripts are entitled When Black Feminist Thought Meets Transfeminism: The Works of Angela Y. Davis and Audre Lorde, and Toward a Transnational Transfeminism via Germanic Sexology and Psychoanalysis. Among her latest publications is a book chapter titled “Making the Case for Transfeminism: The Activist Philosophies of CeCe McDonald and Angela Davis” included in an anthology on Embodied Difference (Jamie A. Thomas and Christina Jackson [eds.], Lexington Books, 2018). Rose M. Brewer, PhD, is an activist scholar and The Morse Alumni Distinguished Teaching Professor and past chairperson of the Department of African American & African Studies, University of Minnesota‐Twin Cities. Brewer publishes extensively on Black feminism, political economy, social movements, race, class, gender, and social change. Her current book project examines the impact of late capitalism on Black life in the US. Brewer has held the Sociologist for Women in Society Feminist Lectureship in Social Change, a Wiepking Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Miami University of Ohio, and was a 2013 Visiting Scholar in the Social Justice Initiative, University of Illinois‐Chicago. Margaret Campe, PhD, is the Director of the Jean Nidetch Women’s Center at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Her research focuses on college campus sexual assault and the experiences of marginalized populations, domestic violence pro- gramming, and research methods. Margaret published an article in the Journal of Interpersonal Violence, entitled, “College Campus Sexual Assault and Students with Disabilities” (2019) and is editing a forthcoming textbook, Substance Use and Family Violence, with coeditors Dr. Carrie Oser, and Dr. Kathi Harp (Cognella, antic- ipated 2021). She is also coauthoring a chapter examining mixed methods and quasi‐experimental designs, for The Routledge Handbook of Domestic Violence and Abuse, with Dr. Diane Follingstad and Dr. Claire M. Renzetti. Patricia Hill Collins is a social theorist whose research and scholarship have examined issues of race, gender, social class, sexuality and/or nation. Her first book, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (Routledge), published in 1990, with a revised tenth anniversary edition published in 2000, won the Jessie Bernard Award of the American Sociological Association (ASA) for significant scholarship in gender, and the C. Wright Mills Award of the Society for the Study of Social Problems. Her second book, Race, Class, and Gender 10th ed. (2019), edited with Margaret Andersen, is widely used in undergraduate classrooms in over 200 colleges and universities. Black Sexual Politics: African Americans, Gender, and the New Racism (Routledge, 2004) received ASA’s 2007 Distinguished Publication Award. Her other books include Fighting Words: Black Women and the Search for Justice (University of Minnesota Press, 1998); From Black Power to Hip Notes on Contributors xi Hop: Racism, Nationalism, and Feminism (Temple University Press, 2005); Another Kind of Public Education: Race, Schools, the Media and Democratic Possibilities (Beacon Press, 2009); the Handbook of Race and Ethnic Studies, edited with John Solomos (Sage, 2010); and On Intellectual Activism (Temple University Press, 2012). In 2008, she became the 100th President of the American Sociological Association, the first African‐American woman elected to this position in the organization’s 104‐year history. Professor Collins also holds an appointment as the Charles Phelps Taft Emeritus Professor of Sociology within the Department of African American Studies at the University of Cincinnati. Christa Craven is the Dean for Faculty Development and a Professor of Anthropology and Women’s, Gender & Sexuality Studies (Chair from 2012 to 2017) at the College of Wooster. Her research interests include reproductive health and reproductive justice, lesbian/gay/bi/trans/queer reproduction, midwifery activism, feminist ethnography and activist scholarship, and feminist pedagogy. She is the author of Reproductive Losses: Challenges to LGBTQ Family‐Making (Routledge, 2019), Pushing for Midwives: Homebirth Mothers and the Reproductive Rights Movement (Temple University Press, 2010) and a textbook with Dána‐Ain Davis, Feminist Ethnography: Thinking Through Methodologies, Challenges and Possibilities (Rowman & Littlefield, 2016). Her professional website is: http://discover.wooster. edu/ccraven. Danielle M. Currier is an Associate Professor and Chair of Sociology, Coordinator of Gender Studies, and Director of the Summer Research Program at Randolph College. Her teaching foci are gender, sexuality, family, qualitative methods, and social theory. Her research foci are hookups among college students, violence against women, and gender and sport. She is coauthor of “The Social Construction of Women’s Interests in the 2014 and 2010 Midterms” in Political Communication & Strategy: Consequences of the 2014 Midterm Elections (2017). She is author of “Strategic Ambiguity: How the Vagueness of the Term ‘Hookup’ Protects and Perpetuates Hegemonic Masculinity and Emphasized Femininity” in Gender & Society (2013) and “Creating Attitudinal Change Through Teaching: How a Course on ‘Women and Violence’ Changes Students’ Attitudes About Violence Against Women” in Journal of Interpersonal Violence (2009). Dána‐Ain Davis is Director of the Center for the Study of Women and Society and is on the faculty in the PhD program in anthropology and critical psychology at the Graduate Center, City University of New York. She is also Professor of Urban Studies at Queens College. Her work is concerned with how people live policy, inequality, and racism. Her research topics include neoliberalism, poverty, reproduction, domestic violence, and HIV/AIDS. She is the author of Reproductive Injustice: Racism, Pregnancy, and Premature Birth (NYU Press, 2019); coauthor, with Christa Craven, of Feminist Ethnography: Thinking Through Methodologies, Challenges and Possibilities (Rowman & Littlefield, 2016); coeditor, with Shaka McGlotten, of Black Genders and Sexualities (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012); contributing author to Beyond Reproduction: Women’s Health, Activism, and Public Policy by Karen Baird with Kimberly Christensen (Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2009); and the author of Battered Black Women and Welfare Reform: Between a Rock and a Hard Place (SUNY Press, 2006). xii Notes on Contributors Cynthia Deitch is an Associate Professor of Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies; of Sociology; and of Public Policy & Public Administration at the George Washington University. She received a PhD in Sociology from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. She has been teaching a graduate seminar in feminist methodologies for several decades. She has published research on gender and various public policies, on gender and race in the labor market, and on workplace sexual harassment. Manisha Desai is Head of the Sociology Department and Professor of Sociology and Asian and Asian American Studies at the University of Connecticut. Her research and teaching areas include gender and globalization, transnational feminisms, and contemporary Indian society. Among her recent publications are Subaltern Movements in India: The Gendered Geography of Struggles Against Neoliberal Development in India (Routledge, 2016) and, with Rachel Rinaldo, guest editor of the special issue of Qualitative Sociology on “Gender and Globalization.” Valeria Esquivel is Senior Employment Policies and Gender Officer at the International Labour Office, based in Geneva. Before joining the United Nations in 2014, Valeria developed a long academic career as feminist economist, publishing extensively on labor, and macroeconomic and social policies. She coedited Gender & Development’s issue devoted to the Sustainable Development Goals (Vol. 24, No. 1, 2016) and is the editor of the collective volume La Economía Feminista desde América Latina: Una hoja de ruta sobre los debates actuales en la región (ONU Mujeres, Santo Domingo, 2012). Her latest publications have focused primarily on care policies and care‐ workers. She coauthored the reports Innovations in Care: New Concepts, New Actors, New Policies (Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 2017) and Care work and care jobs for the future of decent work (ILO, 2018). Her current research focuses on the intersections of gender, employment, and macroeconomics. Sheila Greene is a Fellow Emerita at Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Ireland, and former AIB Professor of Childhood Research. She is a cofounder of the TCD Centre for Gender and Women’s Studies and cofounder and former Director of the Children’s Research Centre. Currently she is a Pro‐Chancellor of the University of Dublin. Her primary interest is in developmental psychology and her publications include The Psychological Development of Girls and Women (Routledge, 2003/2015), Researching Children’s Experience (Greene and Hogan, Sage, 2005), Key Thinkers in Childhood Studies (Smith and Greene, Policy Press, 2015), and Children as Agents in Their Worlds (Greene and Nixon, Routledge, 2020). Diane Grossman received her BA from Vassar College and her PhD in Philosophy from New York University, where she was an Ida Parker Bowne Scholar. She is Professor of Women’s and Gender Studies and Philosophy at Simmons University and Director of the Honors Program. Dr. Grossman has served Simmons as Chair of both departments, as Director of Academic Advising, and as Associate Dean and Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences. She is the author of Existentialism and the Philosophical Tradition, Looking at Gay and Lesbian Life, and numerous articles and essays on ethics, feminist theory, and cultural studies. In addition, she is part of a cross‐disciplinary research team that studies girls’ and women’s perceived Notes on Contributors xiii confidence; the team has published several articles on that subject. Her areas of spe- cialization are continental philosophy, feminist theory, and applied ethics. Koyel Khan received her doctorate from the Department of Sociology at the University of Connecticut. She is Assistant Professor of Sociology at Tennessee Wesleyan University. Her research areas are neoliberal globalization, nationalism, gender, and culture. A. E. Kohler is a medical anthropologist and critical disability studies scholar who focuses on the phenomenological dimensions of intellectual disability as they intersect with systems of health and social inequities. Gina Marie Longo is an Assistant Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University in the Sociology Department. She specializes in the sociology of gender, race and ethnicity, immigration, and digital sociology. Her research focuses on how U.S. citi- zens negotiate immigration official’s demands that they prove their marriages are authentic to obtain their foreign-national spouses’ green card. Gul Aldikacti Marshall is the Chairperson and a Professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of Louisville. Her research interests are in the areas of gender, social movements, politics, and the media. She is the author of the book, Shaping Gender Policy in Turkey: Grassroots Women Activists, and the European Union. Her work has been published in edited volumes and numerous scholarly journals, such as Gender & Society and Social Politics. Anwar Mhajne is an Assistant Professor at Stonehill College. She is a political scientist specializing in international relations and comparative politics with a focus on gender and politics. Her current research is at the intersection of gender, religion, and Middle Eastern politics. Dr. Mhajne focuses on how Islamic beliefs and institutions in the Middle East structure Muslim women’s political understandings, agencies, and opportunities at local, national, and international levels. Due to her political science and interdisciplinary training in gender politics, international relations, and comparative politics, Dr. Mhajne’s research strengths lie in the following areas: feminist international relations and security studies; democratization; governance and institutions; civil society and activism; political Islam; Middle East; gender politics; social movements; and regime change. Gill Wright Miller, Professor of Dance and Women’s Studies, Denison University, researches the connection between somatic awareness and meaning‐making through both large‐scale embodied events and individual somatic explorations. Her embodied work involves opportunities to practice new patterns to shift mere “physical experiences” to full‐bodied “somatic activism.” She is the author/editor of many articles on somatics and academia and the text Exploring Body–Mind Centering: An Anthology of Experience and Method (North Atlantic Books, 2011). More recently, she was invited to speak about practice‐based research for Cultivating Equity & Access Across Difference: Dance Education for All in 2017; invited to speak and conduct workshops on the intersection of Body–Mind CenteringTM, Somatics, and Women’s and Gender Studies for Encontro International de Prácticas Somáticas e Dança: Campus Brasília of Instituto Federal de Brasília in Brasilia, Brasil in 2018; xiv Notes on Contributors and was a featured presenter for “Be(Com)ing the Change We Seek” at Somatische Akademie in Berlin, Germany in 2019. Nancy A. Naples See “About the Editors.” Claire M. Renzetti, PhD, is the Judi Conway Patton Endowed Chair for Studies of Violence Against Women, and Professor and Chair of Sociology, at the University of Kentucky. For more than 30 years, her work has focused on the violent victimization experiences of socially and economically marginalized women and girls. In addition to editing the “Gender and Justice” book series for University of California Press, she is editor of the international and interdisciplinary journal Violence Against Women, and coeditor of the “Interpersonal Violence” book series for Oxford University Press. She has written or edited 26 books as well as numerous book chapters and journal articles based on her own research, which currently includes an evaluation of a thera- peutic horticulture program at a battered women’s shelter and studies that explore religiosity and religious self‐regulation as protective and risk factors for intimate part- ner violence perpetration. Her scholarship and activism on behalf of abused and exploited women and girls has received national recognition with various awards from professional organizations, service agencies, and community groups. Lauren Rosewarne is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Social and Political Sciences at the University of Melbourne, Australia. Lauren is a political scientist specializing in gender, sexuality, and the media. She is the author of 11 books as well as many articles, chapters, and commentary pieces. For more information: www.laurenrosewarne.com. Ariella Rotramel is the Vandana Shiva Assistant Professor of Gender, Sexuality, and Intersectionality Studies at Connecticut College, and received a PhD in Women’s and Gender Studies from Rutgers University. Rotramel’s research encompasses social movements, labor organizing, and queer and sexuality studies. Rotramel’s book, Pushing Back: Women of Color–Led Grassroots Activism in New York City, examines women of color‐led organizing in contemporary New York City around issues of housing, the environment, and labor. Anne Sisson Runyan, PhD in International Relations, Professor of Political Science, and Affiliate Faculty and former Head of Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies at the University of Cincinnati, is among the progenitors of and eminent scholars in the field of feminist world politics. Her authored, coauthored, and coedited books include Global Gender Politics (Routledge), Global Gender Issues (Westview Press), Gender and Global Restructuring (Routledge; third edition in progress), and Feminist (Im)Mobilities in Fortress(ing) North America (Ashgate, 2013). She is currently writing a book on gendered nuclear colonialism and recently guest edited and contributed an article on this subject to a special issue of the International Feminist Journal of Politics, for which she served as an associate editor, on “Decolonizing Knowledges in Feminist World Politics.” Other recent publications have appeared in Critical Studies on Security, Critical Studies on Terrorism, Review of International Studies, and handbooks on gender and security and gender and international relations. She coordinates the Political Science doctoral concentration in Feminist Comparative Notes on Contributors xv and International Politics at the University of Cincinnati and is Vice President and on the Executive Board of the Committee on the Status of Women of the International Studies Association. Molli Spalter is a PhD candidate in Literary and Cultural Studies at Wayne State University where she serves as the managing editor for Criticism: A Quarterly for Literature and the Arts. Her research interests include contemporary women’s literature, affect theory, and feminist social movements. Meredeth Turshen is a Professor Emerita in the Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy at Rutgers University. Her research interests include international health and she specializes in public health policy. She has written four books: The Political Ecology of Disease in Tanzania (1984), The Politics of Public Health (1989), and Privatizing Health Services in Africa (1999), all published by Rutgers University Press, and Women’s Health Movements: A Global Force for Change (2007; second edition 2019) published by Palgrave Macmillan. She has edited six other books: Women and Health in Africa (Africa World Press, 1991), Women’s Lives and Public Policy: The International Experience (Greenwood, 1993), What Women Do in Wartime: Gender and Conflict in Africa (Zed Books, 1998), which was translated into French (L’Harmattan, 2001), African Women’s Health (Africa World Press, 2000), The Aftermath: Women in Postconflict Transformation (Zed Books, 2002), and African Women: A Political Economy (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010). She has served on the boards of the Association of Concerned Africa Scholars, the Committee for Health in Southern Africa, and the Review of African Political Economy, and is on the editorial board of the Journal of Public Health Policy. Astrid Ulloa, PhD in Anthropology, Full Professor of Geography at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Her main research interests include indigenous movements, indigenous autonomy, indigenous feminisms, gender, climate change, territoriality, extractivisms, and feminist political ecology. She is the author of The Ecological Native: Indigenous Peoples’ Movements and Eco‐Governmentality in Colombia (2005–2013). Her recent book chapters include: “Indigenous Knowledge Regarding Climate in Colombia: Articulations and Complementarities Among Different Knowledges” (2020), “Reconfiguring Climate Change Adaptation Policy: Indigenous Peoples’ Strategies and Policies for Managing Environmental Transformations in Colombia” (2018), “Feminisms, Genders and Indigenous Women in Latin America” (2018), “La confrontation d’un citoyen zero carbone déterritorialisé au sein d’une nature carbonée locale‐mondiale” (2018). Her recent articles include. “The Rights Of The Wayúu People And Water In The Context Of Mining In La Guajira, Colombia: Demands Of Relational Water Justice” (2020), “Gender and Feminist Geography in Colombia” (2019), “Perspectives of Environmental Justice from Indigenous Peoples of Latin America: A Relational Indigenous Environmental Justice” (2017), “Geopolitics of Carbonized Nature and the Zero Carbon Citizen” (2017). Her current research is about gender and mining, and territorial feminisms in Latin America. Crystal Whetstone, PhD, is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at Sam Houston State University. Her dissertation examined the role political motherhood plays in Global South women’s peace movements and women’s postconflict political xvi Notes on Contributors representation. Her work has been published in the International Feminist Journal of Politics (IFJP), Third World Quarterly, and The Conversation. Rina Verma Williams (PhD Harvard; BA and BS University of California at Irvine) is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Cincinnati, where she is also Affiliate Faculty in Asian Studies and Women’s, Gender and Sexuality Studies. Her research and teaching interests include comparative Indian and South Asian politics; religion, law and nationalism; and gender and identity politics. She is the author of Postcolonial Politics and Personal Laws: Colonial Legal Legacies and the Indian State (Oxford University Press, 2006). Her current research focuses on women’s participation in religious nationalist political parties in Indian democracy. Bronwyn Winter is Professor of Transnational Studies at the University of Sydney. Her publications include September 11, 2001: Feminist Perspectives (coedited with Susan Hawthorne, Spinifex Press, 2002); Hijab and the Republic: Uncovering the French Headscarf Debate (Syracuse University Press, 2008); and Women, Insecurity and Violence in a Post‐9/11 World (Syracuse University Press, 2017). Her most recent publications include the coedited Global Perspectives on Same‐Sex Marriage (with Maxime Forest and Réjane Sénac, Palgrave, 2018), and Reform, Revolution and Crisis in Europe (with Cat Moir, Routledge, 2019), and she is a contributing advi- sory editor of the Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies (2016). Acknowledgments

I am grateful to all the authors, reviewers, and editors who have made this ambitious interdisciplinary volume possible. The authors bring a wide range of expertise from different academic training and activist backgrounds to their chapters with a commitment to sharing their visions and knowledge of the diverse topics and themes that shape the Companion to Feminist Studies. Many of my colleagues in Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies at the University of Connecticut and other academic sites around the world have generously supported the project in the important role of anonymous reviewer, often providing a quick turnaround to facilitate the demand- ing production deadlines. I am grateful for their extremely insightful reviews and their understanding of the international and interdisciplinary goals of the Companion. Special thanks to Shweta M. Adur, Françoise Dussart, Michele Eggers Barison, Vrshali Patil, and Barbara Sutton for sharing their expertise on various chapters. J. Michael Ryan also graciously offered his editorial and academic knowledge when- ever asked and without hesitation. I would also like to thank the Wiley Blackwell editorial and production team Navami Rajunath, Umme Al-Wazedi, Charlie Hamlyn, and Justin Vaughan – for their commitment and dedication to this project. Thanks also go to copy-editor Katherine Carr. My appreciation to M.J. Taylor who assisted at the very early and crucial stage of identification and outreach to authors and organization of manuscripts. Managing Editor Cristina Khan was an extremely val- uable collaborator who has assisted in reviewing and editing all the chapters as well as co‐authoring a chapter in this volume to advance the coverage of important topics in the Companion. Cristina signed on as Managing Editor at the early stages, not expecting, I suspect, all that this would entail. She was able to see it through to com- pletion even as she started a new position in Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies at Stoney Brook University in New York. I could not have done this massive editorial project without her.

Part I Introduction

1 Feminist Studies as a Site of Critical Knowledge Production and Praxis

Nancy A. Naples

Introduction

Feminist Studies is an expression of the theoretical and interdisciplinary underpinnings of women’s and gender studies. It is a diverse and ever‐changing field that is contoured by the intersecting goals of understanding and theorizing the ways that social life is organized by complex “relations of ruling” that shape social institutions and “everyday life” (Smith 1989), and how individuals and communities organize for social justice and social change. These are manifest within social, political, cultural, and economic institutions, social media, and everyday interactions. The presence and expression of Feminist Studies varies within disciplines and interdisciplines and across regions, as demonstrated by the authors of the 24 chapters in this Companion. While feminist studies has a long history, it became institutionalized in academia beginning in the 1970s, through courses offered in different disciplines like English, History, Sociology, or Anthropology. These efforts contributed to cross‐disciplinary advocacy for the establishment of Women’s Studies programs where faculty designed interdisciplinary courses in response to the deepening intellectual project. In the US, Feminist Studies has found an institutional foothold in some universities as a stand‐ alone program or department. The Feminist Studies Program at the University of California, Santa Cruz was founded in 2013. They describe their mission as “challenging existing disciplinary boundaries and fostering a reconsideration of the relationships between knowledge, power, and expertise” (https://feministstudies.ucsc.edu/ graduate). It is now a department that trains students for academic careers as well as for public policy and human rights advocacy and research. In describing its graduate education in Feminist Studies, it notes that:

The roots of Feminist Studies lie in the study of women’s experiences and a critique of their neglect in knowledge production. But the name “Feminist Studies” reflects the fact that the subject matter includes more than women: research and teaching focus on the

Companion to Feminist Studies, First Edition. Edited by Nancy A. Naples. © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Published 2021 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 4 Nancy A. Naples ways that relations of gender, intersecting with race, class, ethnicity, sexuality, nationality, age, religion, ability, and other categories of difference, are embedded in social, political, and cultural formations. Feminist Studies encompasses teaching and research interests in men and masculinities and sexualities, as well as women. (Feminist Studies n.d., UCSB)

Graduate training in Feminist Studies draws on diverse critical epistemologies and interdisciplinary approaches. For example, the University of Washington’s Graduate Program in Feminist Studies centers “Intersectional, Decolonial, Indigenous, Queer and Transnational feminisms” and encourages “research informed by Black Studies, Latina/o Studies, Asian American Studies, Latin America, East Asia and South Asia Studies and the disciplines including Anthropology, Cultural Studies, History, Political Science, Psychology and Sociology” (https://gwss.washington.edu/feminist‐ studies‐doctoral‐program). The US has a strong emphasis on undergraduate training, while in other countries, the focus has been primarily on graduate education (see Tambe and Montague in Companion to Women’s and Gender Studies, 2020). Furthermore, as Tambe and Montague note, feminists in other countries have had different relationships with the state. For example, feminist perspectives have been more effectively integrated in state governance structures than in the US. For example, in Australia, feminist activists were able to incorporate their activism into the state as “femocrats” where they engaged with policy construction and implementation across different arenas, including applying a feminist framework to review of the general state budget (Eisenstein 1989; Mazur 2001; Watson 1990). While their influence has waned over the years (Outshoorn and Kantola 2007), feminist activists have found footholds in other countries where, for example, they have succeeded in passing statutes for greater representation of women in both elected and other governmental positions in France, Pacific Islands, the UK, Scandinavia, and countries in Latin America and Africa, among others (see, for example, Arendt 2018; Baker 2019; Barnes and Córdova 2016; Dahlerup and Freidenvall 2005; Hughes et al. 2017; Johnson Ross 2019; Opello 2006). Since the field of Feminist Studies draws insights from feminist scholars and activists from many different disciplinary and interdisciplinary sites and diverse local, national, and regional contexts, it is challenging, to say the least, to ensure all voices, perspectives, and contributions are represented. Our solution is to focus attention on many of these contributions by organizing the Companion to Feminist Studies around three different dimensions that are key components of the field and tran- scend these differences: Feminist Epistemologies and Its Discontents, Methodological Diversity, and Feminist Praxis.

The Diversity of Epistemologies, Methodologies, and Feminist Praxis

Part II, entitled “Feminist Epistemologies and Its Discontents,” presents 10 different theoretical frameworks that have diverse historical and political origin stories and investments. It opens with an examination of gender essentialism, one of the most persistent approaches to the analysis of gender and sexual differences (Chapter 2). FEMINIST STUDIES AS A SITE OF CRITICAL KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION AND PRAXIS 5 Author Sheila Greene begins with a discussion of Graeco‐Roman arguments about essential differences between women and men that positions men as superior by nature to women. Women’s reproductive capacity has often been the basis for her construction as closer to “nature,” while men’s presume greater intellectual capacity positions them as creators of culture and academic advancement. Greene traces the continuity of this framing over time and how it continues to be “deeply embedded in Western scholarship.” For example, contemporary biologically determinist approaches center the significance of genes, hormones, and brain differences in contributing to essentialist gender differences. Feminists have challenged these reductive approaches and point out the interaction of biological and other social, cultural, and environmental factors in shaping human diversity (see, e.g. Davis 2015; Fausto‐ Sterling 2000; Keller and Longino 1996; Udry 2001). In Chapter 3, Elisabeth Armstrong examines the development and divergence between Marxist and Socialist Feminism. Marxist feminism was articulated in the late 1960s and early 1970s by feminists who adapted Karl Marx’s analysis of capitalism to incorporate the significance of women’s unpaid labor in the home for sup- porting the economic exploitation of workers. Socialist feminism quickly followed as feminists engaged with analysis of patriarchy as a separate system of exploitation. Chapter 4 provides a fascinating discussion of the origins and debates in “Radical and Cultural Feminisms.” Lauren Rosewarne examines the activism of radical feminists and radical feminist theoretical analyses from the late 1960s. She notes that one major tenet of radical feminism is that “women are subordinated … [as] an oppressed class; a sex‐class … caused by patriarchy.” She explains that “radical feminism aimed to dismantle not only patriarchy but each of the social, cultural, political, and economic structures that benefited from – and supported – male authority.” As noted above, feminists informed by both radical analyses of patriarchy and Marxist critiques of capitalism were in the forefront of developing socialist feminism. Rosewarne outlines key tenets and critiques of radical feminism, then moves to discuss the difference between radical and cultural feminism. She defines cultural feminism as:

a theory which describes that there are fundamental personality differences between men and women, and that women’s differences are special … Underlying this cultural feminist theory was a matriarchal vision – the idea of a society of strong women guided by essential female concerns and values. These included, most importantly, pacifism, co‐operation, non‐violent settlement of differences, and a harmonious regulation of public life. (Tandon 2008, p. 52)

While radical feminism orients toward separatism and the elimination of the sex‐class system, “cultural feminism was a countercultural movement aimed at reversing the cultural valuation of the male and the devaluation of the female” (Echols 1989, p. 6, quoted in Rosenwarne in this volume). Alice Echols argues that “radical feminists were typically social constructionists who wanted to render gender irrelevant, while cultural feminists were generally essentialists who sought to celebrate femaleness” (ibid). In Chapter 5, Bronwyn Winter describes three different approaches to materialist feminism, which builds on Marxist feminism in different ways. They are each 6 Nancy A. Naples associated with different geographic constellations of academic knowledge: French materialist feminism, British materialist feminism, and US materialist feminism. As she explains, “Gender, and the relationship of male domination that underpins it, are historically constructed and grounded in social relations, and are thus not fixed, but open to interrogation and change.” They all center “the material (social, economic), structural and ideological rather than (only) discursive or cultural underpinnings of these social relations.” In Chapter 6, Rose M. Brewer highlights the significant theoretical and activist insights of Black feminist and Womanist epistemologies. She notes that these interrelated formulations have a long history that, in the US context, dates back to at least the nineteenth century. Both approaches center Black women’s experiences and social justice. Womanist thought foregrounds and features Black culture and spiritu- ality. Black feminist thought marks the significance of the positionality of the social actor in reflecting on how the social and political world shapes individual and social experiences. In Chapter 7, Patricia Hill Collins expands on the contributions of Black feminist thought and critical race theory in her discussion of intersectional theory which emphasizes the ways in which gender, class, and race intersect to shape different women’s experiences and the social structures that them. Collins is one of the key theorists whose analysis of Black feminist thought (1990) was foundational for articulating intersectional theory and analysis. In Chapter 7, she presents the theoretical perceptions and social activism that informs intersectionality including a clear explication of legal scholar Kimberlé Crenshaw’s founding formulation of the con- cept by offering “a shortcut that built on existing sensibilities in order to see inter- connections” between gender and race. It also offers a framework for deepening analysis to incorporate sexuality, class, and other dimensions of difference and power inequality. Collins (2019) argues that given the importance of intersectional epistemology, it should become a central framing within contemporary “critical social theory that keeps critical analysis and social action in play” (p. 3). Chapter 8 explores the significance of the contributions to feminist epistemologies of “Queer, Trans and Transfeminist Theories.” Author Ute Bettray discusses the diverse origins and key premises of these interrelated approaches that theorize the fluidity of gender and sexuality, and challenge the binary and heteronormative approaches of other feminist frameworks. She concludes by discussing the ways in which transfeminism decouples feminine gender and female sex. She also emphasizes the significance of notions of queer space and time and deconstructive modes of queering “as a critical mode of the deconstruction of patriarchal, heteronormative, neoliberal late capitalism.” Bettray also examines transing as a process that “reveal[s] the socially constructed nature of categories and histories that can be reconceptualized in radically different ways.” The final three chapters in Part II attend to the important insights drawn from the positionality of postcolonial, comparative, and transnational feminists. In Chapter 9, Umme Al‐wazedi explains that postcolonial feminism developed in reac- tion to the lack of attention to the dynamics of colonialism and empire in shaping postcolonial gender relations and global dimensions of inequalities, including “the hegemonic power established by indigenous men after the Empire.” Al‐wazedi argues that postcolonial feminism attends to the significance of caste, religion, and FEMINIST STUDIES AS A SITE OF CRITICAL KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION AND PRAXIS 7 other dimensions of social, political, and cultural differences that shape the lives of non‐Western women. In Chapter 10, Anne Sisson Runyan and coauthors compare approaches to feminism across different regions, which arose along with the expansion of regional governance and international non‐governmental organizations. Sisson et al. identify the resistance of activists and analyses of local conflicts, migrations, and economic shifts, as well as the diverse challenges and common themes in feminisms that are evident across regions. The authors highlight the importance of neoliberalism and the influence and resistance to Western feminism in shaping local feminisms that contribute to the “complex terrain of feminisms beyond binaries and borders.” In the final chapter in this part (Chapter 11), Gul Aldikacti Marshall defines transnational feminism “as a theory developed against white Western feminism’s notion of global sisterhood, which assumes a common patriarchal oppression faced by all women.” Transnational feminism is a powerful framework that attends to both local expressions of feminism and resistance, as discussed in the previous chapter, and incorporates understandings developed in postcolonial feminist theory. It includes critique of neoliberal globalization, colonialism and imperialism as well as Western‐centric expressions of feminism. Marshall notes that transnational feminism allows for the possibility of “dialog and coalition building,” and solidarity among women in their contextual particularities that are based on the intersection of social locations, such as gender, race, ethnicity, class, and nationality. In Part III, we focus on the diversity of methodologies developed by feminist scholars in response to the limits of approaches that rely on traditional positivist or androcentric scientific methods (see Chapter 12 by Cynthia Deitch). Despite these critiques, feminist empiricist scholars continue to draw on positivist methods in the fields of demography, geography, economics and sociology to document the ways in which gender and other systems of difference and inequality are expressed in aggre- gate data. In Chapter 13, Gina Marie Longo details the premises and research strategies adopted by feminist empiricists who apply positivist approaches but also acknowledge the role of values in scientific research practices in order to minimize their negative effects. However, she also notes that feminist empiricism has been criticized for “lacking a radical approach to deconstructing the power hierarchies and systems of oppressions that exist within and are upheld by science.” Longo then presents two different feminist modes of knowledge generation: standpoint epistemology and postmodern feminism. Feminist standpoint analysis begins in the lived experience of socially located actors. They are especially attentive to the perspectives of marginalized knowers who experientially understand the “relations of power” (Chapter 13) or “relations of ruling” (Smith 1989) that contour social life. In con- trast, feminist empiricists focus on the diverse interests and values that are constructed as rational products of deliberative discourse, rather than an expression or reflection of lived experiences. In addition to debates about what counts as knowledge and how to conduct research, contemporary interdisciplinary scholars (Chapter 14) discuss the significance of the lack of women and women‐identified people working as scientists in academia and other research positions. They also consider more recent critical approaches which incorporate methodological strategies informed by postcolonial, critical race disability, and queer theories. Drawing on two contemporary case 8 Nancy A. Naples studies, Samantha M. Archer and A.E. Kohler demonstrate the power of feminist science studies to challenge some of the taken‐for‐granted findings of archeological and genetic research on gender to address “controversial bioethical dilemmas regarding intellectual disability and clinical practice.” In Chapter 15, Valeria Esquivel discusses how feminist economists contest “the gender‐blindness of economic thinking and have developed new analytical frameworks and methodologies to examine gender relations in economic institutions and economic functioning.” In their overview of feminist approaches to ethnography in anthropology, Dána‐ Ain Davis and Christa Craven (Chapter 16) emphasize the diversity of feminist ethnographic innovations. Despite these differences, Davis and Craven find that there are overlapping “commitment[s] to paying attention to marginality and power dif- ferentials, attending to a feminist intellectual history, seeking justice, and producing scholarship in various creative forms that can contribute to movement building and/ or be in the service of the people, communities, organizations, and issues we study.” Ariella Rotramel examines “Feminist Historiography” in Chapter 17. Rotramel explains that this methodological approach can best be understood as a form of feminist praxis, namely, one that is shaped by the dialectical relationship between theory and practice. For example, knowledge generated by social activism is then used to inform the development or reformulation of social theory, which, in turn, informs future activist strategies and engagement. Feminist historians who adopt this approach have been at the forefront of revealing the relations of power embedded in the archives that are used to generate knowledge about the past. Rotramel also notes that feminist historians have expanded their approach by drawing on literary studies and digital humanities to alter how scholars approach analysis of historical texts. Feminist scholars debate both the subjects for analysis and the methods utilized within the social sciences, the arts, and the humanities. Culture and media are topics that are approached in a variety of ways in different disciplines. In Chapter 18, the final chapter in Part III, Diane Grossman explains how feminist scholars effectively shifted cultural analysis to center gender and alter how scholars approach cultural texts and study cultural artifacts in the area of popular culture. Grossman demon- strates how disciplinary as well as epistemological framing influence research questions as well as methodological approaches. The last part of the volume is constructed around the theme of “Feminist Praxis.” Many of the authors in this volume writing about both feminist epistemologies and methodologies acknowledge how activism and the goals of social justice have contributed to the innovations and reformulations of feminist approaches since the 1970s. This last part focuses on topics that explicitly engage with social change and social justice. In this regard, it is fitting to start with the chapter on “Feminist Pedagogies,” as it is a form of feminist praxis designed to train students in critical reading, writing, and community‐building skills to enhance their ability to contribute to social change efforts in their everyday lives. While those who teach courses in Feminist Studies may or may not view their teaching through the lens of feminist pedagogy, many do see their role in the classroom as an extension of their commitment to educating for social justice. In Chapter 19, “Feminist Pedagogy,” Danielle M. Currier reviews the history of this form of feminist praxis and focuses on the importance of intersectionality, reflexivity, experiential learning, and critical skill building. FEMINIST STUDIES AS A SITE OF CRITICAL KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION AND PRAXIS 9 In Chapter 20, Manisha Desai and Koyel Khan examine feminist praxis in the context of globalization. In particular, they interrogate decolonial postcolonial feminism as it developed through a recognition of the ways in which colonialism, modernity, and capitalism contoured constructions of gender. It “is informed by social imaginaries of gender justice beyond the modern” liberal or socialist framing. Desai and Khan con- clude that “decolonial feminist praxis in a globalizing world needs to rethink women’s empowerment and gender justice beyond the modernist emancipatory logic and locate it within anti‐racist, anti‐capitalist, and anti‐settler colonial struggles that seek alterna- tive relations among humans, with other species, and with nature.” In Chapter 21, Gill Wright Miller focuses on “somatic praxis” and argues for the importance of “the material body” for feminist praxis. Experiences of “menstrua- tion, pregnancy, childbirth, lactation, menopause … lay the groundwork for a body‐ centered approach to corporeality.” Miller provides a methodological framework for assessing pedagogies of the body. Miller explains that in order to integrate feminism and somatic praxis requires asking “ourselves questions about our own preferences and expectations, to notice and take responsibility for the delivery of our expression, and to aim to shape multidimensionally with the other participants.” Meredeth Turshen and Marci Berger explore the praxis of “Feminist Health Movements” in Chapter 22. They start with defining key terms in understanding feminist social activism and political claims, and how feminists challenge practices of forced sterilization and eugenics. Both authors illustrate the contemporary challenges posed by different aspects of “hashtag activism.” For example, #BringBackOurGirls was developed to publicize the kidnapping of schoolgirls from the Nigerian Chibok Government Secondary School by Boko Haram terrorists and #SayHerName draws attention to the experiences of Black women who were targets of police violence. In Chapter 23 on “Feminist Praxis and Gender Violence,” Margaret Campe and Claire Renzetti provide an overview of different theories that explain interpersonal and structural violence, including liberal and radical feminisms. They also discuss the significance of intersectional analysis for revealing the complex inequalities and differential risk faced by different women. They close with an analysis of feminist political economic explanations that explicate the mutually reinforcing dynamics of interpersonal and structural dimensions of gender‐based violence. In Chapter 24, Astrid Ulloa discusses the history and contributions of feminists to the interdisciplinary field of Political Ecology. She describes different strands, one originating within an Anglo‐Saxon context and the other in Latin America. While there are common themes across these two approaches, they each have different histories, socio‐political contexts and physical environments. Ulloa describes “the diverse contributions from feminisms, gender studies and gender and development discussions, and the approaches of ecofeminism.” She then focuses specifically on Latin American Feminist Political Ecology to emphasize the significance of “diverse feminisms, feminist spatialities, feminist movements, and indigenous women’s movements.” She draws on her own experience and scholarship and concludes by consid- ering contemporary debates and trends in the field. In Chapter 25, the final chapter, Molli Spalter considers the importance of sus- tainability and solidarity in “Feminism and Social Justice Movements.” She opens with an overview of the history of feminist movements and surveys the key trends in 10 Nancy A. Naples the scholarship on feminist social movements, including an understanding of intersectional identities and the importance of global perspectives. Spalter notes the growing influence of feminist praxis in social justice movements, broadly defined, and illustrates with a discussion of Palestinian Working Woman Society for Development and Black Lives Matter.

Conclusion

It is an exciting and challenging time for the field of Feminist Studies. While Feminist Studies and feminism, more generally, have been the target of backlash and ridicule by right‐wing critics (Leach 2020; Kano 2011; Oakley and Mitchell 1997; Silva and Mendes 2015), feminism has also broadened its influence from women’s movement activism and scholarship to broader social justice movements and has entered main- stream celebrity culture and everyday discourse (Kemp 2017). Feminist Studies faculty are training a new generation of scholars and activists who are committed to intersectional and transnational praxis. Feminist pedagogues in all academic settings are transforming educational contexts for students around the world. This edited collection provides historical perspectives, cutting edge scholarship, and contemporary debates in the field for those engaged in this important educational and activist role. Our hope is that this volume becomes a resource for students, faculty, and activists who are dedicated to social justice and critical engagements which challenge inequalities and oppression in everyday life and help build toward a just and peace- ful future. It is also important to acknowledge the gaps in what we are able to cover in this volume and encourage greater dialogue and more sustained attention to the work produced in sites farther removed from the hegemonic Western and Northern social and geographic context that, despite our efforts in the chapters to follow, is still underrepresented.

References

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