ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF EGYPT
EDITED BY F. LL. GRIFFITH, M.A., F.S.A.
SIXTH MEMOIR
A COLLECTION OF HIEROGLYPHS A CONTRIBUTION TO THE HISTORY OF EGYPTIAN WRITING
BY
F. LL. GRIFFITH
WITH NINE COLOURED PLATES
From facsimiles by
ROSALIND F. E. PAGET, ANNIE PIRIE AND HOWARD CARTER
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SIR E. MAUNDE THOMPSON, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D. THE HON. CHAS. L. HUTCHINSON (U.S.A,). LT.-GENERAL SIR FRANCIS GKENFELL, G.C.M.G., THE HON. JOHN GEO. BOURINOT, D.C.L. K.C.B. (Canada). THE REV. PROF. A. H. SAYOE, M.A., LL.D. PROF. GL MASPERO, D.C.L. (France). CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER, Esq., L.H.D., LL.D. PROF. AD. ERMAN, Ph.D. (Germany). (U.S.A.). JOSIAH MULLENS, Esq, (Australia). THE EEV. W. C. WINSLOW, D.D., D.C.L. (U.S.A.). M. CHARLES HENTSCH (Switzerland).
1bon. {Treasurers. H. A, GRUEBER, Esq., F.S.A. F. C. FOSTER, Esq. (Boston, U.S.A.). ANDREW MILLS, Esq. (New York, U.S.A.).
1bon. Secretaries.
J. S. COTTON, Esq., M.A. THE EEV. W. C. WINSLOW, D.D., D.C.L. (Boston, U.S.A.). THE EEV. CHAS. E. GILLETT (New York, U.S.A.).
Members ot Committee.
T. H. BAYLIS, Esq., M.A., Q.C., Y.D. THE MARQUIS OF NORTHAMPTON, j Miss M. BRODRICK, Ph.D. (for Boston). D. PARRISH, Esq. (U.S.A.). SOMERS CLARKE, Esq., F.S.A. FRANCIS WM. PERCIVAL, Esq., M.A., F.S.A. W. E. CRUM, Esq., M.A. PROF. W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE, D.C.L., LL.D. SIR JOHN EVANS, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S. (for Chicago). ARTHUR JOHN EVANS, Esq., M.A., F.S.A, F. G. HILTON PRICE, Esq., F S.A. F. LL. GRIFFITH, Esq., M.A., F.S.A. MRS. TIRARD. MRS. E. LL. GRIFFITH. THE REV. H. G. TOMKINS, M.A. T. FARMER HALL, Esq. THE LORD BISHOP OF TRURO. JOHN HORNIMAN, Esq., M.P. HERMANN WEBER, Esq., M.D. MRS. MCCLURE. MAJOR-GENERAL SIR CHARLES W. WILSON, THE EEV. W. MACGREGOR, M.A. K.C.B., K.C.M.G., F.E.S. A. S. MURRAY, Esq., LL.D., F.S.A.
CONTENTS.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......
PRELIMINARY NOTE ON THE TRANSLITERATION OF EGYPTIAN Table of the Egyptian Alphabet Note on the Semitic consonants alif and 'ain
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY : 1. Previous work on the hieroglyphic signs : materials their study ... 2. Powers of the signs : history of their employment
CHAPTER II.
HIEROGLYPHS COLLECTED BY THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY: 1. Sources of the facsimiles... 2. Discussion of the signs in natural groups
ADDENDA
ERRATA (to Hieroglyphs and Beni Hasan III.)
ORDER OF THE SIGNS
INDEX TO FACSIMILES ...
PKEFACE.
THE publication of detailed hieroglyphs, &e., in Beni Hasan III., seems to have met a want, to judge by the welcome with which it has been received in the scientific press. The criticisms of MASPERO {Rev. Grit., xliii., pp. 201 et seqq.) and BORCHARDT (A. Z., 1897, pp. 103 et seqq.) have at once displayed how little is positively known with regard to the origins of individual signs, and furnished new material and ideas for the study of them. PIEHL [Sphinx, ii., pp. 33 et seqq.) has also contributed some suggestions, and M. LORET, in a private letter, has communicated a number of interest ing observations on those representing natural objects. At the last moment also appears a long and friendly notice by M. FOUCART in the Rev, Arch. (Ser. iii., 1898, vol. xxii., pp. 20 et seqq.). The present work is in continuation of the task begun in Beni Hasan III. : that of ascertaining and illustrating the history and origins of the hieroglyphic characters. Much special study has meanwhile been devoted to the subject, and it is hoped that the present Memoir, besides being more elaborate, will show a marked advance in the explanation of the signs upon the somewhat hasty descriptions in the preceding volume. The greater number of the coloured facsimiles given herewith are from hieroglyphs of the Xllth Dynasty, copied by Mr. H. Carter (a few by Mr. Blackden), in the tomb of Tehutihetep at El Bersheh. This tomb has been already published—in outline only—in El Bersheh I. There is also a considerable collection of XVIIIth Dynasty signs from the temple of Deir 6l Bahri, beautifully copied by Miss R. F. E. Paget. The relief-sculpture and colouring of the inscriptions at Deir el Bahri are well known to be exceedingly fine. The signs selected are from parts of the temple already published by M. Naville, and the originals are in very good preservation. Lastly, Miss A. Pirie has most kindly presented to the Archaeological Survey, for use in the present volume, her facsimile drawings of a number of hieroglyphs from the tomb of Paheri at El Kab. The tomb of Paheri was published in the Xlth Memoir of viii PKEFACE. the Egypt Exploration Fund by Mr. J. J. Tylor and myself, as well as separately by Mr. Tylor in an edition de luxe. It is of the same age as the temple of Deir el Bahri. In order to extend the enquiry over a wider field, and so obtain more solid results, the text has not been confined to the new collection of hieroglyphs, but includes most of those already published in Beni Hasan III. and in the coloured plates of Beni Hasan I. It will be observed that a special fount of alphabetic hieroglyphs has been made for this volume. This has been done in order to obviate some of the standing difficulties in transliteration, a matter discussed below in the Preliminary Note. Neat and clear though they be, the founts of general hieroglyphic type now in use are very unsatisfactory. They were modelled on late forms, and often without understanding of the objects and actions which the signs were meant to represent. A few of the most misleading have here been corrected, but materials are not yet available for a thorough revision. In parting from the pleasant task which has long occupied him, the author would crave indulgence for the many imperfections of his work. After much close application to it, time spent in definite research has often appeared almost wasted when its results were compared with those afterwards obtained casually in pursuing other branches of Egyptology. Scarcely an hour now spent in looking over inscriptions fails to reveal new and often decisive evidence touching upon one or another of the innumerable points of discussion raised in the following pages. It is useless at present to hope to achieve anything like finality in the study. The whole field needs investigation, and many thousands of good facsimiles are required to put the subject of the origins of the hieroglyphs on a firm basis. LIST OF ABBEEVIATIONS.1
TERMINOLOGY. Ab. Abbreviation (p. 7). M.K. Middle Kingdom. Alph. Alphabetic phonogram (p. 3). N.K. New Kingdom. Det. Determinative (p. 5). O.K. Old Kingdom. Dyn. Dynasty. [pp. 3, 5). Phon. Phonogram (p. 3). Id. Ideogram (representing idea, not sound; cf. Phon. trans. Phonetic transference (p. 3). Id. trans. Ideographic transference (p, 3). Had. ext. Radical extension (p. 3). REFERENCES. Ab., i., ii. MARIETTE, Abydos, 2 vols. Methen. Dyn. III.—IV.: tomb in L., D., ii., 2 et seqq. A. Z. Zeitschrift fur Aegyptische Sprache, Berlin. Miss. Arch. Mission Archeologique Francaise au Caire, A. T. LEPSIUS, Aelteste Texte. mSmoires. B. H, i., ii., iii. Beni Hasan, 3 vols. (E.E.F., A.S.) MORGAN, Recherches. J. DE MORGAN, Recherches sur les Origines de Bk.ofD. Booh of Dead, ed. by Budge. Vltgypte, 2 vols. BON., Save. BONOMI, Sarcophagus of Oimenephthah (i.e. Naqada. PETRIE, Naqada and Ballas. Setyl.). Paheri. Ed. TYLOR and GRIFFITH, in ,-Ahnas and BREASTED de Hymnis . BREASTED, de Hymnis in Solem. Paheri (E.E.F.). BR., D. G. BRUGSCH, Dictionnaire GSographique (with Pap. Any. Papyrus of Any (Brit. Mus.). supplement). „ Eb. Papyrus Ebers, 2 vols. „ Thes. „ Thesaurus. j, Har. Facsimile of a Papyrus (Harris) of the Reign „ Wtb. and Suppl. „ Worterbuch and supplement, 7 vols. of Rameses III. (Brit. Mus.). Bui. Pap. MARIETTE, Papyrus duMusie de Boulaq, 3 vols. PETRIE, Dec. Art. PETRIE, Egyptian Decorative Art. CH., Mon. CHAMPOLLION, Monuments de Vfigypte et de „ T. e. A. „ Tell el Amarna. la Nubie. Stela of Piankhy, in MAR., M. D., PL i. et Dahchour. J. DE MORGAN, Fouilles a Dahchour. D. el B., i., ii. Deir el Bahari, 2 vols. (E.E.F.). PRISSE, Art. PRISSE, HArt Mgyptien, 2 vols, and text. Deshasheh. (E.E.F.) „ Mons. „ Monuments. DUM., H. I. DUMICHEN, Historische Inschriften, 2 vols. P. S. B. A. Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeo „ Peduamenap. „ der Grabpalast des Peduamenap, logy. 3 vols. Ptahhetep. Tomb published in QUIBELL, Ramesseum. „ Pes. „ Pesultate der . . . Expedition, Pyr. Pyramid texts (MASPERO, Les Pyramides de Theil i. Saqqareh). El B., i., ii. El Bersheh, 2 vols. (E.E.F., A.S.). „ M. „ of Merenra. ERM., Gr. ERMAN, Aegyptische Grammatik. „ N. „ of Neferkara Pepy II. Hetnub graffiti. BLACKDEN and FRASER, Hieratic Graffiti from » P- „ of Pepy I. the Alabaster Quarry of Hetnub. „ W. „ of Unas (Wnys). Horhotep. In Miss. Arch., Tome i., pp. 135-180. Rec. de Trav. Recueil de Travaux relatifs a la Philologie Illahun. PETRIE, Illahun, Kahun and Gurob. et a V Archeologie Egyptiennes et Kahun. „ Kahun, Gurob and Hawara. Assyriennes. Kali. Pap. GRIFFITH, Kahun Papyri. Rev. Arch. Revue Archeologique. Koptos. PETRTE, Koptos. Rev. Rel. Revue de VHistoire des Religions. LANZ., Diz. d. Mit. LANZONE, Dizionario di Mitologia Egizia. Ros., M. C. ROSELLINI, Monumenti della Egizia e della ~b.,D. LEPSIUS, Denkmdler aus Aegypten und Nubim: Monumenti Civili. „ M. d. C. „ „ „ del Culto. Lebensmilder. ERMAN, Gesprach eines Lebensmuden mit seiner „ M. S. „ „ „ St or id. Seele (from the Abhandlungen of the SOHAOK, Index. SCHACK-SCHACKENBURG, Index zu den Pyra- Berlin Academy, 1896). miden texten. LEVI, Voc. S. LEVI, Vocabolario Geroglifico-Coptico- SCHIAP., L. d. F. SCHIAPARELLI, Libro del Funerali, 2 vols Ebraico, 8 vols. text, 3 vols, plates. MAR., Alb. MARIETTE, Album du MusSe de Boulaq. Sebekaa. Coffin in A. T. „ Cat. „ Catalogue des monuments dAbydos. SH., Eg. Ins. SHARPE, Egyptian Inscriptions, 2 series. „ D. el B. „ Deir el Bahari. SHELLEY, Birds. SHELLEY, Birds of Egypt. „ Mast. „ Les Mastabas de VAncien Empire. Sign pap. In Two Papyri from Tanis (E.E.F.). „ M.D. „ Monuments Divers. Siut. GRIFFITH, The Inscriptions of Siut and Der MASP., M. £g. MASPERO, Etudes Egyptiennes, 2 vols. Rvfeh. „ Mom. roy. „ Les momies royales de Deir el Bahari Todt. Todtenbuch, ed. by LEPSIUS, by NAVILLE, a (in Miss. Arch., i.) by BUDGE (Book of the Dead). „ Tabled? offrandes, „ (in Rev. de VHistoire des Religions, Tomb. Sety I. LEFEBURE, Tombeau de Sety I, in M 1897-8.) Arch., ii. „ Trois anntes. „ Trois annexes de fouilles in Miss, Trois annees. MASPERO, Trois annSes de fouilles, in M Arch., i. Arch., i. Math. Pap. EISENLOHR, Ein Mathematisches Handbuch. Una. Inscription of Una, in MAR., Ab., ii., 44-4£ Medum. PETRIE, Medum. Z. D. M. G. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenldndisct Mentuhotep. STEINDORFF, Der Grab des Mentuhotep. \ Gesellschaft.
* u, ADDENDA, b PRELIMINARY NOTE
ON THE TRANSLITERATION OF EGYPTIAN.
IN previous volumes of the Archaeological Survey we have followed the highly conventional transliteration of hieroglyphs into a system of consonants and vowels such as has become customary in England. But since our present discussion involves especially the true powers of the signs and the origin of their phonetic values (as far as we can ascertain them), that system, unchecked, would here be misleading. The roots of Egyptian words, like those of Semitic, consist of a certain number of consonants, and—as perhaps will become clearer on perusal of this Memoir—the phonetic value of almost every sign in hieroglyphic writing corresponds simply to these bare consonantal roots of one, two, or three consonants (or semi-vowels). Any person acquainted with a Semitic language, say Hebrew or Arabic, will comprehend at once the force of these statements as regards both the palaeography and the language. In Egyptian, as in unpointed Hebrew, and Arabic written without vowels, occasionally a semi-vowel is used in good writing to indicate a vowel, but it never becomes a mere vowel-sign. To transliterate ^=> as da in the following pages, without warning, would be as misleading as to transliterate say Jy^t by aaul in a discussion of the verbal roots and the values of the letters in Arabic. In the latter case, if the vocalization were unknown, no safer transliteration could be given than 3 fwl: happily in Arabic we are generally saved from such atrocities by the simplicity of its own alphabet, which makes conversion into any other almost superfluous. It is not so with the highly complex hieroglyphic syllabary: in this, for close scientific work, transliteration is constantly a necessity, and occasionally a distressing group of conventional signs, such as c> or c\ seems almost unavoidable. There is, however, one way out of the difficulty. The hieroglyphic system included twenty-five alphabetic letters, and in them the values of all the phonetic signs of the system can be expressed. They thus provide a very natural means of transliteration. It is not difficult to learn the values of twenty-five pictorial signs, and if words artificially expressed by this alphabet are kept quite distinct from those in genuine hieroglyphic spelling, there seems no objection to their use where European letters fail to satisfy. As Professor Petrie once suggested in discussing this vexed question of transliteration, the distinction can be secured by the use of a specially small type for the hieroglyphic alphabet, which shall at once sufficiently represent the Egyptian signs, distinguish the transliterations from the true words, range with ordinary English type, and be clear and not unpleasing to the eye. Each of the various systems hitherto advocated employs European letters modified by diacritical points, and arouses the wrath of those who have adopted any one of the other systems. In the present work we endeavour to conciliate all: by the side of the inoffensive hieroglyphic transliteration, which represents in fact the basis of every system, we constantly give European spellings, and so we trust that none of our old supporters will be embarrassed by the additional equipment required for working on this branch of Egyptian study. PRELIMINARY NOTE ON THE TRANSLITERATION OF EGYPTIAN. XI
THE EGYPTIAN ALPHABET.
FOR the alphabetic signs and their values see STEINDORFF, Das AUaegyptische Alphabet und seine Umschreihung, Z. der Morgenl. Gesells., xlvi., 709 (cf. Baedeker Egypt, 1898, p. cxxiii.) ; ERMAN, Die Umschreihung des Aegyptischen, A. Z., xxxiv., 51 (especially valuable for a clear exposition of the consonantal character of 1^, I), \, —J), cf. Grammar, pp. 6-8. In many cases in the present volume two transliterations into European characters are given side by side, one being consonantal, the other admitting vowels in conformity with the old system. In the following table the third column shows where either of these systems differs from that of Berlin : in the fourth column are given Arabic and Hebrew equivalents of values that cannot be so well expressed in English letters.
BERLIN. E.E.F. SEMITIC. \\ is used at the end of a word for the vowel i as a distinctive \\ 3 , J1(^) k» grammatical ending. 44 is a strengthened form of 4, used after the O.K. when 4 had lost •1 hhi y (d) i the full force of y. p j y > ) are wea w i, % i \i 4* 00? ^ k consonants or semi-vowels. <=> is also a weak c NX an< ~~n C2(*) \£>y\ consonant; and p (prefixed), k (prefixed), f), 44, $, i ^ (suffixed) W,U w (u) "\ are formative letters at the beginning or end of words. All the above rJ b may thus sometimes be neglected in deriving phonetic values from words. D p ^ often changes to 4? and each at times seems less than consonantal. The distinction—very important in separating roots—between p and x^_ f k m -*- was lost after the O.K. In the following pages whenever there is Ls n uncertainty in this matter we use the combination -p-. <=> r In early texts »- varies with ^^ and in late writing it was confused ra h «, n with ©. In Coptic »~ becomes hh9 while © often becomes sh. Thus the I h3 e sounds represented by »- and © seem to have crossed each other, travelling 4 © h h(hh) i in opposite directions. To distinguish them as Mb and d is a mere *Ho h h(ch) convention. — s V » generally changed to t, so that in N.K. » often represents ^; but >i s to in some words the distinct sound remained firm. ^ became d in many •n s s (sh) to words, and varies with «=» even in old texts. In the following pages the A k q6 P use of the combinations =», ^» indicates when the sounds are subject to these changes. «=» is rather t than a true d. ^3* & D 2 9 eu £5. t 1 AUf, a breathing as support for a vowel; counts as a consonant in Semitic roots (see p. xii.). 2 ^D t (th) *±> 'Ain, a peculiar guttural breathing: a strong consonant (nothing to do with a; see p. xii.). - 3 dS3 d, t "• d L Ji is a soft English fc,Aa peculiar guttural h. 4 M as in hard German ch; ch as in soft German ch. d, z 0 k "" 5 q is a guttural h) h is an English h.
N.B.—For the practical purposes of teacher or learner, in order to make the unvocalized roots pronounceable, an e may be added to any consonant wherever it facilitates the reading : e.g. i ~ u h(e)t(e)p ; ^ ra & \ n(e)h(e)mw(e); 4 k y(v)m \ k \ ™(e)y(6) 5 ^ $ n(e)w(e); \ r~> . ^ w{e)n*t; ~* \ c(e)\e) ; ^ \\ $ tiw(e). Xll PKELIMINAKY NOTE ON THE TEANSLITERATIOlSr OF EGYPTIAN.
NOTE ON THE SEMITIC CONSONANTS ALIF AND The following rough statements may give some idea of the use of Alif and 'Ain, and of the. semi-vowels w and y in Semitic and Egyptian. Though regarded as a consonant, the Semitic alif (Hebrew qleph), like the Greek soft breathing ' and the French h, has little or no sound in pronunciation. It is called a guttural, and* is often marked by an interruption of sound. It may be defined to be a breathing as the support for a vowel, and is of great importance both as a radical and as a formative sign. I. As a radical it may support a syllable in the same way as any other consonant. Thus the root sJl makes sa^ala (sa^a'la), just asfth makes fa'ta'ha. When not itself vocalized—i.e. followed by a vowel—alif lengthens the preceding vowel in one way or another. II. Formative alif To take a striking instance of this: when in inflexion a short vowel of any kind—a9 e, i9 o, or u—is prefixed for euphonic reasons to a difficult combination of consonants, its presence is indicated in writing by an alif written before the radical consonants. This is called " prosthetic alif." III. Alif has by nature a particular affinity to the vowel a—as y has to i9 and w to u, so that a* = d, iy = b, uw = u. When not itself vocalized, it especially lengthens preceding a to a, and hence is used in writing to indicate long a (a). (So also y and w are used in writing to indicate i and u.) \ seems to correspond to the Semitic alif especially as a radical. There are probably only two cases, each rare and obscure, of its use as a formative; but occasionally it seems to have been written quite superfluously, even in early texts, its feeble value leading to uncertainty or confusion. 11 is properly y9 but the sounds of ^ and \ seem to some extent to have changed places in course of time (cf. the case of •- and ©). Q is very often omitted in writing at the beginning of a word, and in this situation may often have been reduced to the value of alif at a very early period. It is commonly prefixed to a root, and it may be doubted whether it, does not, even in early instances, then represent "prosthetic alif" (see SETHE, De Aleph Frosthetico in Lingua Aegyptiaca). It is natural that there should now reign some uncertainty about the use of these weak consonants and the signs that expressed them in Ancient Egyptian: even in Semitic grammars there is Considerable complexity about the treatment of the mutual relations of alif and y. 6Ain (Arab., Heb. caiyin) is a peculiar guttural breathing unknown to European languages. It counts as a strong consonant. In Egyptian cain is represented by -a. In the New Kingdom it was weakened, probably owing to the fact that the sound was unpronounceable to some of the mixed population. It was quite lost during the Graeco-Roman period, but was brought into Egypt afresh by the Arabs, and is still constantly heard in Egypt. J h is related to this guttural. A COLLECTION OF HIEROGLYPHS. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY. I. PREVIOUS WORK ON EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHS: MATERIALS AVAILABLE FOR THEIR STUDY. UNTIL Professor Petrie published his Medum were taken without discrimination from texts and Professor Erman his Grammar, no im of all periods; moreover, the outlines of the portant work on Egyptian hieroglyphic writing signs were inaccurately rendered, their colours had appeared in recent years. Champollion in unnoted, and their phonetic and ideographic his Grammaire Hgyptienne, issued after the powers very imperfectly determined. Thus, author's death in 1836, gave descriptive names whenever doubt was possible as to the object to large numbers of the signs. De Roug^, represented by a sign, little external help was in his Catalogue des signes Meroglyphiqaes de forthcoming for correct identification. To a Vimprimerie nationale, 1851, attached to each present-day student of the subject, the scholarly of many hundreds of signs and varieties of understanding of De Rouge and the ingenuity signs a short description, often very correct. of Birch are apparent, but the aid which they In 1848, to the first volume of Bunsen's Egypt's afford him is small. Place in Universal History9i Birch contributed a In 1872, Brugsch, in his Grammaire hiero- long list of hieroglyphs, with descriptions and glyphique, published a useful list of signs with statements of their separate phonetic and ideo their phonetic and ideographic values, accom graphic values, and this list was revised and panying them with references to his Dictionary, enlarged for the second edition in 1867. In and distinguishing some of the specially early the latter year De Rouge again dealt with the and late forms. In 1878, Rossi, in his subject, and published a catalogue raisonnee of Grammatica Geroglifica, from the materials the more usual signs in the first livraison of his thus furnished by Brugsch and others, con Ghrestomathie Egyptienne. Useful to the student structed for the use of students a catalogue as these first lists were in the early stages of raisonnee of the most ordinary signs. The plan decipherment, they are now of little value. on which it is carried out is a good one, but For, at the time they were made, the fine early the work has little independent value. We forms were mostly unstudied, and the signs may also note the careful list in Lemm's B 2 INTRODUCTORY. Aegyptische Lesestuclce, 1883. Several bare lists home students in regard to examples of form of printers' founts of hieroglyphic signs have for the Old Kingdom, but for all periods been published, e.g. that of F. Theinhardt, at occasional detailed and trustworthy drawings Berlin, arranged by Lepsius, and that of the and photographs are found among the enormous rich and elaborate fount in the Imprimerie mass of published texts. To these may now be Nationale at Paris, already mentioned, and added the 105 coloured signs in Bent Hasan III. re-issued without De Rouge's commentary in and still more numerous examples in the pre a second edition. sent volume. The writer has also had access The only critical list of hieroglyphs with their to the important collection of facsimiles at powers published recently is that of Erman, University College, London, made for Professor printed in his Grammar. The system by which Petrie by Miss Paget. A large proportion of he classifies the values—obscured in the English these are copied from our own collections from edition by the substitution of the term '' ideo Beni Hasan and El Bersheh, others are from graph " for Wortzeiehen, "word-sign''—displays coffins of late period, and have only palaeo- the author's keen insight into the nature of graphical interest, and others again are from hieroglyphic writing, and the list itself is highly earlier coffins in the British Museum. But the suggestive. flower of the collection consists in exquisite The only native list that has come down to drawings of sculptured hieroglyphs, sometimes us, that of the Sign Papyrus of Tanis (see with traces of colour, from the tomb of Ptah- IXth Memoir of Egypt Exploration Fund), is hetep at Saqqareh, supplemented by a few from unfortunately of the Roman Period, when the other tombs in the same neighbourhood, and original meanings of the signs had been well from the pyramid of P^py I. These were all nigh forgotten. It has its own peculiar interest, copied on the spot in 1895-6. but seldom furnishes the smallest hint to the In investigating the powers or uses of the seeker after origins. The famous " Hieroglyphics signs, dictionaries give most important aid to of Horapollo" occasionally contains a remini the student, and it seems ungrateful not to scence of true hieroglyphs, but may well be a mention them each by name. The keywords to composition of the Middle Ages embodying the the meanings, viz., the names of the objects or tiny modicum of half-genuine tradition that had actions depicted, are often exceedingly rare in survived till then. the texts, and one requires every aid in the Scattered up and down Egyptological litera search for them. Brugsch's great Dictionary ture there are, as may be imagined, many (1867-1882) frequently settles with close accuracy attempts at explaining individual signs. But the meanings of the words considered in it, any endeavour to treat Egyptian hieroglyphs supplying by quotations the proof of his com-; critically, to ascertain their origins, the history elusions. Despite its uncritical method of com of their use, the original distinction or relation pilation, Levy's bulky Vocabulary (1887-1894), ship of signs that resemble each other, reveals with its two supplements and long tables of how little is really known about them. For signs, is indispensable in this branch of research, the study, good examples showing detail and since it gives a multitude of references to rare colouring at different periods are needed, and words and forms of words that occur in notable the evidence furnished by form and colour must publications of recent date, such as Maspero's be checked by examination of their powers in edition of the Pyramid Texts. Special indices, writing. such as Stern's excellent Glossary of the Papyrus Professor Petrie's Medum is the mainstay of Ebers, Piehl's Vocabulary of the Harris Papyrus, POWERS OF THE SIGNS. 3 Erman's Glossary of the Westcar Papyrus, as yet unfortunately little more than begun, but and Dr. Budge's Vocabulary of the XVIIlth the synoptic index of parallel chapters prefixed Dynasty " Book of the Dead," are often helpful. to the work is of the greatest value in the Schack's great Index to the Pyramid Texts is search for variant spellings. II. POWERS OF THE SIGNS: HISTORY OF THEIR EMPLOYMENT. We will now consider the connexion between a symbol for father; very likely for a similar the forms and the powers of the Egyptian reason. The ostrich feather, on ^. a §wmt (shwt), hieroglyphs, and their use in writing of the is emblem of Maat, goddess of Truth, and stands best periods. for her name also. Sometimes one value of a Following in the main Professor Erman's sign (see J,, •, p—*, *L) is probably derived classification, we can see that the development from the name of a locality or geographical of the use of the signs was somewhat thus: division of which it represented the badge or At first, a picture-sign was made to stand symbol, for reasons of religion, mythology, local either simply for the NAME of the object produce or manufacture. pictured by it, or for that of some state or From its Proper and other name-values the action which it naturally indicates. Thus, -o>- further use of a word-sign developed in two stands for ((<=»•<=> yrt (art), "eye"; a D for ways, viz., phonetically and ideographically. fr-v-3* hnkj "offer." Such may be said to be I. PHONETICALLY. The word-sign might be the PROPER uses of the picture as a word-sign. employed to write other words of the same Often there may be several Proper values. essential sound as those expressing its Proper Undoubtedly the values commonly originate in or Transferred senses. Thus, to begin with, it the names of the objects which the signs re would be used by RADICAL EXTENSION for other present, but these names are not always trace forms of the same root, with the formative signs able. The ancient name may have become added in writing when necessary, but afterwards obsolete at an early age, or even if it was by PHONETIC TRANSFERENCE for any homophon- current in historic times it may happen that it ous words, whatever their origin and meaning. never appears in the inscriptions. At length it might become a purely phonetic sign, The IDEOGRAPHIC power is often extended or to represent part only of a word-root, the rest TRANSFERRED widely, and sometimes in a peculiar of which would have to be supplied by other and rather unexpected way; e.g. when ^ a phonetic signs. These PHONOGRAMS, which are pond, or a vessel containing liquid, is taken as very limited in number, may indicate one the symbol of womanhood; or a bone harpoon- consonant only, in which case they are termed head is used for polished rods, or reed stems, Alphabetic; or more than one, in which case and for burial, as well as for bone and ivory. they are termed Syllabic. There is no further Mythology and religion naturally played their essential difference between alphabetic and part in this extension. The griffon vulture, syllabic characters. named wr, was the emblem of Mut, the mother- The origin of many of the alphabetic goddess, and so stands for her name mwt or m't, values is still obscure, but it does not seem " mother." Apparently *u*~, the cerastes, was likely that the Egyptians ever consciously B 2 INTRODUCTORY. resorted to the principle of acrophony, i.e. of consonants had to be abolished from its value assigning to a symbol the value of the first and the radical consonants alone retained. only of several sounds in the word which it When we remember the readiness with which represents. In the Old Kingdom there * are the Arab recognizes the few radical consonants no homophones among the regular alphabetic upon which his highly organized verbal conju characters. Of these there are twenty-five, gations are built, we can better understand the including the vowel-sign \\; but this was not ease with which the Egyptians reduced their used as such until the Middle Kingdom. The word-signs to their radical values. The gradual "syllabic" phonograms in regular use at a development of a phonetic system would enable good period do not much exceed 40. them in course of time to supply the flexional It is interesting and essential to further consonants by the addition of separate phono research to note the principles on which signs grams. Let us take as an illustration the sign were employed for the expression of sound. ^37. This represents a basket, and the root of It was convenient as well as natural to the Egyptian name is nb, " hold," with the employ a given word-sign for a]l forms of the feminine termination t = nb't, "the holder." root to which the word itself belonged. In The sign very naturally was required to spell the (sub-Semitic?) language spoken by the nb or nb'iv, "holder, master" (masculine), nb't, Egyptians the root of each word lay in con "holder, mistress" (feminine), nb'w, "holders, sonants, and the inflexions no doubt consisted masters" (masc. plural). Hence ^37 by itself largely in vowel-changes, though these are not may stand for a "basket," nb't', it may also traceable in hieroglyphic writing. For instance, stand for "master," and, with the addition of the root htp might perhaps take, amongst ^ t, for nb't, "mistress," or with the addition others, such forms as hotep, hatp, hotpe, htep- of ^\ w, for nb'w, " masters." When this stage Likewise, from the root rwd (which we con had been reached, the sign ^37 was easily ventionally write rud) might be forms rowed, applied to the spelling of a verb nb, "swim," rawd (reduced to rand, the vowel and semi-vowel and of another verb nb, "melt," each with a coalescing and forming a diphthong), rowde number of vowel inflexions that we cannot (reduced to rude), reived. > And from wn (which now follow, owing to the incomplete record we conventionally write un) there might be of sounds in hieroglyphics. We thus see that wdn9 wan, owne (reduced to une), and wen. when a sign is employed for its phonetic value, Possibly, under special circumstances depriving it is used to represent the skeleton only of the the word of all accent ("construct" state), word for which it stands, i.e. the unvocalized some form of wn might be reduced to a mere and uninflected root (v. Addenda). un; yet radically w and n would be recognized Even the root was generally reduced to its as still underlying. Thus, =£=, " offering," " to simplest form, for through inherent weakness be propitiated," stands for I ^ a h-t-p ; ^\ " firm," of consonants or the coalescence of the last two " knot," stands for <=> \ ^ r-w-d ; JlL> " run like radicals in any root in which they happened to a hare," stands for ^ ^ w-n. be identical (cf. Semitic secundae geminatae) Inflexion and derivation, however, also con there might be a shortened form of the root sisted in the addition of certain consonants, itself. Thus the hoe ^=, f ^ *»* Jinn (henen), viz., s prefixed (for the causative form), m pre has the syllabic value hn; and several of the fixed, an added t, ID, or y. Thus, when the alphabetic signs appear to owe their value to a word-sign was used for all forms of the word, single geminated root letter: see description of the vocalization and the flexional and formative s=5, ^z^>, —H— below, pp. 45, 47, 38. On the other POWEES OF THE SIGNS. 5 hand, the plant or rush r^ ,~A . ^ nn% used for means of the Pyramid Texts, but in the case of r»+ ^ nn, has to be doubled in writing, evidently many words not found in the Old Kingdom, because its value would otherwise be reduced to we cannot tell which s is correct. Such cases n (see below, p. 29). are here indicated by -p*. The WEAK CONSONANTS are \, H, $ and <=>. When the two allied consonants -/• and | They seem to have been more or less fugitive came together in a word, these being difficult according to circumstances. Terminal r in so to pronounce, the —^ was, in the Middle many cases where it is found in the earliest Kingdom, often written (, and, generally, there texts was lost, or changed to a vowel in course is some uncertainty about their use. Cf. Q£l, of time. Thus ^, I <=> hr, "face," became h[r],| , ^; also ^5, v^/? s^, J^, ^. The last 6i with the r changed perhaps to y9 to which it sign is in many words -J 1 -*, but in navy " it had a tendency. And if in good writing, after is I —*. the earliest times were passed, it was required With other consonants also there are early to write a word or syllable hr with a strong r, instances of change or loss, especially perhaps the spelling had then to be ® . So also with in the case of /-*, but at present they have I= i JPM> "house," * m[r]9 "channel," &c. not been reduced to rule, and are altogether But Final \{aleph)J i) (yod), and \ (when radical) but W, a hide, is a general determinative for could often likewise be neglected, as might be all beasts, and may follow the name of any. judged from Semitic analogies, though in what The use of determinatives is found to decrease degree still remains to be ascertained. In the the further one goes back into antiquity, and Pyramid Texts (£, © ^, is used alternatively for this, as Erman remarks in his Grammar, shows lch, and IT] h seems to have been originally the compai'ative lateness of their use, and agrees ra^, and ffl g, &\. Initial q is often neglige- with their natural place in the evolution of the able, but in such cases it is perhaps not radical. script. From picture-signs derive word-signs, It has long been seen that ? must often be from word-signs phonograms, and then recourse a euphonic prefix like the prosthetic alif in is again had to picture signs, or at least Semitic, and in that position it is always weak ideograms, for determinatives to phonograms. and liable to change or disappear. Changes take place also among the STRONG The development of the hieroglyphic system CONSONANTS ; thus, in most roots in course of of writing did not take place according to rule, time ^ changes to *=*, here indicated by ^, and the employment of the signs cannot be and :=> to o, here indicated by =§>. completely and neatly tabulated even for a The distinction between p and -*- was altogether single period of the writing. We may in a lost after the Old Kingdom. For vast numbers general way distinguish Classical from Archaic of words we can verify the ancient form by usage, the spelling in the Old Kingdom being INTEODUCTOKY. very variable, while in the Middle Kingdom it hn; these, and others, may probably be con had become more or less fixed in principle and sidered as "false derivatives." It is often so continued into the New. Some special difficult to say where word-sign ends and developments and usages are as follows :— phonogram begins. 1. In classical writing strong flexional con 3. There are two phonograms which are used sonants are as a rule written separately from solely for marking inflexions. The eagle (p. 19), ^ \\ $ tiw, stands for the plural ending of the word-sign. Thus <2>_, ^7^ in the Old adjectives in ti, and II as a phonogram is i Kingdom may often stand for f\ <=> • ^ yrt (art), 9 chiefly as the termination of the dual, and of > " eye/' but later the spelling is ^ T. Even in adjectives derived from substantives. (||(1 in late writing, however, if no ambiguity can good texts is used only for terminations, or at result and conciseness is aimed at, the word-sign most as a substitute for final radical t\ or \; alone is made to stand for a derived form with when it replaces the sound of the latter, <|\ a strong consonant. This is the case not only is generally written as well. In the special with the <* of the fern, ending, as ©, for ^ • ^ spelling for foreign names in the New Kingdom n% "city," but also with prefixed ^; as when it is used for y in any position.) n D, I ^ <3* hnk, stands for $^« } ^ <=* m'hnJc in Certain vowel-endings, being of particular a certain title (SETHE, A. Z., 1893, p. 99), and importance, were rendered by special devices. c c xx, —a e=a d (ad), stands for ^._-JOC=S m* d Thus the dual and the adjectival formative i (m'ad), in the name of the sun-boat. So also was in the Old Kingdom sometimes rendered cc the scribe's palette, ™ -n —* n (naa), constantly by (j, and the same dual ending and the ter stands for the causative p • ^ ^ _* S'n^ [s'naa), mination of adjectives by the development of cursive writing, and indeed used for rnp, and even that for rwp was used the spread of writing into common use, the for tr, although the latter had no p. The sound scribe gradually made himself independent of and meaning of each word being obvious from the delicate differences which distinguished the the more systematic spelling out by a group forms of allied signs. The tendency was to of several signs, there was little practical express words either by one distinct sign or by importance in the distinction between { and 1. a group so arranged that the meaning would As might be expected, the colouring and be unmistakable, even when the individual signs details of the signs of which the origin was not might be confounded. This led to a larger use very obvious, were given with less and less of determinatives and of phonetic complements, intelligence. In the following pages few re and eventually to a handling of signs as con ferences occur to the uses and forms of signs ventional symbols even in hieroglyphic writing, after the XXth Dynasty. By that time corrup and to the forgetting of their origins. Even in tion had set in strongly from various causes, good writing of the Middle Kingdom improper and there is seldom much trustworthy light to use of the signs had crept in, and in the be obtained from examples of this date on the XVIIIth Dynasty this is still more marked. original significance of the signs. To trace the Thus, for example, in the early times the origin and history of each sign minutely through sprout (?) j, having the two values <=> <=> tr anitsd different uses and forms, from the earliest <=> /-> D rnp9 was often compounded with an times to the latest, would be a stupendous work, alphabetic catch-sign, <=> or D, to show the analagous to the construction of an elaborate value, and the fern. <=> ^ u • ^ rnp't was generally dictionary " on historical principles." But even compounded with ^ (see below, p. 26). In the from brief excursions into this comparatively un Middle Kingdom these began to be confounded; trodden field of research, much new information in the New Kingdom the compound for tr was may be gained and many current errors corrected. SOUEOES OF THE FACSIMILES. 9 CHAPTER II. HIEROGLYPHS COLLECTED BY THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY. I. SOURCES OF THE FACSIMILES. PLATES I.-IV.—HIEROGLYPHS OE THE XVIIITH East wall (D. el B., i., PI. x.), figs. 27-29, 50. DYNASTY, FROM DEIR EL BAHRI. COPIED (D. el B.y i., PL xi.), figs. 1, 2, 13-14, BY MISS R. F. E. PAGET. 23, 25. West wall, unpublished, figs. 10-12, 37-39, These hieroglyphs are of the age of Hatshepsut, 46. fourth monarch of the XVIIIth Dynasty (about Niche, North wall (inscription beyond 1520 B.C.), and were copied in her great temple D. el B., i., PL xv. ; cf. PL xvi.), in the winter of 1895-6. The originals were figs. 5, 34, 43, 45. first sculptured in relief and then coloured. Niche, South wall (D. el B., i., PL xvi.), All those here published are from portions of figs. 3, 22, 40, 41. the temple already described and published by M. Naville in his memoir on Deir el Bahari, North-West Hall of Offerings: Parts I. and II. The greater number are from West or East wall (D. el B., i., PL xix. or the chapel of Thothmes I., but some are from xxii.), fig. 36. scenes not included in the plates of the memoir. West wall (D. el B., L, PL xxi.), fig. 24. In this chapel, according to M. Naville (D. el B., Middle Colonnade, northern half (D. el J5., ii., L, p. 4), the transparent varnish with which the PL xlviii., right-hand end), figs. 4, 33, paint was overlaid has turned to an opaque 42, 44, 47, 48. yellow. The effects of this are seen on many of the hieroglyphs here published, in which the PLATES V.-VI.—HIEROGLYPHS OE THE XVIIITH white ground is smudged with yellow or the DYNASTY, EROM THE TOMB OE PAHERI AT original colours obscured and altered, e.g. EL KAB. COPIED BY MISS A. PIRIE. PI. iv., figs. 23, 27-29, 40, &c., &c. Some of From the table of his genealogy it is evident our examples are from the North-West Hall of that Paheri died in or about the reign of Offerings, and others from the Birth Terrace, Hatshepsut and Thothmes III. (Paheri, p. 9). from an inscription parts of which have escaped As the decoration of the tomb was probably mutilation. The positions of the originals are not finished much before his death, it is there as follows:— fore of almost precisely the same date as the Altar Court, fragmentary inscription, unpub temple of Deir el Bahri. The small inscriptions lished (cf. R el B., L, PL v., &c), fig. 30. in the chamber are incised and coloured black, Chapel of Thothmes I. : but the large ones are well formed in relief and Position uncertain, fig. 35. coloured. There are no indications that the End wall (D. el £., i., PI. ix.), figs. 6-9, tomb-chamber was ever closed or hidden, and 15-21,26,31, 32,49. the destruction of the facade has exposed it to 10 SOUECES OF THE FACSIMILES. the full effects of atmosphere, wind, and wind- the fifth king of the Xllth Dynasty (El B., i., borne sand. Although as a whole the sculptures PL v., and p. 3). Our collection of signs from are in excellent preservation, the colour and it was begun by Mr. Blackden, who in December, relief have suffered considerably in detail. In 1892, copied six, which I believe he found on the winter of 1896 Miss Pirie, who was staying fallen fragments of the painting. The remainder, at El Kab, copied some of the signs and kindly 104 in number, were copied chiefly from the gave the copies to the Archaeological Survey. walls of the tomb by Mr. Carter in May and The exact situation and context of each of June, 1893. All are from the inner chamber, these signs was carefully noted, and this pre but their precise positions are generally difficult caution adds considerably to the value of the to identify. examples. No great accuracy was observed Good examples of most of the facsimiled signs by the draughtsman or sculptor in the use of may be found in El B., i., Pis. xv., xviii., xx. the signs. The ^ of ^ | ( f , (PL iii., top (right side), xxii.; the originals of several of the left), copied by Miss Pirie, though not here hieroglyphs were probably on small fragments, published, is the brown " eagle," rather than which have not been included in the plates of the Egyptian vulture, and on PI. x., east side, that memoir. In the following cases, however, •jve have j instead of { as determinative of the exact positions of the originals may be '<=>(] in the name (j ° must be dated in the reign of XJge^tes§|i IH*9 The dates of the tombs in which the HUMANITY. 11 hieroglyphs were copied are as follows Tomb 2, of Amenemhat ; Usertesen I. (for the proofs, see B. H, i., pp. 7 et (second king of Xllth Dynasty). seqq.) :— Tomb 3, of Chnemhetep; Usertesen II. Tomb 17, of Chety; end of Xlth Dynasty. (fourth king of Xllth Dynasty): it is Tomb 14, of Chnemhetep; Amenemhat I. thus very nearly contemporary with the (first king of Xllth Dynasty). tomb of Tehutihetep at El Bersheh. II. DISCUSSION OF THE SIGNS IN NATURAL GEOUPS. A. HUMANITY. Word-sign for *-<=>« hrd (chred), " child'': in the name of Heracleopolis Magna, Hwn(?) 'ivstn w Fig. 184, Man seated on the ground in (HunenSeten), it is regularly written, apparently the usual attitude, i.e. kneeling on one knee, for jj HH % "youth," \\ r^ hwn (BRUGSCH, both arms bent, with hands closed as if in effort ., /\ A/WW\ Jj to rise (?). A. Z%, 1886, p. 76, from a variant hn in TodL, In O.K. occasionally perhaps word-sign for cap. 125, 1. 9). In B. H., i., PI. xxxii., in a —*— Sj "man," "person," and repeated M^V&V& group corresponding to B. H., i., PI. xxvi., for <=> |^s rmt, in the sense of "men" (Una, 1. 189, it stands by exception for ^ © ^ whn 1. 21). After O.K., id. of first pers. sing, masc, (nelchen), "infancy," "innocence," "simplicity." standing for its suffix, J y (a). It is det. of In late times it was used for ms, " child," male persons in general, and in particular is used regularly after proper names, except in §* Figs. 25, 182. Front view of human the earliest period. face, showing ears and artificial beard. Properly {«=> hr, u face," lit. " the upper Fig. 152; B.H., iii., fig. 79. Woman (thing)"; written •§• l, which is also the pre seated on the ground, closely wrapped, with position hr, " upon." long wig hanging over back [and shoulders]. The final r was soon weakened or lost; and Probably occurs as word-sign for I %• ^ hm't, in employing it as a word-sign, almost if not " woman." Corresponds precisely to W in all quite as a phon., it was usual, except at the its uses as suQix and det. earliest period, to add Fig. 162. A baby, as carried by its Name o^^ hnt (fchmt), with radical t9 lit. nurse, sucking its finger [and with a lock of " the foremost (part of the face) " ; cf. especially artificial hair hanging from one side of its Pyr. If., I. 306. In late texts it is word-sign head]. for hnU Gradually it was substituted for other 12 DISCUSSION OF THE SIGNS. signs ideographic of the nose, and so stood for As det. it is also substituted for and for its name ^^^ fnz, "nose," and for p^ Sn9 &_D (q.v.). " smell," p p * ss7i, " breathe." Thus it became det. of all actions of the nose — smelling, Fig. 172; B. H., iii., fig. 53. Human breathing, kissing—sometimes also of pleasure, hand, open. festivity, disgust, and of gentle behaviour (?) Name, ^ d% "hand," lit. probably "the giving," or "placing (thing)"; just as the palm is called "the receiving (thing)" (v. 3St), Figs, 19, 188. The human eye. the shank " the running (thing) " $ -a <=> • * c Name, l| «=>•** yr't (art), see SPIEGELBERG, w vt (uart), and the thigh "the firm (thing)" Bee. de Tr., xvii., 93: written -o>-, 5— (q.v.)9 which in that instance may very well represent the outline of the lips. In any case, J Fig. 131 The human foot and leg from the word probably reads ©r^(<=»)•*> hn(r)*t or below the knee. In inscriptions of Dyn. I. the hn%t (lchen't). form is <=^3 (DE MORGAN, Recherches, ii., fig. 786), but the length of the shank was <=> Fig. 157; B. H., iii., fig. 57. Lips of quickly increased, and this part of the sign soon human mouth, slightly open (interior white). became disproportionately long and slender. Name, <=> | r, " mouth," Copt. poj. Word- Since ^O, J is alph. for 6, we may probably assume this to be derived from an sign for prep. r9 " to," and alph. for r: ancient word for " foot," or something similar; a Fig, TOO ; B.H, iii., fig. 59. Human the common word for foot is _f rd, in which the arm to above the elbow, showing hand out sign shows the leg above the knee, so that J stretched. and j might correspond in the same way as Name, .. -n i c ( $ &Jj i, another compound expression for taken for mere symbols, but at Luxor they are " everybody/' lit. " every face." of full figure size. Thus it may seem that the It may be noted that in Pyr. «-d3 is det. of a sign represents a god of long life, of a multitude word » J , ^> J ^ (27., 312, &c), which perhaps of years. On the other hand, he seems to be means "footstep," "tread," or "foot," and of also the god of teeming productiveness. ^ j . ^ " sandal." Hh, Mr, means a " vast number," and is an expression for higher numbers than 100,000 (MAR., D. el B., PI. viii.; L., £>., iii., 77, c); but B, ANTHROPOMORPHIC DEITIES; HUMAN its sense, like that of Q., was rather vague, and RANKS AND CLASSES. it is never used in real accounts. Fig. 149. Human figure seated on the ^ Fig. 148. The figure of a king with ground, closely wrapped, with ibis-head or mask uraeus on forehead, false beard, wig, and pig and heavy wig. tail, seated on the ground and closely wrapped, Word-sign for Thoth. In the tomb of Tehuti- his hand alone appearing and holding the £\ hetep, who was priest of this great god at the (q.v.). Usually he holds the crook likewise. centre of his worship in Upper Egypt, the sign In M B., i., PI. xv., row 3, this figure is det. is used as det. of r^t^<=> ntr, "god," as well as of the word H* 4 yty (dty), "king." It is the of the name of Thoth. usual det. of royalty, and is the royal sign of The representation of Thoth as an ibis-headed the pronominal suff. of first pers. sing. man occurs as early as the IVth Dyn., L., D., ii., 2, c. This raises the question whether the Fig. 161. A person of high rank walking early Egyptians did not conceive of the god as with tall staff in one hand and mace (?) in the existing in this form; but the type may very other. The sign usually has the addition of well have arisen as a graphic compound of the ram's horns and two plumes on the head, figure of the (anthropomorphic) god with that (Pap. Any, PI. i., 1. 8). of his sacred bird to distinguish him from other Usual det. of the word 4 ~ (j yty (dty), " king." gods. So also with Anubis, Ra, &c. The det. of a god's name is commonly Fig. 147. A beardless figure, completely enveloped, except head and arms; seated on a Fig. 21. A bearded figure, seated, i.e. chair with animal legs and ornament like a $ kneeling on one knee, arms extended and hands papyrus-head behind; over the low back a raised, perhaps to symbolize counting by tens; cloth or skin. on his head the symbol of a year or season. In El B., i., PI. xv., this sign is det. of ^7 There is also the form £&3 (Siut, tomb i., 1. 227, "master," and \<* "father"; possibly it in &c). dicates that they were deceased, or it may This god or symbolical figure is represented signify that those persons were such as were in the vignettes of the Todt, cap. xvii., as a god to be treated with respect. of moisture, and in Pap. Any, PI. viii., his name is given 8 8 Heh. His function is well shown [B. Hn iii., fig. 74.] Watchman. The in the birth scene at Luxor (L., D., iii., 74, c), object on the staff here resembles Q, but the where two such figures uphold the symbol of form varies greatly (cf. Medum, Pis. xxii., life. At Deir el Bahri (T). el B.9 ii., PI. 1L), xxviii., and the figure in the boat, PI. xxiv.). the two figures are so small that they might be Cf. also |, p. 62. 14 DISCUSSION OF THE SIGNS. Word-sign for -•-&•$ sJ,w (sa'u), "watch titles disappeared very early, probably at the man," with phon. trans.; and for I) <=> \\ yri (dri), end of the IVth Dynasty. u concerned with." The fern., yrt, is often written with a female form C. HUMAN ACTION. UR Fig. 159. Soldier holding bow and quiver full of arrows; lightly clothed and Fig. 163. Man standing, raising his kneeling on one Jmee in an attitude of alert handi s on either side of his head. ness ; generally wearing a feather, cf. Medum, Regular det., and occasionally word-sign for ix., &c. cc £—o —a h (had), "rejoice," and after O.K. for Word-sign for fjf,^, "host," "infantry," A \ cf (2^)3 " high " ; for either of these it may "soldiers," and for Jj& vi^ an "expedition" stand as ab. (PETRIE, T. el A., xxii., 13; Kah. with an army, either for peaceful objects— Pap., xiv., 1. 33). quarrying and conveying stone—or for war; apparently it never stands for a single soldier, Fig. 34. Man building a rectangular c except as det. of the name h*wli (dhauti), lit. enclosure with battlements. "fighter." Word-sign for 4«?» qd, " build," not used in BRUGSCH, A. Z., 1880, p. 8, and PIEHL, I.e. O.K., at which time, however, the enclosure by p. 135, have shown that the title L&\, in the itself is det. of the word, and sometimes has the XXXth Dyn. varies with i 0 , ^ ^=> ^ -p- mi form fj (Pyr. M., 1. 566, &c), but generally is ss (mer shes), and that U& is actually at that a rectangle of varying breadth (N. 1174; Methen, L., D., ii., 7, 6). time written for *, ss (shes), "rope" or "fine linen," Apparently, therefore, OD -p- ss is the [2?. H., iii., fig. 54.] Arms held clown- reading of this sign. It is at present generally wards, with or without vase, corn-rubber, or read ^°° ^ msc (meshd), through equating the other object which they are taking or holding. O.K. title _k, ^ r~"f LM with the later jk i& i ****_ Word-sign for -*- © ^ shn (seJchen), and n 2^ as mr msc; but an examination of the former P9* (pe9a)j " embrace," " comprehend," &c, with shows that the equation is wrong :— phon. trans.; also det. of I • ^ hpt, I) ^ A ynq 1 L D H 43 c d A J^ ^ J f ^M' > " " > > >(dnq) 9 which have a similar meaning. mr msc nfrw, " director of the marching of Cj> Fig. 165; B.E., iii., fig. 43. J (q.v.) recruits," corresponds exactly to between the two arms held downwards. In c ^J$F$S L., D., ii., 97, a, mr ms ss, " director of O.K. the arms are held more squarely. the marching of trained soldiers," and although Graphic compound denoting l^-^^ hn k* the writing of the latter title varies greatly (hen ha), " Z:a-servant," or " &a-priest." The (Medum, ix.; L., D., ii., 21, 22) down to second element is the usual form of [J ^ in -^ L_X1~J fc*f (Mon. div., PI. xx.), the three this compound group, probably because it would have been considered irreverent to place elements can always be distinguished, and the sign for "servant" above that for the led, ji, )J^ (cf. Una, 1. 25, for the same spelling though m also is found. So also in the earliest independently of the title) U& ^&& is evi inscriptions we have |_J, but when compounded dently a separate word, viz. ss. Both of these with /^^ for " the spiritualized ha" it is turned HUMAN ACTION. 15 J downwards (DE MORGAN, Recherches, ii., p. 240, f\ l \ yh ) (MAE., M. D., XC. B.), which, from the figs. 802 and 806). context, is certainly the verb yh\ " fight," and D The sign [_J is phon. for ^^ k (lea). not hw9 " strike." Much has been said on the ka of Egyptian religious belief, but I am not aware that any V? Fig. 68. Two arms grasping a paddle, explanation of the sign by which its name is as in paddling, issuing from an object shaped written has been attempted. If, as seems like (S^, but in M.K. more like sent the muscular life, the energy and activity W, holding magic wand named ^^p mk&9 of man. On the other hand, they might be or wfj.o nhb't; for which see Mentuhotep, considered as held up, [_J7 "to receive life from the p. 18, no. 7, and Pyr. sun, and offerings after death, and downwards, Word-sign for ^ p <=» zsr9 " sacred," &c. (Pyr. 0, to receive the service of the hen-lea. But P., 1. 121 = T., 1. 175), the sign indicating that this seems less probable. The word ^%i, what is evil and profane is warded off. Used Yh* (Aha) is apparently the alphabetic spelling Pyr,9 N., 1. 660, and as an optative with suffixes of 0£x, e.g. El B.9 ii., tomb 8, p. 38, and m'k9 m'tn, having the force of the English PI. xxi., though it does not actually vary with "Behold"—thou (or ye) a certain thing in a it. In XXVIth Dyn, we have h 8 Q& (for certain state. One might be disposed to connect 16 DISCUSSION OF THE SIGNS. its meaning with the J^_, of f\ |^_n, (Pyr. N. 1002 = M. 604) ; — j sb, " conduct " (used also as phon. in msb, "offer"); and more coerectlr y |j z= ^—o, 4 k, ym (dm), R = f) y(d), "come," &c.; or with their word- "give," "place," and of ^—n^J\, JJ my sign, e.g. % sms, "follow," ^pt ssm, "conduct." (mi), " Come ! " &c. We should then suppose it to indicate "giving," "placing," like the graphic I\ [B. if., iii., fig. 94.] Vase on a pair of compound A^-D, « () dy (dd), "place" (see A , human "feet" (v. J); in O.K. the shanks are below), with which it is often confused in print, thick in proportion to their length. To give especially as a D (which is really {^ ^ hnlc, prominence to the O they are closer together " present") sometimes stands for &_n. than in ~7r", but are otherwise identical with A. But in Paheri, PL iv., top middle, the sign Word-sign for i) ^ yn (an), " carry," with D figures as det. of ^^ a ^ CO + D ssp (shesep), rad. ext.; probably O enters into it as forming "receive." The idea in {L-fl seems thus to be a good picture-compound with -A, the det. of of " receiving " rather than " giving," " placing," motion, and as supplying approximately the A—a, while a D can symbolize apparently either phonetic value by its own value n(w). "receiving," m, or "offering to deities," hnk. Hence expressions like ^-^ % V§ Q ^=^ % V&*, %>• ^ I \ 4 H • ^* ^ 4 m'k wy y'lcioy,"Behold thou me, I am arrived," i.e. " Behold, I am come ! " D. MAMMALS AND PARTS OF MAMMALS. literally mean something like, " Receive me, I am come," "receive" having here the sense cJB Figs. 91, 93. Forepart of lion, "perceive," "behold" (v. Addenda). showing head, shoulder, and foreleg. After O.K. &_D is often written f\ - a or The name of this portion of an animal's c ^^, with det. -—A, or |\ alone ; and &,, body is ~=^, I-* • ^ h 't (hd't), "front part," whether formative or otherwise, at the begin- and thence it has, by phon. trans., the value of J ning of words, is very frequently written with h% occasionally changing to 5 ^ h (ha) (see c A—fl (2—0 in some texts) or its equivalent p. 5): e.g. in h *ti, " heart," in M.K. sometimes J Cf. EKM., Gram., §§35, 102, 256. h 'tt9 v. O. The title -=^, in spite of its spelling, is an A Fig, 156. A pair of human "feet," J ab., and ought to be read J -a • ^ \\ hf'ti (ha'ti), (q.v.), joined at the top and striding. "he who is at the front," "leader," "dux"— c Word-sign for the common verb J\\> "travel," derived from the above ^=^ h 't. This is pretty " step," " come," which varies with j£^ J\ in clearly proved by N.K. texts; and in early c the name of the goddess Iws-aa's (Pyr. P., times the fern, is written ~==^. f^.^^ h *tL 1. 423 = JV., 1. 1210), and therefore reads \ \ corresponding to a masc. hc'ti. yw {cm). ^^, apparently ywwt, is a not uncommon expression for "movements" and ^Hu Fig. 2. The desert hare (Lepics aegyp- " visits." Also det. of all words of motion. tiaca), common in Egypt; the length and size A number of verbs of motion are written by of its ears are always absurdly exaggerated in compounding this sign with their principal Egyptian drawing. In fig. 175 the ears are consonant, e.g. cjfp =m|^ §m (shern), " go " more preposterous even than usual. (used also by rad. ext.) ; ^5p = f\z=>z~> ytt In the tombs of Beni Hasan the hare is called (dtheth), "take," "seize" (used also as phon. -p- »- _/J . ^ shf't (seqhd't). But in Ptahhetep, for tt in bit, " colic ? "); -»- = -#-*," pass (?) " PL xxxii., and elsewhere, -^> f\, \ *-* wn MAMMALS. 17 (un), "run," "bound along swiftly " Met., out Its name is -p- <=> sry ecoor, " sheep," in the stretched legs joined at thighs), suggests that it tomb of Renni at El Kab, where it is distin was once called " the swift runner," or at any guished from the goats (C, Moris., ii., PL cxlii., rate that it symbolized such motion. 3). It was sacred to Chnem, and is det. of his Common phon. for ^ ^ wn (un), especially name. At Mendes it was sacred to Osiris after O.K. under the name of &5i5?? meaning "soul"; or perhaps, with reference to the employment N^p Fig, 175. The hare as a sacred badge of rams in agriculture (L., /)., ii., 1066), really raised on the sacred perch ^-y- (q*V; p. 58), "plougher," v. *fe^, but this does not seem with food as usual, planted in the symbol of a to be otherwise a name for the ram. nome, ME. The nome-sign of the XVth nome of Upper S^ Fig. 48; B.H., iii., fig. 31. An in Egypt (Hermopolis Magna); compare that of determinate-looking animal newly dropped, in the XVIth nome, B. H., iii., frontispiece, and fig. 48 having some of the features of an ass's p. 6. It is difficult to ascertain the reading of foal, but with sprouting horns. As Borchardt this class of symbols. The nome-signs appear remarks, it can hardly be a calf; possibly a kid to be of the feminine gender, for the qualifying was intended as the type. adjectives hnt% "upper," and ph't9 "lower," Phon. for (| ^ yw (du) in the O.K. and which occur with several of them, are fern, onwards. As the word H \ <=> yior (dur), in inscriptions of good period (see Ptahhetep, u conceive," generally flj£^<=>, is sometimes PL xxxv., for XXth-XXIst nomes, and Siut, written ft ^^ in Pyr. (M. 466), it is clear that Tomb iii., 1. 21, for XHIth nome of Upper this sign has an affinity to yw[r~\ with weak r ; Egypt). The present symbol also is often cf. also Kah. Pap., p. 11, for further evidence written J|p ^ , with fern, termination in the of this. S^\ may thus be taken as u the con early M.K. (El B., ii., xiii. 2 ; Hetnub Graffiti, ceived thing," " embryo (?)," properly written viii., 1. 1, ix., 1. 1, &c.; cf. Siut, Tomb iv., 1. 86, yio[_r~], but used regularly for yw. Cf. V for a L, 1. 151). The badge itself, J=s», may have its very similar case. It is possible that it has also usual value wn (see above), especially as the a word-sign value q -a yc, the root of the word nome capital was named -^OM, -Wnw for "heirship," "inheritance," &c.; cf. Pyr. M., (TJuu) (see Hetniib Graffiti, i., 1. 7, viii., 1. 11) ; 1. 760, ft _u S^ Sa ^ " heir." But an occa and the whole nome-sign may thus read Wn't sional variant, j£^ v> o, indicates that the (Uwt). It is almost certain that 1111 M * has no reading in this case is really ywc (dud), the separate value in this sign (v. 5^). "foal" having its ordinary value (yw) as phon.; 3£$ [B. H., iii., fig. 35.] Ram with hori and this is the opinion of the best authorities. zontal horns. Similar animals are shown in the earliest sculptures (Naqada, PL lxxvii., top A£3 [B. H., iii., fig. 55.] Shoulder and fore right; DE MOKGAN, Rechrrches, ii., PL iii.), but leg of an animal. it is difficult to say whether they represent Word-sign for ® a m hps (Ichepsh), " shoulder " sheep or goats. (The variety of sheep with (as a joint of meat), "strength of arm." In curved horns, 5n$? which superseded this kind, N.K. the name of the scimetar, 2), from its was the animal of Amen, probably first con shape ; later, a word for the human arms, as in secrated to him in N".K.; as the sacred ram it Coptic ^IDB^J (Sign Pap., passim). It seems was called rhni.) never to mean " the haunch," though in the c 18 DISCUSSION OF THE SIGNS. printed sign the jointing corresponds to that of perhaps for some similar reason, the signification the hind leg. "reward." &-=> Fig. 121. This sign, resembling a spiked O Figs. 46, 166. A conventional picture club in outline, at Medum is coloured black and of the heart with arteries; the vessels at top white, most of the "head" being white. PETRIE and sides trimmed short; in the first example, (Medum, p. 30) pointed out that the projections the paler colouring of the upper part of the are clearly mammae, and that the sign represents heart itself seems to indicate a covering of fat. the teats and other sexual parts on the belly of Fig. 166 is a very common type : the markings an animal. upon it may indicate conventionally the interior The word for "belly," "loins," "womb/' is structure as displayed in section. Cf. Medum, o I \'^ (ohet)> and this is evidently the origin PI. xiii., and the lute (?), T. of the alphabetic value •*» h. &*=> constantly The heart,, O, must be distinguished from varies with rm in O.K., while © does so only the heart-shaped vase, which, being a charac very rarely. The distinction between © and *- teristic form in granite, is word-sign and clet. was pointed out • by Steindorff very recently, °f Ik^k^ m*i imatk)? "granite." and it is found that the two signs are seldom Word-sign for 1) J yb (db), " heart," " desire," confused until a very late period. &c. (Pyr. W., 1. 451 = 2\, 1. 259). Det. of j _a . ^ w5 in M.K. sometimes { ^- ^ w, hHi, h^ti ^=N Fig. 155. A rib bone, in the present (hdti, hati), another word for "heart/' example (Kl J9., i., PI. xviii., 1) very clearly represented. Often identical in form with the Fig. 47. A difficult sign to explain, lip, X-==N sp'L but probably representing in a conventional The name of the rib is p n <=> spr. Used with manner some internal portion of mammalian phon. trans, (usually accompanied by the alph. anatomy—such as a pair of glands and the duct complement <=> r). belonging to them—the kidneys or the liver (?). Word-sign for -*- ^ \ — ^ ^ sm\ sJm (sma, ! 9 gESi Fig. 192. The haunch or shoulder, saw), generally with the meaning " unite." T^ trimmed and shrunk by boiling. is the name of the kidneys (?), with perhaps the This joint was of two kinds, called in the liver; and T1^^ in Pap. Eb. is " colon" (?), tables of offerings respectively or "liver" (?), and in'Pyr. the plural (W., 1. 518 ; Q -—o yi\f or yc (dud or da), and 1^\^, p^^ I7., 1. 328) stands for kidneys (so Maspero), with sivt (sut), perhaps with radical t; one is probably perhaps the liver and other edible portions of the shoulder, the other the fore-leg (cf. in N.K. the viscera: and ^T ^ 2 smJtti (dual) in Pap. Eb. rj£2 (S) ^-| " sut of the fore-leg (?)," Leyd. is " testiculi" (?). One or other of these two Man., iii., PI. xxiv.). words must be the origin of the1 phonetic With the value of the former name it is value. transferred to other meanings, and is then written with the alph. complement - -n. In <*=^ [B. H., iii., fig. 46.] Hide of domestic [ §33 \\ it is also word-sign for 4 p $ ys'w (dm), animal, stripped off and wrapped together. In "reward," "price." From Siut, Tomb i., 1. 276, Deshasheh, PI. xxv., it is shown tightly twisted, it seems possible that when an ox was given for with a peg through one end, perhaps with sacrifice, the awa-joint was customarily set apart reference to the common meaning " pull," for the special benefit of the donor—hence, or " strain," of the word-sign. BIEDS. 19 Word-sign for °o & $d9 " pull," •" strip off," to the use of a compound colour from which the and for sdmw, " water-skin/' which in Deshasheh, vegetable element has disappeared; it has been PL xix., is very clearly shown by its det.; the remarked that the green may have been mixed last xise suggests that sd, " dragged off/' is one with pink madder (used in Roman times, cf. name for a hide. Also phon. for sd. Loret RUSSELL in Medum, p. 47) in order to obtain a has studied the sign and its uses, Rec. de Trav.y grey. The flesh at the base of the bill is naked, xi., pp. 117-131 (v. Addenda). and the scanty feathering beyond often makes the neck appear thin; in O.K. drawing this Cf. Fig. 167. Hide of wild animal. long sparse feathering appears as a kind of Word-sign for \ J Jb (ab) from the earliest crest (see Medum, PI. xiv., and Methen, L., D., times (DE MORGAN, Recherches, ii., fig. 786) ; it ii., 6). These characteristics, and the weak bill may be connected with the much-prized hide combined with the short neck, determine the of the leopard, the name of that animal being species absolutely. \ J • \. MAX MULLER thinks it the origin of The name of the bird and the origin of its J the phon. T = \ Rec. de trav., ix., 159. alphabetic value , i.e. alif (conventionally a), Det. of hide, names of animals, &c. are unknown. ASv Fig, 76. A bird of raptorial aspect, J) Fig. 167. A hide—perhaps hung as a but with two small tufts at the back of the target—pierced by an arrow or dart. - head and a longer tuft on the neck. There is In O.K. word-sign for M ^*^ apparently no original colour left on the example figured; p^^ stt (sethet), "shoot," "throw," and pro good examples of this curious bird-hieroglyph bably equivalent to stt (written with 5t=^5 Pyr. are much needed. In early instances the head- W., 1. 422 ; T., 1. 242), "engender" (cf. B. k, tufts are absent, but an additional tuft some ii., PL iv., top row, left). Later it stands for times hangs like a beard or wattle from the allied words—it9 " sprinkle " (which is perhaps base of the beak, and often the form is almost only a simplified form of 4tt, reduplicated » that of the chick ^\, with one or more tufts. being sometimes »<=>)—and others with value Probably it will prove to be not raptorial. -f- ~ st and is completely interchangeable with 9 n YTL Name, Tvv N^> ^ I \i Todt.f cliii. B, (BUDGE, 397, 1. 12, cf. NAV., i., PI. clxxviii., 1. 13). Phon. for nh. E. BIRDS AND THEIR PARTS. Figs. 1, 75, A brown raptorial bird, Figs. 4, 73,120; B. II., iii., fig. 13. having fully feathered neck and strong beak. It is very satisfactory to be able to illustrate In the fine example, fig. 1, it must be an eagle this bird and the eagle by such decisive In fig. 75 the form is less distinctive. In examples as figs. 1 and 4. Their outlines are Medum, frontispiece, figs. 1, 3, the appearance often very similar in inferior writing, and is very different, but may. still be an unsatis copyists generally confound them, but in hieratic factory rendering of the eagle. the two birds are always distinguished, and The sign has the value ^ * \ tiw (tin) as a generally in linear hieroglyphs. This bird is grammatical termination, this being the,plural the Egyptian vulture {Neophron percnopt&rus). ending of adjectives in ^ \\ ti derived from fern, In early examples the colouring of the wing is substantives in ^ t. The origin of this value is grey or blue. Later it is green, probably owing at present obscure. c 2 20 DISCUSSION OF THE SIGNS. v\ [cf. B. H., iii., fig. 5.] Sparrow-hawk; substituted* for grey—as in the case of the a male bird, fairly well represented in form and Egyptian vulture—and the breast marking dis colour. appears (see B. H., iii., fig. 14, Chnemhetep, Det. of, but apparently never word-sign for, and below, fig. 99). (c) In the present instance its name J 4 ^ byh (bdk). Word-sign for {<=> • ^ the green remains, but the under parts are I-Jrw (the god "Horus"), lit. " the soarer," "he flushed with orange. The form (a) seems to who flies up " (See T, the hawk-perch). represent the sand martin (Cotyle riparia) ; without the dark mark it may be the common 1^x1 [B. IP, iii., 5.] Graphic compound of J martin (0. urbica). The substitution of green and the sparrow-hawk. for grey in (b) is apparently of no specific Word-sign for t--!<=> Ht-IIr (Hathor). significance. An orange or rufous tinge on Professor Maspero considers that the literal the under parts, as in (c), is found in some meaning "House of Horus" is not to be in swallows. sisted on, and that the compound is merely The true swallow (Hirundo rustica) and its minim an attempt to spell the name of the goddess congeners are named ' J ^, ]L/-* • ^ mn't, and phonetically. are pictured in the vignette of Todt., cap. 86, sometimes with true swallow tail, at others Figs. 7, 183, 185 ; B. H., iii., fig. 7. (Pap. Bui., iii., PL 21) with that of the martin. Owl; the type varies but is not long-eared The latter form is well shown on a stele figured until very late times. in MASPERO, Premieres Melees, p. 536; LANZ., To account for the alphabetic value m it may Biz. d. Mit., PL cxviii. be suggested that the Coptic name UOTAAX is The sign is, however, phon. for $ ^=> wr— possibly a compound, of which the first element, which as a word means " great," " old,"—and it m (?), represents the ancient name. Note the is supposed that a bird ^^ jk wr (with det. of owl-names in Ar. bum, in Latin bubo, from deity) occurs in Pyr. N., 1. 157. LORET, A. Z., which it would appear that m would be 1892, p. 28, quotes this group in connexion onomatopoeic. A very curious use of the sign with Ife^ and identifies the bird—if bird it be, occurs in Pyr., where it stands as det, for {p A and not merely athe great (deity) "—with the hsq, " chop off" the head or limbs, in JV., 1. 904 ; Coptic OTAA, BAA, which in a compound word while in M.9 1. 26, &c, -%£ is the symbol for seems to mean " domestic pigeon," i.e. the rock- the same word. Perhaps this points to the owl dove (Golumba livid, not C. oenas, as has been being a bird of ill-omen, which it was desirable stated, cf. SHELLEY, Birds, p. 211). His ex to behead when caught. planation seems possible, for in Ptahhetep, PL xli., third row of offerings (= DUM., Res., ^ Figs. 3, 99; B. H., iii., figs. 9, 14. PL xiiL), the name of the pigeon, , ^ ^ $,. ^ Swallow: to include under this term perhaps mnwt (menn't), is apparently determined by a martins and swifts (Cypselus). The general bird of Ife^ outline. %=t does not, however, in outline and broad, slightly forked, tail are the least resemble the pictures of pigeons in constant, but colour and markings vary con Ptahhetep, Pis. xxxL, xxxvii., and B. II., i., siderably, (a) In the earliest examples (Medum^ PL xxx.; and it is not improbable that the "fe frontispiece, fig. 4; B. H., iii., fig. 9, Ameny) it figure in Ptahhetep is a slight mistake of the is grey, with white belly and a black spot on sculptor, due also in part to the close similarity breast, though in Medum the latter is often m of the names mnwt, "pigeon," and mn t9 absent (cf. Chelidon arbica). (b) Later, green is u swallow" (v. Addenda). BIRDS. 21 ^ Figs. 5, 189 ; B. H., iii., fig. 15. Chick the ground or ooze in search of food in the of a gallinaceous bird. newly-sown corn-fields ; 5^ , in fact, in Pyr. is The chick referred to in B. H., iii., p. 8, as occasionally word-sign for J \ bJ (ba), "soul," figured in Ptahhetep, apparently for the typical see SCHACK, Index. <$^ is also phon. for b% quail of the farmyard, appears in PI. xxxL of n most commonly spelt J ^^'l^k/ ^ *he stereo the new publication of that tomb. Probably typed group <^^3^ (once JM^^1^? ^H., the eggs of quail (and occasionally partridge), Eg. Ins., ii., 22, 1. 10, from Louvre, C, ii.), found abundantly in the harvest field, were hatched artificially in the farmyard, and thus "servant," "serve," "work," there is no need the chicks were familiar objects. Quail flying to assign a special value, bk, to the sign; it is, over a cornfield are very well rendered in the as usual, simply b\ As in so many cases, the tomb of Khaemha (PRISSE, Art, ii., 11 = Mons., 6J changed to b in the N.K., hence the rare PL xl.). The sign ^§> is perhaps not without N.K. spelling J] ^ bk, Bee. de Trav., v., 74. significance too in connexion with the peculiar form of the adult bird. The alphabetic value '^ Cf. Fig. 168. Sacred ibis (Ibis religiosa), iv (u) for ^K is perhaps onomatopoeic. white, with black unfeathered skin on head and neck, black legs (and tail). The bird of Thoth. Fig. 28. An unfledged bird with open Name, ra J hb9 lit. " plougher," cf. ["• J ^ mouth, eager to be fed ; as often represented in "plough," Pyr. P., 1. 763 = fD J ^, M., 1. 764. nests in paintings of the N.K. The name for a chick either in the shell or Fig. 168. "Sacred" ibis on sacred just hatched is ^^ , »^ t* (tha); cf. BREASTED -T v Be Hymnis, p. 44. The meaning of the name perch, ^~ (q.v., p. 58) ; the usual food held in is probably " taker " (from t=> \ " take "), owing place by a peg (other food (?) beneath its feet), to the eagerness of the nestling to take its food. cf. Medum, PL xxi. See the fine outline in Medum, PL xxi., which Emblem of the XVth nome of Lower Egypt, is very suggestive of this meaning. Phon. the name of which was apparently ^ f \ • ^ for » 1L . Zhwt (Zhwt). Hence must be derived the well - known name of the nome - god _^ , Fig. 74 ; B. H., iii., figs. 3, 10. A bird 2=H V ~ w (Kahun, PL v. ; M 5., ii., &c) of the type of the Grallatores, with tuft on Zhwti, "Thoth," lit. "the Zehutian "; com breast. In O.K. generally without the tuft pare Osiris' called -/» ^ ^ • ^ w Anz'ti, " he of (Medum, PL xxL ; Ftahhetep, PL xli., fourth Anzet," from the IXth nome of Lower Egypt. row of offerings). This type may have been suggested in a general way by plover, ibis, Fig. 118; B. K, iii., fig. 4. Crested crane, or snipe, but does not agree with any ibis (Ibis comedo). This bird is glossy purple, particular species. It reminds one also of the with naked red flesh on head. It is now found in bustards. South Algeria and across Abyssinia into Arabia Name unknown. Word-sign for J \ b* (ba) (HEUGLIN, Omithologie, p. 1144). It has ap meaning, amongst other things, " soul" (v. ^), parently never been recorded from Egypt, but and " hoe," " break up earth," sometimes there is no other bird with which the type can written $r^. We may best connect its value be identified. with the habit of the plover tribe (as well The value as a word-sign, f\ \® yJh> (daldi)— as of the crane) of digging their bills into or perhaps Jh only—with phon. transf., is given 22 r>iscussioN oi? THE siGisrg. by Pyr. W.9 1. 590, by variants quoted in BR., dently Anser albifroiis in spring plumage, though Wtb.y and by the variation with /ft y'h in later the colouring of the head is inaccurate. times. If this was the name of the bird, it In L., D., ii., 61&, the bird is figured, with probably means " the glossy." The radical idea its name ffl J , as the first—thus suggesting that of ydh may be that of red light, like the light of it was the largest—of all the geese there; but the rising or setting sun (cf. ^ , \\® • <* y^h't it is rarely shown as domesticated. It is the (dahh't), "the place of sunrise or sunset"); but wild goose *^ J y ^? Q J • ^ gb'w, of Pap. it refers especially to the glorified state of the Ear. (500 verso, p. xii., 11. 7, 9); it is perhaps dead in heaven, as spirits illuminated by the also the S ^ J & ^ ^ of Pap. Eb. The sun (cf. the quotation below, s.v. ]). In a few passages of the Todt., the s^, ® " glorified name of the god ~^ J], Creek Krjfi, varies with spirit," appears as something parallel to the ffl J gb9 a J j ^ gbb" (gebba), &c, see BRUGSCH, ^7 '^s (ba)9 and the |_J (lea), as if it might be, A. Z., 1886, p. 1 ; SPIEGELBERG, Bee. de Trav.f like them, a distinct part of the human organism. xvii., 94. As a word-sign the goose is always But such instances are extremely rare. In the distinguished by the complement J . In form Lebensmuder I read it that the man is not it is probably often confused with the duck of conversing with his ^b^, but with his 1^ (ba), fig. 11. " soul" ; for V in hieratic see A. T., xvii., 1. 40. In late Egyptian and in Coptic the word is [B. H., iii., fig. 12.] In spite of its used for " ghost," " demon," with no suggestion rather short neck, apparently a white-fronted of blessedness, but the reverse. goose, in pale winter plumage, and domesticated. Word-sign for J^^ Mm, written 8 %^ , Fig. 97. White plumeless egret (Ardea), generally meaning " supply," u fill," and with fish, (represented with the present value in " destroy." " Supply," " completeness," is per various attitudes seizing or swallowing the fish; haps the idea here indicated by the fat goose cf. Ptahhetep, PL xli., fourth row of offerings; ready for killing. How far the species is Paheri, PL iv.; L., IX, ii., 70, heron (?) with constant in the early hieroglyphs it is as yet plumes). impossible to say. In M B.7 i., PL xxv., the Word-sign for J ^ ^ hJm (ham), later Km, outline resembles that of the pin-tail duck, u catch fish." The pelican in Coptic is named which likewise was domesticated and fattened. u the fisher," zvxn (masc), ei-mi (fern.). In B. H.,- iii., p. 8, the name of the material 4^ was read f -*- ^ lis*, but the spelling of r e am n the name is constant, the only variant being JL ' ^' ^' ^ fl ^ g° (Phoenicopterus antiquorum), characteristically portrayed in | jj (DUM., Peduamenap, PL xx., no. 27), so Med/um9 frontispiece, fig. 6. there can be no doubt that it reads htm. The name of the bird, ^^o dsr (desher), is preserved in the late text of LEPS., Todt, Fig. 11. A brightly coloured duck cap. xxxi., 1. 9, unfortunately not found in the with two long feathers in the tail: the latter earlier papyri. It means "the ruddy," and by peculiarity is copied from the pin-tail duck rad. ext. the sign is used for all other words {Dajila acuta). The colouring, however, is derived from the same root. much exaggerated, evidently as a general distinction of ducks from geese. [Z?. ff., iii., fig. 6.] Wild goose; evi This example (fig. 11) stands for the word BIRDS—BEPTILES. 23 son, - s. In Pyr. we have the word for Word-sign for p ^ ^ snz, " fear," " helpless "son" written £>. , that for " daughter " <^\ . fear " ; probably due to the practice of plucking In Medum, PL xiii., by exception the colouring geese, &c, alive, the feathers being then more of the bird is more sober, and thus more like easily removed. Det. of \ ^ ^ win (ushen), that of the pin-tail. The domesticated duck, " prepare birds for table." named ^ s't, which, like the small ser-duck, • is never absent from scenes of the poultry-farm, l Fig. 150. The head and neck of duck has the two long central tail-feathers of the (as here) or goose is a frequent ab. for the pin-tail, e.g. in Ptahhetep, PI. xxxvii. It is whole bird as det. at all periods. In the thus clear that the Dafila acuta, which abounds present instance the sign probably accompanied in Lower Egypt (SHELLEY, Birds, p 284), is the £? (destroyed) as part of det. of Egyptian type of a large duck, and was regularly "offerings." In Ptahhetep, PI. xxxix., table of domesticated. To all appearance it is also offerings, different sorts of geese are rejoresented* identical with the phon. for -*- % s* (sa), and if by a phonetic indicator, followed by det. of a so, its name -*-. o is no doubt from a root s\ goose's head, viz. <\ "r-goose," ^ "fcrp-goose." perhaps s% "keep" (cf. i< sb, from root sb\ p. 30). P [B. H., iii., fig. 72.] Feather (of ostrich ?). Goose and duck being closely similar in out Word-sign for sw% " feather," with rad. line, are generally written with phonetic com ext., having such meanings as " desert-waste," plements to distinguish them, thus: ^ s*; "shadow," "empty," the god Shu, i.e. "empty space " the first-born of the Sun, &c. 1^~ J\ 9^' I w^ ^m' ^e Principal exceptions Word-sign for the name of the goddess of to this rule are ^s^. ^^ "son," and J>C. —a • ^ 772, t (Maa't), "the true" or "daughter." Truth, ii "just," with phon. trans. The connexion be [B. H., iii., figs. 1, 8.] Flying duck tween the feather and truth or justice may partly (pin-tail, Dafila acuta). be suggested by the feathering of an arrow, Word-sign for a\ p" (pa), " fly," and phon. which allows it to fly "straight." The just for p\ man is said to act ^ " not leaning !to one side." The lightness of a feather, which ^> [B. H.9 iii., fig. 11; B. H., i., PI. xxvii.]. would not materially affect the weight in a Duck, fed to repletion. In both instances the rude and primitive balance, might also be held type is the same, but it is difficult to fix the ,as. symbolic of justice, that will not introduce species; perhaps the widgeon (Mareca penelope) personal bias into a question (v. also ft). is intended. Word-sign for \ = ^ ws* (usha), " feed by cramming" (B. H., i., PI. xxvii.; cf. L. I)., ii., 5 F. REPTILES, FISHES, INSECTS, SHELLS, &C. 62, fourth row, and 1026). The reading in the group 'v^ i? B. H., iii., p. 7, is uncertain; a Fig. 83; B. H., iii., figs. 102, 103. perhaps it is ^1^-^, zf* (zefa), a word for rich Piece of crocodile-skin, from the tail, with food (fatlings?), which in N.K. has this sign spines ; or in the third example, of fish-skin with for det. spines, from the back of the fish. This is apparently the " crocodile's tail" of Horapollo, £> [Cf. B. H., iii., fig. 29.] Goose, or duck i., 70. According to Borchardt, a suggestion plucked. of Schafer's that the sign represents a heap of 24 DISCUSSION OF THE SIGNS. charcoal from which flames issue, is confirmed less snake. In the Gnostic papyrus of Leyden by the ancient examples. This explanation (p. xvii., 1. 27) of about the second century A.D., would account for the meaning "black," 1cm, the "gall," shy (sehhy) of a *^.(l(jjfy (with but it is not confirmed by our facsimiles. det. ma or *v^_) is prescribed, and this cannot Word-sign for ^ ^ km, probably not used as apply to a slug, which has no gall. It is there phon. There is a word (1 ^—1t\ , var. j\ ^z^> t\ fore certain that at that time the <— q fy9 no yhm (dkem), meaning "shield," which occurs doubt our *^_/, was considered to be a cerastes. constantly on M.K. coffins, &c. Not improbably Borchardt states that on the coffin of Antef the crocodile plates, or fish scales, ^—i, were (M.K.) at Berlin, the ^=_ is regularly figured known by the same name, t\ *=» ^ y 1cm (dlcem),wit h a forked tongue; so here again we have "shield." This would account for the value the cerastes. Jem. Cf. (] J | ^= ybh (dbeh), " tooth o'lvms;; It seems, therefore, that the *-«— after all to *= the value J $ bh. represents the cerastes, and that the Theban artist (PRISSE, Mons., ii., PL 62), seeing a slug ^K [/?. E.% iii., fig. 24.] Green lizard. ascending a stem, noted its resemblance to the The name of the lizard is \ ^ * \ (-F- • ^) *L=_, and drew it in the manner prescribed for /M?^, or more fully, hnt^s'w. that. Perhaps a confusion between the slug c J Word-sign for ^m| s (dsha), "numerous," and the cerastes led to Herodotus' account presumably from the numbers in which it was (ii., 74) of a small, harmless, two-horned serpent, found anciently. which was sacred to Zeus (Amen) at Thebes. A slug, Avion ater, is recorded from Egypt, ^ Figs. 16, 173. A snake, often with according to Mr. Edgar Smith of the British green band below the throat. Museum. In ancient times it may have been Word-sign for z% " serpent," written ^ , more common in the gardens of great houses * L, in Pyr. N., 11. 703, 955. &c , which and in the marshy lands. perhaps stands for the Echis or viper, in From the earliest period we meet with ^_ , contradistinction to the uraeus. By phon. probably "rock or mount of the *L^3" as the trans, used also as word-sign for the "body," name of the Xllth nome of Upper Egypt. This ^, ^, "eternity," &c. expression implies a serpent rather than a slug. Alph. for 2. Opposite the nome of ^^, on the east of the The group (H) (in which fig 16 occurs) is ab. Nile, lay the XHIth, that of $ , on the west for ^^ U , ^ d» ^cs,^ %d mdw, " say words." of the river, and beyond this the XlVth, which was of the same name. Late inscriptions in ^ Figs. 35, 151 • B. H., iii., tig. 69. dicate that the reading of Q is ^ ^ *~- Jtf Cerastes (?). Slug (?). This animal, according (atef), or perhaps f\^^~ ytf (dtef) (see BR., to PKISSE, Mons., ii., PL 62 (reproduced in B. H., D. G.j p. 6). But probably, on the analogy of iii., p. 23), was capable of creeping up the stem J"", we should divide this into ^^'^ Jt'f of a water-plant, and should therefore be a slug (at'f), and the ancient reading may have —to which animal it bears considerable re been Q ^ < -w "Perch (?) of the «^" like semblance—or perhaps a snail represented as , which probably means " Perch (?) without its shell. But it also resembles in many points the cerastes, with the " horns" of the ," i.e. the griffon vulture (Pyr. T., immensely exaggerated, and in the vignettes of 1. 76). _ appears also in the late hieroglyphs Todt9 cap. 150 (Nebseny), it varies with a horn go out," "enter." REPTILES-SHELLS. 26 Alph. for/. Especially common as represent which one may guess to mean " to be flexible," ing the suffix of third pers. sing. masc. This " to be jointed," and I.e., lxxviii., 9, is a worm, value may be derived from fy, the name of the D"@ msi, apparently living in human flesh. cerastes, but as the name fy occurs only in the Possibly the centipede shared its name with latest period, that name may be only a late any worm or grub. In Pyr. W., 1. 329, &c, derivative from the/value. ^^ sp* is the dead body, perhaps in connexion In the common groups ^ , (1 ^ , reading with the articulated skeleton, or perhaps with Q <* yt (at), " father," and found from the earliestth e idea of the chrysalis. Cf. ^^ zmt for the J times as variants of <*9 (| ^ (ERM., Gram., §31), body, ^^ h 't (cha't) for the corpse. The root the *v^_ may be considered as the suffix/, used mast not be confused with that of ^ffi, p • • ^ redundantly for some cause or other, perhaps to sp't, "nome." give the word a more distinctive appearance. On the other hand, it may be regarded as a & Fig. 72 ; B. 77., iii., fig. 33. A bivalve true id. or det., possibly from some superstition shell of variable form; in O.K. generally a connected with the cerastes or slug;. In N.K. Unio, a fine example being in MAR., M. I)., the plural of the word is often (j fel " fathers." PL 94. In Pyr. N.9 1. 1136, it has scalloped There is also a variant J& 1, H^-rsc*<=> yt ntr edges, and is presumably a sea-shell. Professor (at neter), " divine father," as the name or Maspero has noticed the resemblance of the sign to the fans used for fanning flame (Rev. description of a kind of clothing (Pyr. M., Arch., xxxii., p. 27); but though the form in 1. 118 ; P., 1. 94), for j^ *__ (N., 1. 57), which B. H., iii. may suggest this identity, the colour thus indicates that *L=^_ may sometimes actually u does not, nor do I know of any instance of the be read fl^ yt (at). Perhaps *L=^_, the fy(?) sign in which it is furnished with a handle such serpent," represented \\ ^ yt (at), " father," as is invariably found with the fan. just as '\N7 the ner-vulture (see above) repre The name of the shell is not known. Pearl sented 'V\ fl, k* ^ m% " mother." shells engraved with the names of kings are One may perhaps derive the phon. value / found dating from the Xllth Dynasty, and for ^=-- from the suffix of the third pers. sing, were evidently valued. Unios, &c, are com masc.,/, supposing the symbol for "father" to mon among prehistoric remains. In the title be taken as representative of " he," " his." Cf. i \ j B C7, we may perhaps read " superin 9 1 = sw, p. 29, and I = s, p 45. tendent of horns, hoofs, feathers, and shells/ and in some names of metals one sees a similar ^ Fig, 98. The bulti (Ghromis niloticus), sign. But here, as so often, we are in want of the most delicate of the Nile fish. facsimiles to settle the identity. The example is taken from a group of three The sign is regularly found at all periods in fish of different kinds, used as word-symbol the word ©^ \» ^ hawt (khawt), "altar," and for <=> |^ \ rm'Wy "fish," in which it takes the perhaps only in this word; but it is a peculiarity place of honour; but this position is not in of the Pyramid Texts that (^ is in them variable. The bulti is named (I^Q^, I) ^. <=>use d very commonly, not only as a word-sign, yn't (an't), and is phon. for /) ^ yn (an). but also as phon. equivalent to T for ®\ hJ (Jcha), and apparently for h alone in many ^^ Fig. 45. A centipede (Myriapod). words. It is not so found again till a very Word-sign for — • ^ spJ (sepa) and sp. In late period. From its special use in spelling Pap. Eb., xli., 11, is a verb s0\ c'w.v-'.,^< . the word for "altar," it would seem that the 26 DISCUSSION OF THE SIGNS. shell was called hJwt rather than }/; on the commonly a special form, § Q, is found, e.g. other hand, the name of the lotus leaf, T h% is B. H., i., PI. viii., and in many symbolical probably derived from the same root, on account representations, apparently indicating the suc of its shell-like outline—or vice versa. cession of years by an artificial multiplication of the buds upon the shoot. Whether (a) or (&) were derived one from the other is difficult to say. (c) It is also word-sign for <=> <=> rr, G. TREES, HERBS, GRASSES, &C. written £ in Pyr. (T., 1. 63; P., 1. 162), pro ^- Fig. 170. Trunk or branch of tree bably meaning " to renew " ; and (d) word-sign cut down and roughly trimmed. or det. for <=> ^> tr, " season of year," " time of 6 day," written ° j ©; also phon. for the same Word-sign for ^Y% ° ° fa (M ^) (with radical ^), "wood," "timber," "tree." Used by phon. tr. value, then written { (once perhaps jL N.9 for many other words, including the pseudo- I. 975). (e) After O.K. it began to be written derivative (?) \fl nht, "strong," "strength." after any word ending in <=> /). This value is Det. of wood and of objects made of wood. apparently derived from (o), the ancient «=>«=>, which now sounded <=> (] j ry (rd) : ancient ^ <=» was thenceforth written ° q j , to Fig. 57. Pod of carob bean (?). correspond. In Sign Pap., p. xvii., no. 2, this is described In N.K. there was great confusion in the use as ^| 1 AAAAAA II A | " pod of the nzm tree." As ^'uj ^ nzm means "sweet," "pleasant" of flavour, odour, &c, and is the word-sign value ^ [B. II., iii., fig. 19.] Herb. The form is of this pod, the latter must be the pod of the very variable in early times. Of the present- carob bean, as has been shown by LORET, example M. LORET remarks, "il fait penser a Bee. de Trav., xv., 114. The sign is used also une fleur nee a mi-hauteur de la tige, comme in spelling the pseudo (?)-derivative 11 t\ M par exemple Vacorus" In Medum, PI. xv., we s'nzm, "sit on a chair." have a single stalk terminating in four short shoots irregularly spreading from the top. { Fig. 69. Graphic compound of j with Name, hn, a marsh-plant, referred the phon. <=>. The former seems to represent A A/WW\ the first sprout from a root or seed with a bud to as a type of greenness in Pyr. T., 1. 100; cf. at the side. El B., ii., p. 23, Pap. M.j and T. el ¥., PL xxv., The first element symbolizes (1) yearly growth, II. 16, 25. Phon. for f ^ hn. Another name and so years and renewal; (2) seasons, since the for the same (?) marsh-plant is (1 | I ^J, 1) -p- growth of vegetables took place after the inun ys (as) (BR., Wtb. Supply p. 14; Pap. Eb.; dation,' and at other regular seasons by help of MASPERO, Et. Eg., i., p. 237) ; for this value ^j irrigation. Its values are, therefore, (a) word- is used with phon. trans., and stands alone by sign, -=./-*D rnp, "grow freshly, vigorously," ab. for ys, "old " (Kah. Pap., PL xx., 24). generally written f in early texts. { j~j rnp't Det. of herbaceous plants, and of leaves and probably means "young vegetables" as an twigs of trees. offering. This value may be derived from (6) word-sign <=> ^ • . <* rnp't, "year," Copt. y \B. PL., iii., fig. 83.] Flower (?). poune, f^, in dates j~^, more rarely jo, | The geographical name, \J *\ B. H., i., (L., D., ii.', 116a; Pyr. '&, 1. 754). Not un p. 85, has the variant j? in B. H., i., PL vii FLOWERS AND SEEDS. 27 (with the god Chnem). In XXIst Dyn. \Jj y (a) of the reed (Pap. Ebn xlix., 2 ; (MASP., Momies Royales,- pp. 713-4) occurs LORET, Bee. de Tr., xiii., 199). Transferred as a i \> c ^ (with the god Amen). This sign is word-sign it is often written (1 1 y (d) in Pyr., I V CZZZJ3 X$ and the plural fifth yw (an) is transferred to therefore the frequent word-sign 0 for <=> ^ rd spelling the auxiliary verb f\\ yw (du), "to " flourish." It is also word-sign for |^^ <=> mcr c be" (SETHE, A. Z., 1897, p. 6). Alph. for y (mar), "successful"; later, ^^J<=>C^ m rd (with (a). Kah. Pap., xix., 11. 59, &c, suggest that out ^, 8H., Eg. Insc.j ii., PL 83,1.11). Probably the root of the name of (1 is really y\ and for also it is j/, the word-sign for J ^ <=> bn[r~], this value (] may sometimes be phon.; but the "sweet." indications are doubtful. Cf. below, s.v. A Fig. 108. Three curiously-shaped bands, Initial f\ seems generally to have been reduced apparently garlands, strings or chains of white to the sound of J (alif), and though Ibv is never flowers, tied together at the top. Such garlands substituted for it in good Avriting, in early texts are frequently represented as offerings, &c, on (1 is constantly omitted altogether, even in cases the monuments of the N.K., and remains of where y reappears in the Coptic. In such in such have been found on the N.K. mummies of stances perhaps it had been preserved in some Deir el Bahri, &c. popular dialects, while in the official language Word-sign and phon. for ^-*- ms, meaning it was reduced to alif. " produce" children, " form" images, &c. Pro After O.K. (m appears to have been used bably these elaborate garlands made of white for f\ y at the end of words, but in O.K. it flowers, or woven of separate petals, were occasionally appears (e.g. in ^\ (1(1) to mark named ms, "the artificial" as opposed to the the dual, where (J u probably is dual (Q $ \\ simple flowers. At Medinet Habu, in the time ywi = \vi), and so stood for the dual ending wi. of Rameses II. and Rameses III. (DUM., Opfer- festliste, passim), they are named J|vi "TT" § © Figs. 32, 87. Corn on the threshing- for which Pap. Ear., i., 73, 1. 5, has a variant floor. With fig. 32 compare Methen, L., I)., j^~^J^X> ^-*-J msb. This is evidently ii., 5, top. The simple form © is commoner. connected with the word sb, "bring," "offer." It appears to represent a circular heap of corn, Is it possible that msb is a late word, due to or a circular floor covered with grain and sur a false etymology deforming an original name rounded by a wall of bricks or of sheaves. ms9 " artificial garland " ? It may be doubted whether the animals were For construction of garlands see SCHWEIN- driven round the outside of the stack; the FURTH, Ueber Pflanzenreste, Dents ch. Bot. Ges. scenes (e.g. Paheri, PL iii.) and the sign @ Beriehte, 1884, p. 353. rather indicate that the animals trampled a central space surrounded by heaps of corn in Fig. 106. Reed-head with flower (Calamus). the ear (v. Addenda). The present example is a poor one ; detail is Word-sign for -*- D • ^ sp't9 which often means shown in Medum, PL xi., &c.; B. H., L, "what is spared" from destruction, "what PL xxviii.; see also CH., Mon., ccxxi., 79, for remains " of an infusion after boiling down the representation of reeds flowering. Cf. (]]]]] liquid. This sense can easily be connected with for p©.^ Sht (selchet), "meadow," and f ^ sm, the grain that remains on the floor when straw "herbage,''' where (1 probably stands for grass and chaff have been eliminated. But though heads. this is probably the radical sense of the word, The reed-stem, or its head, is named the in scenes of farm-life it occurs rather with the 28 DISOUSSION OF THE SIGNS. meaning of the corn that is to be threshed. In a zigzag, c^. In the present instance it seems tombs of the Vth and Vlth Dynasties we see to be a papyrus stem. sheaves of corn with short stalks, brought from Word-sign for \ « ^ wdn (uden), u heavy." > the field on asses and thrown into heaps, with Probably E==? (as opposed to ^= } ^=^>, ^J^, :: D©<^ ^ jj A j, dbn, phr (pelcher), wdb the inscription y> J ' n ? or , which must I 3 (udeb), qb> with the general sense of " curve," mean something like " preparing the threshing," &c), signifies crushed or bent down by its own "heaping the corn," or "preparing the threshing- weight. Also in the sense of " offering," wdn floor." In El P., i.? PI. xxxi., where a troop of seems to have the radical meaning of " pile up " asses are treading out the corn on a raised heap, offerings, "present in abundance" (cf. , p. 32, the inscription (on fragment 12, which fits to 2) A for the same idea). j (pestle and mortar), distinctly a sign of crushing and weight, Used by r^d. ext. and phon. trans, as sp. frequently replaces e=> in all its meanings. S [P. ff., i., PL xxviii.] Pool with lotus Fig. 143 ; P. P., iii., fig. 16. Clump of flowers. The pool may be either oval or rect three papyrus stems. angular; there may be buds alternating with Word-sign for I ^ h* (ha)—see P. IP, iii., the flowers, and the flowers may almost rest on p. 9, for a possible explanation—and phon. for the water, or may have long stems (Medum, the same. PL xix.); but in good instances the flowers It is sometimes substituted for ¥ as word- always have serrated edges, indicating the petals sign for j^J mh, "north" (P. PT., iii., I.e.), for of lotus. This raises the question whether the Ijcssj ydh (ddh), "papyrus marsh," and for Q^® Nelumbium, or Indian lotus, which rises out of yJh (dalch). " be verdant." (The name of the the water, is not sometimes represented; but papyrus is 8 ^ mnh.) its absence from Egyptian water-scenes appears to prohibit this explanation. In Pyr. P., 1. 440, Fig. 125. Papyrus stem, highly conven the flowers on the 25 are termed nhb'wt, with tionalized as usual, the umbel represented as det. a lotus-flower, W. The word-sign 25 compact (see P. P., iii., pp. 9 et seqq.; BORCHARDT, found in Pyr. for f\ \® "verdant," probably Pflanzensaule, pp. 25 et seqq.); scales at the base. represents papyrus, not lotus, and is therefore Word-sign for $ ^ ^ w*z (ua%), "green," distinct from this. " flourishing." | W'z't, "the green," is the Name, ** \ s° (§hcb), cf. Pyr. P., 1. 440, with name of the goddess of the North (Uazet, ilf., 1. 656, " lotus pools." As these were most Buto), of whom the T was probably the symbol. J important items in gardens, the name became As an amulet or symbol it is named w z9 and it almost synonymous with " garden," " vineyard," is commonly placed in the hand of goddesses— &c. Phon. for s\ especially in Ptolemaic times—probably as emblem of freshness. The N.K. combination £= Fig. 54 ; B. H., iii., fig. 58. A flower- T I often stands for ^^ " the two lands (South stem, bent back on itself twice. The object and North)," or as adj. for rs'i, mh'ti, u south," depicted varies, but the general form, of the " north." sign is always the same—a stem or band bearing some kind of head, and invariably bent Fig. 66; B. H„ iii., fig. 17. Highly ; in much the same way. In Pyr. sometimes it conventionalized rush. (?). has the form of a lotus bud, with stem bent in In Fyr. M., 1. 239 = JV., 1. 616, it is stated BUSHES, Ac. 29 that a large sack or basket, with handle for 1. 12). If this reads swt sw'ti, it would per " transport/' .A \ <=> q'r (qar), is made of haps mean "feather," i.e. "plume-head, of the ^ ^^ ^& fwn (tun^ "the springy" (cf. Lat. 1 (?)": otherwise it would mean "king's plumes," salix "osier"!), and the "containing" neb-b&sket as a plant-name. The plant I \Jj occurs in *"1 ^ AAAAAA Todt., xcix., Einl., see the M.K. texts, MASPERO, ^37 (2-^0 °f 4*4* ^ ^ ^'^ u^e ^mP' i-e- almost certainly the non-resilient rush, from Trots Annees, p. 163, &c. If any of these words •~\ ~\ AAAAAA 4*4* $h "^e weary' motionless." From this read swt, they may be the origin of the phon. name comes the word-sign value nn; to avoid value ho of 1, in good writing always distin its reduction to n, and to distinguish it from guished as 1 "\\. the next value, nhb, it is in this case always The King of Upper Egypt is designated s use written 11. I* * d to spell the pseudo(?)- 1,1 , generally abbreviated to \ stn or causative p >-* r-* snn, " image," &c. I I AAAAAA a stni. I is also transferred to the homophonous The ancient name of El Kab is *-* © J Nhb -fj-^^w stni, "butcher." I ^ V stn, as the (Nelcheb), usually spelt with this sign, 1 J ®« Perhaps the rush (Juncus maritimus ?) was found name of the crown of Upper Egypt, has as yet in the desert valleys behind El Kab, and so been found only in late texts, but might be the symbolized the city. After O.K. the group was origin of the nisbe or adjectival form stni, reinforced by the vase 0, thus 1J 5, 1 OJ © , unless the above I ^ is to be read stn, and is possibly referring to some other product of the thus its early equivalent. If this be the case, place (natron?). This group is always written w^e have to seek elsewhere for the origin of with the J, and is only found in the name of l"^ = £20. A conspicuous example of this the city and the derived name of its presiding value is in the word sw, "he," absolute pronoun goddess, the vulture Nekhebt (v. Pyr. M., 1. 762, of third pers. masc. sing. ; possibly the king for the spelling), except that in very late times was taken as the "He" par excellence. Cf. the tall rose-lotus Nelumbium (?) was called a^w, perhaps symbol of " father," representing 4« J by confusion, on account of its name the suffix "he," "his." /"** I J nhb. As the vulture-goddess Nekhebt was repre *L [B. H., iii., fig. 20.] Sedge (Scirpus). sentative of the South, the resemblance of 1 Loret remarks: "L'identification du *U approche to I and *L is very remarkable; compare the peu a peu de la verite. C'est bien, en effet, une quotation from Plutarch by Loret (in the next graminee a epillets roux. Au lieu de scirpus, column), which may perhaps refer in particular j'y verrais un juncus, parceque Plutarque nous to the present sign. enseigne que, pour designer le sud et le Boi, les Egyptiens dessinent un jonc (9pvov). Pourtant 1 Fig. 109. The plant-symbol of rule in il a pu confondre un jonc et un scirpus." The Upper Egypt. reference to Plutarch is to De Iside et Osiride, The symbol is named 1 ^, Kah. Pap., PI. iii., cap. 36. Since the publication of B. H., iii., 1.2: perhaps p \ <* swt; cf. also a similar word Borchardt has supplied some interesting re in I.e., PI. xxxiv., 1. 19, and ^^- "serfs (?)," marks on the plant of Upper Egypt in his Methen, L., D., ii., 3, 6, probably to be read excellent work Die Aegyptischen Pflanzensaule, p. 20. Word-sign for A %^ —n qmc (qemd), " south P \ ^NX $ svrtiw (su'tiu), and 1 fj ° \& , country," " south," with phon. transf., frequently written -i-fl; and for <=> -p- \\„ adj. "southern," in the corrupt writing of Anastasi TV. (viii., 30 DISCUSSrON OF THE SIGNS. frequently written jL, also JL i.e. with 1, which the " Ichd of earth," i.e. the place on earth in may be the same plant before flowering. which Ra (and the dead king likewise) purifies himself, apparently before he rises into heaven, in the morning (?). In the same way a temple c H. SKY, EARTH, AND WATER. is called the (1(13£? © -* (| h y (hhdy) of a god, i.e. his resting-place on earth, to which he O Fig. 10. The sun's disk, coloured red descends and whence he also ascends. Q thus and edged with yellow. seems to represent pictorially the effulgence of c Word-sign (1) for <=>-* B (Ra)9 the name of the sun at the point where he rests on earth. the Sun-god—in Pyr. usually written O alone— (Though the " Ichd of earth " as a place for the and no doubt of the sun itself. ' = sun-god's purification by ablution may suggest c r rib (rd neb) is a common phrase for " every it, nothing else bears out the idea that Q may day," lit. "each sun." (2) For ra <=> $ hrw (hru), be intended for a rainbow.) The other senses " day," as opposed to night and also as a of this word are easily obtained from the notion measure of time. (3) In dates, days of the of divine effulgence. month are denoted by O, in the Xllth Dynasty Also phon. for ® —* Ac (Ichd), but probably often written Q s, with the geographical det. not before the XlXth Dynasty. r, as indicating limited time. In Coptic the corresponding word is COT, a word often found i< Fig. 31. Star of five points, the present ssw in late Egyptian texts as l^o, ''<§.© example having a disk at the centre; the rays (sesu)j for the day of the month. This word here look broad and solid, and are marked with existed at a fairly early period (III ® 9 plu. transverse lines at intervals, like the fire-stick, ip Paheri, PL ix., 1. 4, meaning " dates for fig. 42. festivals"), and Erman has suggested recently (1) The name is [1J * Sb9 "star," lit. that it is the true reading for 0 as" day of the "instructor," "guiding star" (cf. Siut, Tomb i., month," 1. 264, "I was (a man), the guiding star (i< I) Det. of words concerning the sun and times of his equals, the director of th^se older than and seasons, the sun being the principal regulator he"). Hence, being from the root p j ^ sb* of days, seasons, and years. (sba), it was transferred to various words as sb\ (2) Another word-sign value is « ^ ^ dwJ (duo), ^ Figs. 37, 137. A semicircular figure "early morning" and "praise," apparently be formfed of half a disk and four concentric bands cause to the Egyptians, who retired into their of different colours—blue, green, and red. A houses soon after sunset and rose before dawn, fifth and cresting band, sometimes marked with stars and starlight were much connected with radiating lines, does not extend to the diameter. early morning, which was therefore written Cf. the jewelled hieroglyph Q in Dahchour, ^~K\0'. To dwJ the word for 5 is closely Pis. xv., 1 ; xix., i. similar, and the representation of the star with c The meanings of the word-sijm S, ©-/» h five points is clearly connected with this cir (]chd)—not »- -a (cf. Xecfyprjv for f© a «~S\ cumstance. (3) The hours of the night being and Coptic ^AI)—are "royal crown," "to be regulated by the stars, "hour," \ ^\> ^ wnwt crowned," "to appear in glory" (like the sun- (unwt), is written *. god), used of king or god coming forth from i< is also det. of stars and of hours. palace or temple. Also we have S^^ (PyT. T., 1. 36 ; P., 1, 387), o -* | -1 - ^ hc % i' ' (kha n ta), Q^Q \B. IP, i., PI. xxviii.; cf. B. PL, in., DESERT. 3L fig. 80.] Hilly desert, coloured to represent chour, p. 104). Traces of this value are seen sand and rocks or stones. also in late writing. r^o ^\ "^>, c=a $> dw, " evil," is read by some Word-sign for rJ^ Q, L., D., ii., 3, "desert," "foreign land," and perhaps "foreign tribe"; © $. hto (Jehu), apparently on the ground of its usually spelt ^ , but rarely —*— v\ ^ sm't varying in very late times with T^ \^"^>, a (L., D., ii., 112d; A. Z., 1874, 35). According word of similar significance. £=3, however, in late texts is often confused with A o, so that to ERMAN (A. Z.y 1892, 10) sm*t is the true confusion with A—D is not surprising. The two reading. 1\ in the neighbourhood of s or s words occur separately in the Prisse Papyrus, seems curiously negligeable; cf. smlct't spelt and cannot be identical. C±G ^^^ "worthless," with Y s/c. For the title mr sm'iot compare " evil," is, in fact, of allied meaning to L., D., ii., 1006 ; B. H., ii., PI. xxiv., with "desert," '/mountain," which had always an .B. If., i., tomb iii., passim V^ III/' evil significance to the agricultural mind of the Another word for desert is | \\ I h^sh't Egyptians. In the Kahun calendar (Eah. Pap., (IchasJchet), MAR., Mast., 188, which may be PI. xxv.), and elsewhere, red ink was employed quite distinct from O (^ <|\ [W] hJs't (hhas't) in writing the word Cr3^N%^ "evil (day)." Red, the colour of sand, as opposed to black, the in Pyr. (with -*—). It is possible that one or colour of alluvium, was considered ominous, other of these words is an occasional reading evidently on account of its connexion with the for v^s) 9 and we have as yet no certain reading sterile desert, c^i, r^-o, the haunt of demons. for the sign as word-sign for " foreign tribe" (P.S.B.A., 1897,297). Det. of desert, foreign lands, &c. (as opposed Fig. 50. A narrow oval ridge or to the alluvial land of Egypt). expanse of sandy desert, coloured as c=£i. We may probably consider this sign as representing (1) a sandy island in the river; (2) an island £=3 Fig. 38. A desert mountain, showing of sand appearing through the alluvium, such a valley between two crests (pinkish yellow as the Arabs still call gezireh; (3) any sandy variegated with red for the stones; at the ridge or expanse. base a line of green to indicate fertile land). As word-sign we have it in "island," Cf. Medum, Pis. xiv., xxviii., and p. 30. As n L J (fertile ground) means a "slope," " height/' so which varies in late times with ^ 5 t\\^ y^t C^3, a desert mountain, was chosen to represent (da't), and so perhaps reads yJ (da); this is a hill or rock, while r^\^3 a kind of plural form, common word in Egyptian geography for islands stands for "desert"; but in the earliest instances both in sea and river, and so probably denotes (Medum, I.e.) c^a is more like two hills and less also sand-islands in the alluvium. like two n. Det. or id. of ^ ^ = IOJ, q &® • ~ y'fct , ^ \ zw (zu)j is " mountain," " hill," (dalch't), "horizon"; the dual or adjectival " rock," lit. "the evil," " worthless" (see below, form ^ is commonly written £=^ by abbrevia ad fin.). Sometimes, however, it seems to read tion, = " the two horizons," each horizon being ^ r^ mn, " rock," lit. " the firm (?) " ; e.g. the sandy desert according to Egyptian ideas. In common title of Anubis, @ " upon his (?) O.K. the sign is a common det. of names of hill," or " upon the hill of the *v^_ (q.v.) " is districts and places, probably on account of rendered by \ ^ D %^<^i\\«~-,tpmnyf, their being in sandy districts or connected with in the remarkable inscription of Auabra (Dah- a Deltaic gezireh, Early towns in the Delta 32 DISCUSSION OF THE SIGNS. were founded on such " islands." Later, it be also as phon. for A \ (as ffi and CD similarly came det. of certain specific localities only, as served for a^ and ra %, and for the same in the present case, where it is used with ^\ reasons), and required no other biliteral with Ta-zeser, the sandy domain of Anubis, god of ^, though combinations with \ are very the dead. numerous. On the other hand, the alphabetic In N.K. , is phon. at the beginning characters K^_, A/WW\? In B. i7., iii., p. 5, this sign is derived from intensive. In Ptahhetep9 PL xli., table of offer-, the word n ^fc\ ^ " high ground " ; but in Pyr. ings, 4th row, 3rd col. from right, we have AT., 1. 202, there is a word n i^ Ijj^ A ?"" (qaa), t—• 1 % n n gsivi sbw(?)9 " two halves, or side's, of provisions," which may be explained by determined by a sign like n? and in L., I)., iii., B. H., i., PL xvii., table of offerings, 2nd row, 24, d (W), it is given as zi'%^ Q(] /\ q*y (qwy\ 9th col. from left, pJ't n%t wdn ivp in gs'wi, "food meaning "lofty place," "pile," "eminence." of heaped-offering divided into twq sides (or The weak radical ^ is neglected in the alpha halves)." A mass of offerings—:common bread betic value q of ^, but A seems to have served stuff?—was thus perhaps made into two heaps WATEE. 33 on either hand of the recipient, and provisions As det., AAAAAA occurs apparently in the sense were probably served in the same way at any of " level" in the word ;=T| " eternity," written plentiful feast in the earlier times, when abun also Z^. Sometimes this latter may be read dance of food was doubtless much considered. n z't9 but in many cases (Pyr., e.g. W., 521, &c, <= In L., D., ii., 70, gs is determined by three heaps, I 1 l Lc=^ &c, and in Ptahhetep, PI. xxxix., AAAAAA ^ ) AAA (for the plural), the colour of which is it can only be explained as det. of level surface, black, like that of the bread and of A = q such as water always presents, like =, ^\ t* (I.e., ii., 69). (ta), "level land" (see B. H., iii., p. 30). The instances of this use are too numerous to be Cf. Fig. 175 and B. H., iii., Frontispiece. accounted for as due to the confusion of AAAAAA Land-area marked with rectangular lines for and = in hieratic. irrigation canals (?) at regular intervals, the AAAAAA AAAAAA . i.e. three AAAAAA? is the plural word ends open or closed by lines, ^^. In El B., ^ ^ mw (mu), " water," later used as singular i., PI. xxvii. 11, a plain rectangle i i, perhaps (ERM., Pluralbildung, p. 14, Gram., § 45). In a an unfinished PMffO, seems to take the place of the few (pseudo-compound) words the sign AAAAAA latter. In Siut, Tomb i., 1. 228, the downward is phon. for mw. ^A"—which certainlv better lines are oblique. •*• AAAAAA J than AAAAAA represents a rippled surface—is also Word-sign for p • ^« ^ sp^'t, "nome," "terri the regular det. of water and of liquids. tory of a city," and for ^^^.^ zH't (zat't) (meaning ?). (See Kah. Pap., p. 31.) Det. of fnnnn Fig. 90. A rectangular tank or arti nomes and of A J^-J " south country." ficial pool (cf. Medum, passim); in N.K. often represented as empty, E=33 though in O.K. this "A™ Figs. 12, 176. Waved line of the may have a distinct meaning. The ordinary surface of water, coloured black or grey. Cf. printed form nn is taken from linear hiero Medum, passim. glyphic writing, in which the distinction of the The waved line is constantly seen in repre tank sign from other rectangular signs has been sentations of pools of water, &c, and seems reduced to two purely conventional strokes. properly to belong to the rippled surface, but A tank, pool, or lake is named S^> ^ s{sha\ it became the sign of water in general. Thus, whence this sign obtains its alphabetic value s. while the curved stream of water pouring It is also det. of hnt, "pool," " pleasure garden downward from the hand or from a vessel is (surrounding a pond)." often smooth in early times, or only slightly waved—:to show spiral flow—yet even in the C Fig. 58 ; B. H., iii., fig. 88. This may tomb of Methen (L., D., ii., 4) there is an be taken for a section of a water-channel with example of its being waved like AAAAAA as a running water, or a pond, or a transparent conventional representation of Avater. vessel containing liquid, or a crucible containing The single AAAAAA has not yet been found as a molten metal, or the matrix in the ground into distinct word sign. It is used almost exclusively which the molten metal was run to form ingots. as alph. for n, and n is an important element in In good texts it is often xy, i.e. with surface not /WWV\ -P\ rippled ; Jfllk4a> ^ * ( )> senting the lower hemisphere of heaven, is " vanish(?)," or "glide smoothly," like a sledge, written © in N.K.; in Pyr. it is or perhaps "melt" like metal. Gliding and r v b=d transparency, one or both of which ideas are (W., 1. 219), \\ ^ (W., 11. 289, 557), ^ included in the root by\ are both qualities of (M., 1. 455, cf. W., 1. 239). liquid. (3) By id. trans. K3 stands for the female 0 Cf. Fig. 34. Rectangular enclosure wall principle in T ^L, ^ | (== vulva); the reading with battlements, usually represented as very uncertain, perhaps h*'t or hrn't, or (1 ^ yt (at), narrow. which occasionally occurs (cf. Kah. Pap., p. 6, Word-sign for J) ^ J ynb (drib), "fortified and for examples see LORET, Bee. de Trav., enclosure wall," "wall"; cf. BR., Wtb., SuppL, xviii., 198). It occurs in the det. of the word 92, for variant with ynb, also Pyr/N., 1. 955, 1 an ^* i* Pyr; d in ^ J), I %^* <* hm% "woman." for rad. ext. Probably it is from the last word that K2 obtains Det. of " wall," and (in O.K.) of building. its very common value as phon. for I J^ km. j|} Fig. 30; B. PL., iii., fig. 62. Palatial o Fig. 29. Grain of sand, pebble, or little courtyard. There are two main types of this pellet (here coloured white, and repeated until hieroglyph, the first, modelled on the lines the number indicates five). In the compound of IT!, the second on those of J (qq.v.), each sign =*=?» for =, "earth," the grains, which highly elaborated, as befits the sign of a royal are three in number to denote the plural, seem residence. to indicate the sand that was known to underlie (1) (Type, fig. 30, &c). This is represented the alluvium. by the plan of a nearly square enclosure, the At times o seems to be word-sign for S^, wall of which is carried only half way along the »& tj (tha), "pellet," from «V"teke>" as we front and then turns in at a right angle, enclosing speak of a "pinch" of anything, ooo is det. an inner court, the outer court, of the same size, of sand, pebbles, &c., and of pellets. It is often being entirely open in front. The entrance of BUILDINGS. 35 the inner court is at the inner end of the dividing nected with the root ra ^ "enter m^, with det. wall, and in the front corner farthest from that of land-area, more fully written ["D ^ u u .—i entrance stands the tower-like palace, | (q.v.). h^yt (hayt), is perhaps the, name of the outer The enclosure wall and the tower are crested or entrance court indicated by the sign, and so with cheher ornament, (j (PETKIE, Dec. Art, the origin of its phonetic values. p. 101), or with overhanging battlements. The tower is not essential to the figure, and is often []. [Of. B. H., iii., fig. 5.] Plan of rect absent, jo£?J, in which it occupies the angular enclosure, without battlements, but whole front of the inner court, is an exceptional with small building in the corner. It seems to form, uor^j for the name ivSh't, is commonly be a less grandiose form of jmj (v. §||j, type 2). placed in the entrance. The inner building, which is square in the early (2) Type ffj is seldom found in the tables of O.K., is best explained as a tower to defend the offerings (as an exception see L., D., ii., 67, entrance ; cf. Maspero's valuable note (P.S.B.A., 6th col. from right), but is very common in xii., 247). In good periods the narrow type J O.K. titles (L., £>., ii., 63, &c, &c), though later is invariable, except in the numerous cases when it does not seem to occur. This shows a com names and words are written inside the sign; plete rectangle, battlemented and containing a it may then be enlarged horizontally into a cheker-to])ipe& palace in one corner, as well as ^ square or even an oblong, and the inner build to the left. In Pyr. N., 1. 764, this sign has a ing placed in a top corner, or sometimes omitted battlemented building in the corner, containing altogether, according as space is required for |, which is probably symbolic of the deity, the sign or signs to be inserted. though seldom used in O.K. with that signifi Word-sign for I • ^ h% " fenced city,"N" (forti cation. On the analogy of the M, we may fied) Residence " of king, governor, or god. "^ consider that in this type the .palace-tower is h't-ntr is a "temple," in the widest sense, with built over or near to the entrance (compare the all its varied inhabitants. In some of the cases position of the tower at Medinet Habu); in Irgi in which the name of the Residence is written also there would probably be a private entrance within J, this sign is probably only det. of to the tower through the adjoining wall. the kind of place. Ml "governor of a J," Word-sign for ^p®-^ wsh't (uselch't), "the seems to be the title of the principal sheikhs broad," "roomy," a name used perhaps not only or lesser governors having citadel, or official for the courtyard but also for a wide hall. fortified and garrisoned, Residences. In Pyr. fj| with its variants (type 1, but without the palace sign, never the complete n Fig. 193; B. S"., iii., fig. 56. Plan of rectangle, type 2), is det. of p J © sbh (sebelch), the brick walls of a rectangular chamber, with which apparently means "surround with pro entrance in the middle of the long side; tection." Borchardt quotes with approval the opinion of Steindorff, that n represents simply the wall m Fig. 146. Plan of a nearly square of a (roofless) courtyard. Either explanation enclosure resembling the §fj§ (q.v., type 1), but seems to fit the case. The elongated type cz~u plain, without battlements, cheher ornament, or is a late invention to supply an alternative form building shown within. in grouping hieroglyphs. The word which was the origin of the biliteral Word-sign for • <=> pr, "house," with weak phonetic value ni\h:> (ha) and the alph. value h final r.- When used by rad. ext., or phon. (see n and ffi for similar usages), is probably con- trans, for pr, complementary <=> is added ; and D 2 36 DISCUSSION OF THE SIGKS. /VVWV\ Fig. 103. Open hut or shelter made n CZSZD 2)[r~]sn, the name of a kind of cake of a framework of reeds bound together, the or loaf, varies from the earliest times with /—I AAAAAA roof slightly arched and supported by a central _QLD , although in the compound ^^ = ninS), " Pharaoh/' the r was fully retained. forked pole, T. In Medum, PL xiii., the pole is Det. of buildings of all sorts. J (q.v. fig. 116). Word-sign for -*-{ sh, "summer house," Figs. 89, 119. Palace; apparently a "booth," "tent," "canopy," a name most fre tower of two storeys; the diagonal line in the quently applied to a light wooden construction upper half may mark the position of a staircase of the form of one of the canopies in U[J, open to the roof. The tower is crowned with cheker in front and at the sides, as an airy but effective ornament, and the lower storey is gaily decorated shelter from the sun. Under this a grandee with bands of colour. Cf. ||j|. Borchardt's could sit in the open air when presiding at an view, that it is really a piece of fringed mat- inspection (El B., i., PI xix ), or, with his wife work, can hardly be sustained. at his side, enjoy the busy scenes of outdoor life Word-sign for -n l ~* chc (aha), "king's (Paheri, PI. iv.). In Ptahhetep, PI. xxxix., palace." there is a shelter of this kind over a portable chair: this testifies to its extreme lightness. U Fig. 15. Fa9ade of a shrine or building Used also with phon. trans, as sh. made of or imitating wattle-and-daub work, Word-sign also for I J hb, "festival." Used with torus edging, &c. (cf. PETEIE, Dec. Art, in this value too with phon. trans., but after pp. 97-100), and raised on a platform of earth(?) O.K. invariably accompanied by, and generally sloping to either side, as in fig. 8. For a some compounded with, the det. ^£7 (see the next what different form see Pyr. N,9 1. 989. In sign). This use indicates that the shelter, like Ptahhetep, PI. xxxiii., it appears to take the our tents, might be of large size to hold a place of X7 in the symbol of the god Shesemu. considerable number of people. Cf., perhaps, This is the model for a regular type of tomb- the " feast of tabernacles," Lev. xxiii. stela (cf. Ptahhetep, PL xxxix.), and in early In late times it is confused with a rather examples of these stelae the dedications upon c /WW\A i—y \ / similar sign reading -n rq (arq). them are in the first place to Anubis, rjTk j M , "chief of the divine hall," or "shrine" (see Figs. 9, 178. Graphic compound of Ptahhetep, pp. 32, 33). Within the H were the seh, (T\9 with id. of a festival, ^27 (q.v.). supposed to take place the meals of the deceased, This compound is usual in N.K. as word-sign and probably within it he rested as in his own for I J hb, "festival." Used with phon. trans. private apartments. The reading of the name of the structure, Avhich is generally connected UJJ Fig. 8, On a raised platform, coloured with Anubis, is still unknown. In Pyr. it is green (earth?, cf. fig. 15, &c), two portable (?) called ^Q (W., 11. 15, 258); unfortunately thrones, r—*} (cf. fig. 65), are placed back to the reading of r~*\ is here uncertain; perhaps back under a double canopy with curved roof. it indicates basket-work, wattle-work, like the The reading of the sign is I C=S] sd, or rather later f\. In L., I)., ii., 112d, there is a variant perhaps 1 j-fea hb sd, usually written 1 H n l' wkich may indicate ^ (j | ^~ ys-ntr H or UO m, but also U|J alone. Word-sign for (ds-neter), " divine chamber," or 1 ?(jT| sh ntr, the jubilee festival of the king, held properly at " divine hall," as the reading of the end of thirty years—a month of years— PAETS OF BUILDINGS. 37 apparently reckoned from his proclamation as as in O.K., was now no longer appropriate. crown prince or king (SETHE, A. Z., 1898, 64). The first change was to ^^fj), and then At the celebration of the jubilee the king -4" lbs, Qh began to be written in hieratic, sat first as King of Upper Egypt on one and easily became 41- t\ gj\ in transcribing of the thrones, and then as King of Lower Egypt on the other ; see the figures in L., D., into hieroglyphs. The group -Yh t\ thus ii, 115a; L., D., iii., 74 ynr (dncr), u stone," and 4h t\ $), as if a different word (Paheri, det. of names, &c , of stone. Pis. iii., iv., cornice line); probably it is to be pronounced wnm, while the more popular word ^p Figs. 78, 169. Two pieces of wood is wm. crossed at right angles and joined. In the O.K. with equal arms, =£» (Mefhen, Ptahhetep). In very late texts, in the group HK $ ^«» $. Word-sign for the adj. -J(- t\ \\, () ^\\ ymi wndw (undu), "cattle," &c, -\U replaces <=§=% u (ami), fern. ynvt, plu. ym'w, that which is in," owing to its form in cursive writing. derived from the preposition ^ m, " in." The The original value, (| $^\\ ymi (ami), is often meaning suggests that the sign represents a distinguished by prefixed M, thus : Nh t\. piece of joiner's work, the two bars being care fully fitted together with a rebate, so being U Figs. 88 105; J3.ff.,iii.,fig. 41. Wooden " that which is fitted or fixed in." clamp. In O.K. it is a straight piece of wood. But as was pointed out by EIIMAN (A. Z., The uses of the I are difficult to define. For 1893, p. 127, cf. 1894, p. 67), by a curious the early period we may perhaps give the accident it was applied also to quite a different following statement of its uses :— root, as follows :— (1) As a numeral = ^ —* wc («a), "one"; In M.K. the verb wnm, " eat" (see jj), appears often written ^^ I. in two fixed spellings, ^7\ and HK^). ^n (2) As det. of unity. From this it has the cursive writing *=$=» is identical with 41-, and in folioAving derived uses : and after the Hyksos, period (Math. Pap., a. In Pyr., to indicate a concrete meaning, PL xxiii., but not Bui. Pap., ii., 45, of the it is placed after the whole word, generally XHIth Dyn.) an |\ is regularly added to the after a word-sign or det., e.g. ® ^ hft (khtft), second group in hieratic; thenceforward in the « enemy " ; "^~ "^J st, " duck " ; ^ ^ I rig, N.K. the word " eat" appears in hieroglyphics "bull" (both last, Pyr. P., 1. 441. o is some as 4U t\ gA. The corresponding Coptic word times substituted for I in Pyr.) And in like is ortou (worn), and it seems altogether that manner, i is often placed after a single sign u the n of wnm, eat," was lost early, so that when it expresses the whole of a name, either the word became wm. iust as m 2M,'which is- with or without the fern, ending. # I ^ k k ^ hnmm't in Pyr., became ra ^ k' * b. When a sign is used as transferred word- hmm't in N.K. To spell the word Hr &, sign with the full phonetic value of the name, 38 DISCUSSION" OF THE SIGNS. the I is often transferred with it, e.g. "^, <>=> Fig. 116. Wooden column lying on the ^"^, ^^J, ^°\ are all found for z't, "body," ground for use as the central pole of a |fTj; see J PETRIE, Medum, PL x. and p. 30; Dee. Art, CQI or [Q] I for p \ s (sa) for " back," and n or q 1 p. 76 ; also BORCHARDT, Pflanzensaule, p. 56 'y (a) for " 0 !" After O.K. the use of I in such (who seems to have overlooked the very early cases becomes the rule (ERM., Gram., § 51). example at Medum). It is seldom placed up In M. and N.K., in such cases as . ". , ^\ right in good texts, though this is allowed even f (ta), "land," and j v& s, "person," the det. is c in O.K. (Ptahhetep, xxxviii., left). added after I, for the sake of distinction, as =^=> c J and —*— are in hieratic scarcely distinguish "Word-sign and phon. for —* ^ (da), mean able. ing "lid," "great," "continue in a certain state." The geographical det. V (in M.K. often n, It is not clear that it is a name of a column, from the hieratic ?) is usually accompanied in M. though there are signs of this (Kah. Pap., xiii., 2, c and N".K. by the I which belongs to it when used and in late texts). \ "great," may be simply as a word-sign. an epithet of the roof-support. After O.K. the suffix of 1st pers. sing, is —- Fig. 139; B. H., iii., fig. 49. Door-bolt: often replaced by I. well known from the pictures, and from a wooden shrine in the Cairo Museum, to have been used The numerals up to 9 are expressed by i for fastening folding doors on the outside. On repeated; each of them has its own name each leaf two bronze rings held a —*— (one bolt (ERMAN, Gram., § 141). The following are being considerably above the other), which was interesting:— shot into a third ring attached to the other leaf A AAAAAA of the door. In the Medum sculptures, " the II represents the numeral 2, named I form of the door-bolt s is remarkably contracted sn, and is from the earliest times defc. of duality, in the middle, and has a double line along the especially marking the dual of the masc. nouns neck (Medum, PI. xiii.). Such lines usually ending in ^ \\ wi. In this case it is often show string, as on the tied up necks of bags w written in Pyr. w, e.g. = xx _y>QQ " ^ (Pis. xiii., xv.), and here it seems likely that (dwi), "two hands." It is probable too that n the middle of the bolt had a string round it can be found with the dual of fern, words which could be sealed on to the door to prevent ending in "^ ^ w wti (uti), which, however, in it being moved " (PETRIE, Medum, p. 31). The ancient times were generally written *\\ ^. breaking of the seal of a shrine entailed a Gradually 11 became employed for the adjec special ceremony (Ab.9 i., p. 57). BORCHARDT, tival and other forms of roots in which the A. Z., 1897, p. 105, explains the string as for termination was the same as that of the dual, drawing a bolt from the outside when the door wi, wti; such were now written ^\ 11, "\\ ^ ; was fastened on the inside (v. -£-). and then for any terminal i, this being the dis The name of the bolt was J' " the passer " tinctive sound common to the two duals, masc. (Pyr. N., 1. 688 ; cf. Ab., i., pp. 56, 58). This is and fern. presumably to be< read s, though in Pyr. it III represents the numeral 3, varies with . (I7., 1. 162), which is probably hmt (Ichemt), with phon. transf. Also det. of a religious symbol derived from the bolt. The plural, and later of collectives. name jj ^-^? cf. |", ss^ ss{?) (Ab., i., p. 58), ! (|, Coptic tor (tho); the ancient name not is perhaps a kind of dual, on account of the quite certain. See i<, and <=sa. bolts being two in number; but either name YASES. may be the origin of the alphabetic value s Word-sign for A J J qbh', " cold water" ; used of —*— (v. Addenda). also as det. of A J and [*A J, "be cool," "make cool," but not in Byr., where A (a tree) takes its place in this capacity. J, VASES AND POTTERY: FIRE. Fig. 6. Group of stoppered fees-vases, Q [B. -ST., iii., fig. 35a.] Stone jug with long three or four in number, the ends of a cloth handle from rim to body, and small loop handle hanging over the shoulders. The number three opposite to it, upon the body. In the present is the general indication of plurality in this instance the jug is of alabaster. sign, but the definite number of four, (mm, is General word-sign for •- ^ ^ hum (chnem); common from the earliest times, e.g. four occur this may be connected with the word hnm't, in Medum, PI. ix. (Rahotep), three in Pis. xviii., "well," which might be used as a term for a xxiii. (Nefermaat). In L., D., iii., 23, S, by large jar. But one of the seven sacred oils, exception the four vessels are without the named ™ • «- ™ ^ n'hnm, "of (the god?) Chnem," cloth. is usually figured as contained in a jar of this The sign is the ordinary word-symbol for shape. «£k B. if., iii., fig. 100, represents a jar © r^ ^ hnt (Ichent), especially with the meanings of this unguent. " front," "foremost," "forward." The first operation in the ceremonial feasts of the " table v Fig. 101. Slender water-bottle, often re of offerings," and probably in all such religious presented with a stopper. In O.K. the upper ceremonies, was the washing of the table with part is black instead of blue, a circumstance the four fees-vases of water (see e.g. MASPERO, which Dr. Walker has suggested is to be ex Table d'Offrcmdes, p. 5). In the K\K. this plained by the black tops of much of the operation, usually called /^8 st (set, with " prehistoric" pottery (see PETRIE, Naqada, /-\ AAAAAA 9 s p. 37); red with black or blue rim may there AAAAAA T •~W-. , d " .' fore be regarded as colouring distinctive of AAAAAA I AAAAAA Will vessels of pottery, st hr hnti (set her Ichenti), "pouring in (or Name, ^ , f—.-fes% "the chilly" (?), with?) Jchenti" (see SCHIAP., L. dei F., PI. xiii., especially on O.K. coffins (Miss. Fr., i., 200-1, 1. 24, Text, ii., p. 171; with variants, Z.c,AAAAA p. A 314S? , and MAR., Ab., i., PL xxxixa.), where and PI. ii.); later, cf. BR., Wtb. MASPERO, <=* Wl I I? var. rSjjh, &c, is evidently the name of the rite Horhotep (Miss. Fr., i., p. 136), restores y ^ performed with these four vessels, and must in the label applying to two spouted vases, mean literally " the first or opening ceremony." y (shown I.e., PI. xii.). This is confirmed by Hence the value of the sign. the fact that in inferior writing the hieroglyph occasionally has the spout. These Ties vessels, much used in ceremonial libations, were fre O Fig. 141. Globular water-pot; in the quently made in bronze and precious metals, present instance coloured blue. In O.K. it is though the picture indicates a pottery original. coloured red, with the upper part black (cf. 0). Word-sign for fes in all its meanings. It appears in A, and probably also in Ufa. In the offering of water and wine to the gods it fj Fig. 127; B. K, iii., fig. 48. Spouted was used in pairs, O O. fees-vase, with water pouring from it, and with The sign indicates the contents of the vessel or without a stand, nj. rather than the vessel itself. Thus o o ooo o 40 DISCUSSION OF THE SIGNS. &c, indicate the cosmic waters, i.e. the god iocb. In Pyr. the spelling of these two words Nw (Nu). Perhaps it is from this word that is variable, and sometimes there seems to be the single 0 has its common phonetic value confusion between them. ^\ is there used as ^ \ mo (nu), for which 0 0 0 is preferred or syl. for cb in either group. But after O.K. often used in certain words, mniv, " monument," X*^ stands for the word c6 only, and /J is Thnw, " Libyan/' while there are indications in w b, "pure," "priest," with little variation. j\ (q.v.), and elsewhere, of the value n alone for 0. D In the name of the goddess , ° ^, _^ (all in y Figs. 40, 133. Globular vase-shaped Pyr.), usually called Nut, the value of 0 is not object suspended from a loop. The vase is well defined, and may be nn% as the name of surrounded at its widest part by a broad band the goddess of the upper sky seems hardly dis of net-work (erased? in fig. 133). The band of tinguishable, except by tricks of writing, from net-work is one of the things which distinguish that of the goddess of the sky in the lower the vase determinative and symbolical of milk. hemisphere (v. ©). Maspero holds that the In O.K. forms the vase is less globular, 2, more variant ^J5 \F=R, common in Pyr., indicates like the milk vases offered in the temple-scenes, Nwit, by a pseudo-dual. In M.K., $££, and e.g. L., B., iii., 20c. The teat or feeder (?) of VT AAAAAA AAAAAA u the milk vase ^, is, however, always absent perhaps AAAAAA ? stand for |^ »- /^ m hn (m ehen), AAAAAA AAAAAA from the sign U. In Paheri, PL iv., we see U "inside" (B. PL., i., Pis. xxv., xxvi., 11. 193, 204, suspended round the neck of the infant prince 215), and for ymi hn (I.e., 1. 209). In N.K., Uazmes, who sits on the knees of his " nurse" after the XVIIIth Dyn., $^ is usually written and tutor, the nobleman Paheri. before this group, and in late documents we AAAAAA The value of Q is ^ <=> mr, changing so early often have | o | AAAAAA for m hn AAAAAA AAAAAA to &J my (ma), and J^ m, on account of its (PIEHL, A. Z., 1887, 32, &c). Thus it is pro- weak terminal r, that its normal value may be **-«=> bable that in 3BJ 0, Pyr hn, O is really said to be |^J my (md); the r in fact is quite _ # /vvvvv\ v_y i a word-sign. lost after the O.K., even when y occurs as the Probably O also represents a cooking-pot, initial phon. of a word. In Pyr., U, "like," is "*! 1^ &• $ z*z*'to (zaza'u), whence it commonly constantly written ^\ y ^ Fig. 70. Censer with a flame, or small K. FIBRES, TEXTILES; BASKET-, MAT-, AND cloud of smoke rising from it. The flame is LEATHER-WOBK. usually represented with a pointed tip. It Fig, 124. Hank of fibres (of flax?) in occurs often as ^, with two balls of incense. the form of a loop thrice twisted, and with the Perhaps the sign is not found at all before the ends loose. In the fine sculpture of Usertesen I. N.K. It is, however, figured in Mentvhotep, (Koptos, PL ix.), on the original, this sign is PI. iv., with the name , p ^ • ~ Sz% " censer." clearly represented as composed of a number of In N.K. the figure occurs, often with a taller parallel stems or fibres. The hank is twisted as flame, as id. or symbol, probably for the ex if being wrung to dry it, doubtless after the pression "11 ^ ^ (1 " incense upon a burning work of beating and cleansing in water was censer" (e.g. Paheri, Pi. v., right edge, 2nd row). completed. In fig. 124 it is coloured green, as Det. of s'ntr, "incense" (Methen, L., D., ii., 3). being of vegetable material; in Medum it is In the earliest inscriptions the word for incense yellow. Parallel changes of colour are found is usually spelt T (1 s=* as if p»- ^ => <=> st ntr 9 throughout the rope and rush series of hiero (seth neter), " divine perfume," but subsequent glyphs. variants of O.K. and later, show that this is The form of the sign, and the existence of a really a peculiar writing of the causative verb § , I h9 " beat," suggests that 8 represents p. ^ ss> <=» s'ntr, lit. " making " or " made flax fibres "beaten" out, a process which is divine." probably shown in B. iT., i., PI. xi., 5th row; In good writing ^ occurs otherwise only in B. H„ ii., PI. iv., 2nd row; PI. xiii., 2nd TOAV, the groups jJ^> #3i5?> J}^> eac^ °^ w^c^- the last representation being the best (the means "soul," and is to be read J \ b* (ba). inscription reads qnqn nwt, u beating threads, In Pyr. the name of the "soul," usually written or fibres"). It may perhaps be questioned fe^, is sometimes written ^b^^7, O^S^ (f°r whether the name of flax, » \^, S*J mh, variant forms see P., 11. 270, 416). In these uAei (with -—o, det. of the cubit which has the groups O evidently corresponds to ^, and same sound) is not a derivative from h, " strike." so is probably a censer or brazier; it also v. also c^. occurs in bJ*t, P., 1. 615. (Note that in Pyr. From the above word-sign value is derived its there is frequently found a verb 'fc^ b% alphabetic value I, h. meaning "to possess soul-power," "to be as a soul.") (g. Cf. Fig. 86. Coil of rope. (1) Symbol for the numeral 100. The general In the usual groups for b\ " soul," viz. "fe^ /WW\A ^\ Q 0. and M.K., ^^ N.K. (early), $5i5? and name for rope is v^ft (3 , ^ ^ I nwh^ applied ask (XlXth Dynasty, &c), it is clear that fe^ , often to rope used in field measurement (BON., lit. " digger," is only used for the soul by phon. Save, PL vi.). The standard in linear field trans., and that ^ was added as a determinative measurement was a rope of 100 cubits, and or a distinctive word-sign ideographic of the evidently this was the standard length in rope soul (as the power of flame); a still clearer manufacture. This length was called ^*|, o * ht definition was obtained by substituting for (Ichet), "stick," or more fully, ^^ 7^ Q y> § 'fe^£ the picture-form of a human soul as a lit n nwh, "a stick of rope." The arum, 100 human-headed hawk, Tk ; or 3^R\, "the embodi cubits square, is named I _~ t " a stretch ment of the " soul of Osiris" in the ram of (of the rope)"—a depth of 100 cubits from the Mendes. frontage being always assumed (cf. P. 8. B. A.y u DISCUSSION OF THE SIGNS. xiv., 417 et seqq.). Hence, on account of its phonetic value of —H— supplying the s in st° standard length, (3, a rope, is the sign for 100, and Js (v. Addenda). which in Egyptian is named ^ . ^ §'t (she't) Word-sign for p» st, later $<*\ stf, "haul," (SETHE, A. Z., 1893, 112), and hence the value with phon. trans. s (sh) for <§_, which Piehl has identified in Det. of % -p- Js (as), " hasten," often transitive Ptolemaic texts (Ades VIII. Congr. Stockholm, as if " to pull" or " drag on." This word does 10 not occur in O.K., unless it be in the form of p- )- a the intransitive verb -fr, var. —*—, " pass on." (2) Word-sign for ^n.Q sn't (shewt), v.^L. (3) The value \ w (u) for which this sign stands in KK. as a substitute for \, is difficult ^\ Figs. 41, 43. Rope arranged in a loop ; to account for. By some it is supposed to be at one end a noose, the other end is turned derived from a hieratic form of \ somewhat down at a sharp angle, the tip pointed and in it resembling that for <© ; it may be partly due (fig. 41) a narrow slit or noose in the substance to words like f) ^f)^<£, $ & $ & wV of the rope. On M.K. coffins this object is figured with, or near to, weapons (MentuJwtep, (nana), and £) ® , W<=> w*r (uar), "cord." Pis. iii., v., and p. 18 ; A. T., 38, &c.); the At that time the advantage of possessing alter form varies: sometimes there is a noose at one native letters for forming hieroglyphic groups or other end only (fig. 43); sometimes we have was strongly felt, though most of the new values J5, with a clear loop at each end (Mentuhotep, did not enter into hieratic writing until a very PI. iii.), but this is not a hieroglyph. late period. In this way the horizontal / On the coffins the name is <=> ^ rz; <=> \ ^ (properly, f\ ^ ym (dm)) was used for ^., rwz (ruz). This name is met with in Pyr. JV"., and | were equated with ^, >/ with ^, and for ywr (dur). Pap., i., 1. 5, it seems to stand for a bow-string, Det. of names of rope and of words indicating or better, a lasso ; in BON., Bare, PI. iv. D., 1. 21, its use. the word in the plural signifies the "bonds" of captives by which their arms were tied behind <[ Fig. 180; B.H., iii., fig. 51, Cord wound their backs, jft. Clearly the proper sense of on stick. A fine example is in Ptahhetep, the sign is a noosed or knotted rope. It has PL xxxiii., top, 3rd col. from left; see also been supposed to represent a sling, but of this L., D.9 ii., 97&. there is no clear evidence; sometimes it may Word-sign for ^ ^ wz (uz), " stick or hank represent a halter. (Slingers are mentioned in of cord" ; see B. H., iii., p. 19. . Pianlchy, 1. 32, and in B. H., ii., PI. xv., one Phon. for $ ^. slinger seems to be figured ; but they are rarely found on Egyptian monuments.) -Qr F'g- 86. Coil of rope across a stick. Hence phon. for <=> ^ ^. BORCHAKDT (A. Z., 1897, p. 105) considers that "Word - sign for ^\ <==> ^\ V (ar), and this sign represents a bolt, -*—, with the cord ls\ ft <=> ^\ *yr (adr), " oppress." Other for drawing it from the outside when it was words of this form spelt with *$\, e.g. ^ ^ <=> ; fixed inside. An example copied by Miss Paget mV (mar), poor," "feeble"; p V 6' r (sar), in the tomb of Rekhmara shows the —«— clearly, poor " ; e=» ^ \ <=> d^yr, dy*r, " restrain," gene- but this form is perhaps not ancient, and may 1 rally have the notion of constraint in one be only a N.K. invention connected with the form or other? and are probably all derivatives COEDS—THREAD. of y'r, V- In Siut, Tomb L, 1. 350, &c, ft\ see pp. 4, 5. The corresponding verb th stands for « ^ \ <=> \ -*-<=> *— cVyr srf (dadr iserf),s regularl y written ^JT5, cf. J\. "restrain hot temper" ; cf. SH., Eg. Ins , i., 83, 1. 11. Fig. 111. Rope-knot with four loops at each side and one at each end. ^ j Fig, 128, A cord, coloured green (so Word-sign for -*- ^ s" (so), " guard," also L., D., ii., 90), arranged at one end in two "protect," convertible with ¥ in the sense of loops, apparently for a slip-knot of a special "amulet"; in Pyr. a common word-sign for kind (with a bow at the side), of which the the verb "to protect," &c, but in later times detail is never fully shown. In the present confined to the substantival sense "amulet," example there is also a slight projection at the "protection." It is probably a magic knot, other end of the cord, no doubt to mark the but may represent a particularly secure way of fraying. tying up a packet with a number of cross- Phon. for $ ^ iv" (ua). There are two strings. words that may be connected with it, viz. ^) fl\fl^k ^ ^ L 178,' Ac.), [1 Fig. 130. Thread-line, curved down to $ & $ & wV (uaua), meaning perhaps " cord show its flexibility. In Medum, passim, and of foundation," and "to bind together." B. PL., iii., fig. 25, (1 is coloured red, and once (2) ^]<^>? ^^k^ wV (uar), "measuring in Medum (PL xi.) yellow. The picture of the cord," "cord." The latter might conceivably object is seen in l| ', id. of cloth and det. of be the origin of the phon. value through loss words of similar meaning. Cf. also ft. In of the final r, but more probably w* is here the Horhotep (Miss. Arch., i., PL xiii.), balls of simplified form of w*w* (cf. pp. 4, 5). yarn or bundles of cloth are tied with I. Cords hanging over stretched lines are repre 9 [B. K, iii., fig. 78.] Loop of cord. J is a sented as I. debased form, derived from the M.K. cursive Alph. for s = Heb. to. The distinction be hieratic form for ^ used in late 1ST.K. hieratic tween p and -*- was not observed in writing ^ AAAAAA for 9. after O.K. It seems likely that (1 obtained its Word-sign for °° ^ sn (shen), " surround," value s from the suffixes of the fern, pronoun "encircle," so perhaps a "loop." After O.K. s, si, owing to thread and cloth working of sn't is usually written all kinds being a woman's occupation. In Phon. for sn. "sportive" hieroglyphs j| takes the place of (1. Fig. 134; B. K, iii., fig. 22. Short cord ending in small loops, apparently a handle *gfc Fig. 53. Apparently a number of for drawing or dragging. The sign is often threads, regularly spaced, each looped at one represented as a twisted cord; here it is green, end, and at the other attached to a horizontal but in Medum (Pis. xi., xii.) yellow. bar of wood ; a thrfead passes through the loops , In Pyr. T., 1. 308, is a word ^ ^ tt't parallel to the bar, and from near one end of the (thetfvt), for a binding or catching cord, there latter there projects a short curved handle (?). used as a weapon against a serpent, but perhaps The number of threads varies from four to five; also the name of the cord in the sign 2=5, the they are perhaps never at right angles to the phonetic value of which would be reduced from bar, which seems as if it might be either drawn it to t (th) by the usual simplifying process, along, or pushed back by the handle. The O.K. 46 DISCUSSION (O F THE SIG-NS. form appears to have been different, but there tables of offerings (Medum, xiii., xvi., xx.). is no trustworthy example to quote. The sign By rad. ext. it expresses ntr, "god," "divine," suggests a connexion with weaving, especially in which sense it is exceedingly common from with the weaver's "heald" (for drawing down the earliest times; gradually it became det. of or lifting a certain number of the warp threads divine names and id. of divinity, but was very in the loom, and thus affording passage for the rarely so used in O.K. It should be noted that shuttle); but the "heald" would show a separate in O.K. the proper id. of ugod," the word-sign thread through each loop, the threads would be for ntr9 the det. of divinity and of the names of vertical and the handle different. It seems as individual gods, was Jk, the sacred hawk on its though there were some connexion between the perch, ^-^p (q.v.), and thus distinguished from number of threads and the number of fingers its wild congeners. —4, or of fingers and thumb—5. In the numerous examples of the XVIIIth Dyn. the (f%\ Figs. 61, 160, Perhaps a pleated cloth most usual number seems 4, though 5 is not or article of dress running on a tape or string, uncommon. In L., D., ii., 123/, there is an the two looped (?) ends of which are spread out.* abnormal form composed of the four fingers, The pleats shown vary in number ; cf. Methen, ), crossed by the arm, a, and evidently L., J9., ii., lb, for a good outline showing nine M indicating the four digits of the palm-measure, pleats. ^, 1 $^® y^h (dmalch), is essentially ssp. the same object as that represented by ^\, but Word-sign for " palm " of the hand, 2E • <^^, it has only one looped (?) end. The meaning of D °°-^D §sp (shesep), or °au sfi (shep), lit. "the ym h is retirement in old age with honourable receiver," "holder"; also for the verb L-^-J ffifc • ease after a life of faithful service. This seems ssp, "receive/' "hold." After O.K. the sign to be symbolized in a remarkable manner by was transferred to words originally spelt p °° n the pleated cloth f%\, drawn together and ssp (seshep). folded ^\ to be put away. Perhaps this cloth, or article of apparel, was ceremonial, and after ^ Figs. 26, 114. A roll of yellow cloth use was folded over, and so kept in "easy (for bandaging?), the lower part bound or laced and honourable retirement" in perpetuity. In over, the upper end appearing as a flap at the Medurn, PL xiii., ^\ has as many as ten top, probably for unwinding. Cf. B. H., iii., pleats, indicating that in all they were very p. 25. On M.K. coffins (e.g. Menhihotep) this numerous. symbol figures among the supplies; in some The usual meaning of $®\, % ^ *w (an), as such cases (e.g. Sebekaa) the upright part a word-sign is "stretch out," "open out," appears to be arranged lengthwise in a hank, "length," apparently as opposed to ^\, the not rolled. In N.K. hatchets were made which pleats also indicating that it was capable of in outline resemble this figure, perhaps inten great extension. tionally. It is possible, indeed, that the present Phon. for *w (au). The controversy as to object represents a fetish, e.g. a bone carefully the phonetic value of this sign has been summed wound round with cloth, and not the cloth up by W. MAX MULLER, P.S.B.A., xviii., 187 alone ; but this idea is not as yet supported by et seqq. The supposed value *— \ fw (fu) does any ascertained facts. not seem to have existed in early times. On the coffins the name is |, jk, /~A£§D<=> ntr (nether), meaning probably " divine" cloth; ® [B. H., i., PI. xxvii.] Ball of rush-work(?). the same name occurs commonly in the earliest In O.K. yellow, with horizontal reeding (Medim, BASKET-" ORK, 4c. 47 passim, &c.); later green, and generally with " base," on which a thing may stand—an article oblique reeding (El B., i., passim, &c). of temple furniture—whether of wood or stone, Alph. for h (Jch). ^L being phon. for ©^ according to the det. Perhaps the word meant hw (Jehu) in O.K. (cf. SETHE, A. Z., 1897, 6), originally a mat or stand of basket-work, and this points to h (Mb) being the name or proper was the name of the object D, but it is now only value of ®. It may be connected with © \\ © \\ known from late texts. The ancient city D © P, hihi (Ichihhi), "toss up," or with ©© M or h*h lay in the marshes of the Delta, where mat- (Jchalch), "run swiftly." working may have been much practised. ^37 Cf. Fig. 22, Bowl or basket of rush- r-fl-. Fig. 94. A reed mat, on which is work, without handle ; in early examples yellow, placed a loaf of bread as an offering. The indicating the dry rushes of which it was com colour of the mat (in contrast to that of ,^7, &c.) posed, and generally showing the horizontal is green or blue-green from the earliest times, reeding (L., P., ii., 20); later green. presumably because it was made of freshly- Name, J ^=7, ^ J • <=> rib% " holder," gathered stems (Medum, PI. xiii.; L., P., ii., preserved only in one passage of Pyr. M., 19). 1. 238 = N., 1. 616, already referred to s.v. 1 The name of an offering is I^D Mp (hetep), (q.v.); with rad. ext. and phon. trans, as in lit. "propitiation," "peace"; and this sign is nb, "master," "holder," "possessor," and nb, the word-symbol for Mp in all its meanings. " swim." Q. Cf. Fig. 13. Loop formed of a band of ^z^> Fig. 92. JVe&-basket (q.v.), with loop springy reeds (?), bent round, and the ends handle outside, below the rim. The distinctive lashed together in such a way as to make loop is often omitted in Pyr., probably by a straight base. Colouring as in <=£=,, L., P., inadvertence. Colouring, &c, as ^37, Medum, ii., 20. Pis. xviii., xxiv. Word-sign for °a««^ snnw, smv (shennu, Alph. for l\ In a very late text there is a shenu), "circle," "ring," also a "great multi plant-name ^~^ vEX Mc (leek), believed by LORET tude." The "cartouche," y, named also mnw (Bee. de Trav., v., 87) to mean a "rush," which (SCHAFER, A. Z., 1896, 167), is of precisely the thus might be connected with the value k of the same construction as Q, but elongated for the basket ^=^s. More probably this k is from a reception of the signs composing the king's root ^^ k% "work" (v. U). In O.K. k' is name (cf. SETHE, A. Z., 1897, p. 4). In this it commonly written ^=^ ; a basket is necessary may indicate a protective ring keeping off the to every workman's outfit, and in Egypt would profane; cf. its use in N.K. as det. of °p«^> be especially appropriate as a symbol of labour. snc (shena), "hinder," "obstruct." D Fig. 95, This picture evidently repre A Fig. 23. Two bundles of reeds or sents mat-work made of reeds tied together. rushes (?) tied together at the top and spread It may, however, not be a simple mat, which ing out downwards; near the lower ends they was usually represented oblong, as in r^; in are loosely connected by a cord. In the early Medum,, Professor Petrie calls it a bundle (?). period (in Pyr.) this sign seems to be very Colouring as in ^^. variable. It may possibly represent a straw Alph. for p. There is a rare word, , cap used in stoppering and sealing wine-jars. p (SCHAFER, A. Z., 1897, 98), meaning a " stand," Word-sign for ^ J ^ zV (zeba), which has DISCUSSION OF THE SIGNS. various meanings, " block up," covering, Medum, PI. xvii., lower right, it occurs in a " exchange," &c. proper name. t Fig. 82; B.H.,iii., fig. 27. Bag or pouch J Fig. 27. Roll of sacred linen, with bag (of leather ?) tied and sealed; used for precious id. of toilet powders. metals, powders for the toilet, &c. It occurs in Graphic compound ; the name of a sacred composition as id. or det. of toilet powders. cleansing powder or earth. Early variants of The present example is of the regular form in the sign (cf. e.g.,Pyr. M., 1. 28, with parallel O.K. (e.g. Medum, PI. xiii., lower left) and in passages) give | ntr, alone, which is therefore N.K. In M.K. it is often g, perhaps the same the name of the substance contained in the bag. thing opened, showing strap and loop for fasten This was probably natron, or perhaps nitre. ing. Prof. Maspero mentions having found The Greek name virpov is derived from the leathern bags like tobacco pouches, fastened with Ancient Egyptian. In many forms of ntr the a lace, containing eye-paint; these were from final r was lost, but apparently it was retained (prehistoric?) tombs at Gebelen. The scribe- in this word. artists always distinguish it from the loop of rope, $ ss (shes), though that occasionally has a looped end, ft (Medum, PI. xiii., lower L. IMPLEMENTS, TOOLS. right). Figs. 33, 113. Sickle set with flints, The name of the bag or pouch is -* <=> *— crf the wood coloured green. Cf. Kalian, ix.. 22 1 (arf), of which word this sign is .det., with rad. Illqhun, vii., 27. For the unexplained green ext.; but in a number of place-names it has the colour, which is constant in all representations, value g, viz. ^5 J ^\ Gbtiw (Gebtiu), Coptos see SPURRELL in T. el A., pp. 37, 38; cf. also (Koptos, PI. vi. et seqq.); *^~n ~° (Paheri, PI. viii., Medum, frontispiece; B. H., i., PL xxvii. cornice line, from which the present example is Det. of ^~^~J^ '4 (aselch), "reap." The taken), variant *^~ ^ Fcg (Fag), Eileithyiapolis; name of the sickle is or © Gsm, Goshen. Some of these names possibly ^JJK -&J h*b (<*"&), "the are probably not pure Egyptian, but suggestive curved." Word-sign and phon. for ^^ mJ of foreign origin, and the value of ^5 is often (ma)—varying to ^ ^ \n (am), Jp ? = rather A q than n g. One may perhaps connect k^-I"1! m°-hz (rnahez), "the white ma (?)," this value with the idea of tight packing, is the oryx, possibly in reference to its curved compression, %\ g* (go)* horns (?). y "lion," and ^ J>, Pk^ i"i' % *b, the same sign doubled, may represent (sma), "slaughter"—perhaps the causative of a J the two bags of the two kinds of eye-paint, word m —may point to the origin: but this is mesdem and uaz, or may be simply intensive of mere_ conjecture. Can it be connected with the idea of compression. It occurs in the place- t^ "grasp"? name £K (BR., D. G., 864), where perhaps it represents the above g, but is doubled to distin ^^x. Fig. 117. Wooden hand-hoe, made of guish it from the group Q ss (originally ss, a long bent blade held in place by a cord ss't), "alabaster." attached to the handle. Word-sign for s^ or $ a & iogJ (uga), "help The hoe was called I ^ r^ hnn (Pyr. M., 1. 696, lessness/' "weakness" (P.S.B.A., xiii., 74). . In &c), especially in its simplest form, made with IMPLEMENTS. 49 a forked branch, ^ (Medum, PI. xv.), being constructed by binding the tool may apparently owed its common word-sign value hence have received its name ; cf. *^3L. mr to being made of two pieces " bound" Word-sign for ^ <=> mr, used also in the together, from r„, ^ <=> mr, "bind."pseudo-causativ e I T sm/r, " royal friend." The Rarely used as phon. " sportive " hieroglyph pM of B. PL., iii., fig. 80, Det. of hoeing, hacking, &c. P*^ standing for rwi mr sm'wt (mer sem'ut). " governor of the desert," shows that mr is a | Fig. 186. Piece of grained wood with a word connected with drilling or piercing, but loop or handle on one side in the middle of its the present sign can hardly be a tool for length. In Methen (L., D., ii., 76) the loop is working with a bow-drill. below the middle. It may very well re present a plasterer's "float" or smoothing board. The type u commonly used in print o Figs. 20, 96 ; B. B., iii., fig. 89. Drill- for qd is quite wrong, though in very late texts cap (?), coloured greenish blue (in B. H., iii., the sign | is conventionalized to nearly this fig. 89, too green). In Medum it is black. In form. Mentahotep, PL iv. ("fuss-seite"), and p. 28 Word-sign for A^ qd (qtd), "build," "shape," = A. T., PI. 29, where the outlines of the group &c.; with phon. trans. of tools are clearer, the object ^ is figured along with tools—bow-drill, chisel, &c.—and y Fig. 80. Chisel, consisting of a tongue- coloured blue-green. Petrie's identification of shaped metal blade set in a stout wooden the object as a black stone drill-cap seems more handle. This is a chisel to be driven by a likely to prove correct than that of SteindorfF mallet. In Medum, frontispiece, fig. 17, and as a polisher. The caps found with small PI. xi., the handle is cylindrical (with strengthen drills are usually made of the hard dark dom- ing bands). It appears to be distinct from the nut, and are much more conical than ^, as awl worked by the bow-drill, the handle of the indeed they are represented in scenes of car awl being more slender. pentering, cf. B. H., iii., fig. 80. But at Kahun, • i II 111 HI The name of the object is mnh Petrie found black stone pivots or drill-caps, V (menhh) (Leyd. Mons., iii., 24; Tomb. Sety I., shaped roughly ^. In the scenes the polishing- Part iii., PI. xiii.), and the sign is used as general stones are generally represented as white, and word-symbol for mnh. oblong or oval. Whatever may be the object represented by this sign, its name seems to have been Q o yt Fig. 107. Pointed instrument with (at), with fugitive (|, rather than t alone. wooden handle of peculiar shape showing that Compare its homophony as a word-sign with it is to be worked by hand; cf. Medum, Pis. xviii., xxiv., and p. 32. On a Vlth Dynasty Q, 4 - yt (at), "loaf" ; with (] ^, \ - yt (at), O.K. stela in the old Bulak Museum the sign "father," &c. Probably * "drill-cap," ~Q, has the chisel end in a handle of rushes (?) \QI "loaf," or cake of potter's clay on the bound together. The form $ also seems fairly wheel (Pyr. P., 424 = iV., 1211), all bear the well authenticated (L., D., ii., 121). Apparently same name \^, owing to their more or less it is a chisel or borer to be worked by hand, not domed form. struck with the hammer. For such use the As phon., ^ loses the presumptive initial \, handle might well be of softer material, and and becomes alph. for t. E 50 DISCUSSION OF THE SIGNS. [Cf. B. LP., iii., fig. 73.] Adze with metal also for ^k*~ "the sharp thing," "sword," blade bound to wooden handle. "blade"—e.g. of an adze (Leyd. Mons., iii., As an ordinary tool it is called -*n/**•*> n't 24), in Pyr. P., 1. 81, &c, «kV~ dmH; (an't), lit. "claw" {Tomb. Sety L., Part iii., cf. Mettemich Stela, 1. 82, where J^ ^ ^ PI. xiii., 2, right edge; and Leyd. Mons., iii., (i.e. hri dm't) = ^ \\ "^ in Pap. Eb.: with PI. xxiv., in lists of tools); hence, sometimes in Pyr. word-sign for this term in the sense of rad. ext. In Pap. Eb., &c, there is a verb ^ "claw." The sacred adzes used in the ceremony " cut away," "remove," which may be p \ \ sw* of "opening the mouth" are called ^—„ simply (sua), "cut away," "cut down." In Pap. Eb., (Leyd. Mons., I.e.), or more particularly i^~^ xci., 15, occurs a word R ^~ £4 "to lance(?)," "the nw (nu) of (var. ^G^^) (J D which may be connected with 1*^_^K° sfw*, xxvi. i\ SCHIAP., L. d. P., "knives" (B. LL., iii., p. 34); but the usual i., pp. 104, 105). Hence phon. for * \ nw (nu), form, like that of the verb "to slaughter ".oxen, usually written ^__^ v\. In Pyr. sometimes det. is sft, with radical t (v. Addenda). of /-A ^ <=> nzr, " cut with an adze." Det. of cutting, and cutting instruments. s>—v [B. H., iii., fig. 73.] Adze and piece of I [B. H., iii., figs. 63, 65.] Knife or chopper wood (grooved). in conical handle. In O.K. a straight-backed Word-sign for p m D stp (reason unknown), blade alone. rv and often for i ~^ nw. In the geographical Word-sign for ^ ^ nm. Nm't is the name c name —« ^ D • ** np't (Anp't), i.e. Mendes, whicho f the executioner's block in Hades at which is spelt with the adze, it is uncertain whether heads and limbs were lopped off; perhaps the ^—* or &—, is the more correct as word-sign. same word, but written by a peculiar and Cf. Medum, PI. xxi., where the sign is perhaps variable id., is used for the butcher's block in injured, but seems to represent the handle only Pyr., where there is also a word w* 11\ nm of the adze. The origin 9f this value is perhaps found in connexion with the execution of the to be sought in local mythology. enemy of Osiris, P., 11. 598, 600. Phon. for nm. ^ [B. K, iii., fig. 70.] Knife, coloured black. For this particular form cf. B. LL., iii., | Figs. 42, 129; B. PL., iii,, figs. 64, 68. p. 38, PI. ix., fig. 4, PI. x., fig. 2. The example Fire-stick apparatus, in fig. 42 consisting of figured is taken from B. H., i., PI. xviii., where drill with two ridges—to prevent bow-string it is the name of a locality sacred to the goddess from slipping—standing on the matrix. In Pakhet, namely the ravine of Speos Artemidos, B. PL., iii., fig. 68, the drill is faceted, and there called ^j in the N.K. inscriptions of that is also a groove for the bow-string to work in, temple. In B. PL., i., PI. xxiv., there is a when that was used. B. LL., iii., fig. 64, shows variant —*— ^j ^^, written with a peculiar how the sticks were used and re-used as matrices. animal. The reading is by no means certain. In Medum, PI. xxviii., 1, the top of the drill has The knife is word-sign for ^p ds, "a knife," been charred by previous use of that end, and a " blade," " sharp point" ; with some rad. ext. drill-hole has also been burnt in it. The drills (in Pap.Eb.). Cf. Pyr. M., 1. 352 ; in Methen from Kahun (Kahun, p. 29, Lllahun, p. 11 ; (L., P., ii., 13), the sign for ^s is 1 apparently cf. Ten Years' Diggings, fig. 91) are composite, a harpoon-head with single barb. Word-sign having separate stock, faceted like B. LL., iii., WEAPONS, H 5L fig., 68, and capped with another piece of wood. Word-sign for p ^ ^ iwn (sun), "physician," In the hieroglyph J, the drill is generally p ^ /~x. ^ " price," &c. The name swn, for an simple, but in fig. 129 it has more the ap arrow, is only found in very late mythological pearance of the drill-head from a composite texts, and its authenticity as the origin of the drill. value swn may be doubted. The value of | is ^ ^ z* (za). The blackened drill-holes seem unmistakable evidence as to the cjL Fig. 85. Mace, with nearly globular, origin of this sign, and BOECHAEDT (A. Z., 1897, or ovate white head, the handle crossed by a p. 105) accepts the solution. But the Egyptian loop of cloth or cord. Compare Me'dwm, p. 31, name of the fire-drill is as yet unidentified, and and B. H., i., PI. xxvii. it seems at present impossible to show the The mace with head of this form was called connexion of the value ^ ^ with fire-making. l^\ hz (hez), "the white," or fern. ?^, f^.n hz't (Mentuhot&p, p. 18, no. 8). Fig, 174. The support of a balance, Word-sign for I ^ hz; with phon. trans. consistini g of a post, from the upper part of The loop across it probably marks and defines which projects a curved peg; the lower end of the meaning " white," linen and clothing being the post is fixed in a firm base. usually of that colour; it may be added to This object is named "\\ ^ wts (uthes), distinguish ? from j "green," and 0 "string." "support," the word also meaning to " weigh" The addition of the loop is found occasionally (in a balance). After O.K. it has two other from the earliest times. values, (1) "Tj ts (ihes), "raise" (in O.K. The mace is written with the phonetic com with a different det.), transferred also to other plement thus, J^*!? *nh? to distinguish it from meanings ; and (2) <=> 1 ^ J®- rs, " wake up," 0 c-^a ^K wd9 " string," and "OL hsf. " be wakeful," probably from connexion of ideas with "rising," ".being raised," and confusion I \B. H., iii., fig. 77.~\ Curved or angulated with X club or throw-stick ; its forms include the fowler's throw-stick (e.g. L., D., ii., 130 = B. if., i., PI. xxxii., where the hieroglyph j immediately M. WAR, HUNTING, &C. above the hand holding the stick reads qm*). Fig. 190. Conventionalized bow, or The throwing club was the weapon of the yoke for carrying. In the " prehistoric " sculp desert tribes east and west of Egypt (cf. B. H., i., Pis. xvi., bottom right, xxxi., xlv.), but not of ture (DE MORGAN, Becherches, ii., p. 265, better in Bev-i Arch., 1890, PI. iv.) the bows are nearly the negroes, to judge by its use in O.K. writing. of this type ; later they are very different. With the complement t\ , thus, ) f\ , it indi Word-sign for a^.^ pz't, "bow," lit. "the cates the —^^^-^ ^m'w (Aamu), or eastern stretched," "stretcher," which might very well Bedawtn, &c; while with 0 nwy j Q, it denotes be also the name of the yoke. Used with phon. the Libyans on the west, the s){^.^ thn'w transf. (Tehewu); and in Tina, 1. 16, =?s=» s= ) IN r^^-n stands for o ^ | s=> ^ I. ^ t" tmh'w (Ta Themh'u), , [B. H., iii., fig. 32.] Arrow. i.e. Libya. In the M.K. even the name of the Name, c3op<=> sir (sheser), "arrow"; with negroes was written ] [• v&, for ^ip^ nhsi phon. trans. Used also, even in O.K., for p ^ <=> (Nehesi), though earlier the ] was not attached ssr (sesher), p»-<=> shr (secher), "to milk," &c. to this name in any form. Grouped Vrwi^ E 2 52 DISCUSSION OF THE SIGNS. ) 2£m, gradually it became det. for all names the cry or song with which time was marked in of foreign countries, cities, and tribes, and was paddling. used even for the frontier city of ^^ _^& ^ T*rw, " Zaru" ; in O.K. its use as det. was very ^A~ Fig. 112. A harpoon, the head (of limited. bronze (?), coloured green, perhaps originally The variants of the group | 8, in the lists of grey) is barbed and fitted by a tang into the offerings, are confused, but early texts (e.g. wooden shaft; a loop of cord is tightly lashed Ptahhetep, PI. xli.) point to 1 being in this on or near the head, for the fixing of the line ; case = n J? qm* (qema), a very common value in O.K. the barb is always single. of j. In late times it was used as word-sign Word-sign for^\4^-, wc (ud), "one," and phon. for A $^ in many words = ^^ ^jl , perhaps in reference to its being single-headed, which is properly Q|^ gm. As word-sign also as opposed to the bident of fishing scenes it has the value s/~^ tn (then). As word-sign (L., D., ii., 130—Xllth Dyn.), or because of for qm\ it may express creating in hinds, the single barb, v. 11. But war-darts are per in relation to races of men, since | takes a haps called «^- ^-^ ivc (ud), DUM., H. /., i., leading place in the spelling of their names. PL xx.; the first sign, however, is imperfect. As tn it may similarly convey the idea The usual name of a harpoon, bident or other, is of distinction into hinds. Also »^ \- Tenu was the name of an important tribe on the [J*-*. (Pyr. P., 1. 424), k-J^ c J N.E. of Egypt, in Palestine; ^.sr~A Mdh.cn m b (// aba), which is the name also of the is perhaps an interpreter (?) or foreign resi numeral 30, and so is accompanied by n. The dent (?), an emigrant or immigrant. After etymology of the name is unknown. O.K., in both the values qmJ and tn, | is in hieratic generally accompanied by a bird, 1 Fig. 56; B. H., iii., fig. 71. Harpoon- ] ^*? to show that it is the throw-stick and head of white bone or ivory; cf. the " pre not the finger, |; and after the XlXth Dynasty historic" harpoon-heads of bone in PETRIE, this bird appears regularly in the hieroglyphs Naqada, PI. lxi. In M.K. it is sometimes joined in the attitude of one struck by the throw- with (9, the string which bound it to the shaft stick, Jlj^, &c, as shown in the fowling scenes. (L., D., ii., 121). In N.K. its origin seems to have been forgotten, and an impossible form is a barbarous form. is substituted (fig. 56 or 3) preserving a ^^ [B. H., iii., fig. 23.] Fisherman's boat reminiscence of this string. containing a net, or a fish (Siut, Tomb i., In Pyr. P., 1. 425, the two points of a bident 1. 248). ' , weapon are called A [1J J qs'wi (qes'ui), "the two Word-sign for ^I-J wh? (aha), "catch fish bones." Thus, as was conjectured in B. H.^ iii., and birds," " fisherman" ; the word is often p. 24, the name of the harpoon-head is qs, " the spelt phonetically in 0. and M.K. (Pyr.; Siut, bone." But the sign ] is not only used as the I.e.; El B.7 ii., PI. xvi.). Phon. trans, to many word-symbol for " bone," and as phon. for J p other words. qs ; by a most exceptional procedure this picture of a manufactured article of bone is id. of J [B. H.7 iii., fig. 47.] Paddle. (A) many kinds of bone-like materials and Name, {••<=> hp't; with rad. ext. as det. objects, and (B) apparently of matters connected Word sign for hrw (hherii), "voice" (occasion with the disposal of the bones of the skeleton in ally also hry, " enemy "), possibly in reference to the grave. FISHING AND FOWLING. 53 (A) ] is det. of "ivory," *j* J |, 1J "b (ab); it may have given its name to a more developed of the names of all reeds —no doubt on account technique. Or again, the sacred stone-mason of their polished surface; of J - a 1 bc (ba), was^ called ^L n£ " necropolis-man," and in the same way the sculptor of &a-statues, ushabtis, " rib of the palm-leaf/' " palm-stick " ; and of and other burial equipment may have been J^l^^^H' k&*--, mV* (mawt), called "skeleton-" or "bone man," or "burial- " stalk of corn/' " shaft of spear," &c. maij," since his work was chiefly for the tomb. Note that Heb. r\2\) Mneh (which appears in From very late variants quoted in the dic N.K. Egyptian as A ^ ^ qnn, Lat. carina), means tionaries, it would seem that this ancient word "reed," "hollow corn-stalk," "spear-shaft," and ( ] ], Ptahhetep, PI. xxxii.) ni" st be read " humerus bone," thus almost covering the ^ -p- ^. ^ w msn'ti, not gn'ti, which would above significations of J. otherwise appear a probable reading as de ^^ 1 ^5 ^\^<=> twr (tur), "the clean," as noting " preserver of the gn% i.e. the memory the name of a reed (?), is perhaps the origin of of the dead." a £^ q /WWW, 3 occurs in the compound signs (1) 1JL? ~"~ I the det. \ in <~^_^ <=> J AAAMA twr, " purify." sh, "toe" (LANGE, A. Z., 1896, p. 77), in which But see the compound 3, below, no. 2. J, the bone, is sometimes in very early cases (B) J is, from earliest times, det. of the word replaced by |, the finger; but the origin of the sign 11 is not yet perfectly clear. (2) 1, J^ M 1 H^ qrs9 "funerary equipment," "coffin," probably because of the connexion both in sound bd, "natron," in which the species of 15 in and idea with n (V1 3 "bone." Erman [Gram.) dicating toilet powders seems to be defined as and Max M tiller (Orient alistische Litter at ur- that used for funerary purposes, [I ], or in zeitung, 1898, 17) both consider the two words particular, perhaps for the washing of the to be radically connected. Also, from Pyr. bones, J . It can hardly be doubted that the onwards, det. of Q^.^ gn% " posthumous fame," bone-sign 1 acquired a det. meaning in con- " memory of the dead." nexion with funeral rites; / J d 3 3 ^=^ " thy J J is the sculptor of statues with mallet and bones are purified" is a common expression in chisel, who also finishes them with paint-pot the funeral ritual, and mummification was not and brush ; see B. H., ii., PI. iv., right, and a very early invention in Egypt, being little PI. xiii., left; in the similar scene, Ros., M. (7., practised even at the end of the O.K. (On this xlvi., 9, which is probably copied from the tomb subject see PETRIE, Deshasheh, p. 15 et seqq.). of Aba, XXVIth Dyn., the word is written u . In Ros., ill". (7., xlv., 5 (also Aba), the J1 makes $— \B. H., iii., fig. 42, wrongly | in the tishabtis; in CH., M.9 clxxx. = Ros., M. G.9 plate.] Straight bar ending in a double hook : xlvii., 1 (Aba), he sculptures a lion. In the possibly a fish-hook of bronze, coloured red. tomb of Min, temp. Thothmes III. (Miss., v., Word-sign for <=><=>I rth, "bind," "tame," 366), the J s—a is working on a sacred boat and ©/~A<=> hn[r] (lchen[ef\)j "prison," &c, with with mallet and chisel. phon. trans, in each value. £) Tint and ^r> It is difficult to decide how 1 J came to have appear to be confused with it in the second the meaning of " sculptor." The carving of value hn, hnr, owing to their identical forms in bone and ivory into harpoon heads, pins and hieratic (see Kah. Pap., i., 1. 8). ornaments, was evidently an important art in prehistoric and early Egypt, and though this ^_ Fig. 52. Bird -trap consisting of two work would seldom require mallet and chisel, curved frames (the nets filling these frames are 54 DISCUSSION OF THE SIGNS. sometimes also shown). For the hieroglyph, ordinarily the value of p s alone. But Ys'yr cf. Mednm, x., xviii.; and B. H., ii., Pis. vi., rather than S'yr would be the closer rendering xiv., for various forms of bird-traps. of Ws'yr. As the group had the appearance of The name of the net-trap is \ J rs ybt (dbt). meaning " throne of the Eye," j p»^l (| <=>•** ys't The sign is also word-symbol for I _d sht yrt (ds't art), the throne was generally placed (sekhet), " catch with a net or trap," also below the eye. "weave," "plait," "construct of reeds," &c. Word-sign for f^^ htm, meaning "destroy," " complete," &c. The origin of this value is unknown. N. FURNITURE, FOOD, PERSONAL ACCOUTRE (=1 Fig. 136 ; B. H., iii., fig. 66. Box or MENTS, WRITING, MUSIC, GAMES. casket of variable form, with or without feet (—*p Fig. 65. Portable chair, somewhat as and arched cover; fcfzd especially representing figured in Medum, PI. xxi.; El B., i., PI. xiii., a coffin. &c. Named TO r™\ hn. Det. of its own name, which This sign is found among dets. of r ^ (y)s't is applied to boxes of any shape or size, casket (art), "throne," in Pyr.; J ^, W., 11. 391, or coffin. In the form tzd, det. of coffins and 393. It is also det. of other words of similar burial. meaning, e.g. ^ £=>-*- wts (uthes), ©«^ hud (Ichend), t=>\r^*^ tJn't (than't). Fig. 126; B. H., iii., fig. 21. Stand In N.K. the name of Osiris, usually A for food and drink: naturally very variable. ys-yr (ds-dr), was regularly written ( ^p, the (1) In fig. 126 it has the form of a rack for j being replaced by *=4, probably because of jars of liquid—water, beer, or wine—containing the more ceremonial significance of the latter two water coolers (hes't), and one short covered sign. vessel (nems't) ; in the lower part of the rack is a shelf upon which the bases of the two tall r [B. H., iii., fig. 86.] Conventionalized vessels rest. See MASPERO, Trois annees, PI. ii., throne. The form is very unpractical for a for a similar stand with names to the vases. seat, but perhaps it is intended for the throne (2) Another form is [=§ 5 for combined food of a statue. The colour varies: in L., P., ii.? 21, and drink. it is yellow, for wood; in Mednm, PI. xiii., it (3) Or again, it may be IB, the bread-stand, is white, for limestone; here we have blue, for so constantly figured in the scene of the " table dark stone. of offerings." This represents a table covered, The reading of the name r| as p •<* s't alone not with a garnishing of leaves, as has been is probably wrong. It should in all likelihood suggested (A. Z., 1893, p. 1) and agreed;to by be i|p-<=> ys't (ds't), with weak initial I) (omitted many, but with halves, quarters, or at any rate in writing). As phon., jj seems normally to slices of tall pointed loaves of bread, laid represent y, and after O.K. \f9 but the (\—• parallel; see Medum, PI. xiii., where both in soon reduced to ^—was sometimes neglected form and colour the slices are precisely halves in early writing. In Pyr. [ I is a variant for of the {^ in the accompanying inscription; so jn, and the latter is sometimes alph. for s. also on the panels of Hesy. Later figures are As to the group r| for the name of Osiris, less definite, and in the M.K. the slices are often Erman (Gram.) is inclined to render the name represented so conventionally as to have become .-^ p. j)«s=> Ws'yr (Us'dr), and he gives to r almost meaningless to the eye. FOOD—WRITING. 55 (1) is word-sign for ^ c=» j ivdh (udh), "drink- be the usual value, ft a, Hi %> "scribe/' is stand." (3) is word-sign for © ^ ^ • ^ h*to't probably to be read ssw (seshu). (khawt), "food-stand." (2) will serve as word- (2) s=5 f\ I ai tms (thems) = " wooden sign for either; in B. PL., i., PI. xvii., it is panel," " sculptured or painted (?) designs." picture det. of ivdh, of h*wt, and of <=£=> fjj Used also by phon. trans. ht/p wsh't, "offering in the court." (3) ^ ^ pj ^ (Pyr.) trwt (therwt), " ink"; 0, G- Cf- F'g- 94 5 B- H-> iii., fig- 21. Cake i> < trw wtrw later, ^<= ^|°|, ^^ ^^,u i > of bread, the lower part represented as shaped "colours for writing and painting." In this or marked by the vessel in which it was baked word the sign is more det. than word-sign. or moulded. In O.K. generally coloured black (4) —flfti ncc (ndd), "to be polished"—of (Medum, in offerings), perhaps because of the crust being burnt; later, often yellow. stone or wood—"to be smooth," perhaps as a AAAAAA s~s AAAAAA surface for painting; or, more likely, " to be Name, - t, cf. ~ j fl = J p, Pyr. W., 161, ground fine" like a pigment for writing-ink, so also t (^ N.9 426, &c, commonly in or for painting. In medical papyri we have tables of offerings; or perhaps 4 ^ yt (at) ; standing also for the causative s'ncc (s'ndd), compare its homophony with jj ^ in /\1 grind fine" (Kah. Pap., p. 8). The supposed value ~*^ cn (an) is entirely (N.K.) and v. ^. The group foy, yfoi? wrong; it is due to a misreading of the title (<5w, ctfw) must not be confounded in value with c shv(?) n Stn, " scribe of the account ( w ) of the king." Figs. 17, 62, 179. Short stick with Figs. 44, 153; B. H., in. fig. 61. knob at the end, having the appearance of a Papyrus rolled up, tied and sealed; by excep club, but perhaps only an abbreviated form of tion there is no seal in fig. 44. the walking-stick, the top of which is formed (1) The group ^"^ (L., D., iii., 148a, &c.) like the lower end of | in its typical form. In appears to be identical with the word written the tomb of Tehutihetep (fig. 179) the sign i^ in Pyr., ^ and ^^ sc't (shd't), with less symmetrical than usual. various other forms of det. indicating a bundle Word-sign for f\ c±=^> | md, " walking-stick," of papyri. It means a book or writing of any " stick," " wand " (MAX MULLER, Bee. de Trav., sort, and probably refers to the slicing, sc, of the ix., 21; A. Z., 1893, 126). Used with phon. papyrus-pith; cf. § . trans. (2) r-^f- is also in O.K. to be read -* c (a), |^ Fig. i71 ; B. PL., iii., fig. 18. Scribe's as the name of a papyrus or writing, especially outfit, consisting of palette, pen or pen-case, of an account or register; cf. _ (Methen, and water-pot (see B. LL., iii., p. 12). According L., P., ii.? 3, top), and the ancient title ^_^^ to BORCHARDT the sculpture on the panels of (MAR., Mast, 406) = ^=> ^ (Methen, L., D., Hesy (MAR., Alb., PI., xii.) rather indicates a ii., lb) = <===> (panel of Hesy, MAR., Alb,, leather pouch containing dry colour in place of PI. xii.). Except in titles this word does not the water-pot; but this is not clear. seem to occur after O.K. In Pyr., e.g. T., Word-sign for the following: 1. 242, ~ "hand" is actually written ss (sesh), " write," believed to by an extraordinary transference. (1) >Ei 56 DISCUSSION OF THE SIGNS. t=n \B. #"., iii., fig. 37.] Flute (?). At O. INSIGNIA, SCEPTKES, SYMBOLS, Medum, and in other very early instances, STANDARDS. generally represented as a narrow rectangle; Fig. 22. The crowns of Upper and but in Plahhetep, PI. xxxiii., it tapers from Lower Egypt placed side by side, or one within end to end; later, it has straight sides with a the other, in a neb-basket, ^=^. Royal emblems sharp bevel at one end, as in the example were perhaps carried in such baskets to prevent figured. their contact with profane things. 50 Word-sign for ^%—o m" (mad), "straight," Word- sign for , § \\, -— © k* ~NN shm'ti "just," " true " ; an idea that may be connected (sekhem'ti), the name of the double crown, either with the cubit rod or with the flute. lit. "the two powerful (things)." Maspero, Loret, Erman (Gram,) all agree that Det. of 1^^ •<** w*z'ti (uaz'ti), "the two it represents a flute. Loret discussed the flourishing (things)," and of ^^ ^, \ <=><=>• ^ question in his Flutes Egyptiennes Antiques, wrvt (urert), also names for the double crown. pp. 11-13 (Journal Asiatique, 1890). £=D, I , Wrr't is perhaps a form of wrt, " the great," or its variants, seems to be det. of a word strengthened by reduplication of the final radical. $^«^m#£, $^&/~ m*'t (ma't), "oblique flute," and of -*- j sb, a " flute," or " to play the flute." Cf. Fig. 22. White crown of Upper Borchardt believes that in early times «—-, was Egypt, consisting of a tall cap, perhaps made of a double flute, quoting in confirmation of his silver (or of white cloth). theory a scene in the Cairo Museum, and that r\ —r+*— Name, y Tk ^ L mys'wt (mds'id) ; also later perhaps it was a single one. In several O.K. sculptures the flute, held obliquely, is \ ^ • c hz% " the white." named ~p a , ^^-^ m^t (ma't), a "stick," W Cf. Fig. 22. Red crown of Lower Egypt, "cane," and =., the straight flute, is 1\ consisting of a cap or circlet, perhaps always (L., D., ii, 52), which may possibly be read open at the top, as when the upper crown is m^'t (maat), though L., 7)., ii., 74c, indicates fitted into it. At the middle of the back rises m m t as the reading. a bar sloping slightly backwards, and from the inside a coil (§. projects upwards and forwards. r"^ Fig, 144. Draught-board, set with Perhaps the red crown was made of copper. AAAAAA ?/ men. The board in plan, divided into three Name, j¥ N't, also c^oo<=>.^ dsr't rows of ten squares each; the draughtsmen (deshert), "the red." The former name gave appearing on the edge, in elevation, are of rise to the alph. value n, traceable in M.K. two sorts; their number varies in different and common in N.K. Often also the sign is examples. equivalent to WZ ^, as word-symbol for by'ti, The draught-board is called „„_ sn't, the "king of Lower Egypt," for which value see ° AAAAAA II SETHE, A. Z., 1890, p. 125 ; 1892, p 113. game { J -* hbc (heba), but the value of this very common phon. is $^ ^ mn. The root mn means especially "firm," " established," and ^ [B. H., iii., fig. 52.] Coil; the form is perhaps for this reason the sign is found above that of the coil in ^/, and the colouring—• false doors in tombs. The draught-board " set" black — is that often used in representing with men and firmly placed seems thus to have symbols (cf. y, •¥•). symbolized the idea of firmness, and probably Word-sign for °° ™ • ^ sn't (shen't) (B. H.9 L, PL xxx., corresponding to the true rope (g. in was described as ^^ ^^ mn "set." INSIGNIA. 57 Tehutihetep, El B., i., PI. xxvii., 1.11), occurring fly-flap, jewelled. Held by king, by Osiris as in a title, for which see Kali. Pap., p. 26; king, and by the god Min. MORET, Bee. de Tr., xvii., 44, and which may Name, ^ © © nhh (nelchphh), with variants possibly refer to examination by torture, or to (Mentuhotep, p. 19, no. 19). Symbolic of binding. The coil on the crown is named driving away evil; cf. its use in A n, ® ^ hw »-\ J h*b (ehab), " coil." Its use in this (Ichu), " protect." title indicates that on the royal crown it sym bolizes authority to bind, &c. In this connexion J Fig. 104, cf. Fig. 165 ; B. H., iii., fig. 44, we may also note the symbolism of the rope in cf. fig. 43. Mallet-symbol, coloured black; later, the word fl $^-^ yJ't (da't), "official rank" (from blue. In fig. 165, however, it seems to be of kingly to that of lowest officer), of which it is fine grained wood. The form is nearly that of det. in Medum, PI. xx. (Ijk @> initial f\ being the light mallets of red wood used by sculptors omitted). Compare the word-sign T, for yH9 and flax beaters, and by boat-makers (see Ros., with variant forms, e.g. L., D., ii., 97b. M. C,passim). But more especially —as pointed out by Piehl—is it the form of the mallet j Fig. 39. Crook sceptre, coloured yellow(?), M t\ II v, used by kings and deities for driving and in all detailed pictures with joints like a in pegs at the foundation of a temple, e.g. Ab.9 cane, but probably of wood with metal plating. i.? 1., col. 13. It is not found as an actual In the early examples (Medum, Pis. x., xxviii., 6; sceptre. and Methen), the curve is slight, not turning Word-sign for { ^ hn, "servant" (fern. hn% downwards, ?. Cf. the remarkable banded "maid-servant"); connected with the root hn, sceptre, very slightly curved, in the hand of " command." It is used, however, in a special the Aam Sheikh, B. H., i., PI. xxviii. Later it and opposite sense, 0 hn'f, meaning "his assumed the form of our present example (cf. majesty," and fart's, "her majesty" (obelisk of B. PL., i., PI. xxviii.), probably from confusion Queen Hatshepsut, &c), in reference to king, with the true shepherd's crook, f (Methen, queen, god, and goddess. (Cf. \7 ^ hn't, L., D., ii., 5, right side), from which it is "mistress.") y ( N ] is "during the <^—^> A /WWV\ V J\ derived. reign of ...... " Such ceremonial expressions The sceptre ?, like the shepherd's crook, was may not be very intelligibly constructed; named ~* \ • ^ civt (awt) (Pyr. and M.K. coffins, possibly y is in these cases really the sceptre of &c). This is also the name for flocks and herds, " authority." especially of goats, for which the crook and its The reading of the word-sign as \ ^ hn seems variant forms are word-sign. The sceptre T best shown by B y w* hn in L.? P., ii., 8. is word-sign for | A, I A hq, l*\ hq* (heqa), "king," "ruler," with rad. ext. Once (A. T., § Figs. 84, 110. SeJchem sceptre (banded 37) this name seems to be applied to the sceptre with green and white). In tomb sculptures itself. The reading of | A is shown approxi this sceptre is constantly seen in the hands of mately by its use for ^"^rjfn in the late nobles when out of doors but not occupied. text, Piankhy, 1. 9, &c. There seems also to be Original examples in bronze and wood have a rare value (\\A y\ (yaq), Pyr. W., 11. 211, the broad end of flattened oval section. 283, &c. The sceptre J, P ®|^ } (-£ T., PI. 38) is frequently mentioned. It is word-sign for p©^ Cf. Fig, 148. Emblematic scourge, or shm (selchem), "powerful," often written 6 58 DISCUSSION OF THE SIGNS. N.K. (| r. - ; the fern, is usually written cylinders for seals in the earliest times is now |l shm't. In Mentuhotep, PI. iii., we have a well ascertained (see DE MORGAN, Becherches, ii., sceptre of the sekhem form called —a j ^ c6,> 235, &c). Word-sign for a title, "chancellor" or "high (a&a), which is also word-sign for cb\ This treasurer," and for a word meaning "treasures," probably means " adornment," see MAX MULLER, &c. The reading is still uncertain, see CRUM, Bee. de 3V., ix. 169. The word © <=» u hrp A. Z., 1894, p. 65-66. (Icherp), "to be commander of," "direct/' is It would be of great importance to ascertain usually written ® A —det., arm holding from facsimiles the precise relation of this Q = the sekhem. But in titles of functionaries 6 ^X) t° the Q htm (fchetem) or "seal," and to the seems generally to be read &rj?, from the g which was hung round the neck of the goat in >Cyt, -*--^I sch (sah). It is probable that earliest times. (Cf. }§) = <^>a}"§)^y hH (fcherp to), "director of works"). the first and last are necklaces denoting rank, and imitating the true seal htm. In L., _D., ii., On the analogy of the last, the type of this 96, g, in the group ^2 t^"SGal" (Halb- sceptre may be developed from a large heavy- pfeiler J?.), differs in shape and colouring from headed mallet by flattening the head for Q = g§ (both in Ostseite). lightness. ® hrp in Todt., cap. 99, is the name of the heavy mallet which drives the mooring-post, and this mallet is of the same T Cf. Figs. 168, 175 ; B. H., iii., frontis form as that used by quarrymen, &c. It would piece. Hawk-perch, with two ornamental at least be quite appropriate as an emblem of straight plumes at the back; at the end of the "power over" a thing (p®^ shm). In Pyr. horizontal bar a peg passed through it, holding P., 1. 409, &c, there is another instrument the food trough. A perch is far more appro P:°S)*o which maybe the origin of the sceptre. priate to a hawk than to most of the sacred Both sekhem and aba sceptres are named in birds, as e.g. ibis, goose, &c, and A is a Pyr., but apparently there is no mention of a common det. of divinity (v. v\^ and J). The sceptre named kherp. perch would be distinctive of the sacred hawks kept in the temple as opposed to wild hawks; ^) Fig. 138 ; B. H., iii., fig. 36. Cylinder hence it was used by transference at a very seal (?), with string for suspension ; or badge of early period as the distinctive support of sacred office in imitation of a cylinder seal, Q. Besides emblems, whether animate (birds, quadrupeds, ^\) we have Q, and a form between these two, parts of animals—e.g. JJ-), or inanimate. It all three forms being found in El B., i., PL xx. is perhaps most commonly seen with the symbols The string is usually of beads, perhaps invariably of the nomes. so in O.K. detailed hieroglyphs (Medum, front., Its name as "perch of the gods" is fl^-^ fig. 12). BORCHAKDT, A. Z., 1897, p. 106, pub y^'t (da't). lishes a fine example of the Q form from a Yth Dyn. false door from Saqqareh, and shows the j Fig. 187. Symbolic staff with canine possibility of the projection at the lower end head ; coloured blue, probably for earlier black. being a handle to a metal (?) frame in which a It is remarkable that | does not appear among cylinder seal revolves. Professor Petrie had | the numerous symbolic staves figured in M.K. already conjectured that the sign represented a coffins. cylinder seal [Medum^ipp. 32-83). The use of Word-sign for \ p <=> • ^ wsr't (user't) in Pyr. ; SYMBOLS. 59 with rad. ext. The nature of the quality the name of one of the offerings, probably with denoted by this word may be learnt from the the same meaning, and is sometimes placed on fact that it is distinct from 8 " authority," the ^-y- like the symbol of the Theban nomes. " power/' as exercised upon a person or thing ; The only important variant for this is (1 <^^ A\ it seems rather to denote canine powers of free, yH nr (or m't), " vulture's perch (?)," Pyr. T., swift movement, intelligence. Note also the 1. 76 (cf. the worship of Mut at Thebes); but common formula ^fe, D <=> this is probably not the reading of the sign. ^r Fig. 13. Scorpion, much conven " dlch in heaven before Ra, user on earth before tionalized, holding in each of its pincers a Geb, maa-lcheru (triumphantly appealing for small abbreviated Y* "life," and joined by a blessedness) in the underworld before Osiris." band to the ring, Q, " million," q.v. (From Thus the caniiie^s<3r seems to represent earthly D. el B., i., PL xi.; cf. also I.e., ii., Pis. xxxiii., resource, power and wealth, just as the winged xlv.). c dlch stands for heavenly power. The scorpion, $ J —o • <=> wh 't, here no doubt re presents the goddess p <=> A • *=> Srq't, or p <=> A • ~-f ^ [In Sign Pap., p. xviii., 1. 3, | is explained Srq't ht9 " the piercer," or " the piercer of the by the word ] II M wsrt, confirming throat"—i.e. to admit air. This goddess is in Lauth's conjecture that wsr must be the Coptic fact sometimes represented by ^* in late texts BA«yO>p (fern.), which according to the evidence (cf. BIRCH, A. Z., 1870, p. 19). She was one of Hesychius ap. Peyron was a Libyan name for of the vivifying and protecting goddesses, and the fox.] the present composite symbol—-which is placed amongst others denoting divine blessings near j [Cf. B. H., iii., fig. 67.] A kind of sceptre the figure of the king in certain religious scenes with canine head, the ears long and laid back. —may indicate renewing the power of respiration The name of this sceptre is $ ^ p w*s (uas), for millions of times. or fern. wJs't; with phon. trans. A similar The sign is not used in ordinary inscriptions. sceptre with twisted handle is named ^ —a J^ zcm (zam). Such sceptres are commonly seen Fig. 14. A dW-pillar, u, with uplifted in the hands of the gods. The name of the human arms supporting <^) (q.v., p. 32). This Oxyrhynchite nome, 1 Ju v^jr = 1 Jj "^Y" {Pyr. symbol is used in the same connexion as the last (cf. D. el B., ii., PL xxxiii.). variants of M., 1. 182), seems to be WJbm% The u was emblematic of stability. The arms may represent the (_J ha, and are often added J another value, w b, for j, probably due to local to emblems. The <^3> also seems to mean mythology. "firm." The symbol therefore apparently signifies T [B. H., iii., fig. 67.] The wzs-sceptre with "firm," "stable." feather. The forms in Pyr. are very curious, showing an ostrich feather on a staff, which is u Cf. Fig. 14, Symbolic pillar, properly apparently twisted with a very strong spiral with tenon at top (Medum, PL xiii.). In Todt., twist, and forked below. cap. 155, it is symbolical of the backbone of As a name of Thebes, 7 ^, this is supposed Osiris. PETKIE, Medum, p. 31, has suggested to read \ \$. ^ W's't (Uas't). It appears in that it represents a row of four pillars, the 60 DISCUSSION OF THE SIGNS. capitals appearing as though one above, i.e. The sign has the value —n ™ © cvh (anlch), with beyond, another. More probably the symbol many meanings, chief of which is "life," of is conventionalized from a sacred tree with which •¥- is the well-known symbol. branches lopped and forming the pillar of a house; cf. the story in PLUTARCH, Be Is., T [B. E., iii, fig. 39.] Ceremonial forked cap. 15. object, used in the ritual of the dead. Name, ^^ zd, "the firm," with rad. ext. Its name has two forms, <=* *— • p — Jcf pss Amulet for stability. (kef pesesh) and pss hf, which may mean re spectively " divider of the united," and " uniter jj§| Fig. 24. An object not unlike four of the divided"; but cf. MASPERO, Table bowls of different colours, nested together and d'Offrandes, p. 12; PIEHL, Sphinx, ii., p. 34. having a small rounded projection at the top. Borchardt would derive the symbol from a The colours are probably conventional. It well-known form of ornament, cf. Mentuhotep, closely resembles the top of the u. PI. iv., and p. 24 (no. 57); but the reference to c Word-sign for <=*=> _* s (sha), " cut," witBR.h , Wtb., p. 1269, seems to afford no support phon. trans., perhaps referring to the lopping for this theory, as it gives only part of the usual of the branches for the u. Later the word list of offerings. It may possibly be connected c c c became ^^ea s d (shad) (cf. m r = m rd, s.v. with ] , the bicornate uterus of animals, which y), and this is found in a late text as the name perhaps is symbolized in the two feathers jji of the upper part of the u (BR., Wtb., 1346). of the nome of Eileithyia, and is associated with But perhaps owing to its connexion with the ram's horns in the head dresses of gods of ded representing the backbone of Osiris, § is generation. Cf. also Ab., i., p. 78, for Osiris connected also with the vertebrae or joints, Anzti wearing T instead of )Yy, if this is not a called £=<« of the backbone, and so may be det. mistake of the sculptor. of " back." We may therefore prefer to asso ciate its value with the division—as it were the ^ [B. H. iii., fig. 25.] Standard of the West. "slicing" of the backbone into vertebrae—and 9 Ostrich feather on an object resembling the to consider it as representing four articulated hieroglyph ^, through which is a string or vertebrae. thread, I. In O.K. the type is with the hawk •y Fig. 135. In the earliest examples the added, ^. As Maspero has pointed out, the symbol of life is coloured black (Medum, PI. xiv. earliest form of the symbol of the West is seen and p. 33), often with arms and upright drawn in a schist plaque in the Louvre (Rev. Arch., as though each were divided longitudinally. 1890, PI. iv.), where a man carries a staff sur Professors Sayce and Petrie saw in it the fisher mounted by a hawk and ostrich feather, arranged man's girdle (Medum, I.e.). In any case the much as in #*, and with two straight plumes sign probably represented a knot or tie of some hanging obliquely behind, somewhat like those kind, perhaps amuletic. On M.K. coffins the •£ attached to the ^-^p in B. H., iii., frontispiece. is painted blue or green (STEINDORFF, Mentu- Word-sign for 4 J^^ • * Ymn't (Ament), "the hotep, p. 20, PI. iv.), and is placed at the West," with rad. ext. to other forms of the j\ ,1111111111, foot-end with the sandals; this again suggests root, e.g. (1 ymn, u right-hand ?' = p"» ymn, I 'vA/WNA that it is a girdle. It may be that it was "right-hand." This value changed very early attached as symbolical of life to a victim or *° Hh/] wnm (wnem) for " right-hand," which reprieved prisoner. word was probably only a form of the last SYMBOLS—UNCLASSIFIED SIGNS. 61 produced by metathesis; it even varies with PI. ii., fig. 4, &c). In the "sportive" hieroglyphs ymn in Fyr. (ef. ERMAN, A. Z., 1893, 82). For of B. E.y ii., PI. xiv. (left) = L., D., ii., 143, a, " West" the original value was retained, and the standard of the East would soem to be a after O.K. wnm was generally written \ 1^.^^^ • spear § without the crossbar or pellets. It may here be remarked that in the sign #* the & is perhaps phonetic, indicating the fern, ending of the name " West." The idea of " the West" is symbolized by the ostrich feather, P. UNCLASSIFIED. ostriches being then abundant throughout the T* Fig. 158. A sign apparently represent Libyan desert. The symbolism of the hawk is ing a slender wooden upright, bearing a cross- not very clear, but the cord 0, sometimes piece ; perhaps occurring only here (El J5., i., appearing like a piece of cloth, may be con PI. xv., lower left). nected with the^arts of spinning and weaving, cf. The group ts=f^ ^ probably stands for ¥ , 1, l| ', which were held in high estimation by SSk*^ hm'wt (hem'ut), "craftsmen." T^ is? the Libyans. in fact, very nearly identical with the hieratic character for ¥, ^ J \ wb\ "to bore," and *| \B. ff., iii., fig. 26.] Standard of the East. hm% "artificer," and may be taken from it. The form at Beni Hasan, /. with two But it may be actually the picture of some kind plumes between two pellets, is confirmed by of boring instrument, with cross-bar instead El B., i., PI. xv., bottom row, to right. The : of a weighted handle as in ¥. For ¥, see usual form is ft; in the archaic schist plaque of \ BORCHARDT, A. Z., 1897, p. 107 ; MAX MULLER, the Louvre the pole ends in a tongue-like object I Bee. de Trav., ix., 161-2. between two small Y7 (?); the cross-bar below is broad and rounded, and the two straight plumes hang at the back ; but the work is too rough to T Fig. 67. A bar of wood crossed above fix the details. ! the middle by a shorter bar; a cord binding, or Word-sign for (\ \ J • <=> y'b't (dab't), "th! woune d round, the junction. In the early paint- East," f\\J "left-hand," &c.; with phon. : ings (cf. Medum, Pis. xi., xxvii.), the object is transf. coloured red throughout, and there is no bind The two balls may be explained as of incense ing. The present form is perhaps a corruption K from the South-East, Punt, &c. (on the schist of the earlier ^. The sign may represent a plaque replaced by censers). The feathers may winder for thread (?). Unfortunately Professor be due to a misunderstanding; the earlier and Petrie has not offered any explanation of it in more typical object like a spear-head may be a his most suggestive chapter on the hieroglyphs flame, or more probably a blade-shaped ingot of of Medum. bronze, such as might have been imported from Common word^sign with the value ^ ^» vz. 1 the North-East. Such a sign A, indicates the In the word (l ^^, P-^ sm, "fear," ^ may be phon., but more probably the word is a useful metals in O.K., see L., D.y ii., 49& (melting metal), and Medum, PI. xiii., left top, pseudo-causative form of *T (cf. p. 6). where ingots coloured blue and pink show the material of the objects beneath. In Medum, Fig. 81. Two-barbed spear-head(?), coloured PI. xv., an -a© of hsmn corresponds to an reds (in XVIIIth Dyn.), and therefore presumably —a© of blue A in PI. xiii., and hsmn is coloured of wood or bronze. In O.K. it has the same blue in the later paintings (cf. LEP., Die Metalle, form (Methen, &c, &c). The ordinary printed 62 DISCUSSION OF THE SIGNS. form, i, is barbarous; like certain other types it is found written rwi [in, as if spelt ss used in printing, it belongs to a base period, (shes). and has nothing to do with the real nature of Det. of the I, Pyr., M., 1 608; the object represented. N l1213 P, Word-sign for p /-* sn, the root sn meaning ^*1^ -> ' hand " as the quality of things that go in pairs, that are 1. 425, "he who watches the tiand" as a equal: "two," "duplicate," "pair," "brother," retriever, probably the tame cat that accom "sister," &c.; and also "breathe," "smell." panied its master on marsh expeditions, to re 11 sn is the name of the posts or flag-staffs set trieve birds for him (cf. NAV., Todt., ch. xxxix., up before temples, &c.; perhaps in early times 1. 5). n is often figured in the sacred barks of they had the form Jl, with wedge-like base. the sun and of Sokaris, no doubt representing When one considers that the Arab sheikh sticks their attendants. a spear upright in the ground before his tent Presumably the sign pictures the apparatus door, it suggests that the it is a blunt wooden carried by an attendant for his master, and spear or spear-head for ceremonial purposes. thus becomes a symbol and id. of attendance. n A/vwv\ It is probable, too, that —*— 11 sn't (B. H., T Fig. 51. A staff, angulated near the top i., PL xxxiv., better in L., D., ii., 130) is con and tied round at the angle, resembling the c c nected with a spear or spear-head. The value article of dress called D^-^|^ pd /& (ped sn may be due to the " two " barbs, as opposed aha), which is always represented in pairs, but to the harpoon iv% which in O.K. is always the use of which is undetermined (cf. Mentuhotep, represented with " one " barb only. PI. iii.). <= > In M. and N.K. word-sign for ft T ^s>-i <=> P 1 Fig. 115. Piece of wood, rounded below, rs, " to be awake," " to have the mind alert," tapering to a point at the top where it is the substantive <=> p • ^ ^ rs'wt meaning a curved over. " dream." The object reminds one of the staff Value, ±*H ty (td). In N.K. the sign was and loop held by the figure of the watchman, adopted as homophone of <=>, where a tall sign guard, herdsman ^or, which is very variable in was required in grouping hieroglyphs, §=> being form. In Pyr., the word rs is written with used as the corresponding long sign. The ], ] (W., 1. 186), the groups being sometimes meaning and name of the sign are alike F 67 ADDENDA. Page ix. (Abbreviations). The opinions stones; see a figure in HASTINGS, Diet, of Bible, cited in this volume under the names of i., 50. hw sp*t occurs also at Zawyet el Maiyitln BORCHARDT, LORET, MASPERO, and PIEHL, with (L., P., ii, 107, top), j^jjj. out specific reference, are those expressed in P. 37, col. 2. =||=. The spelling of the verb their respective reviews of Beni Hasan, iii., " to eat" in linear hieroglyphs on the coffins of mentioned in the Preface. Mentuhotep at Berlin is simply -y-1 or «=$=• i Appended are a few necessary corrections. (the two signs being indistinguishable); A. T., Some of these have been suggested by a study PI. viii, U. 67, 71, 73. On the coffin of of the valuable squeezes of the tomb of Ptah Sebekaa •£• is distinct from -=|=", an(i the verb hetep, lent to the Survey by the authorities of is written 4* *fe. ^- T-> PL xlii'' l m '•> the Berlin Museum, others by the admirable A/vwv\ c~~u An n plates of Mr. Newberiy's forthcoming edition of 4- 1L, U., 1. 65; 4- V'lft' lc-> PL xli-> the tomb of Rekhmara, proof copies of several AAAAAA -i-T^ A/WW\ _£r\J& C-JS having been placed at the disposal of the 11. 39-40. The latter coffin, therefore, preserves author. fully the ancient value, while the former agrees P. 4, col. 2. An interesting example of the with the usual M.K. spelling -=|~ m. abandonment of flexional consonants is furnished It is doubtful whether the word for "ulcer"(?) by the word f\ ® 11 KSL. m'hsf, u spindle," is connected with that for "eating," and the Todt., cap. cliii. (N.K.), giving to "t the word-sign word for " flame " reads ymyt, not wmyt. The value © -+-*— hsf (Tchesef). value ymi was thus evidently transferred to other roots than that from which it originated. P. 16, col. 1. -0—o. The verb m often occurs It is therefore very remarkable that <={}=» is never in O.K., in scenes in which a person shows or used for the simply prepositional or adverbial offers an object to another to accept. "Whether j\ t\ , and in forms of this root is confined to the sign originally signified the offering or the the adjectival ymi and its derivatives ymitwni, acceptance (the implied command to accept), it " between two," &c, is difficult to decide. The instance in Paheri P. 39, col. 1. —H—. Some may prefer to needs confirmation from earlier sources. connect the name of this with the root s% P. 19, col. 1. c*=^. In Rekhmara, PL ii., 1. 1, " guard," rather than with " pass." occurs apparently with the meaning P. 44, col. 2. -e-. In El B., ii., PI. v., the " a hide," and this probably gives the origin of plough is drawn by oxen having —«— across the value of this sign. their horns as a yoke. Thus -§- is the, harness P. 20, col. 2. ^*. The Berlin squeezes of | for ox-draught, a bar (—»— in Rekhmara) with Ptahhetep satisfactorily show that the det. of cord to fix to pole. mnwt in Ptahhetep, PI. xli., is not ^te>, but is P. 50, col. 2. ^. The reading of the more like the pigeons in I.e., PI. xxxi., &c, mythological place-name ^ ^^ ^ \\, PETRIE, with long bill and tail not forked. We must Six Temples, i., 4, is probably mr dswi. The not therefore connect ^^ with a pigeon. sign stands as ab. for wgs, " split," in connexion P. 27, col. 2. ©. In Syria the threshing- with fish, &c. (add. note to Kah. Pap., xxxix., floors are circular, and edged by large rough 1.36). IT 2 68 EEEATA (To HIEROGLYPHS AND BENI HASAN, III.). HIEROGLYPHS. which splash and preen themselves in the water. PI. viii., figs. 123, 140 ; the bases should be But fig. 2 remains a puzzle. each of the same colour—greenish blue. P. 8, fig. 11. A distinguished zoologist has pointed out that it is inaccurate to speak of the "crop" of a duck, the duck tribe being BENI HASAN, III. characterized by the absence of the crop. PI. iv., fig. 42. T should be placed hori P. 8, fig. 12. This is to be read Mm, not zontally, —£. — ^ ; v. above, p. 22. PL vi., fig. 89. ci should be bluish green. P. 10, note. Professor Maspero notes that P. 4. Maspero refers to ROUGE, Rev. Arch., M. Joret's paper read before the Academie des 1872, tome xxiii., pp. 70-71, for a reading of Inscriptions is published in Melanges de Philo- the Oryx nome-sign as rnh't. Loret considers logie romane dedies a Carl Wahlund, pp. 273-80. the animal to be the Oryx beisa, on account of P. 22^ fig. 36. According to Brugsch the its white colour (cf. the name mJ/k, " the verb ^\) ^^ occurs only once, and that in a white (?) mJ"), leucoryx being fawn and rust- very late text. Tt may mean "to cut," but coloured. not "to carve," or "to sculpture." P. 5, fig. 1. For "sixth column from left" P. 23, note. The reference to PEISSE, Art read " sixth column from right," as Loret JEgyptien, is ii., PI. 62, according to the points out. arrangement indicated in the Table of Contents. P. 6, fig. 2, The sign read wb by Max P. 29, fig. 90. Borchardt considers SEEE to Miiller is apparently nothing but "fe^. The be the armlet often figured on M.K. coifins, rhti birds, "fullers," are in the best example with the ties in this case changed to beads. (L., D., ii., 126 = B. if., I., xxix.) clearly ducks P. 32, fig. 103. For "to complete" read (or geese ?), birds, presumably of white varieties, " to be completed." 69 OEDEE OF THE SIGNS. A, HUMANITY. . ? \1L ? £LL \LL ? Ji ? ? 5 ? ? J ? , J, PP- H-13. B. ANTHROPOMORPHIC DEITIES; HUMAN RANKS AND CLASSES. > J)> XJ> M> PP- 13"14- C. HUMAN ACTION. I Di 0, f> °&, N?, ^(W), Wl, ^, A |, pp. 14-16 D. MAMMALS AND PARTS OF MAMMALS. _£, ^., % 3&>, £*, ^, > ^, ^ <>, *, "^ II, « , PP E. BIRDS AND THEIR PARTS JH, 5k> ¥*>> j^, GkL lk> ? V-^"? 7 J 7 ? JET ? I 1£>, **, \ I PP- 19-23 F. REPTILES, FISHES, INSECTS, &C. *=»> *K, ^, *—? O, *"««, &, PP- 23-26. G. TREES, HERBS, GRASSES, &C. ~~, I, i. *. I IH. i •, S. S. f, f. 1. 1, ^. PP- 26-30- H. SKY, EARTH, AND WATER. O, a, *, iw), ^, cz3, ^, =, n[i\ BEE, —[Sl> nama, cy, o, I. BUILDINGS AND THEIR PARTS. •, o. is (0).ra, o, n, i, a, m. ®, QQ. •=, 1.1 pp. 34 39. 70 ORDER OF THE SIGNS. J. VASES AND POTTERY, FIRE. & I t ffl, °, r, l <*, S, *, 8, 4, *r, PP-39-43. K. FIBRE, TEXTILE, BASKET-, MAT-, AND LEATHER-WORK. I % 1 -*", tf\ ft, 9, —, i», (\ 2K, 1, it 5 J •,J -*-,J QJ , A> ^ <») KL 1, pp. 43-48. L. IMPLEMENTS AND TOOLS. Q >, -=S 1. », f (?), , ^—s -, S, i i 1 pp. 48-51. M. "WAR, HUNTING, &C. , i, I ^, I, ~S I *-, &L, PP. 51-54. N. FURNITURE, FOOD, PERSONAL ACCOUTREMENTS, WRITING, MUSIC, GAMES. , l F=l, M(fSf, V). 0(6), I [J], ft =-, <=, = pp. 54-56. O. INSIGNIA, SCEPTRES, SYMBOLS, STANDARDS. i ¥, V T, A,!, I, ^ -r, 1,1, I ¥, f. S, •, f, T. i t, pp. 56-61. P. UNCLASSIFIED. T, I I 1T> ~^, C3, m, 1, A, e, ^, ft, J, pp. 61.66. 71 INDEX TO FACSIMILES. (INCLUDING THOSE QUOTED FROM BENI HASAN, III., AND BENI HASAN, I.) PLATE I. Fig. 37 glory of rising sun Fig. 1 eagle 19 38 desert ravine 2 hare 16 39 crook-sceptre 3 swallow 20, 66 | 40 milk-vase amulet (?) 4 Egyptian vulture ... 19 5 chick ... .7/ 21 PLATE IV. Fig. 41 noose, rud ... PLATE II. 42 fire-drill ... Fig. 6 Me^-vases... 39 43 noose, rud ... 7 owl... 20 44 papyrus roll 8 sed-heb 36 45 millipede ... 9 heb with canopy ...... 36, 64 46 heart 10 sun-disk 30 47 glands and duct (?) 11 pin-tail duck 22 48 new-born animal ... 12 water-line ... 33 49 heart and tracheae (or lute?) 13 scorpion and ring symbol... 47, 59 50 sandy island 14 Ded and men symbol 32, 59, 5& PLATE V. 15 Anubis f acade 36 16 serpent, z ... 24 Fig. 51 bent staff with tie ... 17 knobbed staff 55 52 trap 18 gift-symbol... 64 ! 53 bar and looped threads, shesep 19 human eye... 12 54 papyrus stem crushed down, uden 20 drill-cap (?) 49 55 packet (?), heseb ... 21 god Heh ... 13 56 bone harpoon-head ... 57 carob-pod ...... PLATE III. 58 tank (?), hem Fig. 22 two crowns in basket ...47,56,56,56 59 upper face in profile 23 straw jar-cap (?) ... 47 60 kher, divine cloth, and desert 24 vertebrae symbol (?) 60 61 pleated cloth, " spread" ... 25 human face 11 62 knobbed staff 26 roll of divine cloth 46 63 Aew-case 27. bag and divine cloth 48 , 64 arm and gift, me ... 28 nestling 21 65 portable throne 29 pellets or grains ... 34 30 double courtyard with palace 34 PLATE VI. 31 star 30 Fig. 66 rush (?), nen ...... 32 wheat on threshing-floor ... 27, 66 67 nez-winder (?) 33 sickle •.. ... •.. 48 68 arms and paddle ... 34 man building 14, 84 69 ter-sprout and mouth 35 cerastes ... ' ...' 24 70 censer 36 racecourse symbol (?) 64 ii alluvial slope 72 INDEX TO FACSIMILES. Fig. 72 bivalve shell 25 Fig. 11 9 "palace"... 36 73 Egyptian vulture ... 19 120 Egyptian vulture 19 74 crane (?), ha 21 121 belly of mammal... 18 75 eagle 19 122 arm with club 15 76 weft-bird 19 123 gift-symbol . 64, 68 77 tied bunch of fibres (?), meh 62 124 twist of fibres, Ji ... 43 78 upright cross ... 37, 66 125 papyrus sceptre ... 28 79 flamingo 22 126 stand for food and drink... 54 80 menkh-chisel 49 127 libation-vase, qebeh 39 81 barbed spear-head (?), sen 61 128 noose, ua ... 45 82 pouch 48 129 fire-drill ... 50 83 crocodile scales (?), hem ... 23 130 curved thread, s ... 45 131 human foot, b 12 PLATE VII. 132 vase pouring, uab 40 Fig. 84 seMew-sceptre 57 133 milk-vase amulet (?) 40 85 ftez-mace ... "^ ... 51 134 cord with looped ends, ill 45 86 head-harness for oxen 43, 44, 66 135 girdle, life-symbol 60 87 corn on threshing-floor ... 27, 66 136 chest 54 88 wooden clamps (dual) 37 137 glory of rising sun 30 89 "palace" 36 138 seal-badge 58 90 tank, sh 33 139 bolt, s . 38, '66 91 forepart of lion 16 140 drain-stand (?), Icher . 63, 68 92 basket with handle, 1c 47 141 water-pot, nu 39 93 forepart of lion 16 142 city-symbol 34 94 loaf on mat ... 47,55 143 papyrus-clump ... 28 95 mat or package 47 144 draught-board, men 56 96 drill-cap (?), * 49 145 potter's kiln 42 97 bird with fish 22 146 double courtyard... 35 98 btdti-Mi 24 147 deceased (?), seated on chair 13 99 swallow ... 20, 66 148 king squatting, holding whip . 13, 57 100 arm 12 149 ibis-headed figure squatting 13 101 7^es-vase 39 150 duck's head 23 102 baggage (?), " attendant"... 62 151 cerastes,/ 24 103 canopy, sell 36 104 mallet, hen... 57 PLATE IX. 105 clamp (unity) 37 Fig. 152 woman squatting 11 106 reed, flowering 27 153 papyrus roll 55 154 ring-stand, g 41 PLATE VIII. 155 rib 18 Fig. 107 iwerr chisel 49 156 human feet walking 16 108 garland, mes 27 157 human mouth 12 109 plant of south, seten 29 158 boring-tool (?) 61 110 seMem-sceptre 57 159 kneeling archer ... 14 111 knot, sa ... 45 160 pleated cloth, '' spread "... 46 112 harpoon ... 52 161 standing king with staff ... 13 113 sickle 48 162 child 11 114 roll of divine cloth 46 163 man standing, arms raised 14 115 wooden object, ta 62 164 heart and tracheae (or lute ?) 65 116 tent-pole, aa 38 165 &a-arms and hen-mallei ... 14 117 hoe, mer ... 48 166 heart ...... 18 118 crested ibis 21 * 167 hide and dart 19 INDEX TO FACSIMILES. PAGE Fig. 168 sacred ibis on perclv 21, 21, 58 Fig. 181 tied up vase, ader 169 upright cross .... 37, 66 182 human face 170 tree trunk trimmed 26 183 owl 171 writing outfit 55 184 squatting man 172 hand, d ... 12 185 owl 173 serpent, z ... 24 186 plasterer's float, qed 174 stand of balance ... 51 187 canine-headed staff, user ... 175 hare on perch, nome-sign 17, 33, 58 188 human eye 176 water-line... 33 189 chick 177 arms with shield and club 15 190 yoke or bow 178 heb with canopy ...... 36, 64 191 block of stone (?) 179 knobbed staff 55 192 joint of meat 180 cord-stick, tid 44 193 plan of chamber or courtyard BENI HASAN, III. PLATE I. Fig. 24 lizard Oryx on perch (nome sign) ... 38, 58, 68 25 symbol of the West 26 symbol of the East PLATE II. 27 pouches 29 dressed goose on bowl Fig.> 1 flying duck... 23, 68 31 new-born animal ... 2 plover (?)... 68 32 3 crane (?), ba 21 arrow 33 4 crested ibis... 21 bivalve shell 34 5 hawk in enclosure (Hathor) 20, 20, 35 bowl, hent ... 35 6 goose, geb ... 22 Ghnem ram a 7 owl... 20 35 Ghnem jug ... 8 flying duck 23 36 seal badge ... 9 swallow 20, 66 10 crane (?), ba 21 PLATE IV. 11 fat duck ... 23, 68 Fig. 37 flute, or cubit rod ... 12 goose, hetem 22 39 forked ceremonial instrument 13 Egyptian vulture ... 19 41 wooden clamp (unit) 14 swallow 20, 66 42 double hook 15 chick 21 43 ha arms and lien mallet ... 44 hen mallet ... PLATE III. 46 hide wrapped together Fig. 16 papyrus clump 28 47 paddle 17 nen rushes ... 28 48 Qebeh vase in stand 18 writing outfit 55 49 bolt, s 19 plant hen ... 26 50 arm and wand, zeser 20 plant of the south, qema ... 29 51 cord-stick, ud 21 food and drink stand ... 54, 5£ 52 coil of red crown ... 22 cord with looped ends, th 45 53 hand 23 fishing-boat 52 54 arms down holding object 74 INDEX TO FACSIMILES. PAGE PAGE Fig. 55 foreleg of animal ... 17 Fig. 73 adze chopping ... SO ,50 56 plan of chamber or courtyard 35 74 guard squatting with stick and cord ... 13 57 human mouth , 12 76 city symbol ... 34 58 flower-stem (?) crushed down, uden 28 77 club or throw-stick ... 51 59 arm 12 78 loop, slien ...... 45 60 mouth in profile ... 12 79 squatting woman ...... 11 61 papyrus roll 55 80 man drilling mountain with bow-drill 81 PLATE V. PLATE VI. Fig. 62 double courtyard with palace 34,^2 Fig. 83 flower, rud...... 26 63 nem knife ... 50 85 fire on brazier ...... 42 64 fire-drill 50 86 throne, ast... • ...... 54 65 nem knife ... 50 88 tank (?), hem ...... 33 66 chest 54 89 drill-cap, t ...... 49 68 67 uas sceptre with feather ... 69, 59 ! 90 armlet (?)...... 68 68 fire-drill 50 94 vase on legs . ... 16 69 cerastes 24 95 flat lands ...... 32 70 knife 50, 66 102 fish-skin, Teem . ... 23 71 bone harpoon 52 103 fish-skin, Jcem ...... 23, 68 72 ostrich feather 23 1 104 gift symbol . 64 BENI HASAN, I. PAGE PAGE PI. XXVII. fat duck 23 PI. XXVIII. flowering reed 27 ball of rush-work . 46 pool with lotus flowers 28 sickle ... 48 hilly desert ... 30 white-headed mace 51 crook sceptre ... 57 PLATES. PL. I. HIEROGLYPHS. XVIIITH DYNASTY. Sccde—No. Lftill size. DEIR EL BAHRI. R.F E.P. Nos. 2-5, i HIEROGLYPHS. XVIIITH DYNASTY. J^ / / / / v A^ 12 13 Scale h DEIR EL BAHRI. HIEROGLYPHS. XVIIITH DYNASTY. PL. III. 36 Scale i. DEIR EL BAHRI. HIEROGLYPHS. XVIHTH DYNASTY. PL. IV. | 43 41 42 46 47 49 <£ 50 Scaie I DEIR EL BAHRI. R.F.E.P. HIEROGLYPHS. XVIllTH DYNASTY. PL. V. 53 52 51 55 54 M. 56 62 63 t I . 64 58 60 Scale I EL KAB, TOMB OF PAHERI. AJ>. HIEROGLYPHS. XVIHTH DYNASTY. 67 66 71 72 73 r 76 81 82 80 Scale EL KAB, TOMS OF PAHERI. HIEROGLYPHS. XIITH DYNA8TY. PL. Vtli 0 87 II fi» f 88 89 84 85 ^•^B 90 a) 91 92 93 ^^ff 99 •w'--.. f !! 97 94 A 100 95 96 * 98 105 101 102 103 104 108 84-89, M.W.B, EL BERSHEH, TOMB OF TEHUTIHETEP. Scale ? 90-mt HA HIEROGLYPHS. XIITH DYNASTY. PL. VHI. /iJLa fl\ ' 111 V / 113 108 109 110 114 115 I 112 107 S$ \m .•• 121 116 / ** —.... L " j*.1Wll«Fi -—- W Jl 120 122 119 117 118 120 123 124 125 120 127 128 H\ n ' 136 134 135 L?131 \ 133 130 138 E=31 137 139 j-ijjjto^M ni in ji i 1 • 142 143 144 I145 140 141 4* ,60 146 1*7 148 149 161 .frcZe } EL BERSHEH, TOMB OF TEHUTIHOTEP. H.C. HIEROGLYPHS. XIITH DYNASTY. PL. IX. 155 153 A. 157 156 159 152 A 158 154 162 161 163 164 165 170 169 \1 /•/ 1 176 I I 's 178 177 < 179 180 t JBF 185 J K^ 192 190 n mm 193mm* 189 W EL BERSHEH, TOMB OF TEHUTIHOTEP. B.C. - yr retains its r, because the name of obscure. the eye was yr% and the presence of the II. IDEOGRAPHICALLY a sign becomes a feminine ending ~, preceded by a vowel, saved DETERMINATIVE, i.e. it is placed after a word the weak final radical. The effects of final spelled in phonograms or in word-signs, in r are best studied in phonograms of two order to indicate the meaning of that word, consonants, because of the frequency with either in general or specifically. v& is the which they enter into combinations, but doubt determinative of proper names of men, J) less it prevailed also with word-signs of three of those of women, &c. ^g>$ is a specific consonants. determinative of words meaning ox, bull, &c, \, DD^ §d elongated), generally have the triangular hole, (shed), " fatted up," in the case of birds (L., 1)., but this is very seldom seen in the shorter iii., 30 h, 1. 32). In Eah. Pap., PI. xvi., 11. 13, forms; examples may be found in L., D., ii., 14, ydr includes 8 ^ ^^ " draught oxen," as 68, 1016, 104c. In L., D., ii., 36, these stands well as food-stock. Ydr therefore seems to be are pierced both at top and at bottom. the ordinary stock or herds of cattle, geese, &c, Word-sign for: that have not been specially fatted; it may thus 1, r^p.a ns't. This apparently is not known be an expression for "domesticated" cattle and as the name of a jar-stand, but is used birds in general, as opposed to the wild cattle, in the figurative sense of " seat," " throne," antelopes, and birds. One writer considers that "position" of a person, as transferable to the select breeding stock is specially denoted by his son. the word, but the passages quoted in his paper 2. smo.n dsrt (deshert). It is strange do not well bear this out, nor does the name that the name of the dsrt vase, which is shaped ydr seem to point to it. j more or less as Q, is determined by S ; that Possibly the sign may be connected with the • 55, 55^ is often the spelling of the name; and preservation of meat in jars, certainly a practice j that S represents the vase itself in tables of in Ancient Egypt; or possibly with the food offerings and in scenes of offering; e.g., L., D., 42 DISCUSSION OF THE SIGNS. iii., 19&. We can, however, find a partial last use it obtains the alphabetic value g, as explanation in the fact that the two vases often well as its biliteral value gJ (go). used together, ^ J^-*- • ^ nms't and « m <=>. *> 'In Ptahhetep, PL xxxvi. 3, *L^^\& there 7 dsvt, have each the same form (LEPS., A. I ., 43) seems to be an instance of ZS used as det. of in the lists, and also where the vase is repre *~-\ f° (/#), " carry," " support," usually sented actually in use, being emptied over statue or person (Ros., M. del G.y lx.; cf. D. el J9., i., PI. xi., in which the vase is unfor xi [J5. B"., iii., fig. 34, cf. fig. 62.] Cup, of tunately destroyed). In order to mark a wood (?). distinction between these two important kinds Name, I ™ • * hn't. Word-sign for I ^ • ^ of ceremonial vases, the Egyptians represented hn't (1) as the name of this cup, used for liquids the nms't vase by a picture of itself, and the in offerings (B. H., iii., p. 15), and (2) as word dsvt vase by ffl. Probably such a stand was for " mistress," probably having the same radical practically always of pottery, and thus implied meaning (cf. ^3^, p. 47). A similar vessel is red pottery, which was presumably the distin named ~Tn " handful," hence in the base period guishing characteristic of dsrt, "the red" vase, the alph. value -/» of \7. in its ancient form. But in Leyd. Mon., iii., Word-sign for \ p © wsh (uselch), " width," 24, the S is actually of silver, and bronze is probably by reference to the " diameter" of the generally represented by red colour. circular vessel seen in elevation; with rad. ext. 3. Alph. for g9 and phon. for g* (go). The Word-sign in N.K. for -* J cb (ab\ perhaps origin of this value is to be found, on the through the word -a ^ J, later ^j, "an analogy of dsr% in the name S ^^^ (Pyr. P., offering," offerings being commonly represented 1. 707), a vessel the shape of which is presumably in vessels XJ. shown by the det. The word is frequently found later for a cup or bowl on which fruits were £}' Fig. 145. Potter's kiln; for scenes in placed, and as denoting a drinking-bowl it is which the kiln is depicted see M B., i., the origin of the Coptic xco, xoi, a " drinking- PL xxvii. 2, and p. 34; B. H., i., PL xi., &c. bowl" or "cup." See'also A. Word-sign for ~ fj, ~\ t' (ta), "fervent To sum up: ffi the ring-stand (1) was pro heat," whence it is phon. for t\ usually written bably named ns% " stand," which word is often This group must not be confounded found in the meaning of "throne," " seat." It with was essentially a pottery form, and though occasionally made in more valuable material, it was generally of red or other coarse pottery, [B. JT., iii., fig. 85.] Flame from a brazier, being pretty well hidden from view by the with falling smoke and soot(?), often of the vessel standing upon it. In this way (2) it form Q. Both forms of the vessel containing symbolized the red pottery (?) dsrt vase, the fire are found amongst the dets. of the word c <=^> ffi, in order to distinguish it from -.® h (alch), "brazier," in Pyr. (M., 1. 239; the nms't vase, which was of the same form, N., L 616, &c). but presumably of different material; and (3) it Word-sign—rarely used by itself—for P -*- w symbolized the pottery (?) g* vase, s'v\ Y7, psf or pfs, " cook " ; p <=> w srf, " heat" v. ft\ ; shaped Y7, in order to distinguish it from other more often for PV~ "brazier," "censer," sorts, such as $ " , &c, made probably "flame," Mentuhotep, p. 24. . \ /wwv\ XJ I \_7 of basket-work, wood, metal, &c, , From this Det, of heat, fire, &c. FIRE-FIBRES. 43