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Home , Astoria (book), A History of New York, Bracebridge Hall, Diedrich Knickerbocker, Headless horseman, John Quidor

This article is about the writer. For the cricketer, see each named William, died in infancy, as did their fourth Irving Washington. child, John. Their surviving children were: William, Jr. (1766), Ann (1770), Peter (1772), Catherine (1774), Washington Irving (April 3, 1783 – November 28, Ebenezer (1776), John Treat (1778), Sarah (1780) and Washington.[1] 1859) was an American author, essayist, biographer, his- torian, and diplomat of the early . He is best known for his short stories "" (1819) and "The Legend of " (1820), both of which appear in his book The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.. His historical works include biographies of , and , and sev- eral histories of 15th-century Spain dealing with sub- jects such as , the Moors and the . Irving served as the U.S. ambassador to Spain from 1842 to 1846. He made his literary debut in 1802 with a series of ob- servational letters to the Morning Chronicle, written un- der the pseudonym Jonathan Oldstyle. After moving to for the family business in 1815, he achieved in- ternational fame with the publication of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. in 1819–20. He continued to publish regularly — and almost always successfully — throughout his life, and just eight months before his death (at age 76, in Tarrytown, ), completed a five- volume biography of George Washington. Irving, along with , was among the first American writers to earn acclaim in Eu- rope, and Irving encouraged American authors such Watercolor of Washington Irving’s Encounter with George Wash- as , , Henry ington Wadsworth Longfellow, and . Irving was also admired by some European writers, including Walter The Irving family settled in , , Scott, , , Francis Jeffrey, and was part of the city’s small, vibrant merchant class and . As America’s first genuine interna- when Washington Irving was born on April 3, 1783,[1] tionally best-selling author, Irving advocated for writing the same week city residents learned of the British cease- as a legitimate profession, and argued for stronger laws to fire that ended the ; Irving’s mother protect American writers from copyright infringement. named him after the hero of the revolution, George Washington.[2] At age six, with the help of a nanny, Irv- ing met his namesake, who was then living in New York after his inauguration as president in 1789. The pres- 1 Biography ident blessed young Irving,[3] an encounter Irving later commemorated in a small watercolor painting, which [4] 1.1 Early years still hangs in his home today. The Irvings lived at 131 William Street at the time of Washington Irving’s birth. The family later moved across the street to 128 William Washington Irving’s parents were William Irving, Sr., [5] originally of Quholm, Shapinsay, , and Sarah (née St. Several of Washington Irving’s older brothers be- Sanders), Scottish-English immigrants. They married came active New York merchants, and they encouraged in 1761 while William was serving as a petty officer their younger brother’s literary aspirations, often support- in the British Navy. They had eleven children, eight ing him financially as he pursued his writing career. of whom survived to adulthood. Their first two sons, An uninterested student, Irving preferred adventure sto-

1 2 1 BIOGRAPHY

ries and drama and, by age fourteen, was regularly sneak- January 1807. Writing under various pseudonyms, such ing out of class in the evenings to attend the theater.[6] The as William Wizard and Launcelot Langstaff, Irving lam- 1798 outbreak of in Manhattan prompted his pooned New York culture and politics in a manner similar family to send him to healthier climes upriver, and Irving to today’s Mad magazine.[17] was a moder- was dispatched to stay with his friend James Kirke Pauld- ate success, spreading Irving’s name and reputation be- ing in Tarrytown, New York. It was in Tarrytown that yond New York. In its seventeenth issue, dated Novem- Irving became familiar with the nearby town of Sleepy ber 11, 1807, Irving affixed the nickname “Gotham” — Hollow, with its quaint Dutch customs and local ghost an Anglo-Saxon word meaning “Goat’s Town” — to New stories.[7] Irving made several other trips up the Hudson York City.[18] as a teenager, including an extended visit to Johnstown, New York, where he passed through the Catskill moun- tain region, the setting for "Rip Van Winkle". "[O]f all the scenery of the Hudson”, Irving wrote later, “the Kaatskill Mountains had the most witching effect on my boyish imagination”.[8] The 19-year-old Irving began writing letters to the New York Morning Chronicle in 1802, submitting commen- taries on the city’s social and theater scene under the name of Jonathan Oldstyle. The name, which purposely evoked the writer’s Federalist leanings,[9] was the first of many pseudonyms Irving would employ throughout his career. The letters brought Irving some early fame and moderate notoriety. , a co-publisher of the Chronicle, was impressed enough to send clippings of the Oldstyle pieces to his daughter, Theodosia, while writer made a trip to New York to re- cruit Oldstyle for a literary magazine he was editing in Philadelphia.[10] Concerned for his health, Irving’s brothers financed an extended tour of Europe from 1804 to 1806. Irving by- The fictional “” from the frontispiece of passed most of the sites and locations considered essential A History of New-York, a wash drawing by Felix O. C. Darley for the development of an upwardly mobile young man, to the dismay of his brother William. William wrote that, though he was pleased his brother’s health was improving, he did not like the choice to "gallop through Italy... leav- ing Florence on your left and Venice on your right”.[11] Instead, Irving honed the social and conversational skills that would later make him one of the world’s most in- demand guests.[12] “I endeavor to take things as they come with cheerfulness”, Irving wrote, “and when I cannot get a dinner to suit my taste, I endeavor to get a taste to suit my dinner”.[13] While visiting Rome in 1805, Irving struck up a friendship with the American painter Washington All- ston,[11] and nearly allowed himself to be persuaded into following Allston into a career as a painter. “My lot in life, however”, Irving said later, “was differently cast”.[14]

1.2 First major writings

Irving returned from Europe to study law with his le- gal mentor, Judge Josiah Ogden Hoffman, in New York City. By his own admission, he was not a good student, and barely passed the bar in 1806.[15] Irving began ac- tively socializing with a group of literate young men he dubbed “The Lads of Kilkenny".[16] Collaborating with his brother William and fellow Lad James Kirke Pauld- ing, Irving created the literary magazine Salmagundi in Portrait of Washington Irving by , from 1809 1.3 Life in Europe 3

In late 1809, while mourning the death of his seventeen- year-old fiancée Matilda Hoffman, Irving completed work on his first major book, A History of New-York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dy- nasty, by Diedrich Knickerbocker (1809), a satire on self- important local history and contemporary politics. Prior to its publication, Irving started a hoax akin to today’s viral marketing campaigns; he placed a series of missing person adverts in New York newspapers seeking informa- tion on Diedrich Knickerbocker, a crusty Dutch historian who had allegedly gone missing from his hotel in New York City. As part of the ruse, Irving placed a notice— allegedly from the hotel’s proprietor—informing readers that if Mr. Knickerbocker failed to return to the hotel to pay his bill, he would publish a manuscript Knickerbocker had left behind.[19] Unsuspecting readers followed the story of Knicker- bocker and his manuscript with interest, and some New York city officials were concerned enough about the miss- ing historian that they considered offering a reward for his safe return. Riding the wave of public interest he had created with his hoax, Irving—adopting the pseudonym of his Dutch historian—published on December 6, 1809, to immediate critical and popular success.[20] “It took with the public”, Irving remarked, “and gave me celebrity, as an original work was some- thing remarkable and uncommon in America”.[21] Today, the surname of Diedrich Knickerbocker, the fictional nar- rator of this and other Irving works, has become a nick- name for Manhattan residents in general.[22] After the success of A History of New York, Irving searched for a job and eventually became an editor of The front page of The Sketch Book (1819) Analectic Magazine, where he wrote biographies of naval heroes like and Oliver Perry.[23] He was also among the first magazine editors to reprint Francis bankruptcy.[28] With no job prospects, Irving contin- Scott Key's poem “Defense of Fort McHenry", which ued writing throughout 1817 and 1818. In the summer would later be immortalized as "The Star-Spangled Ban- of 1817, he visited , beginning a lifelong ner", the national anthem of the .[24] personal and professional friendship.[29] Irving continued writing: he composed the “Rip Van Winkle” Like many merchants and New Yorkers, Irving origi- overnight while staying with his sister Sarah and her hus- nally opposed the , but the British attack band, Henry van Wart in , England, a place on Washington, D.C. in 1814 convinced him to enlist.[25] that also inspired other works.[30] In October 1818, Irv- He served on the staff of Daniel Tompkins, governor of ing’s brother William secured for Irving a post as chief New York and commander of the New York State Militia. clerk to the United States Navy, and urged him to return Apart from a reconnaissance mission in the Great Lakes home.[31] Irving turned the offer down, opting to stay in region, he saw no real action.[26] The war was disastrous England to pursue a writing career.[32] for many American merchants, including Irving’s family, and in mid-1815 he left for England to attempt to salvage In the spring of 1819, Irving sent to his brother Ebenezer the family trading company. He remained in Europe for in New York a set of short prose pieces that he asked be the next seventeen years.[27] published as The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. The first installment, containing “Rip Van Winkle”, was an enormous success, and the rest of the work would be 1.3 Life in Europe equally successful; it was issued in 1819–1820 in seven installments in New York, and in two volumes in Lon- 1.3.1 The Sketch Book don (“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” would appear in the sixth issue of the New York edition, and the second vol- [33] Irving spent the next two years trying to bail out the ume of the London edition). family firm financially but eventually had to declare Like many successful authors of this era, Irving struggled 4 1 BIOGRAPHY

against literary bootleggers.[34] In England, some of his 1822. sketches were reprinted in periodicals without his permis- The format of Bracebridge was similar to that of The sion, a legal practice as there was no international copy- Sketch Book, with Irving, as Crayon, narrating a series right law at the time. To prevent further piracy in Britain, of more than fifty loosely connected short stories and es- Irving paid to have the first four American installments says. While some reviewers thought Bracebridge to be a published as a single volume by John Miller in London. lesser imitation of The Sketch Book, the book was well Irving appealed to Walter Scott for help procuring a more received by readers and critics.[38] “We have received so reputable publisher for the remainder of the book. Scott much pleasure from this book”, wrote critic Francis Jef- referred Irving to his own publisher, London powerhouse [35] frey in the Review, “that we think ourselves John Murray, who agreed to take on The Sketch Book. bound in gratitude... to make a public acknowledgement From then on, Irving would publish concurrently in the of it.”[39] Irving was relieved at its reception, which did United States and Britain to protect his copyright, with much to cement his reputation with European readers. Murray being his English publisher of choice.[36] Still struggling with writer’s block, Irving traveled to Ger- Irving’s reputation soared, and for the next two years, he many, settling in Dresden in the winter of 1822. Here led an active social life in Paris and Britain, where he was he dazzled the royal family and attached himself to Mrs. often feted as an anomaly of literature: an upstart Amer- [37] Amelia Foster, an American living in Dresden with her ican who dared to write English well. five children.[40] Irving was particularly attracted to Mrs. Foster’s 18-year-old daughter Emily, and vied in frustra- 1.3.2 and Tales of a Traveller tion for her hand. Emily finally refused his offer of mar- riage in the spring of 1823.[41] He returned to Paris and began collaborating with play- wright on translations of French plays for the English stage, with little success. He also learned through Payne that the novelist Mary Woll- stonecraft Shelley was romantically interested in him, though Irving never pursued the relationship.[42] In August 1824, Irving published the collection of Tales of a Traveller—including the short story ""—under his Geoffrey Crayon persona. “I think there are in it some of the best things I have ever written”, Irving told his sister.[43] But while the book sold respectably, Traveller was dismissed by critics, who panned both Traveller and its author. “The public have been led to expect better things”, wrote the United States Literary Gazette, while the New-York Mirror pronounced Irving “overrated”.[44] Hurt and depressed by the book’s reception, Irving retreated to Paris where he spent the next year worrying about finances and scribbling down ideas for projects that never materialized.[45]

1.3.3 Spanish books

Portrait of Irving in about 1820, attributed to Charles Robert While in Paris, Irving received a letter from Alexander Leslie Hill Everett on January 30, 1826. Everett, recently the American Minister to Spain, urged Irving to join him in With both Irving and publisher John Murray eager to fol- [46] low up on the success of The Sketch Book, Irving spent Madrid, noting that a number of manuscripts dealing much of 1821 travelling in Europe in search of new ma- with the Spanish conquest of the Americas had recently terial, reading widely in Dutch and German folk tales. been made public. Irving left for Madrid and enthusias- tically began scouring the Spanish archives for colorful Hampered by writer’s block—and depressed by the death [47] of his brother William—Irving worked slowly, finally material. delivering a completed manuscript to Murray in March With full access to the American consul’s massive li- 1822. The book, Bracebridge Hall, or The Humorists, A brary of Spanish history, Irving began working on several Medley (the location was based loosely on Aston Hall, books at once. The first offspring of this hard work, A occupied by members of the Bracebridge family, near History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus, his sister’s home in Birmingham) was published in June was published in January 1828. The book was popular in 1.4 Return to America 5

legation’s chargé d'affaires until the arrival of , President 's nominee for British Minister. With Van Buren in place, Irving resigned his post to concentrate on writing, eventually completing Tales of the Alhambra, which would be published con- currently in the United States and England in 1832.[57] Irving was still in London when Van Buren received word that the United States Senate had refused to confirm him as the new Minister. Consoling Van Buren, Irving pre- dicted that the Senate’s partisan move would backfire. “I should not be surprised”, Irving said, “if this vote of the Senate goes far toward elevating him to the presidential The palace Alhambra, where Irving briefly resided in 1829, in- chair”.[58] spired one of his most colorful books. 1.4 Return to America the United States and in Europe and would have 175 edi- tions published before the end of the century.[48] It was also the first project of Irving’s to be published with his own name, instead of a pseudonym, on the title page.[49] He was invited to stay at the palace of the Duke of Gor, who gave him unfettered access to his library containing many medieval manuscripts.[50] Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada was published a year later,[51] followed by Voyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus in 1831.[52] Irving’s writings on Columbus are a mixture of history and fiction, a genre now called romantic history. Irving based them on extensive research in the Spanish archives, but also added imaginative elements aimed at sharpening the story. The first of these works is the source of the Irving and his friends at Sunnyside durable myth that medieval Europeans believed the Earth was flat.[53] (See Myth of the Flat Earth.) Washington Irving arrived in New York, after seventeen In 1829, Irving moved into Granada’s ancient palace Al- years abroad, on May 21, 1832. That September, he hambra, “determined to linger here”, he said, “until I get accompanied the U.S. Commissioner on Indian Affairs, some writings under way connected with the place”.[54] , along with companions Charles La Trobe[59] and Count Albert-Alexandre de Pourtales, Before he could get any significant writing underway, [60] however, he was notified of his appointment as Secretary on a surveying mission deep in . At the to the American Legation in London. Worried he would completion of his western tour, Irving traveled through disappoint friends and family if he refused the position, Washington, D.C. and , where he became ac- Irving left Spain for England in July 1829.[55] quainted with the politician and novelist John Pendleton Kennedy.[61] Frustrated by bad investments, Irving turned to writing 1.3.4 Secretary to the American legation in London to generate additional income, beginning with A Tour on the Prairies, a work which related his recent travels on Arriving in London, Irving joined the staff of American the frontier. The book was another popular success and Minister Louis McLane. McLane immediately assigned also the first book written and published by Irving in the the daily secretary work to another man and tapped Irv- United States since A History of New York in 1809.[62] ing to fill the role of aide-de-camp. The two worked over In 1834, he was approached by fur magnate John Jacob the next year to negotiate a trade agreement between the Astor, who convinced Irving to write a history of his fur United States and the British West Indies, finally reach- trading colony in the American Northwest, now known ing a deal in August 1830. That same year, Irving was as , Oregon. Irving made quick work of Astor’s awarded a medal by the Royal Society of Literature, fol- project, shipping the fawning biographical account titled lowed by an honorary doctorate of civil law from Oxford Astoria in February 1836.[63] In 1835 Irving, Astor and a in 1831.[56] few others founded the Saint Nicholas Society in the City Following McLane’s recall to the United States in 1831 of New York. to serve as Secretary of Treasury, Irving stayed on as the During an extended stay at Astor’s, Irving met the ex- 6 1 BIOGRAPHY

plorer , who intrigued Irving with Irving at this time also began a friendly correspondence his maps and stories of the territories beyond the Rocky with the English writer Charles Dickens and hosted the Mountains.[64] When the two met in Washington, D.C. author and his wife at Sunnyside during Dickens’s Amer- several months later, Bonneville opted to sell his maps ican tour in 1842.[76] and rough notes to Irving for $1,000.[65] Irving used these materials as the basis for his 1837 book The Adventures of Captain Bonneville.[66] 1.5 Minister to Spain

These three works made up Irving’s “western” series of In 1842, after an endorsement from Secretary of State books and were written partly as a response to criticism , President appointed Irving as that his time in England and Spain had made him more [77] [67] Minister to Spain. Irving was surprised and honored, European than American. In the minds of some critics, writing, “It will be a severe trial to absent myself for a especially James Fenimore Cooper and , time from my dear little Sunnyside, but I shall return to it Irving had turned his back on his American heritage in better enabled to carry it on comfortably”.[78] favor of English aristocracy.[68] Irving’s western books, particularly A Tour on the Prairies, were well received in While Irving hoped his position as Minister would allow the United States,[69] though British critics accused Irving him plenty of time to write, Spain was in a state of per- of “book-making”.[70] petual political upheaval during most of his tenure, with a number of warring factions vying for control of the twelve-year-old Queen Isabella II.[79] Irving maintained good relations with the various generals and politicians, as control of Spain rotated through Espartero, Bravo, then Narvaez. However, the politics and warfare were exhausting, and Irving—homesick and suffering from a crippling skin condition—grew quickly disheartened:

I am wearied and at times heartsick of the wretched politics of this country. . . . The last ten or twelve years of my life, passed among sordid speculators in the United States, and po- litical adventurers in Spain, has shewn me so much of the dark side of human nature, that I begin to have painful doubts of my fellow man; Irving acquired his famous home in Tarrytown, New York, and look back with regret to the confiding pe- known as Sunnyside, in 1835. riod of my literary career, when, poor as a rat, but rich in dreams, I beheld the world through In 1835, Irving purchased a “neglected cottage” and its the medium of my imagination and was apt to surrounding riverfront property in Tarrytown, New York. believe men as good as I wished them to be.[80] The house, which he named Sunnyside in 1841,[71] re- quired constant repair and renovation over the next twenty years. With costs of Sunnyside escalating, Irving re- With the political situation in Spain relatively settled, Irv- luctantly agreed in 1839 to become a regular contribu- ing continued to closely monitor the development of the tor to magazine, writing new essays new government and the fate of Isabella. His official du- and short stories under the Knickerbocker and Crayon ties as Spanish Minister also involved negotiating Amer- pseudonyms.[72] ican trade interests with Cuba and following the Spanish parliament’s debates over slave trade. He was also pressed He was regularly approached by aspiring young authors into service by the American Minister to the Court of St. for advice or endorsement, including Edgar Allan Poe, James’s in London, Louis McLane, to assist in negotiat- who sought Irving’s comments on "William Wilson" and ing the Anglo-American disagreement over the Oregon [73] "The Fall of the House of Usher". Irving also champi- border that newly elected president James K. Polk had oned America’s maturing literature, advocating stronger vowed to resolve.[81] copyright laws to protect writers from the kind of piracy that had initially plagued The Sketch Book. Writing in the January 1840 issue of Knickerbocker, he openly endorsed 1.6 Final years and death copyright legislation pending in the U.S. Congress. “We have a young literature”, he wrote, “springing up and daily Returning from Spain in 1846, Irving took up perma- unfolding itself with wonderful energy and luxuriance, nent residence at Sunnyside and began work on an “Au- which... deserves all its fostering care”. The legislation thor’s Revised Edition” of his works for publisher George did not pass.[74] In 1841, he was elected in the National Palmer Putnam. For its publication, Irving had made a Academy of Design as an Honorary Academician.[75] deal that guaranteed him 12 percent of the retail price of 7

How sweet a life was his; how sweet a death!

Living, to wing with mirth the weary hours, Or with romantic tales the heart to cheer; Dying, to leave a memory like the breath Of summers full of sunshine and of showers,

A grief and gladness in the atmosphere.[90]

Washington Irving’s headstone, , Sleepy 2 Legacy Hollow, New York. 2.1 Literary reputation all copies sold. Such an agreement was unprecedented at that time.[82] On the death of in 1848, Irving was hired as an executor of Astor’s estate and ap- pointed, by Astor’s will, as first chairman of the , a forerunner to the .[83] As he revised his older works for Putnam, Irving con- tinued to write regularly, publishing biographies of the writer and poet Oliver Goldsmith in 1849 and the 1850 work about the Islamic prophet Muhammad. In 1855, he produced Wolfert’s Roost, a collection of stories and es- says he had originally written for The Knickerbocker and other publications,[84] and began publishing at intervals a biography of his namesake, George Washington, a work which he expected to be his masterpiece. Five volumes of the biography were published between 1855 and 1859.[85] Irving traveled regularly to and Washing- ton, D.C. for his research, and struck up friendships with Presidents and .[84] He continued to socialize and keep up with his correspon- dence well into his seventies, and his fame and popularity continued to soar. “I don’t believe that any man, in any country, has ever had a more affectionate admiration for him than that given to you in America”, wrote Senator William C. Preston in a letter to Irving. “I believe that we have had but one man who is so much in the popular heart”.[86] By 1859, author Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. Bust of Washington Irving in Irvington, New York, not far from noted that Sunnyside had become “next to Mount Vernon, Sunnyside the best known and most cherished of all the dwellings in [87] our land”. Irving is largely credited as the first American Man of On the night of November 28, 1859, at 9:00 pm, only Letters, and the first to earn his living solely by his pen. eight months after completing the final volume of his Eulogizing Irving before the Massachusetts Historical Washington biography, Washington Irving died of a heart Society in December 1859, his friend, the poet Henry attack in his bedroom at Sunnyside at the age of 76. Leg- Wadsworth Longfellow, acknowledged Irving’s role in end has it that his last words were: “Well, I must arrange promoting : “We feel a just pride in my pillows for another night. When will this end?"[88] his renown as an author, not forgetting that, to his other He was buried under a simple headstone at Sleepy Hol- claims upon our gratitude, he adds also that of having low cemetery on December 1, 1859.[89] been the first to win for our country an honourable name [91] Irving and his grave were commemorated by Henry and position in the History of Letters”. Wadsworth Longfellow in his 1876 poem, “In The Irving perfected the American short story,[92] and was Churchyard at Tarrytown”, which concludes with: the first American writer to place his stories firmly in the 8 2 LEGACY

United States, even as he poached from German or Dutch Early critics often had difficulty separating Irving the folklore. He is also generally credited as one of the first man from Irving the writer—"The life of Washing- to write both in the vernacular, and without an obligation ton Irving was one of the brightest ever led by an au- to the moral or didactic in his short stories, writing sto- thor”, wrote , an early Irv- ries simply to entertain rather than to enlighten.[93] Irving ing biographer[100]—but as years passed and Irving’s also encouraged would-be writers. As George William celebrity personality faded into the background, critics Curtis noted, there “is not a young literary aspirant in the often began to review his writings as all style, no sub- country, who, if he ever personally met Irving, did not stance. “The man had no message”, said critic Barrett hear from him the kindest words of sympathy, regard, Wendell.[101] Yet, critics conceded that despite Irving’s and encouragement”.[94] lack of sophisticated themes—Irving biographer Stanley T. Williams could be scathing in his assessment of Irv- Some critics, however—including Edgar Allan Poe—felt [102] that while Irving should be given credit for being an inno- ing’s work —most agreed he wrote elegantly. vator, the writing itself was often unsophisticated. “Irv- ing is much over-rated”, Poe wrote in 1838, “and a nice 2.2 Impact on American culture distinction might be drawn between his just and his sur- reptitious and adventitious reputation—between what is Irving popularized the nickname "Gotham" for New York due to the pioneer solely, and what to the writer”.[95] A City, later used in Batman comics and movies as the name critic for the New-York Mirror wrote: “No man in the of Gotham City, and is credited with inventing the ex- Republic of Letters has been more overrated than Mr. pression “the almighty dollar". Washington Irving”.[96] Some critics noted especially that Irving, despite being an American, catered to British sen- The surname of his Dutch historian, Diedrich Knicker- sibilities and, as one critic noted, wrote "of and for Eng- bocker, is generally associated with New York and New land, rather than his own country”.[97] Yorkers, and can still be seen across the jerseys of New York’s professional basketball team, albeit in its more familiar, abbreviated form, reading simply Knicks. In Bushwick, Brooklyn, a neighborhood of New York City, there are two parallel streets named Irving Avenue and Knickerbocker Avenue; the latter forms the core of the neighborhood’s shopping district. One of Irving’s most lasting contributions to Ameri- can culture is in the way Americans perceive and cele- brate . In his 1812 revisions to A History of New York, Irving inserted a dream sequence featuring St. Nicholas soaring over treetops in a flying wagon— a creation others would later dress up as . In his five Christmas stories in The Sketch Book, Irving por- trayed an idealized celebration of old-fashioned Christ- mas customs at a quaint English manor, that depicted har- monious warm-hearted English Christmas festivities he experienced while staying in Aston Hall, Birmingham, England, that had largely been abandoned.[103] He used text from The Vindication of Christmas (London 1652) of old English Christmas traditions, he had transcribed into his journal as a format for his stories.[104] The book con- tributed to the revival and reinterpretation of the Christ- mas holiday in the United States.[105] The Community Area of Irving Park in Chicago was In (Brooklyn) named in Irving’s honor. The Irving Trust Corporation Other critics were inclined to be more forgiving of Irv- (now the Bank of New York Mellon Corporation) was ing’s style. William Makepeace Thackeray was the first to named after him. Since there was not yet a federal cur- refer to Irving as the “ambassador whom the New World rency in 1851, each bank issued its own paper and those of Letters sent to the Old”,[98] a banner picked up by writ- institutions with the most appealing names found their ers and critics throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. certificates more widely accepted. His portrait appeared “He is the first of the American humorists, as he is al- on the bank’s notes and contributed to their wide appeal. most the first of the American writers”, wrote critic H.R. In his biography of Christopher Columbus,[106] Irving Hawless in 1881, “yet belonging to the New World, there introduced the erroneous idea that Europeans believed is a quaint Old World flavor about him”.[99] the world to be flat prior to the discovery of the New 9

Acker, about whom Irving wrote his sketch Wolfert’s Roost (the name of the house). The house is now owned and operated as a historic site by Historic and is open to the public for tours. The Washington Irv- ing Memorial by stands near the entrance to Sunnyside in the village of Irvington, which renamed itself from Dearman in his memory, and visitors to Christ Episcopal Church in nearby Tarrytown, where he served as a vestryman in the last years of his life, can see his pew. West, over the Catskills and in the Finger Lakes, Cornell University's oldest continuous student-run organization, The Irving Literary Society, is named for Washington Irving. His name is also frequently men- tioned in Joseph Heller’s novel Catch-22 in a recurring theme where his name is signed by other people to docu- 's painting The Pursuing Icha- ments which triggers several military investigations as to bod Crane, inspired by Washington Irving’s work. who Washington Irving is. Throughout the United States, there are many schools named after Irving or after places World.[107] Borrowed from Irving, the flat-Earth myth in his fictional works. A Washington Irving Memorial has been taught in schools as fact to many generations Park and Arboretum exists in Oklahoma. of Americans.[108][109] The city of Irving, Texas, states that it is named for Wash- [112] The American painter John Quidor based many of his ington Irving. Local historians believe that Irving co- paintings on scenes from the works of Irving about Dutch founders Otis Brown and J. O. Schulze decided in 1902 New York, including such paintings as to name the city after the favorite author of Otis Brown’s Flying from the Headless Horseman (1828), The Return wife, Netta Barcus Brown. Schulze, a graduate engineer of Rip Van Winkle (1849), and The Headless Horseman from the University of Iowa and member of the Washing- Pursuing Ichabod Crane (1858).[110][111] ton Irving Literary Society, also was partial to the name Irving. The Irving City Council officially adopted au- thor Washington Irving as the city’s namesake in 1998. 2.3 Memorials The Indianapolis, Indiana neighborhood of Irvington is named after Washington Irving. The Chicago, Illinois neighborhood of Irving Park is also named after him. The town of Knickerbocker, Texas, was founded by two of Irving’s nephews who named the town in honor of their uncle’s literary pseudonym. [113]

3 Works

4 References

[1] Burstein, 7.

[2] PMI, 1:26, et al.

[3] PMI, 1:27.

[4] Jones, 5.

[5] “The life and letters of Washington Irving” Archive.org

[6] Warner, 27; PMI, 1:36.

Washington Irving, postage stamp,1940 [7] Jones, 11.

Washington Irving’s home, Sunnyside, is still standing, [8] PMI, 1:42–43. just south of the Tappan Zee Bridge in Tarrytown, New [9] Burstein, 19. York. The original house and the surrounding prop- erty were once owned by 18th-century colonialist Wolfert [10] Jones, 36. 10 4 REFERENCES

[11] Burstein, 43. [40] See Reichart, Walter A. Washington Irving and Germany. (University of Michigan Press, 1957). [12] See Jones, 44–70 [41] Jones, 207-14. [13] Washington Irving to William Irving Jr., September 20, 1804, Works 23:90. [42] See Sanborn, F.B., ed. The Romance of Mary Woll- stonecraft Shelley, John Howard Payne and Washington [14] Irving, Washington. “Memoir of Washington Allston”, Irving. Boston: Bibliophile Society, 1907. Works 2:175. [43] Irving to Catharine Paris, Paris, September 20, 1824, [15] Washington Irving to Mrs. Amelia Foster, [April–May Works 24:76 1823], Works, 23:740-41. See also PMI, 1:173, Williams, 1:77, et al. [44] See reviews in Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, West- minster Review, et al., 1824. Cited in Jones, 222. [16] Burstein, 47. [45] Hellman, 170–89. [17] Jones, 82. [46] Burstein, 191. [18] Burrows, Edwin G. and Mike Wallace. Gotham: A His- tory of New York City to 1898. (Oxford University Press, [47] Bowers, 22–48. 1999), 417. See Jones, 74–75. [48] Burstein, 196. [19] Jones, 118-27. [49] Jones, 248. [20] Burstein, 72. [50] Jones, 207. [21] Washington Irving to Mrs. Amelia Foster, [April–May 1823], Works, 23:741. [51] Burstein, 212.

[22] Oxford English Dictionary. [52] Burstein, 225.

[23] Hellman, 82. [53] Russell, Jeffrey Burton. Inventing the Flat Earth: Colum- bus and Modern Historians. Praeger Paperback, 1997. [24] Jones, 121–22. ISBN 0-275-95904-X [25] Jones, 121. [54] Washington Irving to , Alhambra, June 13, [26] Jones, 122. 1829. Works, 23:436

[27] Hellman, 87. [55] Hellman, 208.

[28] Hellman, 97. [56] PMI, 2:429, 430, 431–32

[29] Jones, 154-60. [57] PMI, 3:17–21.

[30] Jones, 169. [58] Washington Irving to Peter Irving, London, March 6, 1832, Works, 23:696 [31] William Irving Jr. to Washington Irving, New York, Oc- tober 14, 1818, Williams, 1:170-71. [59] Jill Eastwood (1967). “La Trobe, Charles Joseph (1801– 1875)". Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 2. [32] Washington Irving to Ebenezer Irving, [London, late MUP. pp. 89–93. Retrieved July 13, 2007. November 1818], Works, 23:536. [60] See Irving, “A Tour on the Prairies”, Works 22. [33] See reviews from Quarterly Review and others, in The Sketch Book, xxv–xxviii; PMI 1:418–19. [61] Williams, 2:48–49

[34] Burstein, 114 [62] Jones, 318.

[35] Irving, Washington. “Preface to the Revised Edition”, The [63] Jones, 324. Sketch Book, Works, 8:7; Jones, 188-89. [64] Williams, 2:76–77. [36] McClary, Ben Harris, ed. Washington Irving and the House of Murray. (University of Tennessee Press, 1969). [65] Jones, 323.

[37] See comments of William Godwin, cited in PMI, 1:422; [66] Burstein, 288. Lady Littleton, cited in PMI 2:20. [67] Williams, 2:36. [38] Aderman, Ralph M., ed. Critical Essays on Washington Irving. (G. K. Hall, 1990), 55–57; STW 1:209. [68] Jones, 316.

[39] Aderman, 58–62. [69] Jones, 318-28. 11

[70] Monthly Review, New and Improved, ser. 2 (June 1837): [95] Poe to N.C. Brooks, Philadelphia, September 4, 1838. 279–90. See Aderman, Ralph M., ed. Critical Essays on Cited in Williams 2:101-02. Washington Irving. (G. K. Hall, 1990), 110–11. [96] Jones, 223 [71] Burstein, 295. [97] Jones, 291 [72] Jones, 333.

[73] Edgar Allan Poe to N. C. Brooks, Philadelphia, Septem- [98] Thackeray, Roundabout Papers, 1860. ber 4, 1838. Cited in Williams, 2:101-02. [99] Hawless, American Humorists, 1881. [74] Washington Irving to Lewis G. Clark, (before January 10, 1840), Works, 25:32–33. [100] Stoddard, The Life of Washington Irving, 1883.

[75] “National Academicians”. Retrieved January 18, 2014. [101] Wendell, A Literary History of America, 1901.

[76] Jones, 341. [102] See Williams, 2:Appendix III. [77] Hellman, 257. [103] Kelly, Richard Michael (ed.) (2003), . [78] Washington Irving to Ebenezer Irving, New York, Febru- p.20. Broadview Literary Texts, New York: Broadview ary 10, 1842, Works, 25:180. Press, ISBN 1-55111-476-3

[79] Bowers, 127–275. [104] Restad, Penne L. (1995). Christmas in America: a His- tory. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19- [80] Irving to Thomas Wentworth Storrow, Madrid, 18 May 510980-5 1844 , Works, 25:751 [105] See Stephen Nissebaum, The Battle for Christmas (Vin- [81] Jones, 415-56. tage, 1997) [82] Jones, 464. [106] See Irving, 1828; and his 1829 abridged version. [83] Hellman, 235. [107] See Irving, 1829, Chapter VII: “Columbus before the [84] Williams, 2:208–209. council at Salamanca”, pp. 40–47, especially p. 43.

[85] Bryan, William Alfred. George Washington in American [108] Grant (Edward), 2001, p. 342. Literature 1775–1865. New York: Columbia University Press, 1952: 103. [109] Grant (John), 2006, p. 32, in the subsection “The Earth – Flat or Hollow?" beginning at p. 30, within Chapter 1 [86] William C. Preston to Washington Irving, Charlottesville, “Worlds in Upheval”. May 11, 1859, PMI, 4:286. [110] Caldwell, John; Rodriguez Roque, Oswaldo (1994). [87] Kime, Wayne R. Pierre M. Irving and Washington Irving: Kathleen Luhrs, ed. American Paintings in the Metropoli- A Collaboration in Life and Letters. Wilfrid Laurier Uni- tan Museum of Art. Volume I: a Catalogue of Works by versity Press, 1977: 151. ISBN 0-88920-056-4 Artists Born By 1815. Dale T. Johnson, Carrie Rebora, [88] Nelson, Randy F. The Almanac of American Letters. Los Patricia R. Windels. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Altos, California: William Kaufmann, Inc., 1981: 179. in association with Press. pp. 479– ISBN 0-86576-008-X 482.

[89] PMI, 4:328. [111] Roger Panetta, ed. (2009). Dutch New York: the roots of Hudson Valley culture. Museum. pp. 223– [90] Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. “In The Churchyard at 235. ISBN 978-0-8232-3039-6. Tarrytown”, quoted in Burstein, 330. [112] “Declaration that Irving, TX is named for Washington Irv- [91] Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. “Address on the Death ing.”. Retrieved 26 September 2014. of Washington Irving”, Poems and Other Writings, J.D. McClatchy, editor. (, 2000). [113] http://irvingtx.net/common/irving-history.html [92] Leon H. Vincent, American Literary Masters, 1906. [114] Irving’s publisher, John Murray, overrode Irving’s deci- [93] Pattee, Fred Lewis. The First Century of American Litera- sion to use this pseudonym and published the book under ture, 1770–1870. New York: Cooper Square Publishers, Irving’s name—much to the annoyance of its author. See 1935. Jones 258-59.

[94] Kime, Wayne R. Pierre M. Irving and Washington Irving: [115] Composed of the three short stories “A Tour on the A Collaboration in Life and Letters. Wilfrid Laurier Uni- Prairies”, “Abbotsford and Newstead Abbey”, and “Leg- versity Press, 1977: 152. ISBN 0-88920-056-4 ends of the Conquest of Spain”. 12 6 EXTERNAL LINKS

5 Bibliography • Index Entry for Washington Irving at Poets’ Corner • Washington Irving Cultural Route in Spain • Burstein, Andrew. The Original Knickerbocker: The Life of Washington Irving. (Basic Books, 2007). • Irving letter, Sunnyside, NY at Mount Holyoke Col- ISBN 978-0-465-00853-7 lege • Bowers, Claude G. The Spanish Adventures of • Finding Aid for the Washington Irving Collection of Washington Irving. (Riverside Press, 1940). Papers, 1805-1933, at the New York Public Library • Hellman, George S. Washington Irving, Esquire. • Washington Irving letters. Available online through (Alfred A. Knopf, 1925). Lehigh University’s I Remain: A Digital Archive of Letters, Manuscripts, and Ephemera • Irving, Pierre M. Life and Letters of Washington Irv- ing. 4 vols. (G.P. Putnam, 1862). Cited herein as PMI. • Irving, Washington. The Complete Works of Wash- ington Irving. (Rust, et al., editors). 30 vols. (Uni- versity of Wisconsin/Twayne, 1969–1986). Cited herein as Works. • Irving, Washington. (1828) History of the Life of Christopher Columbus, 3 volumes, 1828, G. & C. Carvill, publishers, New York, New York; as 4 vol- umes, 1828, John Murray, publisher, London; and as 4 volumes, 1828, Paris A. and W. Galignani, pub- lishers, France. • Irving, Washington. (1829) The Life and Voyage of Christopher Columbus, 1 volume, 1829, G. & C. & H. Carvill, publishers, New York, New York; an abridged version prepared by Irving of his 1828 work. • Jones, Brian Jay. Washington Irving: An American Original. (Arcade, 2008). ISBN 978-1-55970-836- 4 • Warner, Charles Dudley. Washington Irving. (Riverside Press, 1881). • Williams, Stanley T. The Life of Washington Irving. 2 vols. (Oxford University Press, 1935). ISBN 0- 7812-5291-1

6 External links

• Works by Washington Irving at Project Gutenberg • Works by or about Washington Irving at • Works by Washington Irving at LibriVox (public do- main audiobooks) • Washington Irving’s Sunnyside • Timothy Hopkins’ Washington Irving collection, 1683–1839(5 volumes) is housed in the Department of Special Collections and University Archives at Stanford University Libraries 13

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