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Tales from the Magazine Prison House: Democracy and Authorship in American Periodical Fiction, 1825-1850

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Tales from the Magazine Prison House: Democracy and Authorship in American Periodical Fiction, 1825-1850 Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1994 Tales From the Magazine Prison House: Democracy and Authorship in American Periodical Fiction, 1825-1850. Laurence Scott eeplesP Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Peeples, Laurence Scott, "Tales From the Magazine Prison House: Democracy and Authorship in American Periodical Fiction, 1825-1850." (1994). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 5750. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/5750 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9502137 Tales from the magazine prison house: Democracy and authorship in American periodical fiction, 1825-1850 Peeples, Laurence Scott, Ph.D. The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col., 1994 Copyright ©1994 by Peeples, LaurenceScott. All rights reserved. 300 N. ZeebRd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 ■ TALES FROM THE MAGAZINE PRISON HOUSE: DEMOCRACY AND AUTHORSHIP IN AMERICAN PERIODICAL FICTION, 1825-1850 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of English by Laurence Scott Peeples B.A., Georgetown University, 1985 M.A., College of William and Mary, 1989 May, 1994 Copyright 1994 Laurence Scott Peeples All rights reserved In memory of my father, Ralph Peeples (1923-1992) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project originated in 1990 in a short story seminar taught by my director, Dr. J. Gerald Kennedy, and developed mainly through discussions with Drs. Kennedy and Dana Nelson. Their specific suggestions and the examples they've set as scholars have guided me through this dissertation. I would also like to acknowledge the support I have received from the other members of my examination and dissertation committees: Drs. Bainard Cowan, Anne Loveland, Richard Moreland, Josephine Roberts, Lee Shiflett, and Greg Stone. In addition, several professors- -Drs. Jim Borck, Bill Demastes, Susan Donaldson, and Sarah Liggett--and colleagues— Dr. Kirk Curnutt, Michael Dennison, and Michael Griffith--provided encouragement and advice throughout this process. I owe special thanks in this regard to Tim Caron, who read and offered helpful comments on each chapter. Several libraries generously allowed me to work with their special collections: Columbia University Library, the New York Historical Society, and the New York Public Library (Berg Collection). The rare book collections staff at Hill Memorial Library, Louisiana State University, was especially helpful. Finally, I would like to thank my mother, Rita Peeples; my brothers and sisters; and Mildred Almond for support and inspiration that began long before I started iv graduate school. Most of all, I want to thank my wife Nancy, without whose love and patience I could not have completed this work. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................... iv ABSTRACT ................................................... vii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION: THE AGE OF MAGAZINES AND MIRACLE-WORKING PILLS ......................... 1 TWO "BUTTERING CURIOSITY WITH THE OOZE OF MY BRAINS": THE LITERARY LIFE OF NATHANIEL PARKER WILLIS ...................... 31 THREE THE LESSONS OF THE WEST: CAROLINE KIRKLAND AND THE MYTH OF THE FRONTIER .................. 76 FOUR "THOU WOULDS'T HAVE BEEN ALTOGETHER ANOTHER": LYDIA MARIA CHILD AND THE POWER OF EMPATHY .......................... 124 FIVE POE KNOWS DIDDLING: SOME SECRETS OF THE MAGAZINE PRISON HOUSE REVEALED .... 179 CONCLUSION .................................................252 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................. 259 VITA ....................................................... 273 vi a ABSTRACT In the second quarter of the nineteenth century, weekly and monthly periodicals emerged as the primary forum for new American literature. In several respects periodicals reflected the multiplicity of rapidly growing Eastern cities: they assembled a variety of "voices" in single texts and maintained a dialogue between editors and readers. At the same time, the magazines sought to create a more homogenous middle-class audience that would equate the capitalist transformation of American society with the "natural" progress of democracy. This dissertation examines that process by analyzing the writing and careers of four "magazinists": Nathaniel Parker Willis, Caroline Kirkland, Lydia Maria Child, and Edgar Allan Poe. All four edited periodicals, all were a part of the New York literary scene of the 1840s, and all wrote numerous prose pieces that would be classified today as short stories. However, their careers took very different directions as each writer focused much of his or her writing on a distinct segment of American society: Willis on "aristocratic" New Yorkers, Kirkland on Western settlers, Child on oppressed minorities, and Poe on "modern" businessmen and the members of his own profession. I argue that as these four writers exploited the desire of their audience to know about and categorize these American subcultures, they both embraced and challenged— to various degrees— the optimistic myths that would solidify a national middle-class culture. Their work and their careers in what Poe called the "magazine prison-house" present four contrasting visions of American democracy. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION: THE AGE OF MAGAZINES AND MIRACLE-WORKING PILLS Decidedly this is the age of magazines, as well as of rail-roads, Ericson-propellers, miracle- working pills, and medicated candy. All literature approximates to the magazine, either in form or character; books are so printed and bound as to resemble monthly periodicals; and newspapers, unable to emulate them in appearance, strive to do so in the variety and nature of their contents.— The Columbian Magazine, 1844.1 Self-promoting commentary such as this appeared frequently in magazines of the 1830s and '40s, but statistics bear out their claims: fewer than one hundred periodicals other than newspapers circulated in the United States in 1825, but by 1850 there were approximately 600, and more than 4000 others started and folded during the same period.2 The Columbian editorial hints at why the first periodical "boom" occurred when it did: the second quarter of the nineteenth century was also the dawn of modern transportation, mass production, and consumer capitalism in the United States. Railroads, "miracle-working" products, and name-brand advertising characterized the age along with magazines seeking to "democratize" literature by appealing to as wide an audience as possible. While the "market revolution" of the early nineteenth century set the publishing revolution in motion, print, in turn, became one of the most effective tools of modern capitalism. Technological advances such as stereotyping, machine-made 1 2 paper, and (in the late 1830s) the steam press made printing cheaper and faster, providing the means for transferring information, promoting products, and— most important to this study— disseminating the myths that would solidify a national "middle class" culture.3 The ways in which four "magazinists"— Nathaniel Parker Willis, Caroline Kirkland, Lydia Maria Child, and Edgar Allan Poe--shaped, promoted, and challenged those myths is the subject of this dissertation. Of course, periodicals were only one of many print media involved in the transformation of American life in the first half of the nineteenth century; reform tracts, school books, advice manuals, travelogues, and histories from this period all deserve closer attention than they have received.4 But
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