Human Ethology Newsletter Editor: Glenn Weisfeld Department ofPsyc1,ology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202 USA 1-313-577-2835 (office) 577-8596 (lab), 577-2801 (messages), 577-7636 (Fax), 393-2403 (home)

VOLUME 8, ISSUE 4 ISSN 0739-2036 DECEMBER 1993

© 1994 The International Society Jar Humall Ethology

arrangements should be directed to Irwin by SOCIETY NEWS phone at 1-416-736-5822, fax at 416-736-5814, E- mail at [email protected], or mail at 1994 CONVENTION UPDATE Psychology Department, York University, 4700 Keele St., North York, Ontario, Canada, M3J 1P3. Questions about the program should be The 1994 ISHE convention will take directed to Linda Mealey by phone at 1-612- place 3-7 August in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 363-3135, E-mail at [email protected], or as previously announced. The venue is Victoria mail at Psychology Department, College of St. University of the University of Toronto. Irwin Benedict, Collegeville, MN 56321 USA. Linda Silverman is the chief organizer. Krista will be unavailable until February. Phillips and Leon Sloman are assisting with local arrangements. Linda Mealey is Now is the time to begin talking up the organiZing the program. Glenn and Carol convention with your colleagues and students, Weisfeld are coordinating pUblicity. and thinking about what you might present there. Toronto is a great, safe, manageable, Victoria University is located in cosmopolitan city with numerous nearby downtown Toronto, readily accessible to attractions such as Niagara Falls. Montreal is museums, galleries, shopping areas, and other just a few hours away by rail. points of interest. Dormitory rooms are available at $60 per night, twin, and $42 If you have any suggestions on how to single, including breakfast ($50 and $35, publicize the convention, please contact Glenn respectively, for undergraduate students and Weisfeld. This includes the name and address persons 65 and over). Alternative arrangements of any appropriate newsletter or journal that have been made at the Park Plaza, a deluxe will run an announcement, or any profeSSional hotel several minutes' walk from the society that will give us their mailing list. University, at $99 for a single or double room. Now is the lime to call in those markers! All prices are in Canadian dollars, which are presently at about 75% of US dollars. 8 In the interests of economy and ETHOLOGY AND efficiency, Irwin will establish an inclusive SOCIOBIOLOGY registration fee, covering the welcoming reception, lunches, refreshments, barbecue, banquet, and Book of Abstracts. He will also Now that Ethology and Sociobiology arrange individual fees for each of the above has been taken over by the Human Behavior events for spouses and guests. and Evolution Society, a dispute has arisen concerning its name. Some individuals have Additional information will appear in proposed a name change, perhaps to the the next Newsletter, along with the Call for Journal of the Evolution of Human Behavior. Papers and registration forms for the convention Those who take this position seem to be some of and accommodations. Questions about the people who call themselves "evolutionary Page 2 psychologists" and want to avoid the political pay your dues promptly, your name will be stigma of the term "sociobiology." Others excluded from the directory. The last calendar oppose a name change, saying that the journal year through which you are paid is mentioned is very frequently cited in indices and has an on your address label. excellent reputation. There is also the matter- -not unimportant to ISHE members, who were Please note that we have a new instrumental in founding the journal and remain Treasurer; Barbara Fuller; all payments should frequent contributors--of retention of the term go directly to her. Members may now pay by "ethology." credit card (VISA, Master-, or Eurocard). Please use this method if at all possible, as it Another issue that has arisen is saves us currency conversion charges. whether or not to make any changes in the editors, a possibility that was broached at the 1993 HBES convention. Some individuals have voiced support for the efforts of Michael 1993 ESS MEETING McGuire, the editor-in-chief. The reasons for adding a fourth editor, one proposal, have not The European Sociobiological Society been made clear. The other current editors are held its annual conference in Amsterdam 19-21 Nick Blurton Jones and Peter K. Smith. August 1993. Approximately 50 members attended the conference, entitled "Sociobiology This dialogue has occurred through a and the Arts." A list of the papers follows. new electronic bulletin board arranged by an HBES member. The address is HBES- "Why we make art," by Nancy E. Aiken, P. O. [email protected]. You may wish Box 27, Guysville, OH 4535 USA. to express your views on these topics by addressing the users of this bulletin board en "Painterly attraction and the prejudices of masse or by contacting the Secretary of HBES, perception," by Paul van den Akker, Vakgroep Margo Wilson, at Main Office, Psychology Kunstgeschiedenis en Archeologie, Vrije Department, McMaster University, Hamlton, Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1, tel. 1-905-525-9140, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ext. 23000, fax 1-905-529-6225, E-mail [email protected]. The bulletin "The Pythagorean perspective," by "Robin board may prove serviceable to members for Allott, 5 Fitzerald Park, Seaford, East Sussex other reaasons also. BN25 lAX, England.

A reduced rate for Ethology and "Apotrapaic iconography in a non-territorial Sociobiology is now available for HBES context," by Jan Baptist Bedaux, Vakgroep members. The rate is $60 US, or $150 for three Kunstgeschiedenis en Archeologie, Vrije years (hall price for students). Payment may be Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV sent to Margo Wilson at the address above. Amsterdam, The Netherlands. "Art and domestic morality," by Kathryn Coe, Hispanic Research Center, Arizona State MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY University, Tempe, AZ 85287-2702 USA. "Alexander Pushkin and the memetics of Everyone who has renewed his or her reputation," by Brett Cooke, Dept. of Modem membership to ISHE for 1994 will be listed in and Classical Languages, Texas A & M the Membership Directory soon to be prepared. University, College Station, TX 77843-4238 If you have not yet paid your dues, please USA. complete the form on the last page. Whether you have already renewed or not, please "The biology of Dostoevsky's Crime and complete the form on the second-last page (or a Punishment: cultural text as adaptive photocopy thereof). If you do not complete this mechanism, by Gary Cox, Dept. of Foreign form, the same information will be used that Languages, Southern Methodist University, appeared in the last directory. If you do not Dallas, TX, USA. Page 3

"Evolution, brain and arts," by Valery Dinev, "Phylogenetic behavioural valences as an Dept. of Philosophy, Sofia University, 15 'organizing factor' in the development of Rusky Boulevard, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria. cultures and civilizations," by Antonio Santangelo, Piazzale Giovanni dalle Bande "Music as a human behaviour: an hypothesis of Nere 2, 20146 Milano, Italy. evolutionary origin and function," by Ellen Dissanayake, 329 W. 20th St., New York, NY "Preliminary findings on testing biological 10011 USA. principles of art," by Wouter W. van der Schaar, Laagschardammerweg 3, 1476 ND "Biology as scientific argument in political Schardam, The Netherlands. debates: a resurgent problem in Europe," by Vincent S.E. Falger, Dept. of International "Art in the head: about teaching, about Relations, University of Utrecht, Janskerkhof thinking, about art," by Stephen W. Shipps, 22 3, 3512 BK Utrecht, The Netherlands. Prospect, Newburyport, MA 01950 USA.

"Art and aspects of creative behaviour in "The line between science and politics: rhesus monkeys," by Cor Goosen, TNO Medical comments on recent revisions to ESS policies Biological Laboratory, Lange Kleiweg 151, P. regarding the use of sociobiiology for political o. Box 5815, 2280 HV Rijswijk, The purposes," by Irwin Silverman, Psychology Netherlands. Dept., York University, 4700 Keele St., North York, Ontario, M3J IP3 Canada. "Art making behavior in sentient mammals: implications for therapeutic enrichment, "Guardians of the network of human altruistic motivation and aesthetics," by David R. exchange," by Arthur M. Squires, Virginia Henley, The School of the Art Institute of Polytechnic Institute and State University, P. Chicago, Dept. of Art Education and Art O. Box 10098, Blacksburg, VA 24062 USA. Therapy, Columbus Drive at Jackson Blvd., Chicago, IL 60603 USA. "Ethological aspects of apotropaic symbolism in art," by Christa Sutterlin, Forschungsstelle "Effects of factors influencing the sex ratio of fur Humanetholgie, Max-Planck-Institut, von- newborns follOWing wars," by Lajos Huse, der-Tann-Strasse 3-5, 0-82346 Andechs, Tizashonved u.i. 3300 Eger, Hungary. Germany.

Animal aesthetics and human art," by Thierry "Beauty: an evolutionary and chaos-theory Lenain, Avenue Wannecouter I-bte 11, B-I020 perspective," by Frederick Turner, University Bruxelles, Belgium. of Texas at Dallas, Box 830688, Richardson, TX 75083-0688 USA. "Adaptive role of the aesthetic experience--an epistemological approach," by Andras Ludmany, Heliophysical Observatory of the Membership Renewals for 1994 Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 30, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary. It is time to renew your membership for 1994 if you have not already done so. Membership is "The utilitarian value of human aesthetic by calendar year, so dues are to be paid by the judgement," by James W. McAllister, Faculty of first of the year. If the date on your mailing Philosophy, University of Leiden, P. O. Box label is earlier than the current year, it is time 9515, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. to renew your membership. For economic reasons, renewal notices are not sent. Those "Vegetable, animal, human: the perils and who do not renew their memberships will be powers of trespassing (sociobiological) removed from the membership list. Please boundaries," by Eric S. Rabkin, Dept. of English report any errors, change of address, etc. to the Language and Literature, University of editor. Current dues and directions for Michigan, 7611 Haven Hall, Ann Arbor, MI payment are given on the last page. 48109-1045 USA. Page 4

A. Hinde, J. Maynard Smith, R. L. Trivers, and CRIMEAN R. Dawkins.

CONFERENCE Deadline for abstracts is 15 April, 1-2 pages in English. Send to Dr. Vitaly Egorov, An international conference on "The M.D., Department of Psychiatry, Crimean Biology of Politics" will be held in the Crimea Medical Institute, Simferopol, 333000, Republic 26-30 May 1994. The conference is one of the of Crimea, Ukraine, CIS. annual series sponsored by the Crimean Medical Institute, Simferopol S tat e Registration fee is $70 before 1 April, University, and Crimean Ethological $80 thereafter. Send name, address, academic Association. degree, telephone, fax, and E-mail infomation to Dr. Egorov. Topics will include (1) biological roots of politics, (2) political changes and human Single rooms are $90 per night, double psychopathology, (3) politics and behavior, rooms $75 per person per night; lodging is to be and (4) politics and childhood. Invited purchased in cash upon arrival. These fees speakers are H. J. Eysenck, I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, R. include all meals, transportation, excursions, D. Masters, M. T. McGuire, V. P.. Samohvalov, and cultural aclivities. Banquet tickets may be A. N. Kornetov, W. Schiefenhovel, D. PJoog, R. purchased for $10 upon arrival.

REPLIES TO AN ARTICLE

Homosexuality, Sociobiology, and adaptive if their phenotypes somehow Stress improved the reproductive fitness of their kin, "as helpers at the nest," for example. However, Trivers' (and Roes) rejecled this possibility By George Kocan, 27 W 179 Galusha Rd., because such helpers should be asexual rather Warrenville, IL 60555 USA than sexual.

Frans Roes has indeed tackled a In my opinion, Roes is having trouble perplexing subject in the September 1993 issue of with his theory because it is essentially self- HEN. He proposed to explain human male contradictory. He starts out with the homosexuality using sociobiological theory. assumption that homosexuality is something inherited and genetically specified--why else He argued that heterosexual men attempt a sociobiological explanation? Then he normally compete with each other over WOmen. is forced to abandon that assumption to permit Homosexual men, on the other hand, would not some reproduction. compete but, instead, would form bonds, which would in turn facilitate cooperation between Roes argues that homosexuals would them and allow them to rise in male dominance compete with each other in a social hierarchy. hierarchies. However, in order for homosexuals But men form strong bonds anyway during their to take advantage of their superior positions in climb up the social ladder, without the need for social hierarchies, Roes assumes that they sexual relations. On the other hand, must eventually become heterosexual. homosexual relations are known to be unstable Otherwise they will not pass on their genes to (Nicolosi, 1991) and, therefore, unreliable in another generation. dominance competitions.

Roes contrasted his theory with Homosexuality presents a challenge to Trivers' (1985) explanation based on kin the theoretical biologist because it persists and selection. Genes for homosexuality would be yet should not persist. It is truly a paradoxical PageS situation. Margolese, M. S. (1970). Homosexuality: a new endocrine correlate. Honnones and 'Bellavior, 1: The most parsimonious approach is to 151-155. view homosexuality as it has traditionally been viewed in the behavioral sciences, as Niocolosi, J. (1991). Reparative Tlterapy of pathology. The persistence of diabetes or Male Homosexuality: A New Clinical prostate cancer in the human populallon does Approacll. Northvale, N]: Jason Aronson. not make them adaptive and in need of any sociobiological analyses. They are simply Trivers, R. L. (1985). Social Evo(ution. Menlo diseases. Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings.

Perhaps the clues to the etiology of Ward, I. L. (1974). Sexual behavior homosexuality can be found in biopsychology. differentiation: prenatal hormonal and Ward (1974) stressed pregnant rats and found environmental control. In Friedman et al., op that the male offspring exhibited more female cit. sexual behavior, lordosis, and less male behavior, mounting, than controls. Harlan et al. (1979) reported that stress in utero was associated with compulsory effeminate Response to Frans Roes' behavior in boys, without any changes in sex Explanation ofMale organs. Boys expressing conflict in sexual HomosexualiftJ identity show a high frequency of severe stress in their backgrounds, e.g., a stay in the hospital (Green, 1974). By Kent G. Bailey, Linda B. Roswell, and Helen E. Wood, Virginia Commonwealth Margolese (1970) found a biochemical University, Richmond,VA 23284-2108 USA. difference between homosexual and heterosexual men in the ratio of androstene to Roes raises a number of interesting etiocholanolone (A/E). Homosexual men's A/E issues in his commentary on male values fell closer to the female range than did homosexuality (HEN, September 1993). He those of heterosexual men. Non-healthy suggests that male homosexuality may have heterosexual men, ones suffering from diabetes evolved as a device to improve social or severe depression, also had A/E values near dominance among unrelated males who were the female range. unwilling to engage in typical male-male competition. Along with Trivers (1985), Roes Homosexuality, in other words, implies rejects the incusive fitness, or "helpers at the an early psychophysiological history of severe nest," notion set forth by Wilson (1978), and, stress. This does not rule out a sociobiological thus, some heterosexual activity in explanation. But its existence may suggest the homosexuals must be assumed if their genes are need for another line of theorizing. to survive. We have several responses to the issues raised. References (1) Roes seems to take the approach of Friedman, R. c., Richart, R. M., & van de first observing a current human behavioral Wiele, R.L. (Eds.) (1974). Sex Differences in phenomenon (viz., male homosexuality), and Bellavior. New York: Wiley, 1974. then "creating" possible scenarios in original evolutionary environments w her e Green, R. (1974). Sexual Identity Conflict in predispositions toward the behavior might Cilildren and Adults.. New York: Basic Books. have been selected. Thus, (a) homosexual males in current highly populated Harlan, E., Gordon, J. H., & Gorski, R. A. environments tend to band together, perhaps to (1979). Sexual differentiation of the brain. improve their social dominance; (b) therefore, Reviews of Neuroscience, 4:: 31-71. let us look for some similar substrate for this Page 6

phenomenon in the original environment of notion and Roes' argument for improved social evolutionary adaptiveness (EEA). dominance might be preserved. If we assume that a very small proportion of males in the The current approach in evolutionary band or family does help around the "nest" by psychology (Tooby & Cosmides, 1992; Tooby & aiding women and offspring, then it is clear DeVore, 1985) is to first determine what the that the homosexual's alliance is with women original EEAs were like, how they shaped the rather than other homosexual men. This view complex design characteristics of the gets around the dramatic losses in male RS adaptation in question (e.g., proneness to associated with certain males collecing in non- homosexuality), and only then to look for (or breeding clusters for some ostensible social attempt to predict) expressions of the original purpose. Moreover, the homosexual may accrue mechanism in current environments. By benefits in the form of protection and support definition, expressions of an evolved trait in from the women in the band when he is put upon the original EEA are adaptive, but expressions by more dominance male heterosexuals. Indeed, in the current environment mayor may not be. this form of social organization could Current expressions may exaggerate, attenuate, conceivably produce higher levels of inclusive or distort the original trait characteristic. fitness than a group where all males are Indeed, much physical and mental pathology potential breeders. Here the homosexual seems to reflect "mismatches" between the would facilitate survival of offspring but not original design characteristic (e.g., xenophobia their reproduction. Note that this argument or a taste for sweet fruit) and current stretches the notion of inclusive fitness quite a expressions (e.g., racism or excessive bit and hints at group selectionism. consumption of refined sugar); see Williams & Nesse, 1990. (4) To circumvent these problems, we argue that effeminacy--and not altruism or (2) It is unlikely that homosexuali ty, hOlTIosexuality per se--was the primary as such, evolved as a specialized adaptation in precursor of modern homosexuality that was the first place. Early human groups in the selected for in the EEA. That is, perhaps Pleistocene probably numbered 25-50 people effeminacy was normal for a small minority of divided into 5-7 families of mostly blood kin males in original ancestral bands, thereby and perhaps a few "psychological kin" (Bailey helping to cement the alliance between male & Wood, 1993). With such sparse numbers, how homosexuals and women in the group. Male could ipsisexual non-breeders or rare-breeders heterosexuals probably tolerated them, and no be adaptive relative to adult heterosexual men one was in the closet. Perhaps adult who were all potential breeders? If we assume heterosexual males would even engage in brief that one male of the 15 or so adult males in a and occasional dalliances with homosexuals, band of 50 is homosexual, then male potential somewhat like the facultative homosexuality reproductive success is reduced by 7%. If we that occurs today in prisons. That many current further assume that he must have at least one homosexuals appear just as masculine as collaborative homosexual partner so that heterosexuals may reflect the severe bias "improved social dominance" may be selected against overt homosexuality in modem society. for, then male reproductive success will be This prejudice notwithstanding, childhood reduced by nearly 14% for the band. If we gender noncomformity (effeminacy) is the only compute byfamily rather than by band, then reliable predictor of later homosexuality in one homosexual is likely to reduce male RS by modem contexts (Wenegrat, 1984). as much as 50-100%. It is difficult to see how any benefits from homosexuality would This evolutionary scenario is consistent increase overall fitness in view of these large with the hypothesis that a small proportion of losses in RS. If more than two homosexuals per the peripheralized males in the ancestral band were needed to form a core group of group may have opted for effeminacy as a sociosexual allies, then the reproductive loss reliable means of avoiding violent attacks from would be proportionately greater. dominant males (Wenegrat, 1984). Such effeminate peripheralists might have enjoyed (3) There is one way that the thrust of relative safety and freedom while ensconced in both Wilson's (1978) "helpers at the nest" ther submissive, effeminate gender roles. Page 7

Reproductive success was probably mediated by the berdacM; see Wenegrat, 1984). These some indirect or attenuated form of males are generally of low status, but they heterosexuality. Note that this explanation sometimes hold special roles in the group. emphasizes individual and not group selection. Sometimes adopting this sex role is a precondition for future shamanship and other (5) The peripheralist male who opted spiritual duties, and homosexual prostitition for effeminacy in the EEA would not have been occasionally plays a role in religious truly homosexual but, rather, a submissive and observances. probably weakly heterosexual male (see Ellis & Ames, 1987) who waS unwilling to risk injury (7) We suggest that true homosexuality in what was often violent sexual competition. did not evolve either as an altruistic Yet, when most of the group's males went off adaptation or as a homophilic adaptation for hunting, he would have been (a) freed from increasing male social dominance (see also male attack for heterosexual overtures and (b) Wilson, 1983). What evolved much earlier was "in the land of plenty" in terms of friendly a basic mammalian bisexual continuum that women. It is easy to imagine some heterosexual allowed for wide behavioral flexibility activity in this setting of low sexual depending upon environmental circumstances. competition and high sexual ·access. Ergo, In humans, this behavioral continuum proceeds homosexual genes are transmitted into future from highly feminized-weakly heterosexual generations in a steady but trickling stream. males to minimally feminized-strongly heterosexual males. Mellen (1981) Badcock (1991) points out that hypothesizes that gene mutations that reduced homosexuals of both sexes lead active sex lives, heterosexual masculinity may have contributed often have children, and seldom are completely to progressive cultural advances during exclusive in their sexual preference. He hominid evolution. The more neotenized, concludes that a pattern of fluctuating sensitive, communicative male was not only bisexuality characterizes most modern more"cultural," but also a better prospective homosexuals, and that the male homosexual is mate and parent in the eyes of women. Modem especially prone to deceive "other males by homosexuality may be a by-product of this appearing to be less-than-male in appearance progressive softening of ancient male traits of or behavior" (p. 153). Such deception serves to physical violence, dominance conflict, and relax both the sexual competitiveness of other male bonding. males and the defenses of the female against seduction. This strategy may offer the only In summary, highly feminized males in route to reproductive success for effeminate the EEA were on the periphery of the group peripheralist males unable to compete directly (along with other nondominant males) and against other males for RS. were forced to achieve reproductive success in indirect and deceptive ways. Being a helper at (6) If the effeminacy-deception the nest, therefore, provided two major strategy was adaptive for a small proportion of individual benefits: escape from male periperalist males in ancestral bands, then competition and formation of alliances with today it ought to be evident in less developed, sympathetic women who provided reliable preindustrial societies. In America, social support and occasional sexual access. homosexual customs have been observed in numerous native tribes and, since ancient times, men have dressed as women and lived with References other men as "wives." Westermarck (1906) tells of similar practices around the world Badcock, C. (1991). Evolution and Individual where homosexuality is associated with cross- Behaviour. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell. dressing, renunciation of the heterosexual role, assumption of female domestic duties, and Bailey, K. G., & Wood, H. E. (1993). friendships and alliances with women. Psychological kinship theory: social behavior Homosexual roles are often assigned to and clinical practice. Presented at the Human effeminate males who cannot attract a woman Behavior and Evolution Society meeting, or who fail in competitive rites of passage (e.g., Binghamton, NY. PageS

Ellis, L., & Ames, M. A. (1987). Neurohormonal Trivers, R. L. (1985). Social Evolution. Menlo functioning and sexual orientation: A theory of Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummins Publishing. homosexuality-heterosexuality. Psycllological Bulletin, 101, 233-258. Wenegrat, B. (1984). Sociobiology and Menial Disorder. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Mellen, S. L. W. (1981). TIle Evolution of Love. San Franeisco: Freeman. Westermarck, E. (1906). Origin and Development of Moral Ideas. Lon don: Tooby, ]., & Cosmides, L. (1992). The Macmillan. psychological foundations of culture. In J. H. Barkow et al. (Eds.), TIte Adapted Min d: Williams, G. c., & Nesse, R. M. (1991). The Evolutionary Psycllology and tile Generation of dawn of Darwinian medicine. Quarterly Culture. New York: Oxford University Press. Review of Biology, 66, 1-22.

Tooby, ]., & DeVore, I. (1987). The Wilson, E. O. (1978). On Hllman Natllre. reconstruction of human behavioral evolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. In W. G. Kinzey (Ed.), tile Evolution of Human Bellavior: Primate Models. Albany, NY: State Wilson, G. (1983). Love and Instinct. New University of New York Press. York: Quill.

The androgens "bring about many different BOOK REVIEWS effects in different regions of the body, both during development and later during adult life" The Sexual Brain (p.26). For example, testosterone determines, during a critical period, that two perineal By Simon LeVay. The MIT Press, 55 Hayward muscles and associated spinal neurons survive in St., Cambridge, MA 02142 USA, and London, the male; in the female, some of these cells die, England. 1993. xvi + 168 pp., $22.50 (hdbk.). and the two muscles, involved in penile erection, are smaller (pp. 48-49). Reviewed by David G. Hays, 25 Nagle Avenue, Apt. 3-G, New York, NY 10040 USA In his chapter on brain organization, LeVay concludes that the evidence for For most ethologists, most of the localization of function is "overwhelming," but information in this book is essential. that a complex activity ("playing the (Specialists who review the work will have to clarinet") must require skills "distributed over say whether the information is complete, many systems and circuits" (pp. 35-36). He unbiased, and accurate.) LeVay, whose field gives particular attention to the was the neurobiology of vision, who published hypothalamus, and he discusses several one laboratory paper on sexuality and the techniques. The behaviors and neuro-glandular brain, and who has become an academic mechanisms of sexual intercourse are treated in ad ministrator, intends his book on sexuality to a few pages. A chapter on courtship is mostly be "accessible to any interested reader" (p. xv). about birdsong and eye contact. I think it is, and it contains much that is new to me. Maternal behavior in the rat follows from "a reorganization of the brain under the LeVay begins by defining sex and influence of at least four hormones ..." that are discussing its evolution and development. A released just before delivery (p. 64). A long gene, the testis-determining factor (TDF), is pathway leads from the sensations that triggered in the male embryo some 2 months accompany suckling back to muscular expulsion after conception; its action leads to the release of milk. In that pathway are cells of the of androgens, which masculinize the organism. hypothalamus, separated from each other by The female grows without sexual hormones. glial cells that withdraw "A few hours before Page 9

the birth of the pups" (p. 66). LeVay grants these two points and to agree with him on that maternal behavior can be learned in the them. I am delighted to see the growing absence of the hormones, but he cites studies neurobiological explication of ethograms. suggesting that the presence of androgens shortly before birth alters at least "the range of circumstances in which such [maternal] The Antand the Peacock: Altruism behavior is exhibited" (p. 69). and Sexual Selection from In chapter 9 (pp. 71-81), LeVay defends Darwin to Today the assertion that 'There are separate centers within the hypothalamus for the generation of By Helena Cronin. Cambridge University male-typical and female-typical sex uaI Press, The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, behavior and feelings." Chapter 10 deals with Cambridge CB2 1RP, England; 40 W. 20th St., development; a striking finding is that adult New York, NY 10011 USA ($39.50 hdbk.), 1991. behavior of male rats castrated just before or after birth depends on timing; their "sex-typical behavior is organized during the Reviewed by William A Abruzzi, Rt.1, Box 75, critical period" during the first few days (p. Leicester, NC 28748 USA 87). In 1972, Ingeborg Ward reported that male offspring of rats held "in a Plexiglas tube under Professor Cronin performs a great bright lights ... for 45 minutes, three times a academic service by tracing the history of day, for the last week of pregnancy" (p. 90) Darwinism and neodarwinism, especially as show bisexual behavior at maturity. they relate to the issues of sexual selection and Experience has effects both before and after altruism. Many writers have addressed these birth. matters and have provided us with cogent arguments as to how natural selection and Differences between male and female survival might be compatible with concepts of not related to sexual behavior (chapter 11) altruism and sexual selection. However, on include, for example, performance on "the reading this intriguing volume, one is tempted water-level test: the subject is asked to indicate to cry out, 'Eureka! It's really simple!' the surface level of some water in a drawing of a tilted flask. ... in one study by Sandra Cronin has a way with words. She is Witelson at McMaster University 92% of the able to take ideas, distill them, and funnel (heterosexual) men but only 28% of the women them into shorter, more intelligible conclusions. passed the test" (p. 100). LeVay cites some What entire books have tried to do (such as evidence for effects of fetal hormone levels on Janus, Panda's Thumb, and Hen's Teeth and the abilities and tendencies treated in this Horses' Hooves), i.e., to point out that chapter. adaptations resulting from natural selection do not have to be perfect in order for us to eschew Chapter 12, on "Sexual Orientation and creationist concepts, Cronin manages to do in a Its Development," is twice as long as the few succinct early in the book. Suddenly, the runner-up, the only chapter to say mucll about notions of 'contraptions as opposed to history, and perhaps the least conclusive. contrivances' and of the 'skillful tinkerer' Only the brief chapter 13, on gender identity, become clear and simple. has less definite results to report. Like most of the adaptations that Epitomizing his views in an Epilogue, Cronin discusses, this book is not perfect. A long LeVay tells us that genetic inheritance and life section is devoted to a defense of how Darwin's experience combine to determine our nature, and theory explains both 'prodigious diversity', or that "even environmental and cultural adaptive complexity, and 'fundamental influences on the mind operate through likenesses'. There would seem to be some biological mechanisms" (p. 138). In my opinion, needless repetition here which begins to his book will lead many readers to understand resemble a somewhat petulant polemic, even Page 10 with some exhortative proselytizing. The connection between selection of the most vigorous and attractive male on the one On the other hand, the theories 0 f hand and, on the other, the female's sense of Lamarck and deMonet are beautifully robustness, possibilities of male investment in expounded and rebutted, and should be put to offspring, and overall survivability, is well rest for most informed readers. Also discussed made. At the same time, Cronin does not are the differences between classical hesitate to deal with the issue of the costs that Darwinism and so-called modem Darwinism. may be involved in selecting for these The author points out that the latter has a characteristics. Information about parasites, much greater conception of the inevitable costs Zahavi's handicap principle, and the selection of adaptation: "When classical Darwinism pressures caused by the male's manipulating looks at a mix of hatched and spoiled eggs it female taste, are all woven well into the sees above all an imperfect instinct that points author's paradigmatic fabric. As Fisher said in to absence of conscious design. For modem 1915, NO good taste makes good sense: and at the Darwinism, the same mix is the result of same time selection is busy refininR female selection for mixed tactics:' judgement...favoring the females who can spot an honest advertisement, and weeding Qut those It would be difficult to. imagine not who are taken in by cheats." finding in such a book a thorough discussion of the differences among various Iead i ng The 'saintly self-abnegation' of ants is evolutionists, especially regarding diversity symbolic and central to the message of the (specialization) and adaptation (phyletic second half of the book, in which the author evolution). Indeed, beginning on page 81 Cronin discusses the possible congruity of altruism presents a discussion of the possible scope of with natural selection. The usual examples of natural selection. This section is superbly nonhuman altruism, such as predator warnings, crafted, and makes fascinating reading as a food sharing, companion grooming, orphan result of the author's impeccable research and adopting, and fighting without seeming desire her command of colorful anecdotes and to maim or kill, are given full shrift. However, descriptions. the author is not reluctant to discuss other examples of altruism that do not seem to have To make sense, within a natural such obvious survival advantages and that selection framework, of some seemingly seem to involve not inconsiderable costs. unadaptive characteristics of many animals, Tennyson's 'red in tooth and claw' and the often including the peacock's flamboyance, the bee's referred to 'greater-good view' serve as a suicidal sting, and the widow bird's latticework for Cronin's discussion of altruistic dysfunctional long tail, requires a scholar and behaVior, Hamilton's prisoner's dilemma, kin talented communicator. Cronin is both. She selection, 'outlaw genes', the sterility of social says in effect that for sexual selection to occur, insect workers, human morality, and human rna te choice must act as a selective force. It sterility. Credit is given to the contributions of must bring about differential rates 0 f Mendel, and the arguments of Lorenz regarding reproduction favoring those individuals that aggression are highlighted in a treatment of have the preferred characteristic. 'species-level advantage'.

Her rebuttal of the arguments against The author dons her cap of philosopher sexual selection is similarly effective. Again, in the same lucid and concise style in a perhaps there is too much detail on each and discussion of human morality. The Darwinian every inconsistency between Darwin's and explanations of reciprocal altruism, and Wallace's views, especially regarding sexual espeCially that which suggests that individual dimorphism as it relates to protection and sacrifice for the sake of the group can evolve recognition. However, for those readers because it pays off in competition between interested in sexual selection, there is a fine groups, are simply the introduction to the description of the evolution of female choice: lengthy discussion of 'morality as natural its adaptive advantages, the selective history'. pressures that have given rise to these preferences, and how they are maintained (pp. Even our understanding of evolution as 174-188). modem Darwinism describes it is enhanced by Page 11

this volume. The sense that Darwinism implies have the power to turn against our creators. a relentless and deterministic, gene-over- We, alone on Earth, can rebel against the culture concept is dispelled, and Darwinism's tyranny of the selfish replicators'. optimism about the altruistic potential of humans can be seen in a recent quote of Richard Cronin's discussion of speciation and Dawkins: 'We have the power to defy the the conflicts between those who believe in selfish genes of our birth...we can even discuss gradual evolution and those who favor ways of deliberately cultivating and nurturing 'punctuated equilibrium' is perhaps a trifle pure, disinterested altruism-something that tedious. Instead of frequent references to has no place in nature, something that has such and such author, some of tnat time and never existed before in the whole history of the space might have been better used in the world. We are built as gene machines...but we discussion on breeding and sterility.

Officers of the Society However, in general, this is an excellent book. As inferred above, the author is President brilliant, exceedingly well informed an d William R. Charlesworth trained, .able to think independently, and Institute of Child Development above all, able to communicate her ideas in 51 East River Road simple, logical, and irrefutable style. The University of Minnesota description of geographic isolation and is Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA relationship to speciation is a perfect example of these remarkable skills put to excellent use. Vice-President-President-Elect This is a 'must' book not only for thinkers, Charles s. Crawford scholars, and researchers in the field of Department of Psychology ethology and evolution, but for biologists, SimonFraser University philosophers, and historians in generaI--as Burnaby, B. C. V5A 156 Canada well as for those who might aspire to enter those fields. Vice-President for Information Glenn Weisfeld Department of Psychology Wayne State University Detroit, !vII 48202 USA THE PURSUIT OF PLEASURE

Secretary By Lionel Tiger. Boston: Little, Brown & Karl Grammer CO.,1271 Avenue of the Americas, New York, Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institute for NY 10020 USA, 1992, $22.45 (hdbk.). Urban Ethology/Human Biology A1thanstrasse 14 Reviewed by Eric A. Salzen, University of A-I090 Vienna, Austria Aberdeen, Department of Psychology, Old Aberdeen AB9 200, Scotland. Treasurer Barbara F. Fuller Tiger attacks the questions of what is School of Nursing pleasure, is it good for you, and why do University of Colorado authori ties--religious, go vern m ental, 4200 E. Ninth Ave. educational, parental-try to forbid it, restrict Denver, CO 80220 USA it, or regulate it. He seeks the answers with the fundamental question of what is the Membership Chair meaning of pleasure, I.e., what is its Nancy L. Segal evolutionary history and function. His Department of Psychology treatment of these issues is encapsulated in the California State University opening paragraph of the introduction (p. 3): Fullerton, CA 92634 USA The sexual spasm is the most physically pleasurable human even!. Page 12

How does a person become introduced to drugs, and power, or dominance. Such topics are it? What meaning does it have? How more immediately appealing to the does it fit into the larger picture of prospective book buyer. personal and communal life? Let me begin this book about pleasure by Chapter three explains the modern telling how a newly adolescent abuse of these pleasures by the altered Montrealer first experienced willful circumstances of humans. Thus, pure sugar is orgasm. now constantly available. Sex, however, is not so simple; orgasmic pleasure is too short-lived The first two chapters take a to be pursued so persistently (De,,! me, what speculative stroll through human evolutionary are all those sex manuals for?). So, a history. First there are the sensory sociobiological explanation is required, namely adaptations to the hunter-gatherer existence- adaptive mechanisms that ensure a maximum the sweet taste of ripe fruit, the bitterness of number of breeding offspring. Addictions also plant alkaloids, the warmth of freshly killed require a different explanation. meat, the taste of salt to replace sweat loss, and of fat for future lean times. In the case of Drugs are substances that act directly, smells there is fresh air, other humans in the either on neurons associated with states of cave, the female sensitivity to male odor and to comfort, warmth, and social security, or on smells generally for food gathering. Then there neurons associated with states of high are the physiological adaptations to the performance. This is "...the cortical equivalent intermittent availability of food-gorging with of the sweet tooth" (p. 99). Drugs are addictive no "stop" mechanism, fat stores in the female, because there are no physiological "stop" social feeding and food sharing, and infant mechanisms and, being taken in private, drugs care. are not easily subject to social restraint.

More speculatively, Tiger postulates The next three chapters explore these the existence of inherited responses to burned ideas. The chapter on sex has aggression meat by the campfire. Leisure too is a thrown in because of its association, both pleasurable entitlement with its roots in the behaViorally and neurally, with dominance, time between hunts. (So that's why in so many power, access to females, and fitness 0 f cultures the men take their leisure while the offspring. In the food chapter, Tiger free- women keep busy! Sorry. I am emulating the associates, drawing on his personal knowledge Tiger--a dangerous thing to do, but speculation and experience of foods and restaurants. But we is so pleasurable, nearly as good as hunting; do not get away from sex in the form of one- perhaps it is related to hunting!) Although liners. Some of these are meaningful, e.g., "The Tiger then raises the issue of social control of joy of sex is concealed, the joy of eating is pleasure, he does not look into the possible obvious" (p. 174). Others are simply striving adaptive origin and function of such controls. for effect: "If the mouth were a male sex organ, it would be erect all the time" (p. 180). And Tiger's free associations on human what can one say of an imagination that adaptations and their relation to modern associates the "double-humped-M logo" of pleasures include one systematic piece of McDonald's fast food restaurants with "the thinking in the form of an inventory, or image of heroic breasts: the distillation 0 f classification, of pleasures. This consists of Dolly Parton" (p. 174)? Physio-pleasures based on bodily sensations, Socio-pleasures based on social interactions, The chapter on sensory pleasures deals Psycho-pleasures based on feelings of with choices of where to live, forms of competence and individuality, and Ideo- recreation, and the arts. Tiger uses the arts to pleasures involving mental states and show how authority tries to restrict pleasure. manipulations. However, apart from one Apart form the arguable question of whether chapter on the senses as Physio-pleasures, this abstract art and modem music do give pleasure, framework is not used to structure the rest of the it surely is necessary to consider other plausible book. Rather, Tiger takes a motivational explanations, e.g., innovative art represents a approach, citing the pleasures of sex, eating, public display of individual initiative and Page 13 nonconformity, and this is a challenge to behaviors might have conveyed the message authority. more effectively and convincingly. But no doubt the air traveler will enjoy reading this book, In the final chapter Tiger discusses the and Tiger can take pleasure in the thought that relations between power and pleasure, he will be giving ideo-pleasure to others-and including his own pleasure at knowing powerful of course earn royalties too! people. He recounts evidence of the effects of dominance on serotonin levels and on general health, and then launches into a free association on social hierarchies, clubs, ANNOUNCEMENTS subgroups, games, and dominance in sex.

He concludes by pleading for society to Bibliography of Human Behavior recognize the right to enjoy pleasure as much as the right not to suffer pain, and for people to Faithful readers of the newsletter will "...believe in the evolutionary entitlement to recollect that a call was issued for information pleasure" (p. 287). He asserts that "There need about Human Ethology Abstracts, which have be no inevitable contest between order and appeared irregularly in the journal Man- desire" (p. 298). However, as in so much of this Environment Systems.. Since this ISHE project book, assertion is not enough. The balance has lain fallow in recent years, it is timely between individual desires and social that a book of abstracts of works on human requirements is itself an evolutionary ethology and related fields has just appeared. adaptation which is sensitive to environmental Entitled The Bibliography of Human change. Behavior" it is edited by Hiram Caton and his associates, Frank K. Salter and J. M. G. van der Perhaps I have taken this book too Dennen. The bibliography contains 6700 seriously. It is clearly not intended as a entries from journals and books. This is by far scholarly work. No, this is an airport the largest collection of titles concerning bookstall paperback with an appropriate eye- biological approaches to human behavior, a catching sexy (but arty, of course) cover picture. literature estimated at 60,000 titles. About It will be a good read for the public. What 80% of the entries were published after 1979, could be more pleasurable than a book putting but classic works are included. ISHE and the the case for the pleasures of sex, food, power, ForschungssteIIe fur Humanethologie are leisure, good company, golf, even a moderate among the collaborators acknowledged. The drink? entries are organized under 19 headings, including human evolution, prehistory, human Seen in this light, it still seems biology, sociobiology, behavior genetics, insufficiently structured, too repetitive, and parenting, sexuality, and ethology (over 1000 inclined to free-association and digression, titles). There are author and subject indices. almost as if tape-recorded while on a long The 600-page volume is available from flight. It is full of bland assertions, one-liners, Greenwood Publishing Group, 88 Post Road and self-indulgences. The book says things in West, Box 5007, Westport, CT 06881 USA for which I believe; but it says them in ways that $95 (hdbk.; no plans for a paperback edition). frequently evoke reservations, dissent, and Credit card orders can be placed by calling 1- irritation because they are unnecessarily 800-225-5800, a toll-free (gratis) number. vulnerable to criticism and outright dismissal.

Certainly this book cannot be recommended to professionals in human Correction ethology, sociobiology, or anthropology. But it will convey to the general public some very In the September issue Bill McGrew was important ideas and attitudes toward pleasure incorrectly identified as European editor of and personal behavior. A little more attention Ethology and Sociobiology. Since July 1992 to its construction, to the line of thought, and to that position has been filled by Peter K. Smith. the other factors that could affect pleasurable The editor apologizes for this error. Page 14

Delwart Foundation Proceedings Editorial Staff The proceedings of the Brussels International Symposium on "Biological Evolution and AssDciate Editor Ethical Conduct" of 1991 have just been Laurence J. Stettner, published by the Fondation Jean-Marie Department of Psychology, Iv!! Delwart. Edited by Georges Thines, the book Wayne State University, Detroit, contains chapters by Edouard Bone, Hubert 48202 USA Montagner, Jacques-Dominique de Lannoy, tel. 1-313-577-2866 Patrick Lemoine & Bernard Lachaux, Luis Miguel dos Santos Sebastiao, Leon Sann, Luc de Current Literahue Editor Heusch, and Thines in French, and by Robin I. Robert M. Adams, M. Dunbar and Richard W. Byrne in English. Department of Psychology, The book is available for 1050 Belgian francs Eastern Kentucky University, from L'Academie Royale de Belgique, Palais Richmond, KY 40475-0937 USA des Academies, Rue Ducale 1, 8-1000 Bruxelles, Belgium. American Book Review Editor Linda Mealey Department of Psychology, Behavioral Genetics Methods St. John's University, Collegeville, MN 56321 USA Article tel. 1-612-363-3135 fax 1-612-363-3202 Nancy Segal, has published an article in the E-mail [email protected] American Psychologist on methods used by behavioral geneticists to test evolutionary British Book Review Editor hypotheses, The article, "Twin, sibling, and A. Stuart Laws adoption methods: tests of evolutionary Department of Psychology hypotheses," appeared in the September issue The University (vol. 46, nD. 9), pp. 943-956. FDr Nancy's Newcastle upon Tyne address shDuld YDU wish tD request a reprint, NEl 7RU, England see the Officers' BDx. tel. 44-91-222-6000 fax 44-91-261-1182 International Primatological Telex 53654 (UNINEW G) Society French Book Review Editor Peter lafreniere, Universile de The 15th CDngress Df the International Montreal Primatological Society will be held in Kuta, C. P. 6128, succursale A, Bali, Indonesia on 3-8 August 1994. For Montreal, Quebec H3C 3]7, Canada information, contact the Congress Secretariat: PT Buana Gelar Pariwicara, Wi sma Bank German Book Review Editor Dharmala--19th Floor, Jend. Sudirman Kav. Karl Grammer 28, Jakarta 12910, Indonesia. Abstracts are due Ludwig Boltzmann Institute fDr 30 March. Urban Ethologyf Human BiDlogy Althanstrasse 14 Orangutans Conference A-l090 Vienna, Austria Spanish and Portuguese Book Review Editor The First International Conference 0 n Eduardo Gudynas Orangutans: The Neglected Ape will take cf 0 ASMER Regional Office place in Fullerton, California, USA on 5-8 Casilla Correo 13125 March 1994. For information, contact Norm Montevideo, Uruguay Rosen, Dept. of Anthropology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92634-9480 USA. Page 15 American Society of from Vancouver (Canada) to Toronto arid takes three nights. It is also very scenic. The current Anthropologists price is $355 Canadian (plus $284 for a sleeper), The annual meeting of this society will be held or about $265 US; students and those over 60 in Seattle, Washington, USA on 27-30 July 1994. pay $308 Canadian (plus $256). This is about a information, contact Dr. Carolyn Crockett, 4000krn trip; costs about the same to fly. For information, call VIA Rail at 1-800-561-3949 Primate Center SJ-50, University 0 f Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. from the US, or your local VIA Rail office elsewhere. Canadian trains are more ISHE members may wish to attend this dependable than US ones, and cost about the convention and then travel by rail to Toronto for same. our meeting 3-7 August. The US train is the "Empire .Builder," from Seattle to Chicago. From ChIcago, depending on time of arrival ESS Conference take either the "International" to Toronto 0; one of three daily trains to Detroit (then take a The seventeenth meeting of the European taxi to the Windsor, Canada train station and Sociobiological Society will take place 25-28 take a VIA Rail train to Toronto). The Seattle- August In Krems (near Vienna), Austria. The Chicago train has sleeping cars (wagons-lit) major theme will be "Sociobiology and Social and takes two days. For information, call Intelligence." Local organizer is Dr. Anton Amtrak at 1-800-872-7245 in the US or Canada FUrlinger, Isbarygasse 13, 1140 Vienna, Austria, or your travel agent. The Canadian train tel. 222-949598.

CURRENT LITERATURE

December 1993 Barrett, K.c. (1993). The development of nonverbal communication of emotion: A functionalist perspective. Joumal of Nonverbal If you are interested in possibly reviewing one Behavior, 17, 145-170. (Dept. Hum an of the books below or some other suitable book, Development and Family Studies, Colorado please contact the appropriate book review State Univ., Ft. Collins, CO 80523 USA). editor (see Editorial Staff box). Barrette, C. (1993). The 'inheritance 0 f Please send reprints or citations of articles or dominance', or of an aptitude to dominate? books to the Current Literature Editor, Bob Animal Behaviour, 46, 591-593. (Dept. de Adams. Please be sure that the publications biologie, Universite Laval, Sainte-Foy, has not already been cited in this space. Quebec, Canada G1K7P4).

Archer, J.(Ed.) (1994). Male Violence. Barton, R.A. (1993). Sociospatial mechanisms Routledge, Cheriton House, North Way, of feeding competition in female olive baboons Andover, Hampshire, SP10 58E, U.K. £14.99, Papio anubis. Animal BehaviOllr, 46, 791-802 $19.95 (ppr.). Needs Reviewer. (Dept. of Anthropology, Univ. of Durham, 43 Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HN, U.K.) Baker, R.R., & Bellis, M.A. (1993). Human sperm competition: Ejaculate adjustment by Barton, R.A. & Whiten, A. (1993). Feeding males and the function of masturbation. competition among female olive baboons. Papio Animal Behaviour, 46, 861-885. (Dept. of anubis. Animal Behaviour, 46, 777-789. (see Environmental BioI., Univ. of Manchester, supra) Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.) Beckstrom, J.H. (1993). Darwinism Applied: Baker, R.R. & Bellis, M.A. (1993). Human Evolutionary Paths to Social Goals. sperm competition: Ejaculate manipulation by Greenwood Publishing Group, 88 Post Rd. females and a function for the female orgasm. West, P. O. Box 5007, Westport, cr 06881 USA, Animal Behaviour, 46, 887-909. (see supra) $45 (hdbk.). Needs Reviewer. Page 16

Bevc, I., & Silverman, I. (1993). Early intimacy Goode, W. J.(1993). World Changes in Divorce and proximity between siblings and later Patterns. Yale University Press, 92A Yale incestuous behavior. Ethology & Sociobiology, Station, New Haven, CT 06520 USA, $35 14, 171-181. (Silverman, Psych. Dept., York (hdbk.). University, 4700 Keele St., north York, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3) Gust, D.A. & Gordon, T.P. (1993). Conflict resolution in sooty mangabeys. Animal Camras, L.A., Sullivan, L & Michel, G. (1993). Behaviour, 46,685-694. (Yerkes Regional Do infants express discrete emotions? Adult Primate Research Center Field Station, 2409 judgments of facial, vocal, and body action. Taylor Ln., Lawrenceville, GA 30243 USA). Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 17, 171-186. (Dept. of Psych., DePaul Univ., 2323 N. Halberstadt, A.G. & Green, L.R. (1993). Social Seminary Ave, Chicago, IL 60614 USA). attention and placation theories of blushing. Motivation and Emotion, 17, 53. (N. Carolina Captianio, J.P. (1993). More on the relation of State Univ., Dept. Psychol., Raleigh, NC inheritance to dominance. Animal Behaviour, 27695,USA). 46, 600-602. (Dept. of Psych., Univ. of California, Davis, CA 95616-8686 USA). Halberstadt, A.G. (1993). Emotional experience and expression: An issue overview. Denham, S.A. & Grout, L. (1993). Socialization Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 17, 139-144. of emotion: Pathway to preschoolers' (Dept. of Psych., Box 7801, North Carolina emotional and social competence. Journal of State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695-7801 USA). Nonverbal Behavior, 17, 205. (Dept. of Psych., George Mason Univ., 4400 Univ. Dr., Fairfax, VA 22030 USA). Hess, J. Novak, M.A. & Povinelli, D.J. (1993). 'Natural pointing' in a rhesus monkey, but no Dewsbury, D.A. (1993). More on th e evidence of empathy. Animal Behaviour; 46, inheritance of dominance relationships: 1023-1025. (Dept. of Psych., Univ. of Extending the concept of the phenotype. Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA). Animal Behaviour, 46, 597-599. (Dept. of Psych., Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 Heyes, C.M. (1993). Imitation, culture and USA). cognition. Animal Behaviour, 46,999-1010. (Dept. of Psych., Univ. College London, Gower Dissanayake, Ellen (1992). HDIIlo Aestheticus: Street, London WClE 6BT, UK). Where Art CDIIles frDlll and Why. Free Press, 866 Third Ave., New York, NY 10022 USA, Holekamp, K.E. & Smale, L. (1993). Ontogeny $24.95 (hdbk.). Needs Reviewer. of dOIninance in free-living spotted hyenas: Juvenile rank relations with other immature Gangestad, S. W. (1993). Sexual selection ";:;a·· individuals. Animal Behaviour, 46, 451-466. physical attractiveness: implications for (Dept. of Zoology, Michigan State Univ., East mating dynamics. Human Nah"e, 4, 205-235. Lansing, MI 48824 USA). Dept. of Psych., Univ. of New Mexico" Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Huffman, M.A. (1992). Influences of female partner preference on potential reproductive Gazzaniga, M. (1992). Nature's Mind: The outcome in Japanese macaques. Folia Impact of Darwinian Selection on Thinking, Primatologiea, 59, 77-88. (Kyoto Univ. Dept. Emotions, Sexuality, Language and Zool., Human Evolut. Studies Lab., Sakyo Ku, Intelligence. Basic Books, 10 E.53rd St., New Kyoto 606, Japan). York, NY 10022 USA, $25 (hdbk.). Johnstone, R.A. & Graften, A. (1993). Goldschmidt, W. (1993). On the relationship Dishonesty and the handicap principle. between biology and anthropology. Man, 28, Animal Behaviour, 46, 759-764. (Dept. of Plant 341-360. (978 Norman PI., Los Angeles, CA Sciences, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RA, 90049 USA). U.K.) Page 17

Jones, D., & Hill, K. (1993). Criteria of facial Moore, A.J. (1993). Towards an evolutionary attractiveness in five populations. Human view of sodal dominance. Animal Behaviour, Nature, 4, 271-196 (Dept. of Anthropo!., Univ. 46, 594-596. (Dept. of Entomology, Or. for of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA). Evo!. Eco!., 5--225 Agric. Sd. Or. North, Univ. of KY, Lexington, KY 40546-0091 USA). Lynn, M. & Mynier, K. (1993). Effect of server Motro, U. (1993). Helpers at parents' nest: A posture on restaurant lipping. Journal of game theoretic approach. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23, 678. (Univ. of Theoretical Biology, 163, 127-134. (Hebrew Houston, Dept. of Mktg., Houston, TX 77204 Univ. Jerusalem, Alexander Silberman Inst. USA). Life Sci., Dept. Evolut. Systemat, & Eco!., IL 91904, Jerusalem, Israel) Mackey, W.e. (1993). Marital dissolution by sex of the petitioner: A test of the man-child O'Brien, T.G. (1993). Allogrooming behaviour affiliative bond. The Journal of Genetic among adult female wedge-capped capuchin Psychology, 154, 353-362. (Div. of Soc. Sci., El monkeys. Animal Behaviour, 46, 499-510. Paso Comm. College, El Paso, TX 79998 USA). (Dept. of Wildlife & Range Sciences, 118 Newins-Ziegler Hall, Univ. of Florida, Mascie-Taylor, e. G. N., & Lasker, G. W. Gainesville, FL 32611 USA). (1993). Applications of Biological Anthropology to Human Affairs. Cambridge O'Brien, T.G. (1993). Asymmetries in grooming University Press, Pitt Bldg., Trumpington interactions between juvenile and adult female Street, Cambridge CB2 1 RP, U.K.; 40 W. 20th wedge-capped capuchin monkeys. Animal St., New York, NY 10011 USA. Behaviour, 46,929-938. (Dept. of Wildlife and Range Soences, 118 Newins-Ziegler Hall, Masters, R. D. (1993)Beyond Relativism: Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA). Science and Human Values. University of New England Press, Hanover, NH, USA. Parsons, P.A. (1993). Evolutionary adaptation and stress: Energy budgets and habitats Masters, R. D., & Sullivan, D.G. (1993). preferred. Behavior Genetics, 23,231-238. Nonverbal behavior'and leadership: emotion (Univ. Adelaide, Waite Inst., Glen Osmond, SA and cognition in political attitudes. In S. 5064, Australia). Iyengar & W. McGuire (Eds.), Explarations in Political Psychology. Duke University Press, Phelps, M.T., (1993). An examination of Lynn's 6697 College Station, Durham, NC 27708 USA. evolutionary account of racial differences in intelligence. Mankind Quarterly, 33, 295-308. McFarland, D., & Bosser, T. (1993). Intelligent (Univ. Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Behaviar in Animals and Robots. MIT Press, 55 Canada N6A). Hayward St., Cambridge, MA 02142 USA, $39.95 (hdbk.). ;ftoch;,-A. F. (1993). Growth, Maturation, and ( Body Composition: TIle Fels Longitudinal McGeer, T. (1993). Dynamics and control of , Study 1929-1991. Cambridge University Press, bipedal locomotion. Journal of TIleoretical Pitt Bldg., Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 Biology, 163,277-314. (Institu. Grp., 224 Robin lRP, U.K.; 40 W. 20th St., New York, NY 10011 Way, Menlo Pk., CA 94025 USA). USA.

McGrew, W. e., & Marchant, 1. F. (1993). Are (1993). Religious behaviour as a gorillas right-handed or not? Hum an utility- and inclusive fitness-optimizing Evolution, 8, 17-23. Dept. of Sodo!. & Anthro., strategy. Social Science Information, 32, 387- Miami Univ., Oxford, OH 45056 USA. 417. (Meeuwenlaan l11a, 1021 HX Amsterdam Netherlands). McGrew, W. e. & Webster, J. (1992). Why not bigamy? In T. Nishida, W. e. McGrew, P. Roes, F. 1. (1993). De Naakte Molrat. Over Marler, M. Pickford & F. B. M. de Waal (Eds.), mensen, dieren en evolutie ([he Naked Mole Topics in Primatology, Vol. 1: Human Origins. Rat: On Humans, Animals and Evolution). Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. (See supra) Amsterdam: Prometheus. In Dutch, f. 19.90. Page 18

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