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Diapositiva 1 Giornata di studio MONITORAGGIO E VALUTAZIONE DI PONTI E VIADOTTI Stato dell’arte e prospettive 14 febbraio 2019 Roma, Sala Conferenze ENEA BRIDGES: MONUMENT TO PROGRESS Paolo Clemente, PhD Structural Engineer, Research Director MONITORAGGIO E VALUTAZIONE DI PONTI E VIADOTTI: STATO DELL’ARTE E PROSPETTIVE Sala Conferenze ENEA, Lungotevere Thaon di Revel 76, Roma – 14 febbraio 2019 INTRODUCTION “Building a bridge is a war against the forces of nature” “When you build a bridge, you build something for all time” “Bridges are a monument to progress” (Joseph Strauss) The history of bridges is the history of humankind 2 PAOLO CLEMENTE – BRIDGES: MONUMENT TO PROGRESS MONITORAGGIO E VALUTAZIONE DI PONTI E VIADOTTI: STATO DELL’ARTE E PROSPETTIVE Sala Conferenze ENEA, Lungotevere Thaon di Revel 76, Roma – 14 febbraio 2019 STONE ARCH BRIDGES A terrific progress in the construction of bridges was due to the most important invention in the history of constructions: the arch The arch made use of no-tension materials possible, such as masonry, Masonry arches were the most used structural type in bridge design and construction up to few decades ago PAOLO CLEMENTE – BRIDGES: MONUMENT TO PROGRESS MONITORAGGIO E VALUTAZIONE DI PONTI E VIADOTTI: STATO DELL’ARTE E PROSPETTIVE Sala Conferenze ENEA, Lungotevere Thaon di Revel 76, Roma – 14 febbraio 2019 RAINBOW BRIDGE, SOUTH-UTAH The Rainbow Bridge over the Bridge Creek in the Navaho Reserve in the South-Utah is a natural arch, discovered in 1909 and declared National Monument in 1910. It has a height of 94 m, a span of 85 m and a thickness at crown of 13 m. Paolo Clemente 4 PAOLO CLEMENTE – BRIDGES: MONUMENT TO PROGRESS MONITORAGGIO E VALUTAZIONE DI PONTI E VIADOTTI: STATO DELL’ARTE E PROSPETTIVE Sala Conferenze ENEA, Lungotevere Thaon di Revel 76, Roma – 14 febbraio 2019 PONTES ET PONTIFICES The construction of the bridges was a religious art The college of pontiffs presided over the construction of bridges Stone, bricks, pozzolana Semicircular arches ► Short spans Ponte Leproso on the Appia Road, crossing the Sabato River in Benevento Paolo Clemente 5 PAOLO CLEMENTE – BRIDGES: MONUMENT TO PROGRESS MONITORAGGIO E VALUTAZIONE DI PONTI E VIADOTTI: STATO DELL’ARTE E PROSPETTIVE Sala Conferenze ENEA, Lungotevere Thaon di Revel 76, Roma – 14 febbraio 2019 CHINESE BRIDGES Changhung Bridge, 1961 over the Nanpan River, in Yunnan, L = 112.5 m Chiuhsikou Bridge, 1972 at Fengtu, in Szechuan, L = 116 m Dan River Bridge, 2000 on the expressway from Jicheng, in Shanxi, to Jiaozuo, in He’an L = 146 m, 82 m height PAOLO CLEMENTE – BRIDGES: MONUMENT TO PROGRESS MONITORAGGIO E VALUTAZIONE DI PONTI E VIADOTTI: STATO DELL’ARTE E PROSPETTIVE Sala Conferenze ENEA, Lungotevere Thaon di Revel 76, Roma – 14 febbraio 2019 GOLDEN HORN BRIDGE, LEONARDO PAOLO CLEMENTE – BRIDGES: MONUMENT TO PROGRESS MONITORAGGIO E VALUTAZIONE DI PONTI E VIADOTTI: STATO DELL’ARTE E PROSPETTIVE Sala Conferenze ENEA, Lungotevere Thaon di Revel 76, Roma – 14 febbraio 2019 GAUTIER, 1714: FIRST TREATISE ON BRIDGES Henri Gautier : wrote the first treatise on bridges in 1714 suggested some rules for the design of arches underlined the importance of the thrust but did not give any indications on how to calculate it PAOLO CLEMENTE – BRIDGES: MONUMENT TO PROGRESS MONITORAGGIO E VALUTAZIONE DI PONTI E VIADOTTI: STATO DELL’ARTE E PROSPETTIVE Sala Conferenze ENEA, Lungotevere Thaon di Revel 76, Roma – 14 febbraio 2019 LIMIT ANALYSIS / ELASTIC ANALYSIS Claude Antoine Couplet (1730) and La Hire (1731) theoretical analyses and experimental tests to determine the state of the arch at collapse: he thrust line and of the Claude-Louis Navier (1826) collapse mechanisms. the line of thrust should be within the middle third of the depth to prevent tension and to avoid the formation of Poleni (1748) cracks interpretation of the cracks developed in the Michelangelo’s dome of San Pietro in Rome, which divided E. Méry (1840): the dome into separated tapering arches. the line of thrust should be contained in the middle-third and passes through its upper limit at crown and its lower Charles A. Coulomb (1773) and L. limit at the other two collapse joints, which are next to the Mascheroni (1785) springings at the end of the eighteenth century the static of a masonry arch was known. Rankine (1862), Hagen and Winkler Emilian Marie Gauthey (1814) and (1879) search of the line of thrust minimising the sum of squared Lamé and Clapeyron (1823) of the distances from the line of pressure to the centre line In the nineteenth century the attention was focused on practical aspects. C.A. Castigliano (1879) L.C. Boistard (1800) developed the method of minimum strain energy to determine the actual line of thrust tests on model voussoir arch bridges Ponte Mosca over the Dora Riparia River in Turin 1827, span 55 m, sag 5.5 m PAOLO CLEMENTE – BRIDGES: MONUMENT TO PROGRESS MONITORAGGIO E VALUTAZIONE DI PONTI E VIADOTTI: STATO DELL’ARTE E PROSPETTIVE Sala Conferenze ENEA, Lungotevere Thaon di Revel 76, Roma – 14 febbraio 2019 LIMIT ANALYSIS Heyman (1966): arch composed of stone voussoirs laid dry without mortar • Sliding failure cannot occur • Stone has no tensile strength • Compression strength is infinite Clemente, Occhiuzzi & Raithel (1995): Limit behaviour of stone arch bridges Clemente & Saitta (2016): Finite compression strength PAOLO CLEMENTE – BRIDGES: MONUMENT TO PROGRESS MONITORAGGIO E VALUTAZIONE DI PONTI E VIADOTTI: STATO DELL’ARTE E PROSPETTIVE Sala Conferenze ENEA, Lungotevere Thaon di Revel 76, Roma – 14 febbraio 2019 ARCH BRIDGES Garabit Viaduct over the Truyère river 1884, L = 165 m Sydney Harbour Bridge, 1932 H = 120 m L = 503 m, f = 107 m Design: Gustave Eiffel Ponte Risorgimento over the Tevere river 1911, L = 100 m, f = 10 m F. Hennebique technique Salgina Bridge, at Schiers 1930, L = 90 m Design: Robert Maillart PAOLO CLEMENTE – BRIDGES: MONUMENT TO PROGRESS MONITORAGGIO E VALUTAZIONE DI PONTI E VIADOTTI: STATO DELL’ARTE E PROSPETTIVE Sala Conferenze ENEA, Lungotevere Thaon di Revel 76, Roma – 14 febbraio 2019 WANXIAN BRIDGE Wanxian Bridge, 1997 over the Yangtze River L = 420 m, f = 85 m PAOLO CLEMENTE – BRIDGES: MONUMENT TO PROGRESS MONITORAGGIO E VALUTAZIONE DI PONTI E VIADOTTI: STATO DELL’ARTE E PROSPETTIVE Sala Conferenze ENEA, Lungotevere Thaon di Revel 76, Roma – 14 febbraio 2019 CHAOTIANMEN BRIDGE Chaotianmen Bridge, Chongqing , 2009 L = 552 m The longest arch bridge in the world PAOLO CLEMENTE – BRIDGES: MONUMENT TO PROGRESS MONITORAGGIO E VALUTAZIONE DI PONTI E VIADOTTI: STATO DELL’ARTE E PROSPETTIVE Sala Conferenze ENEA, Lungotevere Thaon di Revel 76, Roma – 14 febbraio 2019 POLCEVERA BRIDGE PROPOSAL Design: Santiago Calatrava PAOLO CLEMENTE – BRIDGES: MONUMENT TO PROGRESS MONITORAGGIO E VALUTAZIONE DI PONTI E VIADOTTI: STATO DELL’ARTE E PROSPETTIVE Sala Conferenze ENEA, Lungotevere Thaon di Revel 76, Roma – 14 febbraio 2019 SUSPENSION BRIDGES Ponte Real Ferdinando, 1832 Minturno, over the Garigliano river L = 80.40 m First chain suspension bridge in Italy Destroid during the second world war (1943) Restored in 1998 Similar bridge: Ponte Maria Cristina di Savoia, 1835 on Calore river, near Solopaca, Opened by Ferdinando II delle Due Sicilie PAOLO CLEMENTE – BRIDGES: MONUMENT TO PROGRESS MONITORAGGIO E VALUTAZIONE DI PONTI E VIADOTTI: STATO DELL’ARTE E PROSPETTIVE Sala Conferenze ENEA, Lungotevere Thaon di Revel 76, Roma – 14 febbraio 2019 BROOKLIN BRIDGE New York, 1883 L = 486 m Pylons in masonry PAOLO CLEMENTE – BRIDGES: MONUMENT TO PROGRESS MONITORAGGIO E VALUTAZIONE DI PONTI E VIADOTTI: STATO DELL’ARTE E PROSPETTIVE Sala Conferenze ENEA, Lungotevere Thaon di Revel 76, Roma – 14 febbraio 2019 GEORGE WASHINGTON BRIDGE New York, 1932 L = 1067 m PAOLO CLEMENTE – BRIDGES: MONUMENT TO PROGRESS MONITORAGGIO E VALUTAZIONE DI PONTI E VIADOTTI: STATO DELL’ARTE E PROSPETTIVE Sala Conferenze ENEA, Lungotevere Thaon di Revel 76, Roma – 14 febbraio 2019 GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE San Francisco, 1937 L = 1280 m PAOLO CLEMENTE – BRIDGES: MONUMENT TO PROGRESS MONITORAGGIO E VALUTAZIONE DI PONTI E VIADOTTI: STATO DELL’ARTE E PROSPETTIVE Sala Conferenze ENEA, Lungotevere Thaon di Revel 76, Roma – 14 febbraio 2019 VERRAZZANO BRIDGE New York,1964 between Brooklyn and Staten Island L = 1298 m the longest bridge in USA PAOLO CLEMENTE – BRIDGES: MONUMENT TO PROGRESS MONITORAGGIO E VALUTAZIONE DI PONTI E VIADOTTI: STATO DELL’ARTE E PROSPETTIVE Sala Conferenze ENEA, Lungotevere Thaon di Revel 76, Roma – 14 febbraio 2019 HUMBER BRIDGE Humbershire, 1981 L = 1410 m PAOLO CLEMENTE – BRIDGES: MONUMENT TO PROGRESS MONITORAGGIO E VALUTAZIONE DI PONTI E VIADOTTI: STATO DELL’ARTE E PROSPETTIVE Sala Conferenze ENEA, Lungotevere Thaon di Revel 76, Roma – 14 febbraio 2019 GREAT BELT LINK EAST BRIDGE Denmark, 1996 L = 1624 m the longest bridge in Europe PAOLO CLEMENTE – BRIDGES: MONUMENT TO PROGRESS MONITORAGGIO E VALUTAZIONE DI PONTI E VIADOTTI: STATO DELL’ARTE E PROSPETTIVE Sala Conferenze ENEA, Lungotevere Thaon di Revel 76, Roma – 14 febbraio 2019 AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE Kobe, 1998 L = 1991 m The longest span in the world PAOLO CLEMENTE – BRIDGES: MONUMENT TO PROGRESS MONITORAGGIO E VALUTAZIONE DI PONTI E VIADOTTI: STATO DELL’ARTE E PROSPETTIVE Sala Conferenze ENEA, Lungotevere Thaon di Revel 76, Roma – 14 febbraio 2019 TACOMA NARROWS BRIDGE Tacoma, 1940 L = 853 m PAOLO CLEMENTE – BRIDGES: MONUMENT TO PROGRESS MONITORAGGIO E VALUTAZIONE DI PONTI E VIADOTTI: STATO DELL’ARTE E PROSPETTIVE Sala Conferenze ENEA, Lungotevere Thaon di Revel 76, Roma – 14 febbraio 2019 BOGAZICI KÖPRÜSÜ Istanbul,
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