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Les François Au Mississipi. Les Grandes Explorations

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Les François Au Mississipi. Les Grandes Explorations LES FRANÇOIS AU MISSISSIPI LES GRANDES EXPLORATIONS Vers Les Grands Lacs, le Bassin du Mississipi, et l’ouest du fleuve aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles Le père Marquette lors de sa découverte du Mississipi en 1673 M .AMMAN. 2018 (19/12/2019) 2 3 Table des matières AVANT PROPOS ...................................................................................................................... 7 Le territoire canadien de la Nouvelle France au XVIIe siècle ............................................... 9 Les tribus amérindiennes, à l’est et à l’ouest des Grands Lacs ............................................ 13 Les Algonquiens ............................................................................................................... 13 Les Iroquoiens .................................................................................................................. 13 Les Sioux .......................................................................................................................... 14 I.DECOUVERTE DE LA NOUVELLE FRANCE AUX XVIe et XVIIe SIECLES .............. 15 Les premiers explorateurs .................................................................................................... 15 Samuel de Champlain et les premiers colonisateurs, au XVII e siècle ................................ 16 Les explorations de Samuel de Champlain vers les Grands Lacs .................................... 20 Les premiers explorateurs non religieux, les coureurs des bois, partis du Québec .............. 22 Etienne Brulé .................................................................................................................... 22 Nicolas Marsolet .............................................................................................................. 24 Jean Nicollet ..................................................................................................................... 24 Les premières missions des Jésuites et des Récollets (Note 6 sur les Ordres religieux) ...... 27 Les tentatives jésuites en Huronie .................................................................................... 27 Les tentatives de Réductions au Québec .......................................................................... 30 Les Relations des Jésuites et la cartographie ................................................................... 30 Reprise des expéditions de traite et de découverte en 1654 : ............................................... 31 Première expédition de Pierre Esprit Radisson et (sans doute) Médard Chouart des Groseillers ........................................................................................................................ 31 Deuxième expédition de Radisson et Groseillers ............................................................. 34 Fin du monopole des Jésuite en 1658 mais poursuite de leurs explorations d’évangélisation et de découverte .................................................................................................................... 35 Claude- Jean Allouez ....................................................................................................... 36 La cérémonie du 4 juin 1671 et les Missions jésuites des Grands Lacs ........................... 37 Les deux découvreurs du Mississipi : Marquette et Jolliet .................................................. 38 Jacques Marquette ............................................................................................................ 38 Louis Jolliet ...................................................................................................................... 39 La grande découverte ........................................................................................................... 41 Daniel Greysolon seigneur du Luth ..................................................................................... 45 Nicolas Perrot ....................................................................................................................... 47 II. COMMENT LA LOUISIANE DEVINT FRANÇAISE ..................................................... 50 4 Cavelier de la Salle, de la découverte à la prise de possession de la Louisiane à partir des grands lacs ............................................................................................................................ 51 Les débuts de René Robert Cavelier de la Salle ............................................................... 52 Premières expéditions manquées de 1669 à 1673 ............................................................ 52 Les années 1673 à 1679 avant le grand voyage ............................................................... 54 La tentative de 1679/1680 vers les Illinois ....................................................................... 55 Deuxième expédition vers les Illinois en août 1680 ........................................................ 62 Enfin la descente du Mississippi et la découverte de la Louisiane en 1682 ..................... 62 Retournement de situation : le Roi et le nouveau gouverneur hostiles au découvreur ! .. 65 Retour en France et gros mensonges ................................................................................ 68 La tentative manquée de redécouverte de la Louisiane par la mer de 1684 /87 et la mort de La Salle ................................................................................................................................. 70 Le départ de l’expédition .................................................................................................. 70 Arrivée sur la côte ............................................................................................................ 72 Le départ de l’expédition fatale de 1684 /87 .................................................................... 77 Une nouvelle reconnaissance (avril à août 1686) ............................................................. 83 La dernière marche ........................................................................................................... 85 Massacre pour des os à moelle ......................................................................................... 87 La Salle et ses amis assassinés ......................................................................................... 87 Où La Salle fut ’il tué ? .................................................................................................... 88 Randonnée avec les tueurs ............................................................................................... 88 Selon eux, les Sauvages avaient bien parlé d’une grande rivière à quarante lieues vers le .......................................................................................................................................... 90 La fin des conjurés ........................................................................................................... 90 Le retour aux Illinois ........................................................................................................ 90 La remontée du Mississipi ................................................................................................ 91 L’arrivée au Fort Saint Louis ........................................................................................... 92 Le retour au Canada et en France ..................................................................................... 94 Epilogue ........................................................................................................................... 95 Les récits sur le grand voyage .......................................................................................... 96 Charles Le Sueur .................................................................................................................. 97 III. VERS L’OUEST DE LA LOUISIANE, DE LA FIN DU XVIIe SIECLE A LA FIN DE LA PRESENCE FRANÇAISE ................................................................................................ 98 Les tribus de l’ouest du Mississipi ....................................................................................... 98 5 Les grandes plaines du Middle West .................................................................................... 99 Nos explorateurs vers l’ouest du Mississipi ....................................................................... 108 Claude Charles Du Tisné ................................................................................................ 108 Etienne de Bourgmont .................................................................................................... 111 Bernard ou Bénard de la Harpe ...................................................................................... 115 Louis Juchereau de Saint Denis ..................................................................................... 118 Les frères Mallet, Pierre- Antoine et Paul ...................................................................... 120 En conclusion du paragraphe II, un bilan… ....................................................................... 123 IV. DU LAC SUPERIEUR VERS LES MONTAGNES ROCHEUSES, LA GRANDE EXPEDITION DE LA VERENDRYE ET DE SA FAMILLE .............................................. 125 Pierre Gaultier de la Vérendrye .......................................................................................... 125 La première expédition de La Vérendrye. 1731-1734 ....................................................... 126 Fâcheuse expédition contre les Sioux.
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