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Cable Stayed Bridge Aalto University School of Engineering Department of Structural Engineering and Building Technology Rak-11.3001 Design of Bridges 7.11.2012 Cable Stayed Bridge Jani Juvani Olli Lipponen 0 Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................2 1.1. Basics ..........................................................................................................................2 1.2. History .........................................................................................................................2 1.3. Distinctive features ......................................................................................................3 1.4. Types of cable-stayed bridges ......................................................................................3 1.5. Comparison with suspension bridge .............................................................................6 1.6. Pros and cons ...............................................................................................................7 2. Supporting structures ..........................................................................................................7 2.1. Pylon ...........................................................................................................................7 2.2. Cables ........................................................................................................................ 10 3. Deck structure .................................................................................................................. 10 3.1. Concrete deck ............................................................................................................ 11 3.2. Steel deck .................................................................................................................. 12 3.3. Composite deck ......................................................................................................... 13 4. Erection ............................................................................................................................ 13 5. Analysis of the structure ................................................................................................... 15 6. Examples of cable stayed bridges...................................................................................... 17 6.1. Russky Bridge............................................................................................................ 17 6.2. Alamillo Bridge ......................................................................................................... 21 1 1. Introduction 1.1. Basics A cable-stayed bridge is a bridge that consists of one or more pylons with cables supporting the bridge deck. A typical cable-stayed bridge is a continuous girder with one or two pylons erected above piers in the middle of the span. From these pylons, cables are attached diagonally to the girder to provide additional support. Cable-stayed bridges have a low center of gravity which makes them strong against earthquakes, but at the same time makes them vulnerable to uneven sinking of the ground. Picture 1. Nanjing Third Yangtze River Bridge in China. 1.2. History Cable-stayed bridges have been around since at least 1840 but it was not until the 1950's did the start becoming prevalent. Even before 1840 there was evidence of primitive bridges that had decks stayed from above by ropes or vines. The first cable-stayed bridges of modern time (Strösund Bridge in Sweden and North Bridge in Düsseldorf) were designed with steel decks. This is no longer the standard but is used in cases where weight is a concern. The Strösund Bridge in Sweden was designed by a German, Franz Dischinger, while the North Bridge (or Theodor Heuss) Bridge was designed by another German, Theodor Heuss. The Strösund Bridge is 332 m long, with a 182 m long span. It was opened in 1956, and it was the largest cable-stayed bridge of the world at that time. The Theodor Heuss Bridge crossing over the Rhine River in Düsseldorf was built from 1953 to 1957 and has a main span of 260 m flanked on either side by spans of 108 m. 2 Picture 2. Strömsund bridge in Sweden. 1.3. Distinctive features Cable-stayed bridges can be constructed in a huge variety of designs and the bridge type is usually considered to be very aesthetical. Typical span length for a cable-stayed bridge is 110 m – 480 m but the longest built cable-stayed bridge has a span length over 1100 m (Russky Bridge in Russia). Cable-stayed bridge has usually one or two towers where the straight cables are attached. The other end of the cable is attached to the deck´s girder to support the deck. The cables are transferring tension forces while the towers take compression forces. 1.4. Types of cable-stayed bridges The most common type of cable-stayed bridges is a bridge with two pylons and three spans. The length of side span is 30-40 % of the mid span. No massive earth anchoring structures are needed in these type of bridges. The layout of the cable stays affects the structural behavior of the bridge, the erection method and the architectural expression of the bridge. The most common solution is to construct the bridge with two cable plains, but some bridges have been built with one central plain. It is typical that for bridges with multiple cable plains there are crossings of cables in the sideview of the bridge. In case the deck of the bridge is very wide it is possible to design three cable plains because transverse bending moment is reduced to ¼ when the deck is divided to two parts with three cable plains. If the bridge is for both railway and road, the railway can be placed in the middle of the deck between the cable plains while the lanes are on cantilever in lateral direction. 3 Picture 3. Lateral layout of cables [Walther] The longitudinal layout has a great effect in the architectural impression. The most common longitudinal layouts are harp pattern, fan pattern and semi-harp pattern. 4 Picture 4. Longitudinal layout of stays [Walther] In harp pattern the declination angle of each cable is constant, which gives it an acceptable appearance. The cables are connected to the pylon at same height in fan pattern. The horizontal distance between cables in the deck is constant. The connection point of the cables and pylon is heavily stressed, so this zone requires special constructions. However, this pattern has several advantages compared to harp pattern: · The horizontal force introduced by the cable in deck is less · The vertical component of cables is greater · Longitudinal bending of the pylons remains moderate. 5 Picture 5. Pasco-Kennewick Cable bridge, Washington USA Semi-harp pattern combines the advantages of harp and fan patterns. In this pattern the longitudinal and vertical spacing of the cables is constant. 1.5. Comparison with suspension bridge Cable-stayed bridges may look similar to suspension bridges. They both have roadways that hang from cables and both have towers. But the two bridges support the load of the roadway in very different ways. The difference lies in how the cables are connected to the towers. In suspension bridges, the cables ride freely across the towers, transmitting the load to the anchorages at either end. In cable-stayed bridges, the cables are attached to the towers, which alone bear the load. 6 Picture 6. The difference of suspension and cable-stayed bridge. 1.6. Pros and cons + Much greater stiffness than the suspension bridge, so that deformations of the deck under live loads are reduced. + Can be constructed by cantilevering out from the tower - the cables act both as temporary and permanent supports to the bridge deck. + For a symmetrical bridge (spans on either side of the tower are the same), the horizontal forces are balanced and large ground anchorages are not required. + Can be constructed faster than suspension bridge. + Requires less cable than suspension bridge. + Strong against earthquakes. - Vulnerable to the forces of wind because of the cables´s flexibility and inability to handle compression and bending forces. - Cables are pulling the bridge deck diagonally, not directly up, requiring the bridge deck to be stronger to resist the resulting horizontal compression forces. 2. Supporting structures 2.1. Pylon In principle the pylon is a tower structure where the most decisive load will be the axial force originating from the vertical components of the forces in the cables attached to the pylon. The pylon has to carry heavy loads, usually several thousands of tons. Therefore, box sections with a large kern width are the best to provide safety against buckling with the minimum amount of material. 7 There are various possible types of tower constructions. Typical shapes for bridge towers are single, twin, portal and A-shaped towers. Portal type towers were used in the design of early cable-stayed bridges to obtain stiffness against wind load which the cable transfers to top of the towers. However, later investigation of cable stayed bridges indicated that the horizontal forces of the cables were relatively small so that freely standing towers could be used without disadvantage. Picture 7. Types of commonly used bridge towers. Tower or pylons can be supported by three different ways. First solution is to fix pylons at the foundation. In this case large bending moments are produced in the pylon although the advantage is the increased rigidity. Second solution is to fix the pylons
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