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Paleoclimatology and Paleotempestology Study of Blue Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2014 Paleoclimatology and Paleotempestology Study of Blue Hole, Lighthouse Reef, Belize through Geochemical Proxies Laura Carolyn Sorey Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Earth Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Sorey, Laura Carolyn, "Paleoclimatology and Paleotempestology Study of Blue Hole, Lighthouse Reef, Belize through Geochemical Proxies" (2014). LSU Master's Theses. 1890. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/1890 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PALEOCLIMATOLOGY AND PALEOTEMPESTOLOGY STUDY OF BLUE HOLE, LIGHTHOUSE REEF, BELIZE THROUGH GEOCHEMICAL PROXIES A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in The Department of Geology and Geophysics by Laura Carolyn Sorey B.S. Millsaps College, 2012 December 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my major advisor, Dr. Sam Bentley, not only for his aid in funding my research but for his unfailing guidance and support throughout my time at LSU. I am most especially grateful for his initial support when I first applied to the M.S. program at LSU. A tremendous thank you goes to one of my committee members, Dr. Achim Herrmann, for countless hours of help in lab work, data acquisition, and analysis. Additional thanks goes to my final committee member, Dr. Carol Wicks. Aside from her input on this project, Dr. Wicks was also instrumental in guiding me through the LSU admissions process and for providing support throughout the rest of my graduate career. Much appreciation goes to Dr. Ayumi Hyodo and the rest of her lab at Texas A&M University for her help with performing stable isotope analysis on my samples. And thank you to Kathryn Denommee for graciously providing data from her previous work on the Blue Hole and for responding to every question, email, writing draft, and concern I sent her way. I owe a huge debt of gratitude to the Louisiana State Board of Regents for funding the graduate fellowship the enabled my attendance at LSU. Thanks for additional research funding goes to Devon Energy, Marathon Oil Company, and the Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research. Another tremendous round of thanks goes to Crawford White, Greg Keller, Marie Thomas, Candice Pettijohn, Caroline Broderick, Jill Banks, Max Lindaman, and Adam Turner for copious amounts of project advice and moral support throughout this entire process. And finally, I’d like to thank my family and friends for their support. In particular, the most thanks really must go to my mother for the inspiration of making me listen to excerpts from Roadside Geology books on every family road trip we ever took and to my father for buying me a rock hammer as a Christmas gift instead of the Barnes and Noble gift card I asked for. ii PREFACE This thesis is presented in “Journal” format. The primary article related to this research is presented in Chapter 2, and is in preparation for submission to a journal with the title “Paleoclimatology and paleotempestology study of Blue Hole, Lighthouse Reef, Belize through geochemical proxies.” Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the topic and study area. Additional synthesis and suggestions for future work are included in Chapter 3. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... ii PREFACE ..................................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................v ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. vi 1. INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................1 2. PALEOCLIMATOLOGY AND PALEOTEMPESTOLOGY STUDY OF BLUE HOLE,…… LIGHTHOUSE REEF, BELIZE THROUGH GEOCHEMICAL PROXIES ................................4 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................4 2.2 Geological History and Climatological Setting ...........................................................7 2.2.1 Geological and Physical ................................................................................7 2.2.2 Climatology and Oceanography ...................................................................9 2.2.3 Previous Work ............................................................................................12 2.3 Methods and Materials ...............................................................................................14 2.3.1 Previous Field and Laboratory Measurements ...........................................14 2.3.2 δ15N Analysis ..............................................................................................15 2.4 Results ........................................................................................................................16 2.5 Discussion ..................................................................................................................18 2.6 Conclusions ................................................................................................................25 3. ADDITIONAL SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE WORK ............................................................27 3.1 Trace Element Analysis .............................................................................................27 3.2 Blue Hole Future Work ..............................................................................................31 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................33 APPENDIX A: CORE IMAGES ..................................................................................................38 APPENDIX B: δ15N AND %N DATA .........................................................................................39 VITA .............................................................................................................................................43 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1. A location map of the Blue Hole on Lighthouse Reef ................................................7 Figure 2.2. A cross section of the Blue Hole .................................................................................8 Figure 2.3. Long-term seasonal means of wind stress vectors (right) and Ekman pumping (left) off the Yucatan basin from QuikSCAT satellite data ...........................................................10 Figure 2.4. An image of the BZE-BH-SVC4 vibracore................................................................13 Figure 2.5. Plot of δ15N (‰ AIR) vs. varve age (years CE) and core depth (cm). ......................17 Figure 2.6. A combined plot of δ15N (‰ AIR) vs. varve age (years CE) with mean δ15N plotted with ± 1σ and sine regression function with 95% prediction band ....................................18 Figure 2.7. δ15N values with TC event layers per 20 yr and paleoclimate reconstruction ..........21 Figure 2.8. G. sacculifer relative abundance residuals (%) vs. varve age (years CE) ..................24 Figure 3.1. A combined plot of nutrient-like trace metal concentrations ....................................29 v ABSTRACT A large Pleistocene age sinkhole, the Blue Hole on Lighthouse Reef off the coast of Belize in the Caribbean Sea is the site of a well preserved sedimentary record that serves as paleoclimatology and paleotempestology archive. The nutrient-starved surface waters of the Blue Hole and the surrounding lagoons are “fertilized” by the seasonal introduction of cool, nutrient- rich waters upwelled from the Caribbean deep water. These waters, which stimulate production of organic materials within the surface waters, carry a heightened isotopic signature that is imparted to the organics resultant from upwelling-induced production. These organics are then incorporated into the predominantly carbonate sediment at the base of the Blue Hole and become part of the sedimentary record. In this study, the δ15N signal of the residual organics from vibracore BZE-BH-SVC4 was analyzed and compared to an age-depth framework for the core in order to identify fluctuations in local upwelling intensity using δ15N as a proxy for relative intensity. It was hypothesized that these shifts in historical upwelling intensity were related to trends hemispheric-scale climatic records that might impact Caribbean atmospheric and oceanic patterns such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA), the Little Ice Age (LIA), tropical cyclone (TC) strikes at the Blue Hole, and the average position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Our findings identify three distinct periods of upwelling diminishment/intensification as recorded by the
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