Appl. Entomol. Zool. 42 (2): 231–240 (2007) http://odokon.org/

Identification of gall midges (Diptera: ) intercepted under plant quarantine inspection at Japanese sea- and airports from 2000 to 2005

Ren IWAIZUMI,1,* Makoto TOKUDA2 and Junichi YUKAWA3 1 Narita Sub-station of Yokohama Plant Protection Station; Narita 282–0021, Japan 2 JSPS Research Fellow, Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology; Tsukuba 305–8566, Japan 3 Kyushu University; Fukuoka 812–8581, Japan (Received 24 August 2006; Accepted 1 December 2006)

Abstract Gall midge pests (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) intercepted under plant quarantine inspection at Japanese sea- and airports from 2000 to 2005 were identified based on the morphological features of full-grown larvae and adults. We identified the following 17 species from 13 plant genera: Contarinia maculipennis Felt on Dendrobium phalaenopsis (Orchi- daceae) imported from Thailand and Singapore, Contarinia sp. 1 on Brunia (Bruniaceae) from South Africa, Con- tarinia sp. 2 on Berzelia (Bruniaceae) from South Africa, Contarinia sp. 3 on Alstroemeria (Alstroemeriaceae) from Australia and New Zealand, Contarinia sp. 4 on Azadirachta (Meliaceae) from Thailand, Contarinia sp. 5 on Junipe- rus (Cupressaceae) from Turkey, Dasineura sp. 1 on Pinus (Pinaceae) from China, Dasineura sp. 2 on Eurya (Theaceae) from China, Monarthropalpus flavus (Laboulbène) on Buxus sempervirens (Buxaceae) from Italy, Res- seliella sp. 1 on Juniperus from Turkey, Resseliella sp. 2 on Protea (Proteaceae) from South Africa, Schizomyia sp. on Caustis (Cyperaceae) from Australia, sp. on Pinus from China, Asphondyliina gen. sp. on Eurya from China, gen. sp. 1 on Eurya from China, Cecidomyiini gen. sp. 2 on Ischyrolepis (Restionaceae) from South Africa, and Schizomyiina gen. sp. on Cotinus (Anacardiaceae) from Italy. The monthly interception frequency of gall midges associated with Brunia was significantly correlated with the number of imported Brunia cut flowers in different months, but the interception frequencies of gall midges associated with Dendrobium and Eurya were not cor- related with the number of imported host plants. Gall midges associated with Pinus were frequently intercepted in De- cember when a huge number of Pinus twigs were imported, while no significant correlation was detected between the interception frequency of gall midges and the number of imported Pinus twigs based on data from January to Novem- ber.

Key words: Cecidomyiidae; Diptera; gall midge; plant quarantine inspection; species identification

2004), strict plant quarantine inspection and identi- INTRODUCTION fication of pest species are essential to prevent their A huge amount of living plant material, such as establishment in Japan; however, for Cecidomyi- nursery stocks, cut flowers, and vegetables, is regu- idae, species identification has not been intensively larly imported into Japan from abroad. Various pest attempted so far, because most cecidomyiid indi- species on these plants are intercepted under plant viduals have been intercepted at the larval stage quarantine inspection by plant protection stations and have seldom been reared to adults, especially at Japanese sea- and airports (e.g. Masumoto et al., in species whose full-grown larvae leave the galls 2001). Among Diptera, Agromyzidae, Cecidomyi- to pupate on the ground. idae, and Tephritidae have been most frequently in- In recent years, we have been trying to rear tercepted. As many important pests are included in adults from intercepted cecidomyiid larvae using these families throughout the world (e.g. Spencer, an improved rearing method, and to identify ce- 1990; White and Elson-Harris, 1992; Gagné, cidomyiids based on larval, pupal, and adult speci-

*To whom correspondence should be addressed at: E-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1303/aez.2007.231

231 232 R. IWAIZUMI et al. mens. On the basis of species identification, we re- ulty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Japan. viewed inspection records from 2000 to 2005 to Interception records for gall midges under plant clarify interception frequencies and seasonal trends quarantine inspection from 2000 to 2005 were tal- for respective gall midge species on different host lied for different host plants and at different sea- plants and at different sea- and airports. We report and airports. In the inspection records, host plants the results of the identification and investigation in were identified only at the genus level, except for this paper. Dendrobium phalaenopsis Fritzg. (Orchidaceae) and Buxus sempervirens L. (Buxaceae). Monthly trends (2000–2005 in total) in the interception fre- MATERIALS AND METHODS quency of gall midges were illustrated for four im- Gall midge specimens were intercepted mainly ported plant genera, Pinus (Pinaceae), Eurya as full-grown larvae from imported plant material (Theaceae), Brunia (Bruniaceae), and Dendrobium from 2000 to 2005. To rear adults, some live gall (Orchidaceae), on which gall midges had been in- midge larvae were placed on a sheet of wet crape tercepted more frequently than on other plants dur- paper in small plastic cups (120 ml volume) after ing the period. We calculated Pearson correlation leaving the galls. From August 2005, we improved coefficient (r) to examine whether the interception the rearing method by using cellulose fiber (BEM- frequencies in different months were correlated COTTR, 100% cellulose; Asahi Kasei Fibers Corp., with the imported numbers of plants in each month Japan) instead of crape paper to obtain adults of in 2004 (data from the website of the Plant Protec- some gall midge species that could previously not tion Station, Japan: http://www.pps.go.jp/). In the be readily reared. The plastic cups containing gall analysis, we summed up the interception records of midge larvae were maintained under laboratory gall midges from 2000 to 2005 for respective conditions and monitored every day. In some gall months because the interception records in a single midge species, full-grown larvae do not leave the year are insufficient to detect clear monthly trends galls, in which they pupate (e.g. Gagné, 1989; and the seasonal trends of the frequency did not Yukawa and Masuda, 1996). For these species, we vary among years. occasionally dissected galls to obtain full-grown larvae and tried to rear adults by keeping the re- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION maining galls under laboratory conditions (in this paper, this method was adopted only for rearing Identification of gall midges Asphondyliina gen. sp. associated with Eurya, be- Interception records of gall midges on different cause full-grown larvae of other gall midges did plants from 2000 to 2005 are summarized in Table not pupate in galls). 1. Cecidomyiids were intercepted on 2,169 occa- Adult and larval specimens collected in this sions during this period. Among them, about half study were preserved in 70% ethanol for morpho- of all interceptions were recorded at Narita Airport. logical studies or 99.5% acetone for future DNA At airports, gall midges on Dendrobium were analysis. Some of the ethanol-preserved specimens most frequently intercepted, followed by those on were mounted on slides in Canada balsam or gum Brunia, while at seaports, gall midges on Pinus and chloral liquid following a similar method to that in Eurya were frequently intercepted. Gagné (1989) to examine the details of morpholog- From 2000 to 2005, 17 species were identified ical features. Identification of gall midges was either at the species, genus, subtribe, or tribe level based on keys provided by Möhn (1955), Harris (Table 2). Gall midges associated with D. pha- (1966), Yukawa (1971), and Gagné (1989). Pend- laenopsis and B. sempervirens were identified at ing future taxonomic studies, we briefly describe the species level, as Contarinia maculipennis Felt the morphological features of gall midges that are and Monarthropalpus flavus (Laboulbène), respec- useful for species identification in plant quarantine tively. inspection. Most specimens examined in this study During this period, C. maculipennis (Figs. 1A–D are preserved in the collection of the Yokohama and 2A, B) was most frequently intercepted and Plant Protection Station, Japan and some are in the found exclusively on cut flowers of D. phalaenop- collection of the Entomological Laboratory, Fac- sis imported from Thailand and Singapore (Tables Identification of Intercepted Gall Midges 233

1 and 2), although it is known as a polyphagous pest infesting flower buds of various plant species

otal across seven botanical families (Uechi et al., T 2003). C. maculipennis has invaded Hawaii (Jensen, 1946, 1950) and Florida (Gagné, 1995) in the USA, Okinawa, Japan (Tokuda et al., 2002; Yukawa et al., 2004), and Fukuoka and Miyazaki, Japan (Uechi et al., 2007), respectively, from Southeast Asia where this gall midge is naturally distributed. Adults of C. maculipennis were reared easily by both rearing methods, using a sheet of wet crape paper or cellulose fiber (Fig. 1A, B). The larvae pupated 8–19 days after transferring into plastic cups, and adults emerged 9–12 days after pupation. As the detailed morphological features of C. maculipennis are described in Gagné (1995), we refer only to several useful features for species identification in this paper: the eye bridge is ten facets long at the vertex; circumfilar loops of male flagellomere are very uneven; the first flagellomere of females is 1.8–1.9 times as long as the second; the wing length is 1.3–1.5 mm in both sexes; scales on wings are denser and darker in some areas and the membrane beneath is darker, forming a pattern of light and dark areas (Fig. 1C); empodia are as long as claws on all legs; in the first through sixth abdominal tergites of females, each has a single row of setae and the seventh tergite has a double row of setae; the ovipositor is very long, with a dis- tal half about 9.0 times as long as the seventh ter- gite; the body of full-grown larvae is yellow (Fig. sea- and airports of Japan from 2000 to 2005 1D); the spiracles of larval eighth abdominal seg- ment are situated at the end of posteriorly directed

Airportslobes Seaports (Fig. 2B) (Gagné, 1995; Tokuda et al., 2002; Yukawa et al., 2004). Contarinia sp. 1 (Figs. 1E–H and 2C, D) and Contarinia sp. 2 (Fig. 2E, F) were collected from Brunia and Berzelia (Bruniaceae), respectively, both of which had been imported from South requency of Cecidomyiidae intercepted under plant quarantine inspection on different imported plants and at different imported plants and at different intercepted under plant quarantine inspection on different of Cecidomyiidae requency

Narita Kansai Nagoya Fukuoka Subtotal Kobe Nagoya Osaka Yokohama Others Subtotal Africa. The larvae of these species were collected

.F from opening in host inflorescences (Fig. 1G) and

e1 the adults were reared with the method using cellu- bl lose fiber. The larvae of Contarinia sp. 1 pupated Ta 14–35 days after transferring into plastic cups and

OrchidaceaeBruniaceaePinaceae 361Theaceae 246CyperaceaeBruniaceae 73Orchidaceae 136 2 16Orchidaceae 59Theaceae 35 57 50Meliaceae 0 1 37 27Bruniaceae 9 22 11 7 0 27 9 0 21 0 0 1 0 476 0 0 0the 382 0 1 0 0 0adults 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 86emerged 26 3 0 79 61 0 0 0 47 0 105 0 1128–13 0 0 0 30 0 0days 22 39 61 0 0 0 after 0 0 0 14 39 14 0 1 0 0pupation. 0 0 0 23 16 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 Al- 0 2 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 1 0 183 228 0 476 0 4 0 383 0 0 0 209 231 0 0 0 0 0 0 86 79 61 30 0 47 0 30 30 22 though the pupal period of Contarinia sp. 2 was not clarified, the adults emerged 24–42 days after transferring into plastic cups.

otalThe adults of 1,166Contarinia 363 68sp. 1 differ 9 from 1,606 C. 289 129 68 60 17 563 2,169 Plant genus Plant family Dendrobium Brunia Pinus Eurya Caustis Berzelia Aranda Mokara Cleyera Azadirachta Nebelia OthersT maculipennis 290 in the 74 following 29 morphological 1 394 fea- 58 23 9 16 15 121 515 234 R. IWAIZUMI et al.

Table2. Identification of Cecidomyiidae intercepted under plant quarantine inspection at Japanese sea- and airports from 2000 to 2005

Specimens examined Species Host Male Female Larva

Contarinia maculipennis Dendrobium etc. 39 33 45 Contarinia sp. 1 Brunia 16 56 20 Contarinia sp. 2 Berzelia 44 5 Contarinia sp. 3 Alstroemeria 01 8 Contarinia sp. 4 Azadirachta 54 4 Contarinia sp. 5 Juniperus 5319 Monarthropalpus flavus Buxus 0016 Dasineura sp. 1 Pinus 00 1 Dasineura sp. 2 Eurya 00 1 Resseliella sp. 1 Juniperus 11 1 Resseliella sp. 2 Protea 00 6 Schizomyia sp. Caustis 48 4 Thecodiplosis sp. Pinus 0044 Asphondyliina gen. sp. Eurya 00 3 Cecidomyiini gen. sp. 1 Eurya 00 3 Cecidomyiini gen. sp. 2 Ischyrolepis 00 5 Schizomyiina gen. sp. Cotinus 00 7 tures: the eye bridge is five facets long at the ver- Contarinia sp. 3 (Fig. 1I, J) was found on flow- tex; circumfilar loops of male flagellomere are uni- ers of Alstroemeria (Alstroemeriaceae) imported form; the first female flagellomere is 1.2–1.3 times from Australia and New Zealand. Up to the pres- as long as the second; wings and legs are uniformly ent, only one female specimen has been reared by covered with scales (Fig. 1E, F); the female sev- the method using cellulose fiber. The female (Fig. enth tergite has a single row of setae; the distal half 1I) is morphologically very similar to C. mac- of the ovipositor is about 8.0 times as long as the ulipennis except for the following slight differ- seventh tergite. Full-grown larvae are distinguish- ences: the first flagellomere is 2.0 times as long as able from C. maculipennis by the following fea- the second and the wing length is 1.6 mm. Full- tures: body is orange-yellow (Fig. 1H); spiracles of grown larvae of Contarinia sp. 3 are also similar to the eighth abdominal segment are not situated on C. maculipennis (Fig. 1J). posteriorly directed lobes (Fig. 2D); a pair of coni- Contarinia sp. 4 (Fig. 1K–N) was found on the cal terminal papillae is situated very close to one flower buds of Azadirachta (Meliaceae) (Fig. 1M) another; the setae on two of three pairs of the re- imported from Thailand. The adults of this species maining terminal papillae are minute (Fig. 2D). differ from C. maculipennis in the following mor- The adults of Contarinia sp. 2 differ from C. phological features: circumfilar loops of male fla- maculipennis in the following morphological fea- gellomere are uniform; the first female flagellom- tures: the eye bridge is six facets long at the vertex; ere is 2.1 times as long as the second; the wing circumfilar loops of male flagellomere are uniform; length is 1.4 mm in males and 1.7–1.8 mm in fe- the first female flagellomere is 1.3 times as long as males; wings and legs are uniformly covered with the second; wing length of 1.7–1.8 mm in both scales (Fig. 1K, L). Full-grown larvae of Con- sexes; wings and legs are uniformly covered with tarinia sp. 4 are similar to C. maculipennis (Fig. scales; empodia are longer than claws on all legs; 1N). The adults emerged 12–19 days after transfer- the female seventh tergite has a single row of setae; ring into plastic cups. ovipositor is very short, the distal half is about 4.8 Contarinia sp. 5 (Figs. 1O–Q and 2G, H) was times as long as the seventh tergite. Full-grown lar- collected from the fruit of Juniperus (Cupres- vae of Contarinia sp. 2 have an orange-yellow saceae) (Fig. 1P) imported from Turkey. The adults body, but are otherwise similar to C. maculipennis. were reared by the method using cellulose fiber and Identification of Intercepted Gall Midges 235

Fig. 1. Galls and gall midges intercepted under plant quarantine inspection at Japanese sea- and airports from 2000 to 2005. A–D: Contarinia maculipennis on Dendrobium; E–H: Contarinia sp. 1 on Brunia; I, J: Contarinia sp. 3 on Alstroemeria; K–N: Contarinia sp. 4 on Azadirachta; O–Q: Contarinia sp. 5 on Juniperus; R: Schizomyia sp. on Caustis; S: Resseliella sp. 2 on Protea; and T: leaf gall of Eurya caused by Asphondyliina gen. sp. A, E, K: male; B, F, I, L and O: female; C: female wings; D, H, J, N, Q, R and S: full-grown larvae; G: full-grown larvae and infested inflorescence of Brunia; M: infested flower; and P: infested fruit. emerged 150–180 days after transferring into plas- 1.3 times as long as the second; the wing length is tic cups, which might suggest that full-grown lar- about 1.8 mm in both sexes; wings and legs are vae diapaused for a certain period of time. The uniformly covered with scales (Fig. 1O); empodia morphological features of Contarinia sp. 5 are as are longer than claws on all legs; in the first follows: the eye bridge is seven facets long at the through seventh abdominal tergites of females, vertex; the palpus consists of four segments, the each has a single row of setae; the distal half of the first segment is about 30 mm long, the second is 1.8 ovipositor is about 6.0 times as long as the seventh times as long as the first, the third is 1.1 times as tergite; full-grown larvae have a brownish yellow long as the second, and the fourth is 1.8 times as body (Fig. 1Q); two pairs of setose and a pair of long as the third; circumfilar loops of male flagel- asetose inner lateral papillae are present on all tho- lomere are uniform; the female first flagellomere is racic segments; two pairs of the setose outer lateral 236 R. IWAIZUMI et al.

Fig. 2. Morphological features of cecidomyiid larvae intercepted under plant quarantine inspection at Japanese sea- and air- ports from 2000 to 2005. A, B: Contarinia maculipennis on Dendrobium; C, D: Contarinia sp. 1 on Brunia; E, F: Contarinia sp. 2 on Berzelia; G, H: Contarinia sp. 5 on Juniperus; I, J: Resseliella sp. 1 on Juniperus K, L: Monarthropalpus flavus; M: Resseliella sp. 2 on Protea; N: Thecodiplosis sp. on Pinus; O, P: Asphondyliina gen. sp. on Eurya; and Q, R: Schizomyiina gen. sp. on Cotinus. A, C, E, G, I, K, and Q: sternal spatula and associated papillae on prothorax; B, D, F, H, J, L, M, N, P and R: eighth and terminal abdominal segment; O: head and prothorax; and P: terminal abdominal segment. Identification of Intercepted Gall Midges 237 papillae are present on all thoracic segments; spira- riorly well-extended lobes (Fig. 2J). cles of the larval eighth abdominal segment are not The gall midge found on B. sempervirens from situated at the end of posteriorly directed lobes Italy was identified as M. flavus based on unique (Fig. 2H). So far, two species of Contarinia have larval characteristics (Fig. 2K, L) (Möhn, 1955; been recorded from Juniperus: Contarinia junipe- Gagné, 1989) and a distinctive gall (Barnes, 1948). rina Felt induces needle galls on Juniperus sabi- M. flavus was accidentally introduced into the USA noides in the USA (Felt, 1939; Haseman and from Europe, where it is naturally distributed and McLane, 1940; Barnes, 1951; Gagné, 1989) and is known as a serious pest infesting ornamental Contarinia juniperiramea Fedotova does so on Ju- bushes, hedge plants and nursery stocks of B. sem- niperus turkestanica in Kazakhstan (Fedotova, pervirens (Barnes, 1948; Gagné, 1989). 1985). Contarinia sp. 5 can be distinguished from Schizomyia sp. (Fig. 1R) was found on the leaves C. juniperina as follows: the fourth palpal segment of Caustis (Cyperaceae) imported from Australia. is 1.8 times as long as the third in Contarinia sp. 5, Species belonging to this genus are known as gall while it is 1.5 times in C. juniperina (Felt, 1939), inducers without exception (e.g. Gagné, 1989, and empodia are longer than claws on all legs in 2004). Unfortunately, the organ galled by this Contarinia sp. 5, while they are as long as claws in species could not be determined in this study, be- C. juniperina (Felt, 1939). Contarinia sp. 5 differs cause full-grown larvae were collected from host from C. juniperiramea as follows: the female first leaves where no particular sign of infestation was flagellomere is 1.3 times as long as the second in detected. Adults were reared by the method using Contarinia sp. 5, while it is 1.5 times in C. ju- cellulose fiber. The larvae pupated 20–32 days niperiramea, and empodia are longer than claws on after transferring into plastic cups and adults all legs in Contarinia sp. 5, while they are as long emerged 10–15 days after pupation. as claws in C. juniperiramea (Fedotova, 1985). Resseliella sp. 2 (Figs. 1S and 2M) was found on Another Juniperus-associated gall midge, Res- flowers of Protea (Proteaceae) imported from seliella sp. 1 (Fig. 2I, J), was found in the fruit of South Africa. So far, only one species of the genus Juniperus imported from Turkey. One male and Resseliella, R. proteae Gagné, has been collected one female specimen have been reared by the from Protea in South Africa (Gagné, 1983). Full- method using cellulose fiber. The male and female grown larvae of Resseliella sp. 2 are morphologi- emerged 185 and 73 days, respectively, after trans- cally similar to R. proteae. Adult specimens are ferring into plastic cups. needed for species identification. Tarsal claws are bent at the basal third on all Thecodiplosis sp. (Fig. 2N) was collected from legs, which is considered as an autapomorphy of needles of Pinus (Pinaceae) imported from China, Resseliella in Cecidomyiini (Gagné, 1989). The di- but could not be identified at the species level be- vided terminal segment of larvae bears two large cause no adult specimens were obtained in this terminal papillae (Fig. 2J), a typical feature of the study. Although most Pinus-associated gall midges genus (Möhn, 1955; Gagné, 1989). Other morpho- intercepted have been identified as species of The- logical features of Resseliella sp. 1 are as follows: codiplosis, a single larval specimen intercepted in the eye bridge is five to six facets at the vertex; the May 2001 was regarded as a species of the genus palpus consists of four segments; the antenna has Dasineura. Further specimens are needed to deter- 12 flagellomeres, the first and second flagellomeres mine the taxonomic position of that species. are fused together; male flagellomeres are binodal Asphondyliina gen. sp. (Fig. 2O, P) was col- and trifilar, circumfilar loops are regular; tarsal lected from Eurya (Theaceae) imported from claws are simple on all legs; empodia are about China. This species induces blister galls on the half as long as claws; wings and legs are uniformly upper surface of host leaves (Fig. 1T). Adults have covered with scales; the hypoproct is entire, not yet been obtained due to the insufficient num- slightly concave apically; the distal half of the ber of galls intercepted. In Japan, a similar uniden- ovipositor is 2.8 times as long as the seventh fe- tified gall midge of the subtribe Asphondyliina is male tergite; female cerci are long, attenuate, and known to induce stem galls on Eurya japonica setulose throughout; spiracles of the larval eighth Thunb. and Eurya emarginata (Thunb.) Makino, abdominal segment are situated at the end of poste- but leaf gallers of the subtribe have never been re- 238 R. IWAIZUMI et al. ported from Eurya (Yukawa and Masuda, 1996). Monthly trends in interception frequencies of Full-grown larvae of Asphondyliina gen. sp. lack a gall midges sternal spatula (Fig. 2O), which is unusual in the Monthly trends in the interception frequency of subtribe (e.g. Gagné, 1994); however, the terminal gall midges are illustrated in Fig. 3 (2000–2005; abdominal segment of larvae is reduced in size and bars and left vertical axis) for four plant genera, situated dorsally (Fig. 2P), which has been re- Pinus, Eurya, Brunia, and Dendrobium together garded as one of the two autapomorphies of the with the monthly amount of importation of the re- subtribe (Tokuda 2004; Tokuda et al., 2004). spective plant genera (lines and right vertical axis). Cecidomyiini gen. sp. 1 and Dasineura sp. 2 Pinus twigs are imported to Japan mostly in No- were also found on Eurya imported from China. vember and December (Fig. 3A) for use as New Unfortunately, no adults have been obtained for Year pine decorations. As mentioned earlier, the both species due to the restricted number of larval gall midge specimens intercepted in these months specimens intercepted. The larvae of the former have been regarded as species of Thecodiplosis, species seem to exhibit typical features of Con- but a specimen intercepted in May belonged to tarinia. Further specimens are needed to clarify the Dasineura. Thecodiplosis gall midges are univol- taxonomic position of these species. tine and full-grown larvae leave the host to drop to Cecidomyiini gen. sp. 2 was collected from the the ground in autumn (e.g. Yukawa, 1987; Yukawa flowers of Ischyrolepis (Restionaceae) imported and Masuda, 1996). So most gall midges inter- from South Africa and Schizomyiina gen. sp. (Fig. cepted from January to April may not belong to 2Q, R) was found on Cotinus (Anacardiaceae) Thecodiplosis. In this study, we could not precisely from Italy. They have been seldom intercepted examine specimens that had been intercepted from under plant quarantine inspection in Japan. Further January to April, because the specimens were not specimens are needed for detailed taxonomic stud- preserved under suitable conditions for micro- ies. scopic observation. The interception frequency of Pinus-associated gall midges was significantly cor- related with the number of imported Pinus twigs (r0.857, p0.0001), simply because the huge

Fig. 3. Monthly trends in the interception frequency of gall midges (2000–2005; bars and left vertical axis) associated with (A) Pinus, (B) Eurya, (C) Brunia, and (D) Dendrobium and the importation amount of respective host genera in 2004 (lines and right vertical axis). Identification of Intercepted Gall Midges 239 number of Pinus twigs imported in December re- identification of cecidomyiid pests associated with sulted in frequent interception. In contrast, no sig- imported plants are essential to prevent their inva- nificant correlation was detected in analysis based sion of Japan. on the data from January to November. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Eurya twigs are imported quite constantly every month, but gall midges have seldom been inter- We would like to express our thanks to Dr. R. J. Gagné (Sys- cepted from July to October (Fig. 3B). In this tematic Entomology Laboratory, PSI, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, USA) and Dr. K. M. Harris (the former Di- study, we found three gall midges species associ- rector of the International Institute of Entomology, UK) for ated with Eurya. There was no correlation between their critical reading of an early draft. Our thanks are also ex- the interception frequency of gall midges and the tended to Mr. T. Tanaka (Muroran-Tomakomai Sub-branch of number of imported Eurya twigs (r0.061, Yo k ohama Plant Protection Station, Japan) for his help in col- p0.85). The interception frequency of gall lecting and rearing some of the gall midges identified. This midges possibly depends on seasonal changes in study was partly supported by the Research Fellowships of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences for Young Scien- the developmental stages of respective gall midge tists to MT. species. Cut flowers of Brunia were mainly imported REFERENCES from October to December, and gall midges were Barnes, H. F. 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