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Wed, Nov 19 2014. 12 28 AM IST Changing mindsets, the Churu way If Churu in Rajasthan keeps up the same pace, it could well be the first district free of open defecation in north India
Churu/Mewat/New Delhi: One day last year, a board placed outside the district collector’s office in Churu, Rajasthan, vanished, sending then collector Rohit Gupta into a tizzy.
It was discovered that the board was removed in the course of some construction work, but Gupta would have none of it—he wanted it back immediately, recalls Sarla Jangir, district coordinator of the School Water Sanitation and Hygiene Education Cell, Churu.
The board, which is still there, lists all villages in the district by blocks (an administrative unit comprising a few villages), and shows a coloured dot next to the name of the village. There are green dots, yellow dots and red dots.
The dots have to do with a term which has become central to the Lunas village in Taranagar block proclaims to be completely vocabulary of local-level administrative officials, especially after free of open defecation. Every house in the village proudly Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched a cleanliness drive that bears the legend ‘chokho ghar’ or beautiful home. Photo: entails building 111 million toilets across India by 2019, roughly one Ramesh Pathania/Mint every second.
The term is ODF, which stands for Open Defecation Free, and its existence and importance highlight a shameful fact—India has the largest number of people, 597 million, according to the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children’s Fund, that defecate in the open. People in 67% of households in rural India practise open defecation according to the 2011 Census. In urban areas, those in 13% of the households do so.
Open defecation fosters poor hygiene, is unsafe (apart from being undignified) for women, poses health challenges, and also results in loss of productivity.
On the board in Churu, a green dot meant there was no open defecation (or 100% ODF), a yellow dot meant a village was on its way to getting to green, and a red dot meant a village plagued by open defecation.
“He (Rohit Gupta) was worried that if a sarpanch dropped in, he would not be able to see how his village was ranked,” says Jangir. The board served a dual purpose of being an incentive as well as naming and shaming. Gupta would apparently open his conversations with visiting sarpanchs by asking them what the ranking of their village on the board was. “That board really motivated people. It played a huge role in villages adopting toilet usage,” says Gupta who is now the district collector of Pali.
There’s history to the dots (and the board).
In 2010, the ministry of urban development released a ranking of class I Indian cities on sanitation parameters. The rankings were based on points with the maximum being 100. Cities with 90 points and more were to be ranked green, while cities with points between 67 and 90 were ranked blue. No city was ranked green though four were ranked blue. Last on the list of the 423 cities ranked was Churu, an alarming red with 16.750 points. In government speak, the red denoted “on the brink of public health and environmental emergency”.
Now, four years later, Churu is a case study of how to turn things around, at least as far as preventing people doing it in the open goes. One of the blocks, Taranagar—it has a green dot next to it on the board—is completely free of open defecation, a huge achievement for a block in Rajasthan, even north India.
If Churu keeps up the same pace—to be sure, there are some challenges, as readers will discover further down—it could well be the first district free of open defecation in north India.
http://www.livemint.com/Politics/zIGD3OxaYydZA8Z8x6OFEN/Changing-mindsets-the-Churu-way.html?facet=print 1/3 11/21/2014 Changing mindsets, the Churu way - Print View - Livemint Yet, addressing the issue of open defecation doesn’t stop with building toilets. It requires a change in behaviour, even beliefs. “Open air defecation is not an access issue at all. There is a revealed preference for it as people believe it to be healthy,” says Sangita Vyas of the Research Institute for Compassionate Economics (RICE). According to a survey conducted by the organization, people in 40% of the households in Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar that either had a toilet or access to one still preferred to do it in the open.
So, how did Churu (and Gupta) turn things around?
The ministry’s ranking hurt Gupta.
“I felt it was really shameful, women and children going out—this is directly linked to the high incidence of diseases and infant mortality in India. And it was obvious early on that it was not an issue of resources, but rather mindsets,” he says.
Gupta understood early on that he had to involve people in his process.
The result was a campaign, Chokho Churu or Beautiful Churu.
At the first meeting of the collector, sanitation workers, local administrative officers and village headmen, Gupta and his team sought to understand the reasons for open defecation.
The second meeting involved local health workers and school teachers.
“First we educated them about the government’s sanitation programme, Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan and then the benefits of using toilets,” says S.L. Sharma, ODF coordinator of Churu.
The meetings continued every week, till almost everyone involved was covered. “The approach was tailored for each group,” adds Sharma.
Rather than the government or an outside agency building toilets, Gupta insisted that people be encouraged to do so themselves, thus cultivating a sense of ownership. District resource groups were charged with spending at least 48 hours in a village imparting sanitation training. This involved explaining through the use of models how germs from faeces are transferred via flies, water, even milk. Watch committees were created in order to ensure toilet usage.
If the Taranagar block is any indication, the programme has been a huge success.
A signboard on the road leading to Lunas village in Taranagar block proudly proclaims it to be completely free of open defecation. Every house in the village proudly bears the legend, chokho ghar (beautiful home). Villagers were initially reluctant to build toilets for themselves, but the village headperson Krishna Devi generously funded toilets for several households.
“Earlier, I would defecate outside, but for the past two years there has been a lot of talk in the village about the benefits of toilet usage and now no one does so,” says Sajna Lalchand, 50, standing next to the toilets constructed in the courtyard of her home and admits to regular usage since they were constructed. Lunas was awarded a Nirmal Gram Puraskar by the government a few years ago for making sure all its houses had a toilet or at least, access to one.
The programme’s success in Taranagar can be attributed to awareness, public shaming and social pressure, says Gyan Singh, a teacher in the village of Dhani Kumarhan, and one of the toilet evangelists for the village.
“In the initial stages of the campaign, there were still people going out and I would stop them and ask why they were not using toilets. But today I can say proudly that I don’t encounter anyone,” he adds.
“Who wants to go out now that we have this?” asks Guddi Devi.
“There have been quite a few success stories in different parts of the country where the administration and community have come together to make a change. Cultural attitudes change from state to state and some blocks have come up with strategies unique to them. For instance, an all-woman gram panchayat came up with a unique way of combating open defecation. They put up pictures of those who were still going out and that served as a powerful motivator,” says Avani Kapur, an analyst with the Centre for Policy Research (CPR).
A report by the ministry of drinking water and sanitation has identified several key factors for the success of the Chokho Churu campaign. It praises the proactive leadership of the district collector and other local officials while identifying certain factors like “the campaign design… which addressed all critical components such as institutional arrangement, communication…capacity building, phasing, financing, and http://www.livemint.com/Politics/zIGD3OxaYydZA8Z8x6OFEN/Changing-mindsets-the-Churu-way.html?facet=print 2/3 11/21/2014 Changing mindsets, the Churu way - Print View - Livemint monitoring”.
The transfer of Gupta in May this year was a jolt to all those involved with the programme in Churu. On record, government officials say the work is on track and the district will soon be completely free of open defecation, but privately they admit there are concerns. “There are still more blocks to cover and this requires keen interest at every link of the chain. A large part of the motivation for people came from the personal involvement of the collector,” says an official of the Churu administration who asked not to be identified.
One of the three blocks is Rajgarh and the challenge it poses highlights the blocks campaigns such as the one in Churu run into.
Dadrewa village in the block is the worst when it comes to open defecation, says Jangir.
Few houses in the village of at least 300 households have toilets. Nisha Walia, whose husband runs a tea stall, points out that the `9,100 the government gives poor households for building a toilet isn’t adequate, although Gupta points out that this is only an incentive and was never designed to meet the cost of construction.
Yet, the issue here is about more than money.
Standing in front of her two-storey home in the same village, Geeta Lohar points out the bathing area in the courtyard, but admits to going outside to defecate. The Walias have an even bigger house, but no toilet.
“It is difficult to convince people about toilet usage without a sustained campaign. People just don’t realize that there are massive health benefits of using toilets,” says Vyas of RICE. According to her, even awareness about the government’s sanitation programme is remarkably low with few being aware about either the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan or even the Nirmal Gram Puraskar.
For instance, Nainangla village in Mewat district in Haryana won the award in 2011, but few here are aware of the honour. Fewer still have toilets in their home, a pre-condition for the award. “We don’t know of any award and there has been no help whatsoever in the construction of toilets,” says Ameena Begum, a village resident. Her family goes to the nearby “jungle” to defecate, she adds.
“There is very little awareness of the scheme, forget about the benefits of using toilets,” says Rukhsat Hussain, research associate with the Institute of Rural Research and Development. Mohammad Muzammil, a young man who works as a contractor, built a toilet for his family that cost `30,000 and says he hasn’t received any money from the government yet.
Delayed payments is an issue in Rajasthan too. Jangir admits that there was a lot of restlessness until the money came in for a few people who had built toilets in Churu. “After that, people were assured that they would get their money,” she says.
Like Muzammil, most people end up spending more than the amount sanctioned; they believe that if they are building a toilet, they might as well build a good one.
Still, Churu, especially the districts with green dots against their name on the board outside the collector’s office, has shown the way.
Kapur of CPR says pooling together all the innovative ideas that have worked across the country could help create a road map.
http://www.livemint.com/Politics/zIGD3OxaYydZA8Z8x6OFEN/Changing-mindsets-the-Churu-way.html?facet=print 3/3 people politics policy performance
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Jasleen Kaur
ugna Devi has proba- Toilet bly seen many more days than 29,200 if she was 80 years old. But since none in her Ra- jasthan village knows her exact age – esti- mates hover between 80 and 90 – one training Scan safely assume Devi has defecated in the open for at least these many days every single day. Officially, Taranagar is Rajasthan’s first A dalit, Devi has lived a tough life tilling the family’s small piece of land open defecation-free block. The tag, after her husband’s death and bring- ing up her three sons. Now living with however, depends on people using the the youngest, Mahender, his wife Sun- tro and their four children, Devi wears toilets built with government help her chunari stretched at her forehead. It wasn’t the same always. In her village, Lunas in Taranagar block of Churu district, and elsewhere in most of Rajasthan, women keep their faces completely covered in the pres- ence of men, the only exception being the very old. The Governance Now pho- tographer had a tough time convincing them to let him stay during the inter- views for this article. Though the per- mission to click photographs would be granted promptly, the veils would stay put – the chunari always hanging from the head covering all of the face and the neck. That, however, did not stop these women from going to the fields to defecate in the open till last year. They had no option either, for none had a toilet built in her house. Nobody ever felt the need to build one either. About 300 kilometres southwest of Delhi, Sugna Devi’s village of more water during the day, which led to poisonous plant, besides the ever-prey- than 300 families had no culture of in- health problems. But there never was ing thought of shame encountering a house toilets till the late 1990s. Most another way of life – for her and other fellow villager passing through. “Many households here are of poor, low- women living in villages in and around a time we had to get up in between if er-caste dalits. hers. “We all had to go to the fields in someone came along that way,” Devi For all her life until last year, Devi the open, because there was nothing said. Earlier, they had to walk for was forced to leave home before dawn, called a toilet. We had to get up early, about 2 km to defecate in open, said or wait until dark, to defecate and uri- when it was still dark. And when we Devi. And at times when it was impos- nate in the open. Inadequate access to were sick or it rained, it was very diffi- sible to wait for sundown, they had to safe, hygienic and private sanitation cult,” she said. move further away from the village for facility has caused her physical dis- In the fields there was always the the embarrassment of being seen. “No comfort and insecurity. Over the years, fear of coming across an animal or a matter how dense the forest was, we Devi conditioned herself to drink less reptile, or coming in contact with a were still in the open.”
12 GovernanceNow | October 1-15, 2014 Photos: Arun Kumar
Mission possible This, then, is the story of Taranagar block in Rajasthan, which has become the first ever in the state to be declared open-defecation free (ODF). All 28 panchayats in the block have achieved this target. Taranagar’s – and Churu’s, too, for the district is on its way to be- come free of open defecation – per- formance is significant for a state that otherwise ranks poorly in providing proper sanitation to its people. But the picture was quite different till recently. Three years ago, Churu, a town in the Thar desert, was ranked one of India’s dirtiest. Hardly 5 percent households in the block had toilets till 1998. Churu lacked surface and ground water. The situa- tion worsened during summers, when drought was common. To tackle wa- ter shortage in the district, the Aapni Yojana was launched to supply drink- ing water. The overall objective of the scheme was to improve the health of the population. Launched in 1997, the funding for the first phase of the pro- ject was provided jointly by the Indian and German governments. During the implementation of this programme, local construction labour- ers were trained to build toilets, which were constructed in some households in the block. By 2003, around 50 per- cent households had in-house toilets. But the problem of open defecation still continued. It was only after Octo- ber 2012, when the local authorities joined hands, that the block could tack- le the problem effectively. Rohit Gupta, a 2006 batch IAS officer of Rajasthan cadre, was the driving force behind the effort. A young Gup- ta, who joined as the district collector, decided to change the picture in Churu. We all had to go to the fields in the open, because there An electrical engineer from IIT-Del- hi who is now posted in Pali district, was nothing called a toilet. We had to get up early, when Gupta initiated the campaign to mobi- it was still dark. And when we were sick or it rained, it lise the community and create aware- ness through public meetings and was very difficult. …No matter how dense the forest was, other programmes. He took up the we were still in the open. task of making the block 100 percent ODF. He not only motivated people to Sugna Devi build toilets but also ensured they used them. “We realised we were not pay- ing attention to it (actual use of toilets).
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in the open, villages were dirty, there were a lot of flies, and it created a lot of health hazards, he added. “The trick to motivate people to build toilets and start using them was simple,” said Gupta. “We did not in- volve any outside agency to construct the toilets. Locals were trained and we made it a prestige issue by telling them that their women were facing shame every day. And because they built the toilets on their own, they were also ea- ger to use them.” The mass awareness campaign led by Gupta led to a behavioural change. According to Sharma, the impact of awareness is such that people now feel ashamed in defecating in the open. “Women played an important role – when they saw others using in-house toilets, they asked their husbands to build one for them as well,” the sar- A cemented toilet-and-bath structure in more health hazards. That proved to panch said. “Now there is a toilet in Baniyala village. be the trigger,” he explained. each house. Whenever a new house “It was difficult to build so many toi- is constructed, a toilet is the first thing lets in one go. So we started creating to be built. Women have become very Thereafter, it wasn’t difficult at all to awareness among people for not def- conscious and they ensure it is tak- convince people to build and use toi- ecating in the open,” said Lunas sar- en seriously. People are now ready to lets,” Gupta told Governance Now. panch Jaychand Sharma. walk some distance to fetch water for Between January and October 2013, The situation was really bad earlier, the toilet than defecate in the open.” over 10,000 toilets were constructed in Sharma said. People used to defecate the block, which were funded by the A welcome change government under the Nirmal Bharat Sugna Devi struggled, but bore her Abhiyan (NBA) and Mahatma Gandhi troubles on the chin. What caused her national rural employment guarantee pain was seeing her granddaughter, scheme (MNREGS). An equal number Rani, now 9, facing the same problem of toilets were built outside of these as she had for more than 80 years. two schemes. Gupta and his team, in- “Jab tak chhori ghar na aa jati, badi cluding the panchs and sarpanchs, pareshani rehti (I was always worried stressed on behavioural change rather whenever my granddaughter went than merely building the toilets. out),” she said. Sanitary habits are hardly discussed A 3ft x 3ft structure, constructed in closed societies but Gupta’s efforts in her house last year, has completely made it a topic of public debate in Rohit Gupta, a 2006 batch changed her life. The family’s first toi- Churu and its villages. The authorities let, partitioned with a door, stands out. bluntly told people that they were eat- IAS officer of Rajasthan While the rest of the house is made of ing each other’s excreta. “We created cadre, took up the task of rough bricks, the toilet is properly con- awareness by creating disgust among structed, well covered and is relatively villagers about open defecation. We making the block 100% clean. “I did not know how it was af- told them when they defecate in the ODF. He initiated the fecting our health. When sarpanchji open, flies sit on it. On an average, a fly told us that toilets were to be built in can travel up to 2.5 km, so even if they campaign to mobilise the the houses, we could not believe it. It go out of the village to defecate, the community by creating is covered. We don’t feel ashamed any same flies come to the village and sit awareness. longer.” on the food they eat. We told them how Devi has even taken to training her the excreta of small children created toddler grandson to use the toilet the
14 GovernanceNow | October 1-15, 2014 family has built. “Ab to bada sukh-su- vidha ho gaye hai. Paani ki ek baalti hi to lagti hai (It has become convenient for all),” she said. Devi’s neighbour Sanjna Meghwal, 55, too, had defecated in the open for years. Later, the family built a ‘sukhi khui’ (dry well) in the house. “We used the well for weeks and when it was filled, we used to cover it and digan- other one. But it was never safe. Ei- ther we had to wake up early or con- trol ourselves till it was suitably dark to defecate. We were always worried of someone looking. It was quite in- sulting,” said Meghwal, who lives with her youngest son. “But now everything is clean. We were not aware what dirt we were living in earlier. Our health is also better now.” Devi added, “Pehle to bahar jaana hota thha. Hamesha dar thha koi dekh na le. Poora din rok ke rakhna padta Any house with a fully functional toilet the traditional one-pit system, this sys- thha. Bachche bhi bahut bimar padte earns the ‘chokho ghar’ (good house) tag. tem is cost-effective and does not harm thhe. Ulti, dast laga rehta thha. (Earli- the environment. “Our main purpose er, when we used to go out, we were was that the waste does not come in always worried that someone might be contact with air and flies, and it should watching. We had to wait for sundown. not get mixed with surface water. This Children also used to fall ill frequently, system works fine. Two pits are creat- getting diarrhea or vomiting. But not ed along with the toilet. One pit takes any more).” four to five years to get filled. After About 20 km from Lunas is Baniya- the first one gets filled, the solid waste la village in Raiyatunda panchayat. For starts getting collected in the second one of its residents, Meera Devi, 40, the pit. Meanwhile, the waste collected in shame of defecating in the fields was the first pits gets decomposed and can too much to bear. “Initially, village el- be later used as manure by villagers. It ders hesitated and resisted spending is a covered system and is organic, so so much on constructing toilets. They does not harm the environment at all,” found it a waste of money. A lot of effort says Gupta, who is working hard to rep- was put in to tell them about the signif- licate the model in Pali district. icance of building toilets. They agreed In Bhanwari village of Pali, toilets only when the sarpanch said he would have been built in all households in just bear the cost,” said the mother of two. 25 days with the help of locals. Sunita Swamy, a local health work- er at Lunas, said young children in the Women played an important The challenges block do not suffer from diseases like role. When they saw others The district administration provided diarrhea, typhoid and skin problems using in-house toilets, they `9,100 to each household under NBA any more, which was very common and MNREGS. People, however, spent earlier. “It was very difficult to teach asked their husbands to build more than `15,000 from their pockets them the importance of using the toi- one for them as well. Now to build good quality toilets. In Taran- let,” she said. there is a toilet in each and agar, most families were convinced of the value of the toilet. While many of Discharging the waste every house. them took great initiative and willing- Most toilets built in the block use the ly spent `15,000 to `20,000 on the toi- government-approved method of two- Jaychand Sharma let without waiting for the sanctioned pit system. Gupta explained that unlike Sarpanch, Lunas village money from the government, toilets
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were also built with contributions hopeful that MP and MLA funds could from village heads. come handy in achieving the same in Then there are some like Bishna other districts. “Now the prime min- Ram, 48, of Lunas village, who took a ister has asked MPs and MLAs to give loan to build a toilet at his home. “We money from their fund for construc- were told the need and importance of it. tion of toilets in villages. If that is im- I did not have enough money so I took plemented in true spirit, other districts a loan to build it. The reimbursement would also become ODF.” from the government was delayed and Another big problem in the district was spent in repaying the loan.” is that of water shortage. Many bring Pointing at another big problem, he water from outside to use in the toilets. said the money given by the govern- A single brick costs `6. Around Vivek Kumar Arora, CEO of the rural ment was much less than the actual 2,000 bricks are required to development department, Churu dis- cost of construction of a toilet. build a toilet and a bathroom trict, said Taranagar block has set an “A single brick costs `6. Around example for other districts to follow. It 2,000 bricks are required to build a toi- (3ft x 3ft each). And there is has the problem of water shortage but let and a bathroom (3ft x 3ft each). And an additional cost of cement still people have adopted the habit of there is an additional cost of cement and labour. The government using toilets. “The groundwater level is and labour. The government reimburs- really low. Providing water for flushing es just `9,100 for this.” reimburses merely `9,100 for is a big task. We are trying to achieve He said it was difficult to replicate this. that through other schemes,” he said. the work in other districts or blocks The government officials are also unless this gap was filled. Bishna Ram keeping a close eye on people to ensure The monetary help is given under Resident of Lunas village they use toilets and do not defecate in India’s rural sanitation campaign, NBA, the open at all. The team of field staff to eliminate open defecation by 2022. consists of a health worker, an aangan- Households are asked to build a toilet wadi worker, a gram sewak and some and provide a photographic proof of it villagers to keep a watch. They regular- to the district authorities to get a reim- ly monitor and give continuous feed- bursement for `9,100 – of the amount, back to government officials. `4,600 comes from NBA and the re- “We have found that there is a prob- maining `4,500 from MNREGS. lem with very old and sick people, and Many villagers, however, said that young children. It was difficult to find while they had built toilets and were a solution for this problem immediate- using them, they did not get the `9,100 ly. We are solving it by creating aware- that they were entitled to, even months ness. Now people are aware enough after the completion of work. “To make that even if they defecate in the open, it a success, it is very important that the it is disposed in the toilet,” Arora said. first installment should be sent in the The department has not conducted account to buy building material and any impact study but the number of then the other one immediately after deaths due to diseases like diarrhea, ty- the work is completed – like they reim- There is a problem with very phoid and malaria has become almost burse under the Indira Awaas Yojana,” nil, he added. said Bishna Ram. “It was possible to do old and sick people, and Sardarshahar and Rajgarh are the it in our village. But not everyone is young children. We are solving other blocks in the district which are willing to pay from his pocket. People it by creating awareness. Now close to achieving the target of ODF. are scared whether money will ever be But, Arora said, the ODF tag does not sanctioned.” people are aware enough that come easy: “It’s not just about con- Sharma also agreed that delayed even if someone defecates structing toilets, but also about all res- payments were a concern and could in the open, it is disposed of idents stopping open defecation and discourage poorer families in other ar- adopting the habit of using a toilet.” eas from building toilets. “We wanted properly in the toilet. If Sugna Devi can change her habit our village to be ODF and thus made of 80 years, impossible is nothing for extra efforts for that. I had the money, Vivek Kumar Arora the rest. n so I paid for the toilets. But not all are CEO of rural development willing to take this risk,” he said. He is department, Churu [email protected]
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