Photo Arkadiusz ŁawrywianiecPhoto

Tychy Trolleybuses Electromobility Since 1982

Text ARTUR CYWIŃSKI, ZBIGNIEW BRUD

Poland is a country, in which trolleybuses are very seldom used in the urban public transport. Now only three cities have a trolleybus traction in the country with anearly forty-million population: Tychy, Gdynia, and Lublin. What is interesting, the history of this means of public transport started in Poland in ... 1930.

ill 1999 trolleybuses were running in 12 cit- fuels, resulted in gradual liquidation of this means ies: Dębica (1988-1993), Gdynia (from of urban transport in most of 12 cities, where it was 1943), Legnica (1943-1956), Lublin (from operating. Three centres remained, in which trolley- T 1953), Olsztyn (1939-1971), Poznań buses won the fight for survival. Now, when people (1930-1970), Słupsk (1985-1999), Tychy (from talk louder and louder about the necessity to reduce 1982), Wałbrzych (1944-1973), Warsaw (1946- pollution and the CO2 emission, and also due to the 1973), and Piaseczno (1983-1995) [1]. Unfortu- support under projects co-financed by the European

nately, high costs of the traction network operation, Union, they have found their opportunity for fur- do that? do they how the lack of modern vehicles and the lack of ecological ther development. awareness and responsibility for the natural environ- Tychy is an example of a city, where the fate ment confronted with the cheaper and more avail- of the trolleybus network and the ecological public able bus transport, operating based on oil-derivative transport is inseparably related to the latest history 55

Streszczenie Summary Przedstawiony poniżej tekst opisuje historię powstania, rozbudo- Tychy trolleybuses – electric vehicle network since 1982 wę oraz modernizację sieci trakcyjnej tyskich linii trolejbusowych. The paper presents the history, development and modernization of W artykule opisano też doświadczenia eksploatacyjne związane z the trolley traction grid in Tychy as well as the operational experience wykorzystaniem trolejbusów wyposażonych w baterie trakcyjne, with trolleybuses fitted with a battery pack and the analysis of pos- a także analizę możliwości ograniczenia strat sieciowych, poprzez sibility to minimize power losses in the transmission system using a ograniczenie udarów prądowych za pomocą buforowego zasilania buffer battery pack. bateryjnego.

Słowa kluczowe: trolejbus, transport zintegrowany, sieć Keywords: trolleybus, integrated public transport, traction grid No 2 /2017 Public Transport trakcyjna 56 Public Transport No 2/2017 how do they do that? Photo Marian Jamrozy tem (wide streets), no intersections withtrams and tem (widestreets), no intersections Tychy road sys- was chosen becauseof a favourable to prepare of an experimental thestart trolleybus line. madethedecision thevoivode of Silesia In 1982 passenger transport. in the duce theshare of buses - dieseloilcaused thenecessityto re supplies of the fuel market. Shortages in the bad situation on the thorities. Theembargo resulted interaliain a very thenau- western worldimposedon the tions of the lawandresultedthe martial from economicsanc- of development. area important wasan equally the publictransport, cial-cultural facilities. The infrastructure, including so- or the only viatheresidential housing,industry ital cityof Poland. Thecityhasbeendeveloping not out reason Tychy is referred to as the automotive cap- ous plantsfrom theautomotive sector. So not with- only in world, a General Motors andnumer- factory a Fiat factory, manufacturing a cult model 500 as the – withmodernautomotive industry a conurbation eastern areas of Poland andfrom theUSSR. residents comprisedrepatriates from former of new land. It should be also added,thata substantial group and Zagłębie, butalsofrom thefarmingareas of Po- Upperthe overcrowded Silesia conurbations of the in 1955, up to approx. 130,000now [2]. fast from lessthan13,000in 1950, through 26,000 was adjudicated.Thepopulationgrowing very city, intended for one hundred thousand inhabitants, competition forthetown planningdesignof the new the socialrealist style),andin 1952 cording to the of thelater theconstruction firstsmallestate(stillac- ernment meetingon 4 October 1950. Twelve months Region, wasmadeduringthePresidium of the Gov- Upper-Silesian Industrial plantsof the constructed andnewly fortheemployeesdormitory of existing town.dormitory city, from the constructed beginning as a satellite city, becauseactually Thisis a particular in 1989. of Poland and the systemic transformation started The history of TychyThe history during trolleybuses started town TychyFrom a dormitory transformed into The residents of the cityoriginatedbothfrom new town intoan urban a small The decision,to turn of the trolleybus network. National CohesionStrategy, allowed expansion further der the Infrastructure and Environment projects of the un- velopment, translatingintosources of financing promotion of ecological means of public de- transport The European Union pressure on the 1.2 km long. wasstarted, the nextsectionof traction es. In 2002 trolleybus- 1989-1998 thefleetcomprised25 Jelcz The vehicles were gradually years replaced andin the current maintenanceandbreakdownto the removal. andtheinvestment activitiesconfinedonly structed, 1985 no new sectionof the tractionnetwork wascon- from plans anddevelopment visionsduring17 years time thatwere ZIU682UPmodels.Despite huge the total length of the traction network was 22 km [3]. andcommissionedat theconstructed endof 1985 years subsequentsectionsof the tractionnetwork were During thenext implementation lasted8 months. contractorandthetask preparation, selectionof the making,through the design the momentof decision popularly named‘Ziuteks’. and thefleet consistedof 12 Soviet ZIU9B vehicles, 1982 on 1 October wasstarted 4 km long, No 1 - trolleybus traction.Thefirstline, required by the railways, andalsodueto appropriate passengerflows cars per 1000 residents [GUS], while in Japan – cars per1000 residents [GUS],whilein Japan of second handcars. sion to the European Union, mainly through imports occurred afterPoland’s acces number of cars in the - 2013 increased a few times,where thelargestincrease tion. Thenumberof registered carsin the years 1989- - dynamic development of motorisa marked a very The periodof systemicport. transformationin Poland was theport most frequently selected means of trans- cess to fuel resulted in the fact that the public trans- ac- therationingandrestriction in the In addition, people. good, available onlyto few car wasa luxury For more than four decades of the socialist era an own and expansion of thetraction Modernisation The fleetwasincrease 12 ‘Ziuteks’, by another this It is noteworthy, that the investment process, from According to statistics in 2013 there were 504 in 2013 According to statistics 2006. Vehicles were Tyszek and Tysia of names given trolleybuses –November Solaris Presentation new of the left On batteries x84tractionA trolleybus with STH600 installed the part relatedthe part directly to the tractionnetwork and could be an alternative to private cars. which urbantransport, a consistent steps to create which has noticed this increasing problem and made sation andexpansion. Tychy is one of municipalities, documentation forthetrolleybus traction moderni- opment andof starting lines,andon its new basisthe prepared the conceptof thetractionnetwork devel- of Tychy is a partner, paper have theauthorsof this the accompanyinginfrastructure’, thecity in which ture in the Upper Silesian Conurbation together with and expansionof the- tramandtrolleybus infrastruc plemented by the Tramwaje Śląskie ‘Modernisation work in thiscity. trolleybus net- expansionof the things forfurther National Cohesion Strategy, allowed among other the Infrastructure and Environment projects of the opment, translatingintosources under of financing devel- transport meansof public tion of ecological in terms of thetravel timeandcost. mustbe competitive primarily The publictransport overriding objective. individual cars,shouldbe the withthe it competitive to make a level, ty to such as the mosteconomicandecological. activitiespromoting thepublictransport to start residents expectations,and gramme adaptedto the velop a comprehensive pro- andconsistenttransport - indispensableto de it is also of travelling, comfort tion of vehicles guaranteeingtheexpectedqualityand - reconstruc tial financialexpenditure related to the and to reverse thecurrent trend. Apart from substan- value washigherthan9 billion passengersa year [4]. this figure wasnearlytwicelarger. In mid-1980-s this while at the beginningof the systemictransformation lion passengers a year, with a slight downward trend, been maintainingon a similar level of less than4 bil- has urbantransport in the the volume of transport managementby the organisers. Forport years a few trans- andpoorlyflexiblewayof the a conservative operationresultinglic transport from financialissues; duction of the offerandthedeteriorationof the pub- impossible to service by the the re publictransport; - formation of settlement structures –difficultor even de-urbanisation andsuburbanisationleadingto the the numberof travels in the include urbantransport Theother reasons for statusin Poland. of material Thecarcontinues to be a symbol public transport. form of transport resulted in a decreased share of the andwidespread admirationof thetry societyforthis coun- secondstatisticalresident of the car by every lutants, includingCO2.Thepossessionof an own - lete engines,meansalsoincreased emissionsof pol increase in the numberof cars, especiallywithobso- The notexceeded 4 years. old, andonly8.8% have are in Poland more than10 years ly 81.8% of cars EU average was 487 [ACEA – 2012]. Unfortunate - Korea –404,in South 463, in USA –300,andthe The taskfinanced by the EU funds comprisedalso Because of the EU financing undertheproject im- promo- The European Union pressure on the quali- thepublictransport The pursuitto raise It is not an easy jobto stop theunfavourable process use of intelligent to improve urbantransport theef- include: special care of the natural environment, the systemsformation.They lines fortheurbantransport guide- Commission indicatedthemost important AlsotheEuropean reduction of congestion. at the whichis aimed transport, fieldof urban tive in the wasconsidered objec- themostimportant by 2020 cities and their functional areas in big lic transport in the numberandshare of passengers usingthepub- Moreover, transport. tal impactof the theincrease infrastructure andreduction of adverse environmen- and consistent transport clude: creation of modern Thesein- by 2030. objectives to be accomplished Development Strategy, which determined five main andwiththe National field of transport Transport development in the ed withtheideaof sustainable the fuel, like it was in the past. the fuel,likeit wasin thepast. with or problems of car ment, andnotdueto a lack conscience, forown andrespect comfort forenviron- nection thandrivingan own caranddo that withfull more andmore oftenchoosethetrolleybus –traincon- Residents socialbehaviour hasbeenobserved. in the butcleartrend a gradual fer timewouldbe optimal, thatthewaitingandtrans- a way timetables in such trolleybus andfastcityrail adaptationof the as the vehicles as well nections, modernandcomfortable Through convenient con- perday(i.e. 22%). to 172 went down from 220 and thenumberof journeys bus linesbetween Tychy andKatowice were cancelled, Because of the twooutof four railwayconnectionstart, where the fast rail, bus and trolleybus lines intersect. conurbation –thebiggesturbanorganismin Poland. Katowice region andof the capital city of the is the –mainlybetween port Tychy andKatowice, which losophy aimed at the reduction of bus and car trans- withinthe‘parkand thecartransport andride’ phi- trolleybus andbuslineswiththefastcityrail of the of the links –connection integratedpublictransport forms intendedjustfortrolleybuses, whichare one car parks and of a modern busstationwithtwoplat- multi-storey of two trolleybuses –theconstruction Table 2. Obtained energy consumption savings consumption savings Table energy 2.Obtained Table 1. Specification of energy necessary travelto necessary km 1 Tableenergy of 1.Specification 02khk 03khk 04kWh/km 2014 kWh/km 2013 kWh/km 2012 The undertaken actions have perfectly integrat Multi-storey carparks were situatedin nodal points, ,9 ,2 1,398 1,369 1,469 8 1,551 7 1,641 6 1,766 1,426 5 1,956 1,439 4 2,306 1,502 3 8 1,689 2 7 2,036 1 6 2,631 1,893 5 2,834 1,900 4 2,954 2,026 3 8 2,050 2 7 2,328 1 6 2,510 5 3,016 4 2,932 3 2 1 uut2,6 ,8 26,16% 1,98% 24,66% august mean june july

eilstraction vehicles 49%30%27,20% 3,02% 24,92% 42%48%27,96% 27,47% 4,89% 2,20% 24,26% 25,84% - all

Public Transport No 2/2017 57 how do they do that? 58 Public Transport No 2/2017 how do they do that? Photo Arkadiusz Ławrywianiec assuming theoptimum conditionsof the op- battery possible to drive by a trolleybus withoutthetraction, theroute allowedanalyses performed to determine The operationalexperience,the measurements and after thesupplyvoltage failure or during theservice. an intersection situations,e.g. leaving in emergency wasplannedonly initial periodtheuseof batteries form of an electrode as a part of a new battery. In the VAM) intocadmiumoxide andinstalledagainin the process (SNAM-SA- cessed in a pyrometallurgical - programme andcadmiumfrom electrodes is pro turer withthe carriedoutbring-back in accordance end of life thebatteriesare returned to the manufac- ufactured in accordance with theLCA andafter the as theport trolleybus. Theappliedbatteriesare man- - meansof trans concerns, especiallyin so ecological batteriesmayraise application of nickel-cadmium leybuses to move withoutthetrolleybus traction. The of the passengerspace.Thebatteriesenablethetrol- stalled in the rear of vehicles, part withoutlimitation age ratingin total of 202 V DC. Thebatteries were in- um tractionbatteriesof 60 Ah capacity andthevolt- were equippedwithtwoSTH600x 84 nickel-cadmi- 12MB trolleybuses purchased withintheEU project prox. 28%of the entire network. The Solaris Trollino ered a traction section approx. 6.5 km long, that is ap- Thescopeof modernisationgers travel comfort. cov- emission, andalsoat the improvement to the passen- losses,of noise reduction of network aimed at the old.Theappliedtechnicalmeasures were 30 years were more than years 1982-1983,i.e. they in the mentioned network components were constructed work configurationandoperationmode.Theafore- wire switches,andalsoa change of the traction net- with thewholenetwork accessories,includingthe trolley wire together prised thereplacement of the nodes, ‘park andride’ systems)[5]. the intermodalsystemsimplementation–transfer integrationthrough for various modesof transport ficiency of transport activities (creation of conditions The designof themodernisationcom- performed al. Niepodległości streets Niepodległości al. and Photo -the intersection Wyszyńskiego kard. of S. trolleybus on theModern streets Tychy of 2017. -June Bremen (Clean bus procurement – EU Workshop 11- nies in Rotterdam, Zurich, Vienna, Stockholm and compa- public transport have beenachieved in the tion reduction systems withtheuseof recuperation bilities (8%).Similar values of the energyconsump- goodregulation capa- systems,havingvery inverter suppliedvia a.c. motors stallation of asynchronous of energy recovery duringbraking(92%)andthein- hicles replacement result mainlyfrom thesystems tion modernisationat approx. 3%. at around 24%,whilein the caseof carried outtrac- replacement of vehicles ty consumptionas a result - a reduction of electrici ergy efficiencyhasshown ley wire wascompletedin April 2014. from April 2013,whilethe replacement of one trol- ly exceeds 100,000km.New vehicles were introduced years 2012-2014. el onekilometre between January andAugust in the tion of the average value of energy to trav necessary - to estimate. Thefollowing tablepresents a specifica - es generatingandreceiving theenergyare difficult Also thetransmissionlossesbetween thetrolleybus- entirelytransport, different from therailtransport. street nature of the dueto the or metro, of railways case more than in the prox. 11% and this is much have shown thatthebraking–generationtimeis ap- urements of the power transmission systemoperation traction supplysystemviarectifier stations.Themeas- distributorpower network results from the to the theenergy to return work. Thelackof possibilities instantaneous state of their ated energy and on the of specific line vehicles, which can receive thegener- ergy is limited andin fact it depends on the number work. However, thenetwork capacityto receive en- net- to the batteries andthemajorityis transferred ing brakingis used to very smallextentto charge own in electric andhybriddrives. Theenergygaineddur- gy duringthevehicle brakingis the issuewidelyused generation.The to the recovery ener- of mechanical trolleybuses switchesfrom theenginework of new mers. During brakingthepower transmissionsystem cially troublesome in frosty wintersandin hot sum- cluding heatingandairconditioning,whichis espe- lighting, disconnectstheotherenergyreceivers in- fromtion. Thecontrol thedrive system,apart and manent routes on the streets notequippedwithtrac- capacitydoesnotallow to startper- that thebattery carried out studies and measurements have shown Unfortunately the is 98 minutes. to 100% of 25% chargingfrom thelevel Thetimeof quick 2.5 km. route (50%) andlayof the landamountsto approx. ble to drive at a passenger loadtypicalof the analysed possi- andGdynia,wasused[6].A route in Lublin companiesban operating transport trolleybuses – became more flexible. traction modernisation,andthetrolleybus transport ing alternative routes forthetimeof road works and - eration (charging-discharging), which enabled start The energyconsumption savings in the case of ve- modernisationen- performed The analysisof the The number of kilometres travelled monthly slight other two ur- Also the experience, gained by the - of the trolleybus tractiontogetherwith a rectifier sta- of a newplanned for2018 –theconstruction section perience gave thegreen lightto the next investment, of emission –in particular of CO2. The positive ex- protection –theenergysavingsand reduction environmental the intendedeffects related to the batteries andgenerationsystems allowed to achieve trolleybuses equippedwithtraction use of modern andthe construction fieldof traction lutions in the in Europeport [10-11].Theapplicationof novel so- moting trolleybuses as a solution forintelligenttrans- regional project refers ‘Trolley’perfectly to the pro- and transport field of public ical investment in the network in Tychy is a good exampleof a pro-ecolog- trolleybus The modernisation and expansion of the Final conclusions be one of possibilities[7-9]. tion of an ultra-capacitor energy-storagedevicemay network. Theapplica- ceived andreturned to the reductionof the peakvalue current of the of the re- drive supply circuits is an advantage inating in the effective useof the energygeneratedduringbraking. misation, and also to apply solutions enabling a more surges and to develop a method for those surges mini- limitation of current tion savingsconsistingin the justified to estimate theachievable energyconsump- anditsacceleration. start vehicle and significantcurrent surges related to the highunevenness traction network loadfeaturingvery the nighthours).The registered coursesillustratethe one vehicle was moving (without passengers during secondcase in the journeyon a holiday), a normal line on which twotrolleybuses were moving (during first casethecourseof current was registered forthe In the vehicles traffic. for twoconfigurationsof the rectifier loadwasmeasured the courseof a network losses. During the first stage reduction of network forthenextanalysesaimedat further an impulse expectedlevel, buttheyalsobecame were on the tractionnetwork modernisation, of the as a result electricity soldby the supplier. energycarriersusedto generate and otherprimary volume forindividualfuels fieldof emission in the electricity generation environmental impact on the information reduction was calculated based on the nitrogen oxides. Theemission oxide, and 338kg - carbon ter, sulphur dioxide, 670,650 kg - 538 kg - annual emission)is as follows: 34 kg - mat- particulate ment), whiletheobtainedecologicaleffect(reduced tion modernisation)and760MWh(vehicle replace- annual energysavingsare as follows: 90 MWh (trac- sumption in 2012 equalto 3038 MWh,theestimated sumption savings. obtainedenergycon- sents percentage values of the transmission (mainlytheJoule losses). Table- 2 pre ited thenetwork lossesresulting from theelectricity 12 December 2013).Thetraction modernisationlim- Also a significant reduction of energy lossesorig- reduction of energy Also a significant Based on the obtainedmeasurement results it was 3%,obtained Although thesavingsof approx. Taking into account the entire annual energy con- Częstochowa Technology of University Ph.D. Engineering, the at Electrical of Faculty Student sp.j., omega-projekt Office |Design Cywiński Artur lutions, is estimatedat approx. 3%. consumption, whichwillresult from theappliedso- currents; thereduction of energy limitation of peak tractionnetwork operationthrough the tions of the mission system.Thiswillallow to improve thecondi- trolleybus power trans- energy-storage devicein the ther studieson the possibilityto use an ultra-capacitor fur- undertake thedecisionto es resulted in making of the network lossesoriginatingfrom thecurrent surg- traction network loadnature andalsotheestimation with electricvehicles. No 291 tractions willenablereplacing buseson line points forchargingfrom the trolleybus tion of three without thetraction. partly line‘G’ - a battery, a new enablingto service tion andthepurchase of three trolleybuses new with 3. 2. 1. References TrolejbusoweTyskie Linie Sp. zo.o. |President Board, the of Brud Management Zbigniew 11. 9. Giziński Z.,Gąsieski M.,Giziński P., Żuławik M.,Za 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. Borowik, L. Cywiński A., 10.

The carriedoutmeasurements andtheanalysisof the The purchase of two- electric buses andtheconstruc

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Public Transport No 2/2017 59 how do they do that?