DOCSLIB.ORG

Impacts of Land Use and Land Cover Changes, and Climate Variability on Hydrology and Soil Erosion in the Upper Ruvu Watershed, Tanzania

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Impacts of Land Use and Land Cover Changes, and Climate Variability on Hydrology and Soil Erosion in the Upper Ruvu Watershed, Tanzania Impacts of Land Use and Land Cover Changes, and Climate Variability on Hydrology and Soil Erosion in the Upper Ruvu Watershed, Tanzania Winfred Baptist Mbungu Dissertation submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biological Systems Engineering Conrad D. Heatwole; Chair Zachary M. Easton John M. Galbraith Venkataramana Sridhar June 28, 2016 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: Land use and land cover change, climate variability, soil erosion, hydrology, SWAT Copyright © 2016 Winfred Mbungu Impacts of Land Use and Land Cover Changes, and Climate Variability on Hydrology and Soil Erosion in the Upper Ruvu Watershed, Tanzania Winfred Baptist Mbungu Abstract Land alterations including deforestation, unsustainable land management practices and an increase in cultivated areas have occurred in the Upper Ruvu watershed in recent decades threatening water and natural resources. This study, which used a combination of remote sensing techniques, field experiments, watershed monitoring, and modeling was designed to investigate impacts of environmental changes on hydrology and soil erosion. The objectives were to: map the extent of land use and land cover changes and its influence on soil erosion; correlate the contribution of climate variability and human activities to the changes in hydrology at headwater and watershed scales; estimate surface runoff, sediments and Curve Number at plot scale, and model streamflow responses to changes in land use and land cover using the SWAT watershed model. Results indicate that areas covered by forest decreased from 17% in 1991 to 4% of the total watershed area in 2015. However, areas covered by cropland increased from 14% to 30% of the total watershed area from 1991 to 2015, respectively. Further, results indicate that site characteristics affect runoff and sediment yield as higher soil loss was estimated from cropland with a mean of 28.4 tha-1 in 2015 from only 19.8 tha-1 in 1991. Results from monitoring show high sediment loads were from the most disturbed watersheds, compared to Mbezi. Analysis of trends for the long term records at the watershed showed that rainfall had significant decreasing trends. At annual scale, climate variability contributed 46% and human activities contributed 54% of the changes in streamflow. Results from the rainfall simulation experiments show upland rice had higher runoff (48 mmh-1) and soil loss (94 gm-2) compared to grassland and forest. Results from the model outputs showed that average streamflow decreased by 13% between 1991 and 2015. Average peak flows increased by 5% and 12% for 2000 and 2015, respectively compared to the baseline. Land alterations had impacts on surface runoff which increased by 75% and baseflow decreased by 66% in 2015 from the baseline. These results highlight the main areas of changes and provide quantitative information for decision makers for sustainable land and water resources and management. Keywords: Land use and land cover change, climate variability, soil erosion, hydrology, SWAT Impacts of Land Use and Land Cover Changes, and Climate Variability on Hydrology and Soil Erosion in the Upper Ruvu Watershed, Tanzania Winfred Baptist Mbungu General Audience Abstract Deforestation, unsustainable land management practices including cultivation in marginal areas, slash and burn, illegal forest harvest; and bush fires have been common threats to the landscapes of the Upper Ruvu watershed in recent decades. These practices have contributed to the deterioration of water and natural resource base and jeopardize sustainability. Our study was designed to investigate the impacts of environmental changes on the hydrology and soil erosion. We used a combination of methods including experiments in the field, remote sensing and mathematical modeling to investigate the extent of the problem and provide useful information for sustainable management of resources. The objectives were to understand the extent and dynamics of land use and land cover change and subsequent influences on soil erosion; to correlate contribution of climate variability and human activities to hydrology at different scales; to estimate surface runoff and sediments at plot scale; and to model and predict streamflow responses to changes in land use and land cover. Our results indicate that the watershed has been characterized by a loss of forest cover which decreased from 17% in 1991 to 4% of the total watershed area in 2015. Areas of the watershed occupied by cropland increased from 14% to 30% of the total watershed area from 1991 to 2015, respectively. Further, results indicate that the changes had effects on runoff and sediment yield as a high increase of soil loss was estimated from cropland which increased from 19.8 t ha-1 in 1991 to 28.4 t ha-1 in 2015 and areas occupied by forest were least contributors to soil erosion. The assertion is supported by results from a stream-monitoring which revealed that watersheds with least human interferences generated less sediments, and upland rice had higher soil loss compared to grassland and forest. Analysis of rainfall trends showed significant decreasing trends and fluctuations in climate contributed 46%, and human activities contributed 54% of the changes in streamflow signifying impacts on water availability. Results from the model outputs showed that average streamflow decreased by 13% between 1991 and 2015, with increase in peak flows and decrease in baseflow. Results highlight the changes and subsequent consequences on the hydrology of the watershed and water availability. The information is useful for watershed planning and water resources management. Keywords: Land use and land cover change, climate variability, soil erosion, hydrology, SWAT Dedication To my lovely wife Winfrida, my daughter Charity and my son Ethan for the love and inspiration. To my late mother Elizabeth, I will always cherish and treasure your unconditional love. iv Acknowledgements As a child I loved to play and dance in the rain and enjoyed swimming in streams and ponds and always wondered about nature, and was fascinated by rivers and water bodies, little did I know that the quest would take me this far. This journey has been long, but worthy any experience, and would not have come to an end without the help and support rendered to me by many people along the way. The more I think about thanking every individual, the longer the list and the more complicated the task becomes. While I may not be able to list everybody, it is my hope that all the people who in many various ways and capacities have helped me endure the many hurdles along the way, consider my progress as partially theirs. As some people were not occasional partners, they went out of their way to help me succeed and I am indebted to mention them. I am thankful to the innovative Agricultural Initiative (iAGRI)-OSU consortium through the support of USAID for granting me a four year scholarship at Virginia Tech. The fellowship grant from Borlaug LEAP is highly appreciated. I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Conrad Heatwole for his generous and dedicated support during the entire time of my study here at Virginia Tech and for guiding field work in Tanzania. His dedication has been instrumental and vital to my success. Special thanks go to my graduate committee members Dr. John Galbraith, Dr. Sridhar Venkataramana and Dr. Zach Easton for their insightful and constructive advice. I am particularly grateful to the BSE Department, management, faculty and staff for the tremendous help during my entire stay at Virginia Tech. I would also like to thank Prof. Henry Mahoo of Sokoine University of Agriculture for his advice. Many thanks go to the staff of Wami-Ruvu Basin Water Office, especially John Kassambili and the guys who helped in the field. The Laboratory for Interdisciplinary Statistical Analysis (LISA) at Virginia Tech were instrumental in statistical advices for which I am truly thankful. My family, my wife Winfrida, my daughter Charity, and my son Ethan deserve many more thanks for enduring the separation and for the encouragement even when it was almost unbearable for us all. Your understanding and inspiration made frustrating days, as learning moments, and you have been far more loving than anyone could ever ask for. Lastly but by no means least, I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to all my partners in “crime”. To all my room mates, my friends in Blacksburg and abroad, thank you for being there through thick and thin and for making all the unforgettable moments. It is hard to express in simple words the stimulating power of having friends around, and I do not take this for granted at all. I will miss everyone dearly; probably one day fate will bring us together again. All the Glory and Honor be to God, for without His mercy and care I would be absolutely nobody and nothing. v Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ii General Audience Abstract ............................................................................................................. iii Dedication ....................................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements .........................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • List of Rivers of Tanzania
    Sl.No Name Draining Into 1 Bubu River Endorheic basins 2 Deho River East Coast 3 Great Ruaha River East Coast 4 Ifume River Congo Basin 5 Ipera River East Coast 6 Isanga River Nile basin 7 Jipe Ruvu River East Coast 8 Kagera River Nile basin 9 Kalambo River Congo Basin 10 Kavuu River Endorheic basins 11 Kihansi East Coast 12 Kikafu River East Coast 13 Kikuletwa River East Coast 14 Kimani River East Coast 15 Kimbi River East Coast 16 Kiseru River East Coast 17 Kizigo River East Coast 18 Kolungazao River East Coast 19 Lake Burunge Endorheic basins 20 Lake Eyasi Endorheic basins 21 Lake Jipe East Coast 22 Lake Malawi Zambezi basin 23 Lake Manyara Endorheic basins 24 Lake Natron Endorheic basins 25 Lake Rukwa Endorheic basins 26 Lake Tanganyika Congo Basin 27 Lake Victoria Nile basin 28 Little Ruaha River East Coast 29 Loasi River Congo Basin 30 Luamfi River Congo Basin 31 Luega River Congo Basin 32 Luegele River Congo Basin 33 Luengera River East Coast 34 Luhombero River East Coast 35 Lukigura River East Coast 36 Lukosi River East Coast 37 Lukuledi River East Coast 38 Lukumbule River East Coast 39 Lukwika River East Coast 40 Lungonya River East Coast 41 Luwegu River East Coast 42 Malagarasi River Congo Basin 43 Mara River Nile basin 44 Matandu River East Coast 45 Mavuji River East Coast 46 Mbarali River East Coast 47 Mbiki River East Coast 48 Mbungu River East Coast 49 Mbwemkuru River East Coast www.downloadexcelfiles.com 50 Mgeta River East Coast 51 Migasi River East Coast 52 Miyombo River East Coast 53 Mkata River East Coast 54 Mkomazi
    [Show full text]
  • PDF En Inglés
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized i Report No: 148630 – AFR Leveraging the Landscape Case Study of Erosion Control through Land Management in the Lake Victoria Basin May 2020 Environment, Natural Resource and Blue Economy Global Practice The World Bank © 2020 The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because the World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: “Zhang, Guoping, Mwanjalolo J.G. Majaliwa, and Jian Xie. 2020. Leveraging the Landscape: Case Study of Erosion Control through Land Management in the Lake Victoria Basin.” All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202- 522-2625; e-mail: [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Environment for Development: an Ecosystems Assessment of Lake Victoria Basin Environmental and Socio-Economic Status, Trends and Human Vulnerabilities
    Environment for Development: An Ecosystems Assessment of Lake Victoria Basin Environmental and Socio-Economic Status, Trends and Human Vulnerabilities Editors: Eric O. Odada Daniel O. Olago Washington O. Ochola PAN-AFRICAN SECRETARIAT Environment for Development: An Ecosystems Assessment of Lake Victoria Basin Environmental and Socio-economic Status, Trends and Human Vulnerabilities Editors Eric O. Odada Daniel O. Olago Washington O. Ochola Copyright 2006 UNEP/PASS ISBN ######### Job No: This publication may be produced in whole or part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP and authors would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this report as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing of the United Nations Environmental Programme. Citation: Odada, E.O., Olago, D.O. and Ochola, W., Eds., 2006. Environment for Development: An Ecosystems Assessment of Lake Victoria Basin, UNEP/PASS Pan African START Secretariat (PASS), Department of Geology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya Tel/Fax: +254 20 44477 40 E-mail: [email protected] http://pass.uonbi.ac.ke United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). P.O. Box 50552, Nairobi 00100, Kenya Tel: +254 2 623785 Fax: + 254 2 624309 Published by UNEP and PASS Cover photograph © S.O. Wandiga Designed by: Development and Communication Support Printed by: Development and Communication Support Disclaimers The contents of this volume do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP and PASS or contributory organizations.
    [Show full text]
  • Construction of GIS Database for Rural Water Supply
    Chapter 8 Construction of GIS Database for Rural Water Supply The Study on Rural Water Supply JICA in Mwanza and Mara Regions in the United Republic of Tanzania KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD. 8 Construction of GIS Database for Rural Water Supply 8.1 General In order to formulate a reliable water supply plan, it is necessary to correct, store and access the accurate data effectively. This is an essential process not only for the Study but also for the effective future use of available data in the Country. The database system shall be in the form of Geographical Information System (hereinafter referred as GIS), which supports and includes the geographical data in relation with multi-sector information. The study program includes the construction and technical transfer of appropriate GIS system with reference to the existing data and database systems. Example of output is shown in Figure 8.1-1. Figure 8.1-1: Region and District Map 8.2 Existing Database System Several database systems have been constructed by the Ministry and Government Agencies and concerned Donors. In relation to the water supply services (including meteorological and hydrogeological data) the confirmed existing databases are as follows; 1) Water and Sanitation Database (Policy and Planning Department, MoW, constructed by Microsoft Access) 2) Meteorological Database (Department of Water Resources, MoW, constructed by Microsoft Access) 3) Meteorological Database (Tanzania Meteorological Agency, constructed by Microsoft Access) 4) Database for Water Supply System (MoW Data Bank of Rural Water Supply, constructed by Microsoft Access) 8-1 The Study on Rural Water Supply JICA in Mwanza and Mara Regions in the United Republic of Tanzania KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.
    [Show full text]
  • 102 Wildlife Cmtllj Jjii (Gtane~) Under Sec/Ion 1. This Order May Be Cited As the Wildlife Reserves) Order. 1974 and Shan CQID
    102 Wildlife CmtllJ jjIi (Gtane~) [Subsidiary] Under sec/ion a.Ns.I974 THE WILDUPE CONSERVAnON (GAME RESBllVES) ORDBll, 1974 Nos.26S &Dd2'7S 1. This Order may be cited as the Wildlife Cooscrvation (Gw.u(. Reserves) Order. 1974 and shan CQIDC into operation on lst day ,I" December, 1974. 2. The areas described in the Schedule to this Order are herebj declared to be Game Reserves. SCHEDULE Serial Name and Boundary Description Reiion. District and No. Size (Approxinute) BtHARAMULO GAME REsERVE West Lake-s-Bihara­ mule District. Boundaries: 1,300 sq. k.m, "Commencing at the bridge where Inchwankima River crosses the Nyarnirernbe Biharamulo main road. approximately twenty kilometres from Nyamirembe-Biharamulo Pier. the boundary follows westwards along the north side of the Nyarnirembe-i-Biha­ ramulo Road to a beacon situated at Nyankango hill on its right (north side) at a point six kilometres from its junction with the Biharamulo-Geita main road; thence in a north westerly direction on a cleared Ruiga Forest Reserve boundary to a beacon on the east side of Biharamulo--Bukoba main road eighteen kilometres from Biharamulo Boma; thence due west crossing the Biharamulo- ­ Bukoba road to a beacon at the escarpment of a low range of hills. northwards along a line of beacons at approximately one kilometre intervals to a point due west of the Biharamulo-Bukoba district border on the main Biharamulo-s-Bukoba road; thence due east to the drift at the Biharamulo Bukoba border on the road; thence following the Biharamulo and Bukoba District boundary to Ruien River; thence due north following the west bank of the said river up to Kimwani (Kaziramuyaga) road; thence following the right side of the said road to a beacon situated at Karn.ichumu river or.
    [Show full text]
  • I UNCERTAINITY REDUCTION in CLIMATE and HYDROLOGICAL MODELS PREDICTIONS at CATCHMENT SCALE in the UPPER GREAT RUAHA RIVER SUB-BA
    i UNCERTAINITY REDUCTION IN CLIMATE AND HYDROLOGICAL MODELS PREDICTIONS AT CATCHMENT SCALE IN THE UPPER GREAT RUAHA RIVER SUB-BASIN, TANZANIA EDMUND ISHENGOMA MUTAYOBA A THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE. MOROGORO, TANZANIA. 2019 ii EXTENDED ABSTRACT Water resources have become scarce in most tropical areas of Tanzania due to climate change. Any changes to the hydrological cycle may have significant effects on the water resources in the river basins of Tanzania. The impact of climate change on water resources in Tanzania have been studied using General Circulation Models (GCM) which run at low spatial resolutions of 100-300 km. The resolution is too coarse to provide useful information about climate change impact in small catchments as many physical processes which control local climate e.g.; vegetation, hydrology, topography is not fully parameterized and hence results on uncertainty in model prediction. The main aim of this research was to quantify the uncertainty in model predictions for the Mbarali River Sub-catchment of the Upper Great Ruaha River Sub-basin in the Rufiji River Basin, Tanzania. Three research objectives were analyzed; the first objective was to evaluate the performance of the Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment Regional Climate Model (CORDEX, Regional Climate Models) in simulating rainfall characteristics of the Mbarali River Sub catchment. The area weighted average method was used to calculate the average rainfall from the CORDEX RCMs and from ERA-Interim reanalysis over the entire Mbarali River sub-catchment. Comparison between rainfall data from CORDEX RCMs and ERA-Interim reanalysis was done to test the ability of the CORDEX RCMs to reproduce the annual cycles, interannual variability, annual total and trends of rainfall as presented by the ERA-Interim reanalysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Cicd Vol.1 Lars 2007-08.02.10.Pdf
    CICD Series Vol.1: LARS 2007 Proceedings 2009 CICD Series Editor Prof. Dr.-Ing. Gerd Förch, Universität Siegen, Centre for International Capacity Development, Paul-Bonatz-Str. 9-11 57076 Siegen E-Mail: [email protected] Printing Printing Office, Universität Siegen, Germany c This work is subjected to copyright. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any forms by any means, electronic or mechanical, recording or any infor- mation storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the copyright owner. ISSN: 1868-8578 CICD Series Vol.1: LARS 2007 Proceedings Preface Volume One This new publication - CICD Series - has been established to present experiences and re- sults from university engagements in development cooperation which started almost two decades ago at Siegen University, Research Institute for Water and Environment. CICD stands for Centre of International Capacity Development, a University Siegen re- search centre established by the Senate in November 2008 at the initiative of senior profes- sors of the departments of architecture, civil engineering, mechanical engineering, elec- trical engineering and informatics. The aim is to coordinate and support development research and capacity building throughout the university, thereby reflecting the contribu- tions of all disciplines relevant to development cooperation. The managing director of CICD serves as chief editor of the CICD Series; other individu- als or teams may edit the single volumes. This first volume Proceedings of Lars 2007 - Lake and Catchment Research presents the findings of the university component of the technical cooperation project “Assistance to Arba Minch Water Technology Institute - Ethiopia”, which lasted from 1989 to 2007.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Future Climate and Land Use/Cover Change on Water Resources in the Ndembera Watershed and Their Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies Canute B
    Hyandye et al. Environ Syst Res (2018) 7:7 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40068-018-0110-4 RESEARCH Open Access The impact of future climate and land use/cover change on water resources in the Ndembera watershed and their mitigation and adaptation strategies Canute B. Hyandye1,2* , Abeyou Worqul3, Lawrence W. Martz4 and Alfred N. N. Muzuka1 Abstract Background: Land use/cover and climate changes have a great infuence on the hydrological processes in the water- shed. The impacts of land use/cover and climate change are set to increase in the future due to the increased clearance of virgin forest lands for agriculture and the rise of global warming. The way in which the future climate will interact with the land use changes and afect the water balance in the watersheds requires more attention. This study was car- ried out in the Ndembera river watershed in Usangu basin, Tanzania, whereby the Soil and Water Assessment Tool was used to (i) assess the impact of near future (2010–2039) climate and 2013–2020 land use/cover change on the water balance and streamfow and (ii) evaluate the efectiveness of four land and water management practices as the mitiga- tion and adaptation strategies for the impacts of climate and land use/cover changes. The 2020 land use/cover was predicted using Markov Chain and Cellular Automata models based on 2006 and 2013 land use/covers. The near-future climate scenario was generated from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 General Circulation Models. Results: During the period from 2013 to 2020, the agricultural land and evergreen forests will increase by nearly 10 and 7%, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • A Checklist of the Land Mammals Tanganyika Territory Zanzibar
    274 G. H. SWYNNERTON,F.Z.S., Checklist oj Land Mammals VOL. XX A Checklist of the Land Mammals OF mE Tanganyika Territory AND mE Zanzibar Protectorate By G. H. SWYNNERTON, F.Z.S., Game Warde:z, Game Preservation Department, Tanganyika Territory, and R. W. HAYMAN, F.Z.S., Senior Experimental Officer, Department of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History) 277278·.25111917122896 .· · 4 . (1)(3)(-)(2)(5)(9)(3)(4)280290281283286289295288291 280. .. CONTENTS· · · No. OF FORMS* 1. FOREWORDINSECTIVORA ErinaceidaM:,gadermatidaEmballonuridaSoricidt:eMacroscelididaMarossidaNycteridaHipposideridaRhinolophidaVespertilionida(Shrews)(Free-tailed(Hollow-faced(Hedgehogs)(Horseshoe(Leaf-nosed(Sheath-tailed(Elephant(Simple-nosed(Big-earedBats)Bats)Shrews)BatsBats)Bats) Pteropodida (Fruit-eating Bats) 2.3. INTRODUCTIONSYSTEMATICLIST OF SPECIESAND SUBSPECIES: PAGE CHIROPTERA Chrysochlorida (Golden" Moles to) ···302306191210.3521. ·2387 . · 6 · IAN. (1)(2)1951(-)(4)(21)(1)(6)(14)(6)(5),(7)(8)333310302304306332298305309303297337324325336337339211327 . SWYNNERTON,. P.Z.S.,·· ·Checklist··· of·Land 3293Mammals52 275 PItIMATES G. It. RhinocerotidaPelidaEchimyidaHyanidaPongidaCercopithecidaHystricidaMuridaHominidaAnomaluridaPedetidaCaviidaMustelidaGliridaSciuridaViverrida(Cats,(Mice,(Dormice)(Guinea-pigs)(Apes)(Squirrels)(Spring(Hyaenas,(Genets,(Man)(Polecats,(Cane(porcupines)(Flying(Rhinoceroses)Leopards,(Monkeys,Rats,Haas)Rats)Civets,Arad-wolf).Weasels,Squirrels)Gerbils,Lions,Baboons)Mongooses)Ratels,etc.)•Cheetahs)..Otters) ProcaviidaCanidaLeporidaElephantidaLorisidaOrycteropodidaEquidaBathyergidaManida
    [Show full text]
  • 11836988 01.Pdf
    In this report, the project cost is estimated using the May 2006 price and at an exchange rate of 1 US$= 114.58 Japanese Yen = 1181 Tanzania Shilling. CONTENTS Location Map Contents..............................................................................................................................i List of Tables..................................................................................................................viii List of Figures.................................................................................................................xiv Abbreviations...............................................................................................................xviii ¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥ Page: 1 Meteorology and Hydrology ............................................ 1-1 1.1 Meteorology in the Study Area................................................................... 1-1 1.1.1 Meteorological Stations in the Study Area..................................... 1-1 1.1.2 Rainfall............................................................................................ 1-1 1.1.3 Evaporation..................................................................................... 1-2 1.1.4 Temperature and Humidity............................................................. 1-3 1.2 Hydrology in the Study Area...................................................................... 1-7 1.2.1 River System in the Study Area...................................................... 1-7 1.2.2 Hydrological Observation Stations
    [Show full text]
  • Water Demand and Allocation in the Mara River Basin, Kenya/Tanzania in the Face of Land Use Dynamics and Climate Variability Shimelis B
    Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 3-21-2013 Water Demand and Allocation in the Mara River Basin, Kenya/Tanzania in the Face of Land Use Dynamics and Climate Variability Shimelis B. Dessu Florida International University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Environmental Indicators and Impact Assessment Commons, Hydrology Commons, Natural Resource Economics Commons, Other Civil and Environmental Engineering Commons, and the Water Resource Management Commons Recommended Citation Dessu, Shimelis B., "Water Demand and Allocation in the Mara River Basin, Kenya/Tanzania in the Face of Land Use Dynamics and Climate Variability" (2013). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 861. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/861 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida WATER DEMAND AND ALLOCATION IN THE MARA RIVER BASIN, KENYA/TANZANIA IN THE FACE OF LAND USE DYNAMICS AND CLIMATE VARIABILITY A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in GEOSCIENCES by Shimelis Behailu Dessu 2013 To: Dean Kenneth G. Furton College of Arts and Sciences This dissertation, written by Shimelis Behailu Dessu, and entitled Water Demand and Allocation in the Mara River basin, Kenya/Tanzania in the face of Land Use Dynamics and Climate Variability, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Resources Management in the Lake Victoria Region of East Africa: a Study in Multi-Level Government
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Online Research @ Cardiff Cardiff University Cardiff Law School Natural Resources Management in the Lake Victoria Region of East Africa: A Study in Multi-Level Government Juma Nyende 2011 Acknowledgements Foremost, my great thanks to whoever made a contribution towards enabling me come up with this work. I now turn to the hardest thing of singling out a few, but cognisant of the fact that it is not strange to at times forget some major contributors. I start with my family, which has not only contributed in various physical ways, but also had to always endure my absence and sometimes diverted attention, as I pursued my studies. I, in that regard, particularly extend my gratitude to my wife and children and also the parents, brothers and sisters. For similar reasons, I also extent my thanks to the colleagues at work and, generally, the friends, most of whom have always supported my ambition. I, equally appreciate the support and company of my fellow students and staff at Cardiff post graduate school. On the part of my employers, my appreciation to the local governments I served while on this study; the ministry of local government; the public service commission; and, generally, the government of the Republic of Uganda. Last but not least, my appreciation to the Centre for Business Relationships, Accountability, Sustainability and Society (BRASS), for the financial support, mentoring and learning experience. Relatedly, I thank the schools of law, business and city and regional plan, some of whose staff we closely and variously collaborated.
    [Show full text]