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Renato José Gathaz

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Renato José Gathaz RENATO JOSÉ GATHAZ CONDIÇÃO RELACIONADA AO HERMAFRODITISMO PROTOGÍNICO DIÂNDRICO EM Synbranchus marmoratus (BLOCH, 1795) (TELEOSTEI, SYNBRANCHIFORMES, SYNBRANCHIDAE) NA REPRESA DE SALTO GRANDE, AMERICANA – SP. Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências do Campus de Rio Claro, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia). Orientador: Roberto Goitein Rio Claro 2012 RENATO JOSÉ GATHAZ CONDIÇÃO RELACIONADA AO HERMAFRODITISMO PROTOGÍNICO DIÂNDRICO EM Synbranchus marmoratus (BLOCH, 1795) (TELEOSTEI, SYNBRANCHIFORMES, SYNBRANCHIDAE) NA REPRESA DE SALTO GRANDE, AMERICANA – SP. Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências do Campus de Rio Claro, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia) Comissão Examinadora Roberto Goitein Giulianna Rondineli Carmassi Ursulla Pereira Souza Rio Claro, 06 de agosto de 2012 Agradecimentos Gostaria de, primeiramente, agradecer ao meu orientador, Prof. Dr. Roberto Goitein pelo seu auxílio e amizade ao longo do desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Agradeço também a todos dos Departamentos de Zoologia e Biologia que me ajudaram de diversar formas. À Profª Dr. Giulianna Rondineli Carmassi e à Dr. Ursulla Pereira Souza, pela participação na banca examinadora da defesa e pelas suas valiosas sugestões para a melhoria deste trabalho. Agradeço à minha família, meus pais e minha esposa, mais os nossos dois maravilhosos filhos que me incentivam a ser cada vez melhor. E, por fim, agradeço à CAPES pelo auxílio financeiro durante o período do Mestrado. Resumo Em nenhum outro grupo de vertebrados o hermafroditismo apresenta-se tão difundido como nos peixes teleósteos. Isso, devido a uma certa labilidade inerente às gônadas dos teleósteos, que também permanecem mais sujeitas às alterações do ambiente do que as dos outros grupos de vertebrados. Deste modo, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo verificar uma possível mudança na condição da espécie de peixe teleósteo Synbranchus marmoratus, quando da ocorrência do processo de inversão sexual. Esta espécie é hermafrodita protogínica, ou seja, os indivíduos primeiro se reproduzem como fêmeas e, após a inversão sexual, tornam-se machos. Para a análise da condição, os indivíduos foram divididos em fêmeas, intersexos e machos, com o auxílio de técnicas histológicas e os dados de peso e comprimento foram submetidos a uma análise de covariância. Os resultados demonstraram que após o processo de inversão sexual ocorre um aumento na condição dos indivíduos. Este aumento na condição possivelmente estaria relacionado ao comportamento reprodutivo da espécie, em que os machos constroem um ninho para a desova das fêmeas, entrando em disputas por território ao longo da estação reprodutiva. Além disso, após a desova, o macho permanece próximo ao ninho protegendo os ovos. Desta forma, os indivíduos de maior comprimento obteriam uma vantagem reprodutiva ao trocarem de sexo, pois estariam aptos a cruzar com várias fêmeas ao terem sucesso na disputa de um bom território para a construção do ninho de desova e também seriam mais hábeis ao proteger os ovos de possíveis predadores. Palavras-chave: Protoginia. Relação peso-comprimento. Muçum. Abstract In no other group of vertebrates hermaphroditism is seen as widespread as in teleost fish. This is due to a certain inherent lability of teleost gonads, which also remains more susceptible to environmental changes than other groups of vertebrates. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate a possible change of theSynbranchus marmoratus condition upon the occurrence of sexual inversion process. This species is hermaphroditic protogynous, ie, individuals reproduce first as females and, after sexual inversion, become males. For the analysis of the condition, the specimens were divided into females, intersexes and males, with by using histological techniques, and data of length/weight data were analysed using an analysis of covariance. Results show that after the process of sex inverion, the male individuals present an increase for their condition of individuals. This condition increment is possibly related to the reproductive behavior, which includes the male activities to protect territories in which females may breed. These activities include territory defense but also nest building. Moreover, after spawning, the male stays near the nest to protect the eggs. Therefore, larger individuals would obtain a reproductive advantage to exchange of sex, because they would be able to mate with several females to be successuful in the competition for a good territory for nest building and would also be more able to protect the eggs of potencial predators. Key-words: Protoginy. Length-weight relationship. Swamp eel. SUMÁRIO Página 1. INTRODUÇÃO......................................................................................... 7 1.1 Synbranchiformes...................................................................................... 7 1.2 Determinação Sexual................................................................................. 11 1.3 Hermafroditismo em Teleósteos ............................................................... 21 2. OBJETIVOS................................................................................................ 26 3. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS.......................................................................... 27 3.1 Área de Estudo........................................................................................... 27 3.2 Coleta de Dados.......................................................................................... 32 3.3 Análise de Dados........................................................................................ 33 4. RESULTADOS............................................................................................. 35 4.1 Coleta de Dados........................................................................................... 35 4.2 Análise de Dados.......................................................................................... 36 5. DISCUSSÃO.................................................................................................. 44 5.1 Aspectos Reprodutivos................................................................................. 44 5.2 Estrutura Populacional.................................................................................. 44 5.3 Condição Corpórea........................................................................................ 46 6. CONCLUSÃO................................................................................................. 49 7. REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS.............................................................. 50 1. Introdução 1.1 Synbranchiformes A Ordem Synbranchiformes é composta por três famílias, 15 gêneros e, aproximadamente, 99 espécies. Todas as espécies, com exceção de três, ocorrem na água doce (NELSON, 2006). Das três famílias que compõem a Ordem (Synbranchidae, Chaudhuriidae e Mastacembelidae), os mastacembelídeos são os que parecem ter retido as características mais ancestrais e, dessa forma, fornecem maiores informações a respeito do ancestral comum do grupo (GOSLINE, 1983). Os Synbranchiformes caracterizam-se por apresentarem corpo alongado, ausência de nadadeiras pélvicas, abertura branquial confinada à metade inferior do corpo e pré-maxila não-protrusível. Formam um grupo monofilético com os mugiliformes, aterinomorfos, gasterosteiformes e elassomatídeos (os smegmamorfos) (JOHNSON & PATTERSON, 1993). Na família Synbranchidae, pertencente à Sub-ordem Synbranchoidei, os peixes conhecidos popularmente como muçuns (“swamp eels”), são tropicais e sub-tropicais de água doce, sendo que algumas espécies ocorrem em águas salobras (raramente marinhos). Ocorrem na África Ocidental, Libéria, Ásia, arquipélago Indo-Australiano e América do Sul e Central, sendo os únicos representantes da Ordem nas Américas (Menezes et al., 2007). Apresentam corpo serpentiforme, nadadeiras pélvicas e peitorais ausentes (nadadeiras peitorais presentes nas fases larvais de algumas espécies), nadadeiras dorsal e anal vestigiais (reduzidas a elevações sem raios), nadadeira caudal pequena (em Macrotrema caligans) de vestigial a ausente, escamas ausentes, exceto em espécies do subgênero Amphipnous de Monopterus, olhos pequenos (algumas espécies são funcionalmente cegas, com os olhos abaixo da pele), narinas anterior e posterior amplamente separadas, quarto arco aórtico completo, palato quadrado com dois pontos de articulação com o neurocrânio - sendo os únicos teleósteos com uma suspensão da mandíbula “anfistílica” - membranas branquiais unidas, abertura branquial pequena como uma fenda ou poro embaixo da cabeça ou garganta (Macrotrema tem aberturas branquiais contínuas abaixo da garganta e de maior tamanho), bexiga natatória ausente, costelas ausentes, 4 – 6 raios branquiostegais e 98 – 188 vértebras (51 – 135 abdominais) (NELSON, 2006). Muitas espécies são hermafroditas protogínicos e, como notado por Lauder e Liem (1983), estão entre os teleósteos mais altamente especializados em um grande número de características. A maioria das espécies apresenta a capacidade de respirar ar atmosférico. O gênero Monopterus apresenta bolsas suprabranquias em forma de pulmão com função respiratória. Muitas apresentam hábitos escavadores, enquanto que algumas vivem em cavernas. O maior comprimento registrado, atingido
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