Local Climate Profile
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Overall Assessment LOCAL CLIMATE PROFILE Coordinator The City of Bologna covers an area of approximately 14 hectares, has a population of about 380,000 inhabitants, and is a strategic hub of the national road and rail network. The local economy is based on small and medium-sized enterprises, which have a reputation of prestige and national importance, and that contribute greatly to the richness of the territory. [email protected] - [email protected] Partner Kyoto Club is a non-profit organization founded in February 1999. Its members are business companies, associations and local municipalities and governments engaged in reaching the greenhouse gases reduction targets set by Kyoto Protocol. [email protected] Ambiente Italia is accredited as an expert European center for urban and environmental policies and has been approved as ESCO from the Italian Energy Authority. It is partner with the Sustainable Energy Europe Campaign and the Global Footprint Network. Ambiente Italia is the first Italian company accredited as a “Footprint Expert”. [email protected] ARPA is the Regional Agency for Environmental Protection in Emilia-Romagna.It is an environmental control technical support body to the regional and local authorities and is administratively and technically independent. Activities deal with monitoring and control related with all types of chemical, biological and physical pollution in all environmental media. [email protected] Under evaluation of the BLUE AP Scientific Board Summary Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 3 1. CLIMATE VARIABILITY AT LOCAL SCALE .......................................................................5 1.1. The observed climate variability at Bologna city ......................................................... 5 1.1.1. The variability of observed minimum and maximum temperature: mean and extreme values ...................................................................................................................... 10 1.2. The observed variability of seasonal and annual precipitation: mean and extremevalues………………. .................................................................................................. 13 1.3. Climate change scenarios at Bologna over the periods 2021-2050 e 2071-2099 ....... 16 1.3.1. Climate change projections at Bologna: mean and extreme temperature .. 18 1.3.2. Climate change projections at Bologna: mean and extreme precipitation .. 22 2. LAND AND USE INFRASTRUCTURE ............................................................................ 24 2.1. Urbanized area and new transformations and/or urban settlements ......................... 24 2.1.1. Artificial water canals ........................................................................................................ 24 2.1.2. Urban land to be structured............................................................................................ 25 2.1.3. Population and urban density ........................................................................................ 26 2.2. Land use…………………. ............................................................................................... 28 2.3. Territorial infrastructures ......................................................................................... 30 2.3.1. Artificial water canals ........................................................................................................ 30 2.3.2. Transport networks ........................................................................................................... 30 2.3.3. Energy networks ................................................................................................................. 31 3. HEAT WAVES AND HEAT ISLAND ............................................................................... 33 3.1. Measurement campaigns and alerts .................................................................... 33 3.2. Distribution of urban green spaces and the most vulnerable population.................... 36 Urban green spaces land local ecological network ..................................................................... 42 3.3. Interaction between climate change, pollution, pollen and health ............................. 43 3.4. Climate change, new pests and health ...................................................................... 46 4. WATER SYSTEM AND HYDROGEOLOGICAL RISK ......................................................... 49 4.1. Water System, Soil Drainage and Water Holding Capacity ......................................... 49 4.1.1. Surface water system......................................................................................................... 49 4.1.2. Waterproofing and drainage capacity ........................................................................ 50 4.2. Hydrogeological risk ................................................................................................. 52 4.2.1. Surface Flood risk areas ................................................................................................... 52 4.2.2. Surface Landslide risk areas ........................................................................................... 55 4.3. Surface water quality and water treatment .............................................................. 57 4.3.1. Surface water quality ......................................................................................................... 57 4.3.2. Sewage system ..................................................................................................................... 58 4.3.3. IDAR Purification plant ..................................................................................................... 60 4.4. Water use and water scarcity ................................................................................... 61 4.4.1. IDAR Water taking and water consumption ............................................................ 61 3 BLUE AP PROJECT Overall assessment - Local Climate Profile | version 0.7 4.4.2. Water taking .......................................................................................................................... 61 4.4.3. Water consumption ............................................................................................................ 62 4.5. Water use in agriculture ........................................................................................... 63 4.5.1. IDAR Water use in industry ............................................................................................ 64 4.5.2. Water losses .......................................................................................................................... 66 4.5.3. Agreements for water use in case of drought .......................................................... 66 4.5.4. Final assessment, challenges, future scenarios ...................................................... 68 4.6. Groundwater: Qualitative and quantitative status .................................................... 68 5. MAIN RESILIENCE FACTORS ...................................................................................... 71 5.1. New building ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….71 5.2. Saving and management of water resource .............................................................. 71 5.3. Stream requalification .............................................................................................. 72 5.4. Increase and improvement of urban green areas ...................................................... 73 5.5. Heat waves………………… ............................................................................................ 74 6. CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................... 75 6.1. Rising of summer temperature and heat-island......................................................... 75 6.2. Water crisis and drought ......................................................................................... 76 6.3. Increase of intense weather events .......................................................................... 76 4 1. CLIMATE VARIABILITY AT LOCAL SCALE 1.1. The observed climate variability at Bologna city The IPCC AR4 (2007) concluded that the warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level. The analysis of historical time series of the main meteorological fields (for example temperature, precipitation) from different areas, contribute to the understanding of the past and present climate variability and also to the construction of future climate change scenarios using different tools. The climate analysis requires long time series, in order to estimate the significance of signal, and also large area in order to capture better the spatial variability (basin, region, continent). This chapter is focused on the description of observed climate variability and future projections of the temperature and precipitation (mean and extreme values) at Bologna, the results being compared with those obtained at global, European and national scale. Also, the impact of present and future climate changes obtained at Bologna are discuss in terms of risks and vulnerability. At global and