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Food Sovereignty and the Cultural Politics of Transgenic Corn

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Food Sovereignty and the Cultural Politics of Transgenic Corn CONTESTING THE FUTURE OF THE CAMPO MEXICANO: FOOD SOVEREIGNTY AND THE CULTURAL POLITICS OF TRANSGENIC CORN Alice Brooke Wilson A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Anthropology. Chapel Hill 2015 Approved by: Rudi Colloredo-Mansfeld Arturo Escobar Dorothy Holland Charles Price Wendy Wolford ©2015 Alice Brooke Wilson ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT ALICE BROOKE WILSON: Contesting the Future of the Campo Mexicano: Food Sovereignty and the Cultural Politics of Transgenic Corn (Under the direction of Dorothy Holland) This dissertation analyzes the social-spatial knowledge practices that have emerged in the controversy over genetically modified (GM) transgenic corn in Mexico. This controversy is embedded within a broader struggle over the future of global food production and consumption, as the idea of agrobiotechnology as a techno-fix to global climate change and hunger increasingly takes over the popular imagination. The concept of food sovereignty, as developed within the Vía Campesina social movement, has emerged as a powerful discursive alternative on this terrain. Mexico is one of the most active sites of dispute over the future and meaning of maize and small-scale farming in North America. Through ethnographic and discursive engagement with the key social movement network that has emerged "in defense of maize" in Mexico, this dissertation analyzes the practices that have worked to generate autonomy and alternative geographies of territory and justice in the struggle over transgenic maize between the years 2009 and 2014. The complexity of intertwined cultural and biological processes that give rise to agrobiodiversity make studying the cultural politics of maize and the rearticulation of agrarian progress particularly relevant in maize’s "center of origin." This project describes and analyzes three specific, concrete sets of world-making practices taking place at different sites of struggle against transgenic corn in Mexico: testing, mapping, and the international Permanent People’s Tribunal. These practices emerged in iii moments of crisis—of contamination, of defining the centers of origin of maize, and of state impunity—within the larger discourse of crisis that frames rural Mexico as under "attack" by the Mexican government, starting with the neoliberal reforms of the 1980s. Each site of struggle and cultural politics has changed the terms of resistance through multiple experimentations, specifically generating practices of autonomy and multiplicity. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The thread of this project started with the bonds of friendship and trust formed between the Social Movements Working Group at UNC-CH and the ETC Group in North Carolina—many thanks to Hope Shand, Silvia Ribeiro, and Verónica Villa at ETC Group, and Ramón Vera of Ojarasca. They connected me with the world-makers who continually generate and regenerate La Red en Defensa del Maíz/The Maize Defense Network, to whom this project is dedicated. Many thanks go to Annette Desmarais. Thanks also to the IDIEZ in Zacatecas, especially John Sullivan, Manuel de la Cruz, and León García Garagarza. My deepest gratitude goes to all the people who have welcomed me into their lives during these years. The abundance of generosity, curiosity, and optimism has been stunning. My colleagues at the Ceccam, especially Iván Hernández Baltazar, Roberto Muciño Cervantes, and Daniel Sandoval, and the ever-inspiring Ana de Ita, welcomed me with great warmth, opening the archives and including me in everything. The Ceccam will forever be one of my favorite places in the world. Luis Hernández Navarro—your intellectual and political support has been invaluable, and your faith in this project has been sustaining. In Mexico City, thanks to my friend of nearly 20 years Carina Islandia Guzmán Bullock, who shared her home and family and opened the door to the night of Mexico City, welcoming me into Machistán. Much love and gratitude goes to my friend and occasional research assistant Fabiola Martínez, as well as Itzayana Gutiérrez, Artemisa Téllez, Teresa Chang, and Mónica Coria. José Luis Hernández Azpeitia, my dear Pepe, thank you for welcoming me into your family and all the yoga, coffees, and many dinners shared with René Martínez. v I’m very grateful for my UNC-CH writing group, Joe Wiltberger and Holly Worthen, for the incredibly valuable feedback and support. Thanks to everyone in the UNC Social Movements Working Group for providing an intellectual home from my first day in Chapel Hill, and especially Michal Osterweil—so many amazing meals and hilarious moments. Thanks also to the others who have made Carrboro a home: Sammy Slade, everyone at the BOG, Vimala Rajendran and Rush Greenslade, Vinci Daro, and Kim Calandra. Aniruddhan Vasudevan’s clever kindness helped immensely in Austin. I have deep gratitude to the many people who worked at Maverick Farms in Valle Crucis, NC, over the past years, especially Sara Safransky, Leo Gaev, and Christof den Biggelaar. Many thanks to my incredibly encouraging committee: Dorothy Holland, Arturo Escobar, Charles Price, Rudi Colloredo-Mansfeld, and Wendy Wolford. Each of you approaches your work with deep care and commitment to the possibilities of other worlds. Putting your intellectual work into conversation with this project has been an inspiration. And Suphronia Cheek made sure it all happened, and with such kindness. My parents and their partners have all been wonderfully supportive—much love and gratitude to each of you. My sister, Hillary, and her partner Worth Kimmel have been there at every step—thank you for taking over all the farm chores and caring for my beloved cat Tuta, may she rest in peace. Tom Philpott—you are part of everything. Thank you. Additional thanks for research funding provided by: the Social Science Research Council’s Dissertation Proposal Development Fellowship Program, the Tinker Summer Field Research Grant, Foreign Language Area Studies Fellowship, UNC-Chapel Hill Off-Campus Research Dissertation Fellowship, and the Inter-American Foundation Grassroots Development Fellowship. Dissertation research UNC Project IRB #09-2191; Pre-dissertation UNC Project IRB #08-0835. References follow the author-date system, Chicago Manual of Style, 16th edition. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .....................................................................................................................viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................ix INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................1 Part I: LAYERS OF STRUGGLE CHAPTER 1 SOCIAL MOVEMENT LANDSCAPES................................................................22 CHAPTER 2 MEXICO: CONSTRUCTING AN HISTORICAL NARRATIVE.........................61 CHAPTER 3 MAIZE POLITICS, ECONOMICS AND BIOLOGY............................................94 CHAPTER 4 ANTHROPOLOGY AND RURAL MEXICO.....................................................109 Part II: AUTONOMY PRACTICES CHAPTER 5 TESTING: MILPA, CONTAMINATION AND AUTONOMY PRACTICES....129 CHAPTER 6 MAPPING: COUNTER-MAPPING THE CENTERS OF ORIGIN....................148 CHAPTER 7 TRIBUNAL: CARTOGRAPHY OF JUSTICE....................................................176 CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................188 APPENDIX A .............................................................................................................................193 APPENDIX B .............................................................................................................................196 WORKS CITED..........................................................................................................................198 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Distribution of native maize in Mexico (CONABIO 2011)………………….……….8 Figure 2.1 Alter created at the Permanent People’s Tribunal hearing in Oaxaca……..…………27 Figure 2.2 Zapatista march ……………………………………………………..……………….45 Figure 2.3 Vía Campesina March………………………………………………………………. 48 Figure 2.4 Corn people…………………………………...…………………………………….. 50 Figure 2.5 Student marcher…………………………………………..…………………………..50 Figure 5.1 Nixtamalized maize……..…………………………………….…………………….140 Figure 6.1 Territory outside the centers of origin………………………………………………163 Figure 6.2 Close up of map…………………………………………………...……………….. 163 Figure 6.3 The Ceccam’s first map……………………………………..………………………167 Figure 7.1 TPP hearing …………………………………………….…………………………. 182 viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CECCAM Centro de Estudios para el Cambio en el Campo Mexicano CENAMI Centro Nacional de Ayuda a las Misiones Indígenas/National Support Center for Indigenous Missions CONABIO Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad/National Commission for Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity CONASUPO Compañía Nacional de Subsistencias Populares/National Company of Popular Subsistence CIMMYT Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo/International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center CNC Confederación Nacional Campesina EZLN Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional/Zapatista Army of National Liberation GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade LBOGM Ley de Bioseguridad de Organismos Genéticamente Modificados/Biosafety Law for Genetically Modified
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