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Advances in Social Science, and , volume 349 6th International Conference on Community Development (ICCD 2019) - of John Dewey’s Education: Role and Position in Learning Information Literacy (Study in Educational Psychology)

Ari Firmanto I Nyoman Sudana Degeng University of Muhammadiyah Malang State University of Malang State University of Malang [email protected] [email protected]

Hetti Rahmawati Tutut Chusniyah State University of Malang State University of Malang [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract. As more information come to individuals first coined by the in various formats and are not filtered, thus its Association president Paul Zurkowsky, who authenticity and are questionable, demanding individuals to have adequate information literacy stated information literates were people capabilities. Teaching information literacy can trained in the application of resources to their equip students with anti-plagiarism attitudes and work [3]. encourage personal formation as superior learners. The information literacy competency Pragmatism encourages learning information standards [4] include: (1) Students are able to literacy by using as a way to deal with new things both in personal and community . determine the type and of the The teacher directs the students’ learning information needed. (2) Students are able to without confusing their interests and access information needed effectively and needs. However, pragmatism can be seen as a efficiently. (3) Students are able to critically dangerous threat because it never considers the evaluate information and sources and make substance behind but tends to be at the level of practical science to solve problems faced by selected information based on . (4) human . Indonesia, as a multicultural Students are able to use and communicate country, needs to develop information literacy information effectively and efficiently, and learning based on a more democratic educational (5) Students are able to understand economic, philosophy. legal, and social issues around the use and

Keywords: pragmatism, learning, of information ethically and legally. literacy. The aforementioned phenomenon impacts more and more diverse information coming to INTRODUCTION individuals in an unfiltered format, questioning its authenticity, validity, and Literacy is an individual's ability to use all reliability. In addition, information is the potential and skills possessed in his life. In available through various forms, including terminology, information literacy is not an graphics, aural, and textual, which becomes a easy term to use; some say it is too library- new challenge for individuals in evaluating oriented [1], [2]. For Indonesia, the term is and it. Erratic and translated into information literacy. The expanding the quantity of information pose a problem is the term literate is sometimes huge challenge to society. The diversity and translated into literacy, and some say it as breadth of information will not automatically literacy. The term information literacy was create more informed citizens without

Copyright © 2019, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). 111 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 349

equipped with the ability to use information can also be caused by the experiences effectively [5]–[8]. Information literacy skills experienced by each individual. will involve all the complex skills needed by Findings from the Program for a person to function effectively in various International Student Assessment [13] show disciplines at university [9], [10]. that students' scientific literacy in Indonesia is To dissect education through philosophy, it still low, proven by Indonesia’s position at the is necessary to use philosophical postulate bottom of 65 countries. In the same study, it instruments, namely: (1) ontological related to was shown that Indonesia ranks 57th out of the nature of reality and ; (2) 65 countries in the interest category. which deals with the nature of from UNESCO (2006) states that knowledge and is closely related to teaching Indonesia's reading position is 0.001% - and learning methods; and (3) that of 1,000 people, there is only related to values. Axiology is divided into one person who has an interest in reading. and . about the low literacy in Indonesia [13], [14]. Even the low level of BASIC INFORMATION LITERACY information literacy is the cause of the spread of hoax [15], [16]. So that the ability of The ability of information literacy among information literacy in the becomes a students needs to be developed, both by the relevant need to be immediately carried out to students themselves and by the instructor. develop the empowerment of netizens in Students with high information literacy skills responding to the spread of hate in will easily understand the of the online realm, especially through social information or material in the classroom; this media [17]. Other research also found that will certainly be an input of new knowledge there was an effective increase in the obtained by students accurately. Whereas for academic scores of students after they were instructors, students with high information given an information literacy strengthening literacy skills are believed to be able to obtain program [18]. instructional goals that have been previously The descriptions above confirm that the designed (Mcwilliams & Allan, 2014). By ability of information literacy among students having a capable information literacy ability, becomes important in the context of learning. students will: (1) be able to determine the Teaching information literacy equips students nature and extent of the information needed, with anti-plagiarism attitudes and encourages (2) be capable of determining the information personal formation as an independent learner needed effectively and efficiently, (3) be able and prepares someone to be a producer of to evaluate the information and sources information or knowledge (knowledge critically and include the information chosen producer) based on ethical and scientific into the knowledge base and , (4) [19]–[21]. be able to use information effectively to achieve certain objectives, and (5) understand BASIC EPISTEMOLOGICAL INFORMATION many economic, legal, and social issues LITERACY surrounding the use of information and access and use information ethically and legally [4], The students’ ability of information [12]. literacy is not only influenced by the level of Ontologically, according to the flow of the students’ but also their ability pragmatism, the reality is the interaction of to manage how to learn well and efficiently. individuals with the environment or Individuals make causal attributions to create experience. The interaction always changes. their successes and failures, thus developing a The reality arises because of the relationship sense or desire to improve their ability to between individuals or humans with the overcome the challenges of information environment around them. Besides, reality literacy in the is essential [22].

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Individuals must be able to maintain/save continuously, then what is needed is a basic information to learn new material and transformation in understanding reality. The apply for problem-solving and transformation appears in the epistemological deeper scientific research [23]. To do this, approach according to pragmatism. students must use a variety of independent Epistemology involves individuals, learning strategies. Given the various kinds of , and the environment. Individuals motivational constructs and learning interact with the environment to live, grow, strategies in one study can help to predict and develop. This interaction can change the success better. This allows them to memorize environment or even change individuals. information and relate new and previously Knowledge is a transaction between learned material [24]–[26]. individuals as learners with their In addition to the internal dimensions of environment. The basis for this interaction is learners, mastery of information literacy skills the of change. Each interaction may also involves things outside the individual. have some general aspects or experiences that The involvement of individuals in the can be transferred for subsequent interactions. learning class will certainly color the attitudes So, individuals will change and so will the or behaviors of students in implementing and transactions. The truth for pragmatism is completing their studies. When the classroom when a concept works and is able to be used atmosphere tends to be positive/conducive, to solve problems. students will display better academic behavior. Individuals will be influenced to be AXIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR INFORMATION positive, motivated, more curious in learning, LITERACY and challenged in learning the material [27], [28]. This shows that the culture or class The usefulness of information literacy is culture that occurs will have an impact on not only necessary as an autonomous science students’ academic behavior. but is also needed to provide the best possible The cultural aspects of the classroom are basis for broad education as a civilized reflected through, for instance, curriculum, civilizing process. Therefore the value of school policies, teaching methods, and information literacy is comprehensive as a student-teacher . This competency to examine the basics of the aspect will build students' cognitive skills possibility of acting in practice through integrated with learning behavior in relation controlling negative influences and increasing to their information literacy abilities [29], positive influences in education. [30]. The students’ ability in information According to the flow of pragmatism, literacy will be colored by the classroom value refers to a condition. The situation is the situation in which it is located. Learning condition obtained from the interaction of settings in the classroom affect how students individuals with the environment or develop the patterns of understanding, the experience. Good experience or interaction patterns of seeking, and the patterns of will lead to good values. Since the reality in obtaining information to obtain knowledge the metaphysical approach of pragmatism is a [31]. reality which is not fixed but continues to According to pragmatism, the of change, the values that follow will continue to knowledge from individual experience are change. The concept of value in the view of carried out by scientific methods. Each pragmatism is situational, depending on the individual’s experience is investigated for its situation and environment. Value is relative to existence by scientific methods. The reality in , place, and circumstances. Relating to the view of pragmatism is a reality that is not old values that have been maintained and are fixed and constantly changing. Changes in no longer sufficient, it is necessary to retest reality also require changes in the the underlying assumptions. understanding of reality. If reality changes

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Pragmatism is an of method and and consider better values and ideals, while philosophy that uses the practical education is an effort to realize those values consequences of and as a and ideals in life and human personality. To measure of truth, including in the field of educate is to realize the values that education [32], [33]. Our experience goes on philosophy has contributed, starting from the and we think is right in the younger generation to guide people to development of that experience is always develop values in their personalities, and changing, because in practice, what we think institutionalize them in their . is right can be corrected by subsequent The philosophy of pragmatism education experiences. argues that children learn more and faster Mastery in information literacy will make when teachers encourage their natural an individual as someone who is able to curiosity, not make them rigid and disciplined determine the type and nature of information subjects by traditionally giving as needed. Individuals are able to access in past education [34]. Therefore, pragmatism information needed effectively and uses various as learning tools. From efficiently, are able to critically evaluate there, he formed a more modern educational information and sources and make selected . In his , he found information on the basis of knowledge, are that the way children learn many things is the able to use and communicate information same as adults; the only difference is the effectively and efficiently and are able to information they need to solve problems understand economic, legal, and social issues based on their perspectives. Therefore, around their use and accessing information according to him, education is not an end in ethically and legally. itself but will be meaningful in the context of solving problems. Teachers in the educational IMPLICATIONS OF PRAGMATISM ON perspective of pragmatism are not teachers LEARNING INFORMATION LITERACY who are fixated on the textbook but teachers who are required to be creative. Teachers The application of the philosophy of must learn to maintain that students enjoy pragmatism in learning basically is trying to learning by seeing the world from the emphasize on methods and positions rather children’s point of view and adults’ point of than systematic philosophical that view [35]. investigate experimentation used in all fields It is clearly seen that the flow of of human experiences, one of which is in pragmatism in education presents another education. The philosophy of pragmatism in nuance for the world of education that is education is critical of previous philosophical commonly known. Pragmatism positions . Like the forms of flow , students as a very important party and must , and realism. In the philosophy of be understood properly and correctly. With a pragmatism, education must teach learners good and correct understanding of the how to think and adjust to changes in society. students’ needs, it is expected that students Someone who wants to create their future, he can enjoy the education system applied to must make the truth because the future is not them. something that is entirely determined by the The implications of pragmatism in learning past. An action will have meaning if there are information literacy are as follows: The practical consequences or tangible results purpose of learning is to use experiences as a which benefit human life. The past and the means of solving new things in both personal future are something that has and hasn't and community life. The pragmatist happened. Meanwhile, the present is a , so that education must teach someone about how face the present reality with great struggle. to think and adjust to changes in society. The Philosophy and education are two phases curriculum is designed using experience that in one business. Philosophy is to think about has been tested but can be changed if needed.

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Education focuses on the good life of the action. If it does not cause practical present and the future. Pragmatism education consequences, then there is no meaning in it. curriculum contains proven experiences, Therefore, a motto emerges, "What does not which are in accordance with students' make a difference does not contain meaning." interests and needs. Learning methods What was most destructive in their prioritize the use of problem-solving methods philosophy? A view that there is no general as well as methods of inquiry and discovery moral , there is no general truth, and all [36]–[38]. In practice (teaching), this method truth is not final. It results in subjectivity, requires a teacher who has an opportunity, , and these two are enough to friendly, a mentor, open-minded, enthusiastic, shake life, threaten humanity, and even creative, socially conscious, ready to be alert, humanity itself. patient, cooperative, and serious so that the The philosophy of pragmatism has become learning based on experience can be applied a kind of that nourishes the body of to students and what they aspire to achieve. in the of , in which The teacher's function is to direct the the West has spread it out throughout the students’ learning experience without world through . In this context, interfering in their interests and needs. In Pragmatism can be seen as dangerous because learning, the role of a teacher is not "pouring" it has taught the two sides of the same to his knowledge into students. Everything the world - namely the standard of truth of learned by students must be in accordance thought and the standard of human action. For with their personal needs, interests, and this , those responsible for humanity problems. Pragmatism requires students to cannot avoid the noble, challenging task of face problems by reconstructing the taming the danger of Pragmatism by studying environment to find solutions they needs [39]. and criticizing it, as a strategic foundation for the deconstruction of Pragmatism. Indonesia, CONCLUSION as a multicultural country, must develop a democratic philosophy of education. The concept of pragmatism was originally Strategies to develop such an educational put forward by Charles Sandre Peirce in 1839. philosophy can be based on a synthesis which In that concept, he stated that something combines global progressive education and could affect if it contains practical results. On the value of Indonesia's modern local another occasion, he also stated that [43]. pragmatism is basically not a philosophy, not , and not a theory of truth, but REFERENCES rather a technique to help humans solving [1] J. Elmborg, “Critical information problems [37], [40], [41]. From those literacy: Implications for instructional statements, it seems that Pierce wants to practice,” J. Acad. Librariansh., vol. emphasize that pragmatism is not a theoretical 32, no. 2, pp. 192–199, 2006. science learned to do philosophy and to seek [2] L. Snavely and N. Cooper, “The truth, not a metaphysical since it never thinks information literacy debate,” J. Acad. of the nature behind reality, but the concept of Librariansh., vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 9–14, pragmatism which tends to be at the level of 1997. practical science to help solving problems [3] M. Reichel and M. A. Ramey, faced by humans. Conceptual frameworks for Reviewed in “Meaning, scope & functions bibliographic education: Theory into of philosophy of education” (2016), it seems practice. Littleton, Colo: Libraries that Pierce's way of thinking is more Unltd Inc, 1987. than a desire to realize pragmatism as a [4] A. of C. and R. L. ACRL, “ that orientates itself to the practical Literacy Competency Standards for meaning of the consequences caused by an Higher Education.” Association of

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