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Introduction Notes Introduction 1. Sandberg, Sheryl. Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead. NYC: Knopf, 2013. 2. Rosin, Hanna. The End of Men: And the Rise of Women. NYC: Riverhead, 2012. 3. ‘The 2012 Census Bureau Report on Income, Poverty and Health Insurance’. US Census Bureau. 2012. Web. 20 Feb. 2014. 4. See Needleman, Sarah E. ‘Pay Gap Between Men and Women Remains a Reality in Work Force’. Career Journal.com. 24 April 2007. For additional stud- ies on the pay gap among women, see Chang, Mariko Lin. Shortchanged: Why Women Have Less Wealth and What Can Be Done About It. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2010. 5. Mroz, Jacqueline. ‘Female Police Chiefs, a Novelty No More’. The New York Times Online. 6 April 2008. Web. 20 Feb. 2014. 6. ‘Women CEOs and Heads of the Financial Post 500’. Catalyst.org. March 2011. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. 7. O’Brien, Timothy L. ‘Why Do So Few Women Reach the Top of Big Law Firms?’ The New York Times. 19 March 2006. Web. 5 March 2014. 8. ‘2012 Representation of United States State Court Women Judges’. National Association of Women Judges. 24 March 2013. Web. 11 Feb. 2014. 9. Douglas, Susan J. Enlightened Sexism: The Seductive Message that Feminism’s Work is Done. NYC: Times Books, 2010, p. 279. 10. A 2012 study by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Develop- ment reports that across the developed world, women do far more of the unpaid domestic work that keeps households running. In The United States specifically, women spend an average of 4 hours per day on childcare and household tasks compared to men’s 2.7 hours. [See: ‘Will I Get My Dues … Before I Die?’ Human Rights Watch. 2015. Web. 28 July 2015. 11. The National Eating Disorder Association reports that 20 million women suffer from eating disorders throughout their lifetime. A 2008 report by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill reports that 65% of American Women admit to having disordered eating practices [See: ‘Eating Disorders Statistics’. National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders. 2015. Web. 28 July 2015; ‘Disordered Eating is Widespread Among US Women. ABC News. 26 April 2008. Web. 28 July 2015.] 12. According to The 2010 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey released by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately 35.6% of women report having experienced rape, physical violence, and/ or stalking by an intimate partner in their lifetime. [See: ‘National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey – 2010 Summary Report’. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2010. Web. 28 July 2015.] 13. Orenstein, Peggy. Cinderella Ate My Daughter: Dispatches From the Lines of the New Girlie-Girl Culture. NYC: Harper Collins, 2011, pp. 6, 18. 232 Notes 233 14. Rivers, Caryl, and Rosalind C. Barnett. The New Soft War on Women: How the Myth of Female Ascendance is Hurting Women, Men – and Our Economy. NYC: Penguin, 2013. 15. Lisa Belkin’s 2003 article in The New York Times began the launch of articles related to the status of stay-at-home mothers. The wave continues a decade later with articles like Judith Warner’s 2013 ‘The Opt-Out Generation Wants Back In’. [See: Belkin, Lisa. ‘The Opt-Out Revolution’. The New York Times. 7 August 2013. Web. 28 July 2015; Warner, Judith. ‘The Opt-Out Generation Wants Back In’. The New York Times. 7 Aug. 2013. Web. 28 July 2015.] 16. Douglas, Susan. Enlightened Sexism: The Seductive Message that Feminism’s Work is Done. NYC: Times Books, 2010, p. 4. 17. Gibbs, Nancy Gibbs. ‘What Women Want Now’. Time (26 Oct. 2009), p. 31. 18. McRobbie, Angela. The Aftermath of Feminism: Gender, Culture, and Social Change. London: Sage, 2009. 19. Gill, Rosalind. Gender and the Media. Malden, MA: Polity, 2007. 20. Faludi, Susan. Stiffed: The Betrayal of American Men. NYC: Harper Collins, 2011. 21. ‘The Distorted Idea that the So-Called “Masculinity Crisis” is Caused by Successful Women’. Alternet. 2011. Web. 30 July 2015. 22. Gay, Roxane. Bad Feminist. NYC: Harper Perennial, 2014, pp. ix–x. 23. Susan Faludi (NYC: Metropolitan, 2007) discusses how the events of 9/11 helped to revitalize these stereotypical gendered depictions through the media’s frenzied attention to heroic (male) first responders and emotional (female) widows. [See Faludi, Susan. The Terror Dream: Fear and Fantasy in Post-9/11 America. NYC: Metropolitan, 2007.] 24. Todd Gitlin first established the metaphor of media working as funhouse mirrors in his text, The Whole World is Watching: Mass Media in the Making & Unmasking of the New Left (Berkley: University of California Press, 1980). 25. Although at points throughout this book we do use specific examples of texts marketed primarily to women of color to show the ways in which they vary from other mainstream texts aiming to portray the same ‘stage’ of life, we do not have the space to fully critique the impact these homogenous por- trayals of women’s experience have for women whose identity constructs do not align with those of the fictional portrayals thrust upon them. Whenever possible, however, we do direct readers to research that more fully delves into these issues. 26. Two of the most widely debated parenting books of the 21st century include Dara-Lynn Weiss’s The Heavy: A Mother, a Daughter, a Diet – A Memoir. NYC: Ballantine Books, 2013 and Amy Chua’s Battle Hymn of a Tiger Mother. NYC: Random House, 2011. 1 Becoming a Girl: Pop Culture’s First Stage of Gender Training 1. Colman, Dani. ‘The Problem with False Feminism (or Why ‘Frozen’ Left Me Cold)’. Medium. 7 February 2014. Web. 20 Feb. 2014. 2. While Andersen’s ‘Snow Queen’ features empowered women and a narrative that can easily be classified as feminist, this is not common to his oeuvre. 234 Notes In fact, Andersen is notorious for punishing female protagonists for any act that showcases agency. He is, of course, the author of the story behind Disney’s The Little Mermaid, where the main character is literally silenced. For more on this subject, see: Feminist Fan Girl. ‘Reasons I’m not Supporting Frozen’. Tumblr. 14 August 2013. Web. 20 Feb. 2015. 3. Colman, Dani. ‘The Problem with False Feminism (or Why “Frozen” Left Me Cold)’. 4. Although, when the list is narrowed down to only include those that could feature such romantic partnerships, and the concept of wedding is expanded to include betrothals and engagements, it becomes a bit more even, with half of the films including such an element. See: Colman, Dani. ‘The Problem with False Feminism’. 5. Colman, Dani. ‘The Problem with False Feminism’. 6. Colman, Dani. ‘The Problem with False Feminism’. 7. Stevens, Dana. ‘I Can’t “Let It Go”’. 8. Antonia, KJ. ‘Disney’s Tangled: Fun, But Not Feminist’. Slate. 23 Nov. 2010. Web. 20 April 2014. 9. Wilson, Natalie. ‘Disney’s Gender Roles Remain Un-Tangled’. Ms. Magazine. 29 Nov. 2010. Web. 20 April 2014. 10. Shows like Charles in Charge (1984–1990), Who’s the Boss (1984–1992), My Two Dads (1987–1990), and Full House (1987–1997) featured caring, compas- sionate Mr. Mom figures, assuming the motherhood role with unwavering success. 11. Durham, M. Gigi. The Lolita Effect: The Media Sexualization of Young Girls and What We Can Do About it. NYC: The Overlook Press, 2008, p. 129. 12. Pozner, Jennifer L. Reality Bites Back: The Troubling Truth about Guilty Pleasure TV. Berkley: Seal Press, 2010, p. 53. 13. Lamb, Sharon, and Lyn Mikel Brown. Packaging Girlhood: Rescuing Our Daughters from Marketers’ Schemes. NYC: St. Martin’s Press, 2006, p. 1. 14. For more information on this, see: Mendes, Kaitlynn. ‘The Lady is a Closet Feminist!: Discourses of Backlash and Postfeminism in British and American Newspapers’. International Journal of Cultural Studies 14.6 (2011): 1–17; Mendes, Kaitlynn. ‘“Feminism rules! Now, where’s my swimsuit?” Re-Evaluating Feminist Discourse in Print Media 1968–2008’. Media, Culture & Society 34.5 (2012): 554–70. 15. In this argument we are aligned with various other feminist scholars such as Yvonne Tasker, Diane Negra, and Susan Douglas. 16. Mendes, Kaitlynn. ‘The Lady is a Closet Feminist!: Discourses of Backlash and Postfeminism in British and American Newspapers’. International Journal of Cultural Studies 14.6 (2011): 1–17. 17. Mendes, Kaitlynn. ‘The Lady is a Closet Feminist’, p. 2. 18. Tasker, Yvonne and Diane Negra, eds. Interrogating Postfeminism: Gender and the Politics of Popular Culture. Durham: Duke UP, 2007, p. 1. 19. Tasker, Yvonne and Diane Negra, eds. Interrogating Postfeminism, p. 2. 20. Adriaens, Fien. ‘Post Feminism in Popular Culture: A Potential for Critical Resistance’. Politics and Culture. 9 November 2009. Web. 2 April 2014. 21. Tasker, Yvonne, and Diane Negra, eds. Interrogating Postfeminism, p. 5. 22. Douglas, Susan J. Enlightened Sexism: The Seductive Message that Feminism’s Work is Done. NYC: Times Books, 2010, p. 9. Notes 235 23. Douglas, Susan J. Enlightened Sexism, p. 11. 24. Orenstein, Peggy. Cinderella Ate My Daughter: Dispatches From the Lines of the New Girlie-Girl Culture. NYC: Harper Collins, 2011, p. 135. 25. ‘The Supergirl Dilemma: Girls Grapple with the Mounting Pressure of Expectations’. Girls Inc.org. 2006. Web. 10 March 2014. 26. The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse. Women Under the Influence. Baltimore: The John Hopkins UP, 2006, p. 36. 27. Neumark-Sztainer, Dianne. ‘I’m, Like, SO Fat!’: Helping Your Teen Make Healthy Choices about Eating and Exercise in a Weight-Obsessed World. NYC: The Guilford Press, 2005, p. 5. 28. Pipher, Mary. Reviving Ophelia: Saving the Selves of Adolescent Girls. NYC: Grosset/Putnam, 1994, p. 170. 29. Orenstein, Peggy. Cinderella Ate My Daughter, p.
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