THE GRAMMATICAL ERRORS OF THE ENGLISH WRITTEN COMMENTARIES FOUND IN HISTORICAL SITES IN JOGJAKARTA AND CENTRAL JAVA
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment on the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
by
JOHAN
Student Number : 034214092
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2008
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ii
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REALIZING DREAMS IS THE MATTER OF ONE’S WILL. (AFRILL)
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FOR MY BELOVED PARENTS, SISTERS, AND BROTHERS IN THE HOPE OF A BETTER FUTURE.
v PERNYATAAN KEASLIAAN KARYA
Saya menyatakan dengan sesungguhnya bahwa skripsi yang saya tulis ini tidak memuat karya atau bagian karya dari orang lain, kecuali yang telah disebutkan dalam kutipan dan daftar pustaka, sebagaimana layaknya karya ilmiah.
Yogyakarta, 12 Desember 2008
Penulis,
JOHAN LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma :
Nama : JOHAN
Nomor Mahasiswa : 034214092
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul :
THE GRAMMATICAL ERRORS OF THE ENGLISH WRITTEN COMMENTARIES FOUND IN HISTORICAL SITES IN JOGJAKARTA AND CENTRAL JAVA beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, me- ngalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Yogyakarta, 12 Desember 2008 Yang menyatakan
(JOHAN)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank Jesus Christ, my savior, for all the blessings he has given me. My deepest thankfulness and gratefulness is to my lovely mother, who always gives me the best wishes and brings me in gaining my hope through her prayer. My deepest thankfulness and gratefulness is also to my lovely sister, who until now supports me through everything I need and through her prayer.
My deepest thankfulness is for Dr. Fr. Alip, M. Pd., M. A, my sponsor for his patience and understanding of my difficulties, who always gives me guidance, encouragement and his big attention from the beginning until this thesis is completed.
I would also like to express my gratitude and thankfulness to other lecturing member of English Letter Study Programme of Sanata Dharma University, Father Dr.
Harry Susanto, S. J, for his roles in shaping my future, and for all lecturers whose guidance has brought me to finish my study.
My heart-felt gratitude goes to my beloved parents, sisters, brothers, for the love, prayer, and support, also for my youngest sister and my cute nephews who gave me another special support. This thesis has been made possible with trials and errors, and without their love, prayers, and attentions it is impossible to complete this thesis.
vi TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE …………………………………………………………i APPROVAL PAGE …………………………………………………………ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE …………………………………………………iii MOTTO PAGE …………………………………………………iv DEDICATION PAGE ………………………………………………….v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT …………………………………………………vi TABLE OF CONTENT …………………………………………………vii LIST OF TABLES …………………………………………………viii ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………ix ABSTRAK …………………………………………………………………x
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION …………………………………………1 A. Background of the Study …………………………………………1 B. Problem Formulation ………………………………………....3 C. Objectives of the Study ………………………………………....3 D. Definition of Terms ………………………………………....4
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW …………………………5 A. Review of Related Study ………………………………………....5 B. Review of Related Theories ………………………………....6 C. Theoretical Framework ………………………………………...22
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ………………………………...23 A. Object of the Study ………………………………………...23 B. Approach of the Study ………………………………………...23 C. Method of the Study ………………………………………...24
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ………………………………………………...30 A. TheGrammaticality of the Data ……...... 30 1. The grammaticality of Prambanan Data ………………...32 2. The Grammaticality of Borobudur Data ……………...... 37 3. The Grammaticality of Sonobudoyo Data ………...41 B. The Most Frequent Error of The Entire Data ………………...45 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ………………………………………...49 A. Research ………………………………………...49 B. Suggestion ………………………………………...51 BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………...52 APPENDIX ……………………………………………………….. 54 A. The list of errors in Pramabanan Data ………………………...54 B The List of Errors in Borobudur Data ………………………...59 C. The List of Errors in Sonobudoyo Museum ……………………….65
vii LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. The Word Order of Pre-Modifiers ………………11 Table 2. The Verb Forms ………………………………17
Table 3. The Patterns of Past and Present Tense ………………18 In Positive, Negative, and Interrogative forms
Table 4. Active and Passive Voice in Different tense ………………19
Table 5. Example of Table of Correct Incorrect checklist …………. 25
Table 6. Example of Error type checklist ……………………... 26
Table 7. The percentage and The Amount of Correct and …………...31 Incorrect Sentences Of the Whole Data
Table 8. The Amount and Percentage of the Errors of …………..…. 33 Prambanan Data
Table 9. The Amount and Percentage of the Errors of …………… .. 37 Borobudur Data.
Table 10. The Percentage and Amount of the Errors of ………….. .41 Sonobudoyo Museum.
Table 11. The Total Numbers and Percentage of Errors of ……….… 45 The Entire Data.
Table 12. The Total Numbers and Percentage of Each Errors ……...... 46 Of The Entire Data.
viii ABSTRACT
JOHAN. The Grammatical Errors of The English Written Commentaries Found in Historical Sites in Jogjakarta and Central Java. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2008.
This research is focusing on the grammar of the written English commentaries in three popular tourist attractions in Yogyakarta and central Java, Prambanan and Borobudur temples and Sonobudoyo museum. The grammatical accuracy of the commentaries is not well enough since there are many errors found in them. There are two problems discussed in the present research. The first problem deals with the types of grammatical errors occur in the commentaries or datum. The last problem is identifying the type of the most frequent grammatical error occur in the whole datum. Since the research concentrates on the grammatical aspects of the datum, the approach of the syntax of English language was used. However, the approach of syntax here merely concerns with grammar. The population of the study is the 157 commentaries found in the three cites. Since the total members of the entire population were not quite large, the whole members were analyzed. In analyzing the data, I used tables and checklists. The data were gathered using a mobile phone camera in which each commentary was photographed to eliminate the probability of misspelling. Some theories were also used to analyze the datum. Dulay’s categorization of errors based on Linguistic category (1982) was really helpful in determining the types of grammatical errors in the data. There are several findings. Referring to the first problem, there are 9 types of grammatical errors found in each data. However not every member of each data was incorrect. There were some correct commentaries too. The grammatical errors occured in the datum were error in the areas of article, verb, noun, pronoun, preposition, genitive, word order, sentence connector, and lexical error. There were two datum having the same most frequent error which are the data gathered from Prambanan and Borobudur temples. The most frequent error occured in them was error in articles. It is quite different with the last data which was the data gathered from Sonobudoyo museum in which the error occured the most was error in verbs. Based on the finding of the first problem, the most frequent error found in the entire datum was error in area of articles.
JOHAN
ix ABSTRACT
JOHAN. The Grammatical Errors of The English Written Commentaries Found in Historical Sites in Jogjakarta and Central Java. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2008.
Skripsi ini merupakan sebuah penelitian tentang ketepatan tata bahasa keterangan- keterangan yang ditulis ke dalam Bahasa Inggris yang terdapat di tiga tempat wisata yang terdapat di Jogjakarata dan Jawa tengah yaitu, Candi Prambanan, Candi Borobudur dan Museum Sonobudoyo. Tata bahasa keterangan- keterangan yang ditulis ke dalam bahasa Inggris di ketiga tempat tersebut tidak begitu tepat. Ada banyak kesalahan tata bahasa yang terdapat di hampir setiap keterangan. Terdapat dua rumusan masalah yang dibahas dalam penelitian ini. Rumusan masalah yang pertama adalah mengenai apa saja kesalahan tata bahasa yang terdapat dalam setiap keterangan yang terdapat di ketiga tempat wisata tersebut. Masalah yang kedua yaitu menentukan kesalahan tata bahasa apa yang paling sering didapati di semua data yang diambil dari ketiga tempat wisata tersebut. Karena penelitian ini difokuskan pada aspek tata bahasa, maka pendekatan sintaksis Bahasa Inggrislah yang digunakan. Akan tetapi, pendekatan sintaksis disini hanya dibatasi pada aspek tata bahasa saja. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah 157 keterangan yang diperoleh dari ketiga tempat wisata tersebut dengan menggunakan kamera telepon genggam untuk mendapatkan data yang akurat. Karena total populasi data tidaklah begitu banyak maka saya memutuskan untuk menganalisa semua data. Dalam menganalisa data saya menggunakan tabel dan dan daftar kalimat. Teori utama yang digunakan untuk membantu menganalisa data adalah teori Dulay yang membagi kesalahan tata bahasa ke dalam sembilan kategori yang didasrakan pada linguistik. Terdapat beberapa hasil penelitian. Mengacu pada permasalahan pertama ada 9 keasalahan tata bahasa yang ditemukan yaitu, kesalahan pada artikel, kata kerja, preposisi, urutan kata, pilihan kata, koordinator, kepemilikan, kata benda, dan kata ganti subjek. Persentase masing –masing kesalahan beragam. Ada dua data yang memiliki kesalahan terbanyak pada tempat yang sama yaitu data yang diambil dari candi Borobudur dan candi Prambanan. Di kedua data ini, kesalahan yang paling banyak terjadi adalah kesalahan pada artilel. Sedangkan pada data terakhir yaitu data yang diambil dari museum Sonobudoyo, kesalahan paling banyak terdapat dalam kata kerja. Dari total kesalahan di semua data, diputuskan bahwa kesalahan yang paling sering terjadi di seluruh data adalah kesalahan di dalam artikel.
JOHAN
x CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Language is an instrument that people use to communicate both verbally and non-verbally. People can use both verbal language (spoken language) and non-verbal language (written language) to express feeling, exchange or deliver information, news, ideas, and etc to others. Without the existence of language, communication would unlikely run smoothly. In other words, language is an instrument of communication (Langackers, 1967:54).
In today’s modern world, communication takes place between people having different languages. Therefore, a lingua franca is needed to bridge the language differences. In such cases, the role of English as the international language is very significant to make the communication run effectively and efficiently.
More and more countries are making English their lingua franca to communicate with the rest of the world- not just the native English speaking world (Smith, 1983:7).
Indonesia is one of those non native English speaking countries that has adopted English as her second language. One thing that encourages it, is the huge growth of tourism industry in Indonesia. People around the world visit Indonesia to see tourist attractions like historical places, museums, beaches, and etc. Therefore, both spoken and written English have been employed to facilitate the communication.
Spoken English in the industry is usually employed by tourist-services personnel and craftsellers, while written English is employed to deliver written
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directions, warnings, commentaries, and etc in a tourist destination. In both cases grammar accuracy is very important to help foreign tourists get the message easily without being distracted by any grammatical flaws. Bad grammar will distract hearers or readers attention of what a speaker or a writer has to say (Colburn,1949:274).
Although grammar accuracy is obligatory in both spoken and written English, it is the written English which demands much more attention on grammar. In writing, a writer needs to pay attention on organizing sentence structure since she or he is not present to interpret for the readers if they can not understand what she or he means.
Grammar is the thing that makes writing in English especially for non-native writers more difficult. It has so many rules that govern how to arrange words in order to produce sentences acceptable to English speakers. Therefore, mastery of its grammar is required in order to have a good communication in English. Grammatical sentences will prevent the occurrence of misunderstanding. If a person having not enough knowledge of English structure writing something in English, he or she will definitely make errors. Errors might be the result of his or her mother tongue’s interference (Corder, 1979:34). An Indonesian writing something in English might find difficulties in using the English verbs since Indonesian language and English language have different rules in using verbs.
Native English speakers always rely on the notion of tense and see the significance of verb inflections to understand message. They usually pay more attention to the verb signifying the tense than to the adverbs of the time (if there is any). Indonesian language, on the other hand, has no verb inflections signifying the 3
tense. Indonesian people rely on the adverbs of time to see the tense (Saptono,
1994:22).
The main concern of the present research is to investigate the grammatical quality of the English written commentaries found in some historical places in
Jogjakarta and Central Java. There are many grammatical errors found in the commentaries like missing articles, incorrect use of tenses, prepositions, nouns, and so on. The errors have made communication ineffective since they have caused misunderstanding of the intended message.
B. Problem Formulation
There are two problems formulated below to guide me in conducting the present research.
1. What are the grammatical errors in English written commentaries found
in historical sites in Yogyakarta and central Java?
2. What is the most frequent error found in the English commentaries?
C. Objective of the Study
Based on the problems above, the objectives of the present research are
1. To figure out the grammatical errors of the English written
commentaries found in historical sites in Yogyakarta and in Central Java.
2. To determine the most frequent error in the commentaries.
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D. Definition of terms
1. Grammar
The rules of a language, concerning the way in which the language learner or user can put words together in order to make sentences acceptable to the speakers of the language (Colburn, 1949:275). In this study grammar refers to articles, nouns, pronouns, verbs, word orders, word choice, preposition, sentence connector and genitive.
2. Error
Dulay defines error as a systematic deviation due to the learner’s still developing knowledge of the second language rule system (1982:139). Therefore, it is not a performance error that is either a random guess or a slip, it is a competence.
3. Mistakes
According to Brown, mistakes refer to a performance error that is either a random guess or a slip, in that it is a failure to utilize a known system correctly
(1987:170).
4. Accuracy
It is a freedom from mistakes or errors (Bethel,1981: 8), or the quality of being accurate (Summers,1992: 8). In this study, it means a freedom from error in the commentaries. CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Review of Related Studies
One researcher has conducted a quite similar study with the present one.
Hardoyono, in his thesis entitled The Grammaticality and Comprehensibility of
English spoken by the craftsellers in Borobudur, Magelang finds out that the craftsellers deviate all aspects of English grammar. The deviations are reflected in the areas of pronunciation, lexicon, and syntax.
The sellers’ English deviations covered all aspects of English grammar. In the area of pronunciation, the deviation was reflected by : spelling pronunciation errors, simplification of certain sounds, substitutions of certain sound, and the interference of their first or native language. They used final rising intonation in almost all of their utterances (1997:78).
Furthermore, in the area of lexicon, he explains that the seller’s word mastery is very limited. They do not know about inflections and how to use them and they also do direct translation on what they want to say from their native language.
In the area of lexicon, the deviations are the incorrect use of inflection and inappropriate word choices. Besides, they had limited word mastery and limited ability to produce new words, derivational words. They did direct translation and repetitions of certain words and phrases (1997:79).
According to Hardoyono, most deviations occur in the area of syntax. The deviations are: misplaced of modifiers in noun phrases, omissions of prepositions, connectors, to be, main verb, to do in questions and negatives, and object pronoun, substitution of to do with to be in questions, concord violation, inappropriate word order, and misinformation of passive sentence (1997:78-79).
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If the research above investigates the grammaticality and comprehensibility of
English spoken by the craftsellers in Borobudur, Magelang, the present research is meant to investigate the grammatical accuracy of the English written commentaries found in some historical sites in Jogjakarta and Central Java. I will examine the commentaries and then determine which commentaries are correct or incorrect. Then
I will determine the grammatical errors occur in each incorrect commentary.
B. Review of Related Theories
This review consists of three parts. The first part is meant to discuss the difference between errors and mistakes. The second part presents the classification of errors, and the last part is a review on the elements of grammar commonly violated by non native speakers.
1. Review on Error and Mistakes.
Error is a systematic deviation due to the learner’s still developing knowledge of the second language rule system (Dulay et al,1982:139). Therefore, it is not a performance error that is either a random guess or a slip, it is a competence. In error analysis Dulay et al employ the term “goof” to refer to error. “Goof” signifies deviation from syntactic structures which native adult speakers consider grammatically acceptable.
Therefore, errors, as Norrish (1983: 7-8) notes, are caused by the learners’ incompetence in processing the knowledge in the second language rule systems. These errors are due to the limited competence of the learners in the rule systems of the language they are learning. As a consequence, they are not ready to correct their errors, 7
or they may not be aware of making errors. This limited competence is caused by their knowledge that is still developing. On the other hand, mistakes are errors in performance that are either a random guess or a slip. They refer to a failure in utilizing a known system correctly (Brown, 1987:170).
2. Classification of errors
Dulay et al base language errors on linguistic category which consists of errors in the area of article, verb, noun, pronoun, preposition, sentence connector, lexical error, word order, and genitive (Dulay et al,1982:146).
Below are the types of errors based on linguistic category taxonomy.
a.. Errors in Article
Errors in article include incorrect use of both definite and indefinite articles, and omission of the article. Incorrect use of article for example the use of the indefinite article an after consonant. *An house instead of a house.
b. Errors in verb
Errors in verb phrase include omission of verb, incorrect use of progressive tense, incorrect verb forms for subjects and sentence context, presence of unnecessary verbs, and also incorrect agreement of subject and verb. Omission of verb covers two parts which are, omission of main verb; he (sleeps) in the class, and omission of to be; She beautiful. 8
Incorrect use of progressive tense consists of omission of be; she writing, replacement of –ing by the simple verb form; the beautiful girl was dance, and substitution of the progressive for the simple past; the man sobbing quietly.
The last type of error in verb phrase is disagreement of subject and verb which consists of disagreement between subject and verb person; we be kings, between subject and number; the children was playing, and between subject and tense; I did not realize what I do.
c. Error in Pronoun
Errors in pronoun are omission of the subject pronoun; (he) pinch the man, omission of object pronouns; I do not know (it) in English, and the use of pronoun as redundant element; my brother he go to Mexico. d. Error in Nouns
Errors in nouns include substitution of singulars for plurals; he got some leaf, substitution of plurals for singulars; he stab him in the feet, incorrect form of noun used in a sentence; make a triangular, addition of unnecessary nouns; Prambanan temple building complex is under construction, and omision of nouns in a sentence; he is not a famous (person). e. Lexical Error
Lexical errors are errors in vocabularies. It refers to the incorrect word choices. For example, she looks at the movie on TV, instead of she watches or she sees the movie on TV. 9
f. Error in Sentence Connector.
Errors in sentence connectors refer to the wrong use or the incorrect use of a sentence connector and omission of it in a sentence requiring it to connect its clauses.
The appearance of a sentence connector is quite vital since it can avoid awkwardness.
An example of an incorrect use of a sentence connector is as follow. She cries and she is sad. And is not the right choice since it does not show why she cries. Therefore, it should be replaced with because since it shows the reason why she cries. g. Error in Preposiitons.
Errors in preposition refer to errors in use of prepositions as well as omission of prepositions; she bought some milk a grocery store instead of she bought some milk in a grocery store. h. Error in word order.
Error in word order is the incorrect arrangement of words to construct a noun phrase, verb phrase, and etc. For example; Hard trying. The construction of the verb phrase is not correct. The adjective hard should be placed before the main verb trying since it is its premodifier. Therefore, the arrangement of the correct verb phrase is Trying hard. i. Error in genitive
It refers to the incorrect use of the genitive. For example, Brads wife instead of Brad’s wife. In another word it refers to the omission of ‘s.
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3. Review on the elements of grammar usually violated.
After looking at the classification of errors, it is also good for us to review the area in which grammatical errors usually occur since it will show us how to use them in acceptable way.
1. Nouns
A noun is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea. There are many different types of nouns. Grammarians have developed a whole series of noun types, including the proper noun, the common noun, the concrete noun, the abstract noun, the countable noun (also called the count noun), the non-countable noun (also called the mass noun), and the collective noun
(www.arts.uottawa.ca/writcent/hypergrammar/partsp.html-21k).
The regular plural of a noun is usually made by adding s to the singular: day- days, dog-dogs. Nouns ending in o or ch, sh, ss, x form their plural by adding es: tomato-tomatoes, church-churches, kiss-kisses, brush-brushes, box-boxes. Nouns ending in y following a consonant form their plural by dropping the y and adding ies: baby-babies, country-countries. Nouns ending in y following a vowel form their plural by adding s: boy-boys, donkey-donkeys. Nouns ending in f or fe drop the f or fe and add ves: wife-wives, wolf-wolves, loaf-loaves (Thomson and Martinet, 1995:25).
Irregular plurals are by definition unpredictable (Quirk et al,1973:175). The particular plurals of the nouns have to be learned as individual lexical units since there is no indication in the written or spoken forms of, say, ox, goose, mouse, to suggest that their plural forms are oxen, geese, and mice. 11
The complex noun phrase consists of a noun head which may be preceded by
some pre-modification (adjectives, determiners, etc) and it may be followed by some
post modification (adverbs). The word order of modifiers that can be put in front of
the noun head is like the following table (1973:925).
Det General Age Color Participle Provenance Noun Denominal Head
The hectic life The extravagant London social life A crumbling church tower A grey crumbling Gothic church tower Some intricate old interlocking Chinese designs A small green carved jade idol his heavy new moral responsibilities Table1. The word order of pre-modifiers of noun heads
Adding an apostrophe and an s to most nouns indicates possession or
ownership: the woman’s cat (Stanley, Shimkin and Lanner,1985:425).
2. Articles
English has three articles, namely a, an, and the. The articles a and an are
indefinite, while the article the is definite. Many non native English speakers struggle
with articles. They try so hard to figure out when to use them, which one to use, and
when they are not needed at all. The use of articles mostly depends on the speaker’s
and hearer’s familiarity with the thing or person being talked about (Greene,1971:17).
2.1 The use of the indefinite articles
The indefinite articles a and an are used under the following circumstances as
explained by Leech and Svartvik (1972:90-92). First, when we think that our listeners
do not know which particular thing or person, we are talking about. 12
Second, when things or persons are mentioned for the first time, and followed by another mention: There were a hamster and a dog in the house. The hamster was named after my grandpa and the dog was named after my uncle.
Third, when we refer to any member of a particular class whose member is unimportant. In terms of speakers’ and hearers’ familiarity, both of them do not know yet which particular thing or person is being referred. Please see the examples below.
I need a maid.
The form a is used before a word beginning with a consonant or a vowel with a consonant sound: a university, a one-way street, a man. The form an is used before words beginning with a vowel or individual letters spoken with a vowel sound:
An apple, an island, an MP, an L-plate (Thomson and Martinet,1995:15).
2.2 The omission of a or an.
There are some circumstances in which the articles a or an should be omitted.
The rules are as follows.
a. Before plural nouns. The plural of a dog is dogs. The plural of wolf is wolves.
b. Before uncountable noun:
For example; bread not *a bread.
c. Before names of meals, except when they are preceded by an adjective.
We have dinner at seven.
2.3. The use of the definite article the.
a. When the object or group of objects is unique or considered to be unique. 13
The earth the sea the moon the stars
b. Before a noun made definite by the addition of a phrase or a clause:
The girl in the red jacket. The church where I married him.
The man whom I fall in love with.
c. Before a noun which by reason of locality can represent only one
particular thing: Pass me the salt. Mary is in the house.
d. Before superlatives and first, second, and etc, used as adjectives or pronouns, and only: the first (month) the best song the only way.
2..4 The omission of the definite article the (Thomson and Martinet,1995:21).
Now, we are going to look at the circumstances under which the definite article is not needed or omitted. Below, are the rules.
a. Before names of places or names of people.
For example; Mary not *the Mary.
b. Before abstract nouns except when they are used in a particular sense.
Men fear death but the death of the Prime minister left his party without a
leader.
c. After a noun in the possessive case, or possessive adjective.
The boy’s uncle it is my blue book (Not* it is my the blue book).
Swann proposes the golden rules of articles (1988:72). He says if the rules for the use of articles seem too complicated, there are three things to remember first, do not use the (with plural and uncountable nouns) to talk about things in general. Life is 14
beautiful (Not: *The Life is beautiful). Second, do not use singular countable nouns without articles: *girl but a girl or the girl. And finally, use a/an to say what people’s professions or jobs are; She is an accountant. (Not: *She is accountant).
3. Prepositions
Prepositions are word connecting a noun or pronoun with a verb, adjective, or another noun or pronoun by indicating a relationship between the things for which they stand (Curme,1953:19). Prepositions are normally placed before nouns or pronouns and can also be followed by verbs in the gerund form (Thomson and
Martinet, 1995:91).
He is talking of moving to France (Thomson and Martinet, 1995:91).
They succeeded in persuading the congress (Thomson and Martinet,
1995:91).
Non native English speakers usually have two problems with prepositions.
They have to know whether in any construction a preposition is required or not, and which preposition to use when one is required (1995:91).
Prepositions can be simple or complex. Simple prepositions consist of one word, such as at, in, along, out, with, before, behind, and so on. Complex prepositions consist of more than one word, such as along with, due to, except for, instead of, and etc (Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, and Svartvik, 1973:300).
In the most general terms, a preposition expresses a relation between two entities, one being that represented by the prepositional complement. Through 15
prepositions we can recognize the relation of place, time, instrument and cause between two entities (Quirk et al,1973:306).
3.1. The relational meaning of prepositions.
Below, are the relations in which a preposition signifies. There are four relations, place, time, cause-purpose, and instrument.
a. place
The prepositions that can express place are: at, to, in, away, from, off, behind, under, down and etc (1973:307-316)
Tom went to Cambridge The manager stood at the door
b. Time
The prepositions expressing time are: at, on, in, for, before, after, since, until, between, up to, by, and etc(1973:317-320).
On Monday on 4th April We camped there for the summer.
I’ll phone you between lunch
and three o’clock.
c. Cause and purpose
The prepositions expressing cause and purpose are because of, for fear, for, to, at (1973:321-322).
I hid the money for fear of what Because of the rain, I did not get out.
my parents would say. For the journey, they packed much food.
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d. Instrument
The prepositions expressing instrument are by, with and without (Quirk et al,
1973:323-325). By can express the meaning of ‘by means of’, but with, on the other hand, expresses instrumental meaning only.
I usually go to work by car.
The thief must have entered and left the house by the back door.
4. Verb
According to Quirk et al (1973:68-69), English verbs are classified into three classes, namely auxiliary verbs (do, have, be, can , may, shall, will, must, ought to, need, dare, and etc), semi-auxiliary verbs (have to, be about to, happen to, seem to turn out to, and etc), and lexical verbs (walk, play, go, love, and etc)
However, Curme classifies English verbs quite different from Quirk et al. He divides the verbs into three classes, namely transitive, intransitive, and linking verb
(Curme,1953:22-23).
a. Transitive verb
A transitive verb denotes an action passing over from the doer of the action to its object. In other words a transitive verb is a verb which requires an object: The oldest daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Baroes loves Joe.
b. Intransitive verb
All intransitive verbs denote a state or simple action without any reference to an object. The verbs do not require the presence of objects: They swim.
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b. Linking verbs
Linking verbs merely function as the real predicate to its subject. Linking verbs are seem, taste, look, and etc
The normal English verb has five forms: the BASE,the-s FORM, the Past, the-ING PARTICIPLE, and the-ED Participle (Quirk et al,1973:70-71). The table below explains more about each form.
FORM SYMBOL EXAMPLE FUNCTIONS
(1) BASE V Call, drink, put, (a) All the present love, and etc. tense except 3rd person singular: I love him (b) Imperative: Love me. (c) Subjunctive: She demanded that he love her. (d) Infinitive; the bare infinitive: he may drink; and the to infinitive: he wants her to drink. (2) –s form (3rd V-s Loves, drinks, says, 3rd person singular person singular puts, and etc present tense: he present). drinks. (3) past V-ed Called, drank, put Past tense : he called last week.. (4)-ing participle V-ing Calling, drinking, (a) Progressive (present participle) putting aspect (BE + v- ing): She is calling you. (b) non-finite –ing clauses: Calling a spade a spade. (5) –ed participle V-ed Called, drunk, put (a) perfective (past participle). aspect (HAVE + 18
V-ed2) : he has drunk the water. (b) passive voice (BE+ V-ed2): He is called. Table 2. Verbs Forms
From the functions of verbs forms above, we can see that verbs can indicate the time of the action. Time of the action in English is closely related to tense. Tense is the correspondence between the form of verb and our concept of time (Leech and
Svartvik, 1973:40).
English has two tenses, namely Present tense and Past tense. Present tense refers to present time and past tense to past time (Quirk et al, 1973:84).
Tenses Positive Negative Interrogative
Present tense He waits. He does not wait. Does he wait? I cry. I do not cry Do I cry? Past tense He waited He did not wait Did he wait? I waited I did not wait Did I wait? Table 3. The patterns of past and present tense in positive , negative, and interrogative sentences.
4.3 Active and Passive voice
A verb is in active voice when it expresses an action performed by its subject, while a verb is in the passive voice when it expresses an action performed upon its subject or when the subject is the result of the action (Warriner,1982:153). Most of transitive verbs can be used in the passive voice. The following table summarizes active and passive voice used in different tenses taken from Thomson and Martinet
(1995:265). 19
Tense/ Verb Form Active voice Passive Voice
Simple present Keeps Is kept Present Continuous Is keeping Is being kept Simple Past Kept Was kept Past Continuous Was keeping Was being kept Present Perfect Has kept Has been kept Past Perfect Had kept Had been kept Future Will keep Will be kept Conditional Would keep Would be kept Perfect Conditional Would have kept Would have been kept Present Participle Keeping Being kept Perfect Participle Having kept Having been kept Table 4. Active and Passive voice in different tenses.
The passive of an active tense is formed by putting the verb to be into the same tense as the active verb and adding past participle of the active verb (Thomson and Martinet,1995:263).
5. Concord
Quirk et al defines concord as the relationship between two grammatical elements such that if one of them contains a particular feature then the other should have the feature. The most important type of concord in English is subject verb concord (1973:359).
There are three types of concord: grammatical concord, notional concord, and proximity concord (Quirk et al, 1973:359-361). Below are further explanations about the three concords.
5.1 Grammatical Concord
The rules of grammatical concord are as follows: 20
a. The verbs match the subject, for example: He likes to swim. They like to swim.
b. The subject coordinated by both …….and has a verb in plural, for example:
Both your beauty and intelligence have amazed many people.
c. The subject noun + quasi coordinator as well as/ rather than/ more than/ as much as have grammatical concord, for example: Abby as well as Sheila was invited to the seminar.
5.2. Notional Concord
The rules for notional concord are as follows:
a. Agreement of verb with subject according to the idea of number rather than the actual presence of the grammatical marker for that idea, for example: The government have broken all their promises.
b. Plural nouns without ending in –s: cattle, clergy, gentry, people, police, vermin, have plural verbs: our people are complaining.
5.3. Proximity concord.
The rules are as follows:
a. Agreement of the verb with whatever noun or pronoun closely precedes it:
No one except his own supporters agree with him.
b. used with subject coordinated with either…or, and with the expressions of quantity: Either your brakes or your eyesight is at fault.
Either your eyesight or your brakes are at fault
All of the students are required to attend the ceremony. 21
The underlining nouns are the real subject of each sentences which determine the verb form or the to be following them.
c. the subject coordinated by not only…but also uses proximity concord: not only she, but all of us are worried about the decision.
6. Sentences
Sentences become awkward or confusing for many reasons: a writer may employ faulty coordination or subordination, may omit necessary sentence elements, may mix elements that are incompatible, or may make inconsistent shifts in point of view (Stanley et al,1985:438-441).
Faulty coordination or subordination happens when the logical connector between two coordinated clauses, phrases, or words is unclear: she likes to drive, but her teeth hurt. The coordinating conjunction (but) fails to clarify why the writer has chosen to link the subject’s feeling with her problem.
Incomplete sentences are sentences missing necessary words or phrases.
Incomplete sentences also result when a writer omits a required article or preposition.
Mixed sentences are sentences in which two parts are presented as compatible either in grammar or in meaning when they actually incompatible. For example, in the sentence: After driving all night made him feel exhausted. A prepositional phrase
(after driving all night) is being treated ungrammatically as a subject and is linked to a predicate (made him feel exhausted).
A sentence or paragraphs can become awkward if there are logical inconsistencies in the verb tense or mood or voice, for example: He drove his car 22
home and parks it in the garage. In that sentence the writer has shifted confusingly from past to present tense.
C. Theoretical Frame Work.
In order to answer the two problems theoretically, I have employed some theories to help me answer the two problems. In answering the first problem which is to determine the grammatical errors in the datum, I used the theory of errors and the classification of errors based on their linguistics category as proposed by Dulay
(1982). The theories are very important since it gives the clear explanation of errors and the types of grammatical errors. By using Dulay’s theories I can analyze the datum scientifically and decide what kind of grammatical errors occur in the datum.
The theories of articles, nouns, verbs, concord, prepositions, and sentence by Quirk et al (1973), Swan (1987) and etc are important since they become the guidance in correcting the errors.
The second problem which is to decide the most frequent error in the datum is solved by referring to the findings of the first problem to decide the most frequent errors found in the data. After that I drew a conclusion based on my findings.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter covers three parts namely, the object of the study, the approach of the study, and the method of the study. The first part, the object of the study, discusses the data of the present research, and at the end of the part, I give a succinct statement of what the work is generally about. The approach of the study explains the approach employed to analyze the data, and finally the method of the study consists of the procedures taken to conduct the research.
a. Object of the study
The primary data of the present research is the English written commentaries found in three historical sites, The Prambanan and Borobudur Temples, and
Sonobudoyo Museum. The secondary datum are information taken from books, thesis and internet used as references.
Generally, the research is aimed to investigate the grammatical errors found in the commentaries. The analysis will reveal all the grammatical errors and the most frequent error, and finally I try to correct the errors.
b. Approach of the study
Since my research is aimed to assess the grammatical accuracy of the English written commentaries, the approach I use to conduct the study is the approach of
Syntax of English language. However, the approach of syntax here merely concerns with grammar.
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c. Method of the study
This part consists of six parts, the population of the study, the sampling, the setting, the research instruments, the data gathering, and the data analysis.
1. The population of the study
The main purpose of my research is to investigate the grammatical errors occur in the English written commentaries. Therefore, the population of the study is the
English written commentaries found in the three historical sites, Prambanan Temple,
Borobudur Temple, and Sonobudoyo Museum.
The reason why I chose the three sites is because they are quite popular tourist destinations in Jogjakarta and central Java for foreigners. Since they are often visited by foreign tourists, English as the international language is employed to communicate with them both oral and written. I chose to analyze the written English because they contain many grammatical errors and the errors may lead to confusion among the foreigners.
The total population of the English written commentaries is 157. The total population in Prambanan Temple is 63, in Borobudur Temple is 61, and in
Sonobudoyo Museum is 33.
2. The Sampling
Since the total members of the entire population were not quite large and not much energy and time consuming, I decided to analyze them all and not take any samples. There were 157 commentaries in the entire data. 63 commentaries came 25
from the Prambanan data, 61 commentaries from the Borobudur data, and the rest or
33 commentaries from the Sonobudoyo data.
3. The Setting
The research was conducted in three different places, in the Prambanan Temple on March 12th 2007, in the Borobudur temple on March 20th 2007, and in the
Sonobudoyo Museum on April 1st 2007.
4. The Research Instrument
There was only one research instrument used while gathering the data, a mobile phone camera. The mobile phone camera was very helpful since it eliminated the probability of misspelling, and saved time. Using the camera, I did not need to write the commentaries, and I could take the data as it was. This condition led to an accurate data.
For the analysis, I used checklists and tables. Both of them played significant roles in conducting the analysis. There were two kinds of checklists used in the analysis. The first checklist was used to determine whether a commentary from each data source was correct or incorrect. Below, is an example of correct-incorrect checklist.
Reference Correct Incorrect
Table 5. Example of correct-incorrect checklist 26
The reference column was for the commentaries number and the commentaries
themselves in each data. They were categorized as correct or incorrect commentaries
by giving a tick (v) in the column “Correct” or “Incorrect”. This categorization
helped me find the incorrect commentaries in each data to analyze further.
The other checklist helped me answer the first question stated in the problem
formulation; to investigate what grammatical errors occur in each incorrect
commentary in each data. Therefore, there were two sections in the checklist,
reference and errors categories. The reference was for the incorrect commentaries and
their numbers, while the second was for the grammatical errors checklist. The
grammatical checklist consisted of 9 columns since the categorization of grammatical
errors is subject to the categorization of errors based on linguistic category proposed
by Dulay (1982), errors in articles, verbs, pronouns, nouns, prepositions, lexical
errors, word orders, sentence connectors, and genitives.. An example of Error-Type
Checklist is as follow.
Reference Error Error Error Error in Lexical Error Error in Error in Error in in in in Pronoun Error in S. Preposition Genitive Article Verb Noun Word Connector Order (Sentence and its number)
Table.6. Error-Type Checklist 27
I classified the type of errors of each commentary by giving a tick (v ) to the most relevant type of errors in the next column.
Tables were very important in the analysis since they were used to give the answers for the two problems. First, tables were used to show how many correct and incorrect commentaries along with their percentages in each and the entire datum.
Then they were used to show what are the grammatical errors occur in each and entire datum along with their numbers and percentages in each and finally in the entire datum. Finally tables were used to reveal the most frequent error and its percentage in the entire datum.
5. Data Gathering
The present research is a descriptive and qualitative research. The qualitative data was the English written commentaries taken from Prambanan and Borobudur
Temples, and Sonobudoyo museum. The commentaries act as the primary data meaning “the original documents or remains, the first witnesses to a fact”
(Good,1935:253). According to Sprinthal, Scmmate and Sioris (1991:98), a descriptive research is a research trying to describe objectively the states or characteristics of the phenomena better.." In this research, the phenomena refer to the grammatical errors of the English written commentaries found in the
Prambanan and Borobudur Temple and the Sonobudoyo Museum.
The data was taken in different time through photographing in order to get an accurate data. Then, I transcribed the data without adding, reducing, or interpreting it in order to keep the primary data original. 28
The data taken from the Prambanan Temple only covered the data found in the area outside the temple itself since the temple was still closed due to the earthquake.
The authority considered the temple was not safe to be visited yet. Therefore, the data was taken from its museum, and the welcome board. The data from the Borobudur
Temple was taken directly both from the temples and the museum. And the data from the Sonobudoyo Museum was taken from the museum and the welcome board at the entrance.
6. Data Analysis
After the datum have been gathered and transcribed, the analysis started. Since the datum were taken from different sources, the analysis was done three times but with similar steps. The total commentaries are 157 commentaries. The Prambanan data has 63 commentaries, the Borobudur data has 61 commentaries, and the
Sonobudoyo data consists of 33 commentaries. There were several steps taken in conducting each analysis.
The first data analyzed was the data taken from the Prambanan Temple. First of all its 63 commentaries were examined to find out how many and which one of them is correct or incorrect. Here I determined the number of correct or incorrect commentaries along with their percentages. I also marked the incorrect commentaries
After the incorrect commentaries were identified, the second step began. I determined what kind of grammatical errors occured in them which served as the answer for the first problem. The errors were subject to the classification of errors based on linguistic proposed by Dulay. 29
The errors based on linguistic category as proposed by Dulay (1982), has 9 sub- categorizations, error in articles, verbs, nouns, pronouns, prepositions, sentence connectors, genitives, lexical errors, and word orders. I determined which kind of error which was the most appropriate error suffered by a commentary by giving a tick
(v). Below is an example of the way I analyzed a commentary in the data. The commentary below was taken from the Prambanan data, commentary no 1.
On the 27th May 2006, at 05.50 W. Indonesian time, a 5,8 Richter scale earthquake ran into Prambanan and its environs. The errors occur here are error in the area of article (addition of the definite article the after the preposition on) and lexical errors (ran into and environs).
After the whole data have been analyzed, I counted the numbers of errors in the area of articles, verbs, nouns, pronouns, prepositions, sentence connectors, lexical errors, word orders, and genitives in the data and made the percentage of each error.
After that, I decided the specific grammatical error occured mostly in the data analyzed. I conducted the same steps for the other two data.
After the three datum have been analyzed in details, I started to prepare the answer for the last problem: to reveal the most frequent error in the data. I summed up the total errors and the total percentage of each error category from the entire datum. That way I could determine the most frequent error in the whole data gathered from the three different sites.
The final step that I took, was drawing a conclusion based on the answers of the problems in the research. CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part is meant to answer the first problem which is determining the grammatical errors occur in the datum. While, the second part acts as the answer to second problem which is to reveal the most frequent error in the datum. The first sub chapter is divided into three parts since the datum was gathered from three different sites in different times. The first data analyzed is the data taken from Prambanan temple, then Borobudur temple, and finally Sonobudoyo museum. This sub chapter discusses the types of grammatical errors found in the whole datum based on Dulay’s theories discussed in the second chapter. It includes errors based on linguistics which is divided into error in article, error in verb, error in preposition, error in pronoun, error in noun, error in word choice or lexical error, error in word order, error in genitive, and error in sentence connector. The last sub-chapter will reveal the most frequent error found in the datum based on the finding.
A. The Accuracy of The Datum.
The data from the Prambanan Temple, the Borobudur Temple, and the
Sonobudoyo Museum contained correct commentaries as well as incorrect commentaries. The incorrect commentaries were commentaries with errors based on linguistic category. On the next page there is a table which reveals the percentage of the incorrect and correct commentaries in the whole datum
30 31
Source of Total incorrect and correct ? data commentaries Numbers of % Numbers of % Numbers % correct incorrect of commentaries commentaries commentaries
Prambanan 18 28,57% 45 71,43% 63 100% Temple Borobudur 8 13,11% 53 86,89% 61 100% Temple Sonobudoyo 3 9,1% 30 90,9% 33 100% Museum Table7. The percentage of the correct and incorrect commentaries in the whole datum.
From the table above we can see that the Prambanan data has 63 commentaries which consist of 18 correct commentaries or 28,57% and 45 incorrect commentaries or 71,43% of the total percentage. The 45 incorrect commentaries are commentaries which suffer from errors based on linguistic category proposed by Dulay (1982).
On the other hand, the Borobudur data has 61 commentaries. Among the 61 commentaries, 8 commentaries or 13,11% of the total commentaries are correct. The other 53 commentaries or 86,89% of the total commentaries remain grammatically incorrect.
The last data which were gathered from the Sonobudoyo Museum has 33 commentaries. It has only three correct commentaries or 9,1% of the total commentaries. The rest of the commentaries (30 commentaries) or 90,9% of the total percentage in the data suffer from grammatical errors. 32
From the three datum above, we can see that the data taken from the Prambanan
Temple has the most correct commentaries. It has 18 correct commentaries, while the other two only have 8 and 3 correct commentaries. The data having the most errors is the data taken from the Borobudur temple. It has 53 incorrect commentaries, while the data having the least correct commentaries is the data taken from the the
Sonobudoyo museum. It only contains three correct commentaries.
The next sub chapter contains discussions on each data in more details. From the discussion, we will be able to see the types of grammatical errors based on linguistic category in each data, and the most frequent error found in each data. I will begin with the first data taken from the Prambanan temple.
A.1. The analysis of the Prambanan data.
The Prambanan data has 63 commentaries. Among the 63 commentaries, 18 commentaries are correct, while the rest of the commentaries suffer from the sub- categories of the error based on linguistic. The 18 correct commentaries are commentaries no 8, 14, 22, 27, 28, 30, 32, 34, 37, 39, 43, 47, 49, 51, 58, 60, 61, and
63. The rest of the commentaries contain grammatical errors.
Some examples of the correct commentaries.
(8) Do not step on the stone.
(39) It is also said to symbolize the wondering soul and the senses.
(59) Rama is the most popular incarnation of Visnu. 33
Those are the examples of the commentaries which have no errors. The word choices, word orders, and the use of articles are acceptable in English. Briefly, they have no deviant forms or whatsoever.
Now, we are going to look at the errors based on linguistic category found in the data. The errors found in the data are error in article, verb, noun, pronoun, preposition, word order, lexical error, and sentence connector. I will show the number and the percentage of each error in this data using the table below.
Number Errors Based Numbers of % on Linguistic Errors Category 1. Error in 39 33,3% Articles 2. Error in Verbs 32 27,4% 3. Error in 4 3,4% Pronouns 4. Error in Nouns 11 9,4% 5. Lexical Errors 6 5,1% 6. Error in Word 4 3,4% Orders 7. Error in 9 7,7% Sentence Connectors 8. Error in 9 7,7% Prepositions 34
9. Error in 3 2,7% Genitives ? 117 100% Table 8. The numbers and The Percentage of Errors Of Prambanan Data.
In the table above, we see that there are 117 errors in the Prambanan data. It consists of 39 errors in articles or 33,3%, 32 errors in verbs or 27,4%, 4 errors in pronouns or 3,4%, 11 errors in nouns or 9,4%, 6 lexical errors or 5,1%, 4 errors in word orders or 3,4%, 9 errors in sentence connectors or 7,7%, 9 errors in preposition or 7,7%, and 3 errors in genitive sor 2,7% of the total percentage.
The most frequent error in the data is error in the area of articles. It occurs for
39 times or 33,3% of the total percentage. Meanwhile, the least error is error in genitive or possessive case. It only occurs thrice or 2,7% of the total percentage.
There are several errors having the same amount of errors and percentage, which are, error in word order and pronoun. Each of those errors occur four times or 3,4% of the whole percentage.
Below are some examples of commentaries having the errors.
(1) On the 27th May 2006, at 05.50 W. Indonesian time, a 5,8 Richter scale earthquake ran into Prambanan and its environs. The commentary suffers from one error in article and two lexical errors. The error occurs in the area of article can be observed in the presence of the article the after the preposition on. That construction 35
is not acceptable in English since English speakers never use any articles after a preposition to say or to write a date. Therefore, the article the should be omitted.
The lexical errors are the incorrect word choices, ran into and environs. The verb ran into is preferred instead of shook to show what the earthquake does. Nevertheless, the correct verb to use in the commentary is shook. English does not recognize the word environs. Therefore environs should be replaced by the noun surroundings because from the context we can learn that the writer use the word environs to refer to the areas near Prambanan also shaken by the earthquake. After identifying the errors, we can correct the commentary into: On May 27th 2006, at 05.50 a.m, a 5,8 richter scale earthquake shook Prambanan and its surroundings.
(10) The battle between Rama and Giant Marici, the latter is shot by Rama, so that his dead body was blown away to the sea. This commentary has some errors. The errors are errors in the area of verb and sentence connector. The error occurs in the area of verb is the use of the to be is instead of was which is not acceptable since the context of the commentary is in past tense. Therefore, is should be replaced with was.
The error in sentence connector can be seen from the use of the wrong sentence connector in the last clause. The wrong sentence connector used is so that. It should be replaced with and. If the errors are corrected, the true commentary will be: The battle between Rama and Giant Marici, the later was shot by Rama and his dead body was blown away to the sea.
(59) The god elephant headed have four armed, carrying axe in his left backhand.
The commentary suffers from errors in word order, noun, sentence connector, article, 36
and verbs. The construction of the noun head The god elephant headed is not acceptable in English. The correct structure of the noun phrase in English is the elephant headed god in which the head, god, is premodified by the noun elephant and the participle headed. This construction error is classified as error in word order.
The error in the area of noun can be observed in the word armed. The word arm should not be in the form of participle, but in the form of plural nouns, arms, because it refers to the god’s four arms.
Error in sentence connector is the missing of a sentence connector in the beginning of the second clause. A sentence connector should appear to connect the clauses. We can use the sentence connector and here.
The errors in the area of verbs can be seen in the use of the incorrect forms of verbs for the noun head. The verb have should be changed into has and the verb in
–ing form should be replaced with the verb attached with –s, carries.
The last error is error in the area of article can be seen in the omission of an indefinite article an before the noun axe. The noun should be premodified by the indefinite article an since it is countable and singular. Then, the correct commentary would be: The elephant headed god has four arms, and carries an axe in his left backhand.
A.2. The Analysis of Borobudur Data.
The data has 61 commentaries consisting of 8 correct commentaries and 53 incorrect commentaries. The correct commentaries are commentaries no 17, 20, 28, 37
34, 37, 38, 39, and 60. The rest of the commentaries are incorrect since they contain some errors based on linguistic category.
Below are three examples of the correct commentaries.
(34) Trapping and selling fishes.
(37) A punishment due to malpractices and murder.
(38) A group of holy persons.
Those commentaries above have no grammatical errors. The arrangement and the word choice of each commentary are not deviant.
Now, we are going to look at the errors found in the data. The errors found here are all of the errors categories, except error in genitive. I will show the occurrence of each error along with its percentage in the table below.
Number Errors Based on Numbers of errors % Linguistic Category 1 Error in Articles 60 32,8% 2 Error in Verbs 35 19,1% 3 Error in Pronouns 12 6,6% 4 Error in Nouns 30 16,4% 5 Lexical Errors 7 3,8% 6 Error in Word 7 3,8% Orders 7 Error in 8 4,4% Sentence Connectors 8 Error in 24 13,1% Prepositions 38
9 Error in Genitives 0 0% ? 183 100% Table 9. The numbers and the percentage of the errors in the Borobudur Data
From the table above, we can see that there are 183 errors in the data. The errors consist of 60 errors in the area of articles or 32,8%, 5 errors in verbs or 19,1%,
12 errors in pronouns or 6,6%, 30 errors in nouns or 16,4%, 7 lexical errors or 3,8%,
7 errors in word orders or 3,8%, 8 errors in sentence connectors or 4,4%, and 24 errors in prepositions or 13,1% of the total percentage. We notice too that there is no error in genitive.
Also from the table above, we can see that the most frequent error found in the data is error in the area of articles. The amount of the errors are 60 or 32,8% of the total percentages. Meanwhile, the least frequent error is error in the area of word orders and lexical errors. Each of them only occur seven times which is equal to 3,8% of the total percentage. The most frequent error found in here is similar to the most frequent error found in the data gathered from the Prambanan Temple which is error in article.
Below are some examples of commentaries having the errors.
(1) It is forbidden to bring the dangerous goods, explosive, sticks, etc. This commentary suffers from error in the area of article. The commentary refers to all kinds of dangerous goods. Therefore, the noun goods should be premodified by the quantifier any and not by the definite article the. 39
Another error is the omision of a sentence connector to indicate the kinds of the dangerous goods. We can use like to point out to the dangerous goods it means. The correct commentary is as followed: It is forbidden to bring any dangerous goods like, explosives, sticks, and etc.
(17) Hard working and receiving the guest. The commentary suffers from error in word order, noun, and article. The incorrect word order is the order of the verb phrase hard working. The order should not like that. Here, the adjective hard is the complement of working, so it should modify the verb. Therefore, the correct word order is working hard.
We only need to omit the definite article the before the noun guest since we have no idea which guests the sentence means. Moreover, we need to change the singular form guest into its plural form, guests. Therefore, the correct commentary is: working hard and receiving guests.
(22) Borobudur temple leave by the community and in 1814 rebuilt by Sir Thomas
Stanford Raffles. The errors of the commentary are errors in verbs. The errors include omission of to be in passive construction, error in participle. The passive construction of the commentary is not acceptable in English grammar. As Quirk had explained that passive sentences in English is constructed by subject followed by a to be and past participle. The commentary above is considered incorrect since it does not follow the pattern of passive sentences in English. To make it acceptable, the noun which is
Borobudur temple should be proceeded by a to be and then past participle. The error in participle can be seen in the form of the verb, leave. It should be changed into left. 40
Therefore the correct commentary is: Borobudur temple was left by the community and was rebuilt by Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles in 1814.
(34) Although its world fame, Borobudur, one of the greatest and largest Buddhist monuments, has very limited textual information concerning its builders, intentions, and context. The commentary suffers from, error in pronoun, and lexical error. The error in pronoun is the use of its instead of it is. Its is a possessive pronoun and should not be followed by an adjective, while it is can be followed by an adjective.
Lexical error is the use of the noun fame instead of the adjective famous. Fame should be replaced by famous since the commentary refers to the state of Borobudur in the world. Therefore the correct commentary is: Although it is world famous,
Borobudur, one of the greatest and largest Buddhist monuments, has very limited textual information concerning its builders, intentions, and context.
(8) Of the reconstruction of the borobudur stone seen from the southside. The commentary suffers from error in preposition, article and noun. Error in preposition can be observed in the appearance and misuse of the preposition of in the beginning of the sentence. The preposition of should not appear and not be used in the commentary since it is unnecessary.
Error in noun is marked by the singular form of the noun stone and the incorrect noun southside. South is enough to refer to the direction in which the reconstruction was seen from. Stone should be in its plural form, stones, since it refers to all stones of Borobudur constructed.
41
The last error is error in article. We do not need an article to point to the direction, south. Therefore, the correct commentary is: The reconstruction of the Borobudur stones seen from south.
A.3. The Analysis of The Sonobudoyo Data.
The data has 33 commentaries consisting of three correct commentaries and
30 incorrect commentaries. The correct commentaries are commentaries no1, 6, and
29. The rest of the commentaries are incorrect since they contain some errors.
Below are the three correct commentaries.
(1) This inscription marks the opening of the Sonobudoyo museum on
November 6, 1935, by Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono.
(6) For taking photographs a permit for it is to be asked first from the officials in charge.
(29) In all the basic needs of mankind you’ll find the philosophy of Hindu
Balinese culture
The commentaries above have no grammatical errors. The arrangement and the word choice of the commentaries are not deviant in English grammar.
Now, we are going to look at the errors found in the data. I will show the occurrence of errors of all categories in the table below.
Number Errors based on Numbers of Errors % Linguistic Category 1 Error in Articles 17 18,9% 42
2 Error in Verbs 24 26,7% 3 Error in Pronouns 6 6,7% 4 Error in Nouns 16 17,8% 5 Lexical Errors 6 6,7% 6 Error in Word 4 4,4% Orders 7 Error in Sentence 4 4,4% Connectors 8 Error in 10 11,1% Prepositions 9 Error in Genitives 3 3,3% ? 90 100% Table 10. The Number and the percentage of the Errors in Sonobudoyo Data
From the table above, we can see that there are 90 errors in the data. The errors consist of 17 errors in article or 18,9%, 24 errors in verbs or 26,7%, 6 errors in pronoun or equal to 6,7%, 16 errors in nouns or 17,8%, 6 lexical errors or 6,7%, 4 errors in word order or 4,4%, 4 errors in sentence connectors or 4,4%, 10 errors in prepositions or 11,1% and finally 3 errors in genitive or equal to 3,3% of the total percentage.
Also, from the table above, we can see that the most frequent errors found in the data is errors in the area of verbs. The total amount of the errors is 24 which is equal to 26,7% of the total percentage. On the other hand the least frequent error in this data is error in the area of genitive. It only occurs thrice or is equal to 3,3% of the 43
total percentage. From the data we also notice that there two errors having the same amount of number and percentage which are errors in the area of word order and sentence connector. Both of them occur for four times or is equal to 4,4% of the total percentage. The most frequent error found in the data is not the same with the most frequent errors found in the other two data. In the two previous datum, the most frequent error is error in articles.
Below, are some examples of commentaries having the errors.
(2) Eating, drinking, or smoking, in the exhibition rooms are strictly forbidden.
The commentary has error in verb which is the disagreement between the verb with the noun closely precedes it. The disagreement between the verb and the noun closely precedes it, is a violation toward proximity concord. Proximity concord is used with subject coordinated with or, either, and etc. Therefore, in order to follow the rule of proximity concord, the verb are should be replaced by is. Then, the correct commentary would be: Eating, drinking, or smoking, in the exhibition rooms is strictly forbidden.
(15) Windows or ventilation on traditional house having motif of Lion with the wing. The commentary suffers from errors in article, preposition, verb, noun and word order. The error in article is the omission of the definite article the before the head windows or ventilations.. The noun should be premodified by the definite article the because they are made definite by the prepositional phrase following them.
Another error in article is the omission of the indefinite article a before the noun phrase traditional house. 44
Error in preposition refers to the use of the preposition on instead of the preposition of. The preposition of is more convenient to use since it shows that the windows or ventilations belong to traditional houses.
The verb phrase error can be corrected by changing the verb in -ing form, having, into the verb for a third singular subject, have.
Error in noun is the sustitution of the plural form houses with its singular form house.
Error in word order refers to the incorrect placement of a group of morpheme in a sentence. The misordering error in the commentary can be found in the arrangement of the noun phrase after the main verb (have). The arrangement of the noun phrase should be: a winged lion motif in which the head is premodified by a determiner, participle and noun: The windows or ventilation of traditional houses have a winged lion motif.
(24) According to believe originating from”atma prasangsa” manuscript, a woman did not live a perfect life if she had married before she was able to weave a sheet of cloth. The commentary suffers from error in article, and noun. Error in article occurs due to the omission of the definite article the before the noun belief. The error in the area of noun is the alternating form of believe for belief. The correct one is belief since it is a noun that should become a subject not a verb. Therefore, the correct commentary: According to the belief originating from”atma prasangsa” manuscript, a woman did not live a perfect life if she had married before she was able to weave a sheet of cloth. 45
B. Revealing the most frequent error in the whole datum.
This sub chapter will reveal the most frequent error in the datum which will also serve as the answer for the last problem in the present research. The most frequent error will be determined based on the findings of the previous sub-chapter.
Again, table(s) is used to show the most frequent error.
DATA SOURCE TOTAL ERRORS %
PRAMBANAN 117 30%
TEMPLE
BOROBUDUR 183 46,9%
TEMPLE
SONOBUDOYO 90 23,1%
MUSEUM
? 390 100%
TABLE 11. The total numbers of errors and percentage of the entire datum.
From the table above, we can see that the data containing the most errors is the data taken from Borobudur temple. It contains 183 errors or 46,9% of the total errors in the whole datum. The data having the least error is the data taken from
Sonobudoyo museum which only has 90 or about 23,1% of the total percentage.
Finally, the data gathered from Prambanan temple has 117 errors which is equal to
30% of the total percentage. 46
The next table reveals the most frequent error occurs in the whole datum.
Here, we will see the total numbers and the percentage of each error categorized.
Errors Data Source Categorization Prambanan % Borobudur % Sonobudoyo % Total % Temple Temple Museum Numbers Error in 38 9,74% 60 15,4% 17 4,4% 115 29,5% Article Error in Verb 32 8,2% 35 9% 24 6,3% 91 23,3% Error in 4 1% 12 3,1% 6 1,5% 22 5,6% Pronoun Error in Noun 11 2,8% 30 7,7% 16 4,1% 57 14,6% Lexical Error 6 1,5% 7 1,8% 6 1,5% 19 4,9% Error in Word 4 1% 7 1,8% 4 1% 15 3,8% Order Error in 9 2,3% 8 2,1% 4 1% 21 5,4% Sentence Connector Error in 9 2,3% 24 6,2% 10 2,7% 45 11,5% Prepositions Error in 3 0,8% 0 0% 3 0,8% 6 1,5% Genitive ? 117 29,6% 183 47,1% 90 23,1% 390 100% Table.12. The total numbers and percentages of all the errors in the whole datum. 47
From the table above, we can see that the total numbers of errors in the whole datum is 390 which consist of 117 errors from the data taken from the Prambanan
Temple, 183 errors from the Borobudur Temple and finally 90 errors from the data taken from Sonobudoyo Museum. We also notice that the data taken from Borobudur temple has the most errors out of the whole datum. On the other hand, the data having the least errors is the data gathered from Sonobudoyo Museum.
Also from the table above, we learn that in the Prambanan data, the most frequent errors are errors in articles which are 38 or equal to 9,74% of the total percentage of the errors in the whole data. The same thing is also found in the data taken from the Borobudur temple in which the amount of the errors in articles is higher than the rest of the errors found in the data. The percentage of error in article in this data is the highest percentage compared to the other percentage of each error which is 15,4% of the total percentage. This might signify that the writers of both data do not really master the use of both definite as well as indefinite articles.
However, the data gathered from the Sonobudoyo Museum shows different result.
Here, the most frequent error is not in the area of articles, but in the area of verbs. The amount of error in the area of verbs is 24 or equal to 6,3% of the total percentage.
Now, let us determine what error occurs mostly in the entire datum. From the table we can see that the number of errors in the area of articles is 115 which is equal to 29,5% of the total percentage. The total numbers of errors occur in the area of verbs is 91 or equal to 23,3% of the whole percentage. The total amount of errors in pronouns is 22 or is equal to 5,6% of the total percentage. The total numbers of errors 48
in nouns is 57 or equal to 14,6% of the total percentage. Lexical errors in the entire datum occur for 19 times or equal to 4,9% of the whole percentage. The error in sentence connectors occur for 21 times or equal to 5,4% of the entire percentage. The total errors in the area of prepositions is 45 which is equal to 11,5% of the total percentage. Finally, the total error in genitive is 6 which is equal to only 1,6% of the whole percentage.
From the whole finding, I decide that most frequent error in the entire datum is error in the area of articles which occur for 115 times or 29,5% of the total percentage. Meanwhile, the least frequent error is error in genitive or possessive case which is only 6 or 1,6% of the total percentage.
The fact that errors in articles occur mostly in the entire datum shows that the three writers lack of mastery of the definite and indefinite articles. What Green has said before that, “non native speakers found a lot of difficulties in using the English articles” matches the finding of the present research. It is true that articles still become problems for non native speakers of English. They do not really understand when an article should be used or omitted, or when the definite article is employed instead of the indefinite articles.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
The following chapter is the final section of the whole study. This chapter consists of two parts, Research and Suggestion. The research part serves as the summary of the findings of the present research. On the other hand, the suggestion part consists of a recommendation for next researchers willing to conduct similar study.
A. Research
English language is spoken anywhere in the world. It is a lingua franca serving as the language which enables people from different languages to communicate to each other. In Indonesia, many people have been familiar with the language, bur that does not mean that they do master the language.
The present research investigates the grammatical accuracy of the English written commentaries found in some historical sites in Jogjakarta and central Java: the Prambanan and Borobudur Temples, as well as the Sonobudoyo Museum. Those sites are quite popular for foreign tourists.
Referring to the first problem, I found that there were a lot of grammatical errors in the entire datum. The errors occured in the datum were errors in the area of articles, nouns, verbs, pronouns, prepositions, genitives, word orders, sentence connectors, and lexical errors.
The first data analyzed was the data taken from the Prambanan Temple. It had all the errors based on linguistic category proposed by Dulay. In this data, the most
49 50
errors occured was the errors in the area of articles, while the least frequent error was error in genitive. From 117 errors found in the data, errors in articles occur for 38 times, while error in genitive only occured thrice.
The second data analyzed was the data taken from the Borobudur Temple.
There were 183 errors found in the data. The most errors also occured in the area of articles (60), while the least errors occured, were lexical errors and error in word orders which had the same amount (7). Different from the data taken from the
Prambanan Temple, the data taken from the Borobudur Temple had no error in genitive.
The last data analyzed was the data gathered from the Sonobudoyo Museum.
Compared with the other two datum, this data had the least amount of errors. It had only 90 errors. Moreover, the most frequent errors found in this data were not errors in articles but in verbs. The amount of errors in the area of verb was 24, while in the area of article was 17. The least frequent errors found in this data were errors in pronouns genitive. This data also had all errors based on linguistic category proposed by Dulay (1982).
Based on the whole finding there were 390 errors in the whole datum. From the total errors, the data having the most errors was the data gathered from Borobudur temple with 183 errors. Finally, the most frequent errors in the entire datum were errors in the area of articles. The total amount of errors in the area of articles in the whole data was 115. It was the accumulation of the 38 errors in the Prambanan data, plus 60 errors in the Borobudur data, and 17 errors in the Sonobudoyo data. 51
Meanwhile, the least frequent errors were errors in genitive. The accumulation of errors in genitive was only 6.
The result of the present research reveals that the rules of English grammar were not well applied in the commentaries. The writers of the whole data still have many problems with the grammar especially in the use of articles. Had their mastery of English grammar been well, they would not produce any errors in their written commentaries.
B. Suggestion
For further study, the next researcher can focus on the translation accuracy of the data. He or she can examine and analyze the data by examining the translation accuracy of the English written commentaries. In brief, the research of the data is not only limited to the grammatical accuracy.
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London: Longman Group, 1973. Warriner, John E. English Grammar and Composition. London: Harcourt Brace and WO, 1982. APPENDIX 1.a The list of errors in the Prambanan data. Sentence Sentence Errors Correction Number On the 27th May 2006, at Errors in article, On May 27th 2006, at 05.50 1. 05.50 W. Indonesian time, a and lexical errors. a,m, a 5,8 Richter scale 5,8 Richter scale earthquake earthquake shook Prambanan ran into Prambanan and its and its surroundings. environs. 2 The natural disaster has Error in verb, The natural disaster has caused a lot of damage, sentence connector, caused a lot of damage, such among others The and noun. as, the Prambanan temple Prambanan Temple building complex having been complex having been seriously damaged and seriously damaged and still therefore is still dangerous. dangerous. 3 For the safety’s sake, the Error in articles, For safety’s sake, visitors visitor may visit the temple and noun. may visit the temple complex complex only within the only within the bounds of bounds of fixed safe area. fixed safe area. 4 Thus, we thank you for the Error in article Thus, we thank you for your your attention. attention. 5 By visiting the Prambanan Error in verb. By visiting the Prambanan Temple Tourist Park means temple tourist park you you participate in the effort participate in the effort of of preserving a world preserving a world cultural cultural heritage heritage. 6 Protected under armed Error in pronoun, Prambanan temple is conflict verb and protected from armed preposition. conflict. 7 World heritage list number Error in pronoun, Prambanan temple is a world 642 article, error in heritage listed number 642. verbs 8 Don’t pass here Lexical error No trespassing 10 The fight between two Missing of sentence The fight between two 54 55 brothers, Sugiwa and Subali connector, and error brothers, Sugiwa and Subali , finally Subali was killed by in preposition. in which finally Subali was Rama’s arrow. killed with Rama’s arrow. 11. The battle between Rama Error in sentence The battle between Rama and and Giant Marici, the latter connector, verb and giant Maricci in which the is shot by Rama, so that his article. latter was shot by Rama, and dead body was blown away his dead body was blown to the sea. away to sea. 12 Statues in the room of the Error in articles, The statues in the rooms of Brahma temple and wisnu and in noun. Brahma and wisnu temples. temple. 14. The basic structure of a Siva Error in article, The basic structure of the siva temple in java showing the error in verb. temple in java is devided into division into three vertical three vertical parts. parts. 15. Ramayana ballet at Lexical error, error A Ramayana dance at the Prambanan open stage in articles. Prambanan open stage. 16 Makara is a kind of Error in article, and Makara is a kind of mythological sea-monster, noun. mythological sea monster often confounded with the often confounded with crocodile although crocodiles although represented with a fish tail represented with a fish tail and an elephant’s trunk and an elephant’s trunk. 17 It is an emblem of water it Error in genitive, The two ends of the temple’s represented at the two ends word order, verb, arch represent an emblem of of the arch of the temple, pronoun and water, whereas the top of the whereas the top of arch is preposition. arch represents Kirthimukha. Kirtimukha. 18 Monk chiseling the story Error in article and A monk chisels the story title title of the relief panel. verb. of the relief panel. 19. Master using a piece of Error in verb and A master is using a piece of charcoal to draw the scene article. charcoal to draw the scene of of the panel. the panel 20 An apprentice chiseled out Error in verb and An apprentice chisels out the characters and figures. article. characters and figures. 21. The master carved the finer Error in article, The master carves finer 56 details on the figures such as verb, noun and details of the figures such as their jewelleries and preposition. their jewelry and clothing. clothing. 23. Deity carved in high relief Error in articles, The deity carved in high an once part of a wall of a preposition, and relief at one part of a wall in a candi (temple), represents noun. temple represents either a god either a god or a or a Bodhisattva. Bodhisattva. 24. The architectural fragment Error in word order, The architectural fragment with a stylized free like article, verb, noun shaped like a free stylized triangular element, appears and lexical error. triangle and appearing above above vegetal motifs called the floral motifs is called an antefik or simbar, antefik or simbar and found represented especially at the especially at the roof of the roof of the temple. temple. 26. Nandisvara is guarding the Error in verb, and Nandisvara guarding the entrance to a shrine, article. entrance to a shrine represents represented either side of the either side of the door of Siva door of a siva temple, as the temple as the dvarapata (the dvarapata (door-keeper). door keeper). 28. In hindu mythology he is Error in pronoun. In Hindu mythology it is said said to be the son of to be the son of Kasyapa and Kasyapa and Vinata. Vinata. 31. Durga Mahisasuramardini Error in verb, noun, Durga Mahisasuramardini (the buffalo demon and article. (the buffalo demon conqueror), usually conqueror), usually represented with 8 hands represented with 8 hands is standing on the buffalo and standing on a buffalo and seizing the hairs of the seizing the hair of a synoptically imaged buffalo synoptically imaged buffalo demon demon. 33. In the upmost back hands Error in article. In her upmost back hands, she she wields the sun wheel wields a sun wheel and a and the couch shell, couch shell, the attributes of attributes of Vishnu. Vishnu. 35. Founded of the bowl of the Error in word order, The bowl founded in the wahana temple and preposition. Wahana temple. 36. Rama sitting on the throne Error in verb. Rama is sitting on the throne 57 with Sinta with Sinta. 37. Sinta’s pregnancy arouses Error in genitive. Sinta’s pregnancy arouses Rama suspicion and doubt Rama’s suspicion and doubt concerning her chastity concerning her chastity during her stay in Alengka. during her stay in Alengka. 38. Hamsa is a wild goose, Error in article. Hamsa is a wild goose, the vahana (vehicle) of Brahma. vahana (vehicle) of Brahma. 40. The bodhisattva is one who Error in article, and Bodhisattva is the one who has become enlightened, verb. has become enlightened, acquired knowledge, but acquired knowledge, but who refuses to enter nirvana refused to enter nirvana since since he desired to guide all he desired to guide all mankind to the true path of mankind to the true path of the budha. Budha. 41. The bodhisattva originated Error in article, Bodhisattva is originated from the fire of buddhas of verb, and genitive. from the fire of Budha’s meditation. meditation. 42. Kaumari is a wife of Error in sentence Kaumari is the wife of skandha, the war god, the connector and Skandha, the war god who is son of siva and parvati. article. also the son of Siva and Parvati. 44. The bull nandi is the vehicle Error in word order. Nandi the bull is the vehicle of Siva of Siva. 45. Nandi is represented lying in Error in verb, and Nandi is represented lying in an outer room, facing the of preposition, article, an outer room, and facing the where the chief icon of Siva and sentence chief icon of Siva or Lingga. or Lingga is situated. connector. 46. Camunda is a form of Error in verb. Camunda is a form of Durga Durga, is said to originate in said to originate in a a construction of two words, construction of two words, canda and munda (names of canda and munda (names of demons killed by Camunda) demons killed by Camunda) symbolizing delusion or symbolizing delusion or malignity. malignity. 50. Ratnasambhava, the third of Error in verb, Ratnasambhava, the third the Dhyani buddhas as the preposition and Dhyani Buddhas is the originator of the Ratna article. originator of the Ratna (jewel) family. (jewel) family. 58 52. The pot-bellied god of Error in verb, and The pot bellied god of wealth, wealth, worshipped by article. worshipped by the Sivaltas sivaltas and Buddhist are and Budhists is virtually virtually indistinguishable. indistinguishable. 53. The money bags usually Error in verb. The money bags are usually found at the foot of the found at the foot of the pedestal. pedestal. 54. He is also a dikpalaka of the Error in article and He is also the Dikpalaka of northerly direction. noun. the northern direction. 55. Ganeca is the son Siva (the Error in preposition Ganeca is the son of Siva (a hindu god) and parvati. and article. Hindu God) and Parvati. 56. His consort is the elephant Error in sentence His consort is the elephant faced god, and is also called connector. faced god who is also called Gajanama. Gajanama. 57. Worshipped as the god Error in noun and Worshipped as the god of refuse of dangers, his image lexical errors. protection, his image is is usually found near usually found near dangerous dangerous places as such as places such as river crossings river crossing and ravines. and ravines. 59 The god elephant headed Error in word order, The elephant headed god has have four armed, carrying verbs, article, and four arms and carries an axe axe in his left backhand. noun. in his left backhand. 62. He is regarded as the 7th Lexical error. He is regarded as the 7th Avatara (incarnation) of Avatara (incarnation) of Visnu and also said to be the Visnu and also said to be the manifestation of the planet manifestation of the sun Surya. planet. B. The list of errors in the Borobudur data. Sentence Sentence Errors Correction Number 1. It is forbidden to bring the Error in article, and It is forbidden to bring any dangerous dangerous goods, explosive, sentence connector. goods like, explosive, sticks, and etc. sticks, etc. 2. Damaged stone destroyed on Error in The stone was damaged due to an explosion on January 21, preposition, article, explosion on January 21st, 1985. 59 1985. verb and sentence connector. 3. Salted on the stone of the Error in noun Salting on the stone of the temple. temple. 4. Destruction cultural Error in word order A cultural destruction and article. 5. Destruction natural. Error in word order A natural destruction. and article. 6. Pesticide which used to Error in article, The pesticides used to maintain the maintain the stone of the noun, and verb, and stones of the temple. stone on the temple. preposition. 7. Growth of some varieties of Error in article and The growth of some varieties of fungi fungus which were found on noun. which were found on the temple the temple stones. stones. 8. Of the reconstruction of the Error in The reconstruction of the Borobudur borobudur stone seen from preposition, article, stones seen from the south. the southside and noun. 9. Method of the reconstruction Error in article. The method of the reconstruction of of borobudur monument. the Borobudur monument. 10. Cleaning of the temple Error in article. The cleaning of the temple stones. stones. 11. Condition of the borobudur Error in article, The condition of Borobudur temple temple after having been pronoun, and verb. after it has been restored. restored. 12. Condition of the first gallery Error in article, The condition of the first gallery section of the north after it preposition, and section in the north after it has been having been restored. verb. restored. 13. Rubbing stone and its Error in article and The rubbing stone and its pounder pounder found in the vicinity verb. were found in the vicinity of of the Borobudur temple Borobudur temple complex. 60 complex. 14. Teaching given by the Error in article. A teaching given by a hermit. hermit. 15. Offering the alms for the Error in articles and Offering alms for beggars. beggar. noun. 16. Listening to the instruction Error in articles and Listening to an instruction and noble and the noble family. noun. families. 19. Requesting for the Error in article and Requesting for noblemen. nobleman. noun. 22. Preparing fruits for the Error in article, and Preparing fruits for noblemen and nobleman and situation in the noun. situation in a market. market. 23. Discussion and the musician. Error in article and Discussions and musicians. nouns. 24. Teaching for the students and Error in articles. A teaching for students and offering offering the alms. alms. 25. Suggestion for the visitors. Error in article and A suggestion for visitors. noun. 26. Representing the discussion Error in articles Representing a discussion and and teaching activities for the teaching activities for villagers. villagers. 27. Hard-working and receiving Error in word order, Working hard and receiving guests. the guest article and noun. 29. Catching a condemned and Error in article and Arresting a condemned person and a meeting between the lexical error and meeting between authorities. authority. nouns. 30. Illustration of war dancing Error in articles, An illustration of a dance war and a and dead situation. word order and death situation. noun. 31. Teaching for the followers Error in article. A teaching for followers. 61 32. Execution of dead Error in articles, The execution of a death sentence punishment and its cemetery. pronoun, noun and and a cemetery lexical error, 33. Bad effect of killing fishes. Error in article A bad effect of killing fishes. 35. A punishment in hells Error in noun A punishment in hell. 36. A punishment due to make a Error in article, A punishment due to gossiping about gossip about others. verb, and noun. others. 40. Worshipping the sanctuary Error in article. Worshipping a sanctuary monument monument and its flags. and its flags. 41. Borobudur temple was built Error in Borobudur temple was built from about VIII-IX Century and preposition, noun, VIII-IX Centuries and used by the used by community 150 and article. community for 150 years years approximately. approximately. 42. Borobudur temple leave by Error in verb, Borobudur temple was left by the community and in 1814 article. community and was rebuilt by Sir rebuilt by Sir Thomas Thomas Stanford Raffles in 1814. Stanford Raffles. 43. Borobudur temple when it Lexical error, and Borobudur temple when found by Sir was found by Sir Thomas error in verb, Thomas Stanford Raffles in 1814 was Stanford Raffles in 1814 as a pronoun. a ruin which was covered by rained which covered by undergrowth. undergrowth. 44. There is no interesting if the Error in verbs and The temple would not be interesting temple did not cleaned and article, word order, if it was not cleaned and restored by a restored by Dutch engineer and preposition. Dutch engineer from 1907-1911. in 1907-1911. 62 45. The first restoration of Van Error in The first restoration done by Van Erp Erp just restored stupas of preposition, article, was only in the stupas of the circular circular terraces/ Arrundhatu. and verb. terraces. 46. The restoration of the lower Error in verb and The restoration of the lower part was part done only in several article. done only in several parts to make the parts to made gallery are gallery planned. planed. 47. The walls were restored Error in pronoun, The walls were restored without without dismantling so that it and verb dismantling them so that they were seen still leaning. seen still leaning. 48. The climated and Errors in noun, and Climate and environmental factors environment factors had article. had caused Borobudur damages. caused Borobudur damages. 49. So in 1973 up to 1983 Error in So from 1973 up to 1983 the Indonesian government preposition, verb Indonesian government supported by supported by UNESCO and articles. the UNESCO carried out the total found carried out the total restoration of Rupadhatu. restoration of the Rupadhatu. 50. There were three kind of Error in nouns, There were kinds of methods e.g. methods e.g. dismantling of preposition, verb, dismantling the Rupadahtu followed the Rupadahatu followed by sentene connector by the construction of its foundation the construction of its and article. using reinforced concrete slab in each foundation using reinforced stage, and applying the water concrete slab of each stage, resistance, and drainage system. application of water resistance and the drainage system . 63 51. Cleaning the stones as well Error in sentence Second, cleaning the stones as well as as its repairing treated by connectors, repairing them using chemical chemical conservant, and pronouns, materials and third, reconstructing reconstructing to its place in preposition, verb, them in an organism free condition. the condition of organism word order and free. lexical error. 52. In the inauguration of second Errors in article, In the inauguration of the second restoration 1983, Prof. Dr. preposition, and restoration in 1983, Prof. Dr. Soekmono said that the verbs. Soekmono said that the restoration restoration had done done was expected to make expected the Borobudur Borobudur temple exist for more than Temple will exist more than 1000 years. 1000 years. 53. Profitable for knowledges Errors in sentence Since Borobudur temple is profitable and the people will love it’s connector, noun, for knowledge, people will love it as the great world heritage and pronoun, article, one of the world’s greatest heritages preserve its ancient values of verb, and and preserve its ancient architectural, architectural, historical, as preposition, and historical values, as well as the well as the messages which messages found in the relief stories at are content of the relief least expected to give some guidance stories at least its expected for the community. some guidance for the community. This is gives some Error in verbs, This gives some information information concerning the pronoun, and concerning the ruler Rake Warak 54. ruler he is Rake Warak Dyah sentence conector. Dyah Manara known in Karang Manara Known in tengah inscription as King Karangtengah Inscription as Samaratungga reigning from 803-807 King Samaratungga reigning AD, and also the father of ri from 803-807 AD, the father Kahulunnan. of ri Kahulunnan. 64 55. Although its world fame, Lexical errors and Although it is world famous, Borobudur, one of the error in pronoun, Borobudur one of the greatest and greatest and largest Buddhist and verb. largest Buddhist monuments, has monuments, has very limited very limited textual information textual information concerning its builders, purpose, and concerning, its builders, context. intentions, and context. 56. An inscription bearing the Error in An inscription bearing the name of ri name of ri Kahulunnan preposition, article, Kahulunnan issued in 842 AD, and a issued 842AD, and context verbs. context mentioning her name as the mentions her name as the figure bestowing a land in the village figure bestowing land in the of Tri Tepusan had sustained a holy village of Tri Tepusan to place named Kamul n I sustain a holy place named Bumisambara. Kamul n i Bumisambara. 57. The name has strong Error in The name has strong association with association the preposition. the contemporary name of contemporary name of Borobudur. Borobudur. 58. Furthermore, in the Error in noun, Furthermore, in the inscription inscription appears another preposition and appears another appellation of the appellation of the building as lexical error. building as da avidham, a ten storey da avidham, a ten level building which perfectly matches the building which perfectly number of terraces in Borobudur. matches the number of terrace of Borobudur. 65 59. Error in article, and The title of Lady ri Kahulunnan has The title of the lady ri preposition. been associated with Dyah Kahulunnan has been Pramodawardani, the daughter of associated Dyah Rake Warak Dyah Manara also Pramodawardani, the known as King Samaratungga of the daughter of Rake Warak Ailendra Dynasty. Dyah Manara also known as King Smaratungga of ailendra dynasty. 60. It is possible, therefore, that Error in word order It is possible, therefore, that this ruler this ruler was the founder of and noun. was the founder of the original holy the holy place of origin place, Bhumisambara. Bhumisambara. 61. Several attitudes of the Error in noun. Several attitudes of the Buddha Budha statue in Borobudur. statues in Borobudur. C. The list of errors in the Sonobudoyo data. Sentence Sentence Errors Correction Number 1. Inscribe first at the official’s Error in genitive Inscribe first at the official place. place. 2. It is not allowed to bring about Error in It is not allowed to bring any any weapons (fire as well as prepositions, weapons (fire as well as sharp white arms) except by official’s genitive and lexical weapons) except by the charge. error. official permission. 3. Error in noun, Deposit bags and the likes at Place deposit bags and the like genitive and verb. the official place. at the official’s. 4. Eating, drinking, or smoking in Error in verb. Eating, drinking or smoking in the exhibition rooms are the exhibition rooms is strictly strictly forbidden. forbidden. 66 6. Parked the vehicle tidily at the Error in verb and Park vehicles tidily at the parking area. article. parking area. 7. Take very good care Error in preposition. Take very good care of cleanliness everywhere: in the cleanliness everywhere: in the yards, the parks, and surely in yards, parks, and surely in the the exhibition rooms. exhibition rooms. 8. Error in noun. Thank you very much for your Thank you very much for your attention and cooperation. due attention and cooperation. 9. Made of wood, functioning as Errors in pronoun, It is made of wood and a living room decoration from verbs and sentence functions as a living room Lombok. connector. decoration from Lombok. 10. Sendi, made of carved wood, Errors in word Sendi, made of wood is the this is a column based of order, article, base column of Balinese Balinese traditional buildings. pronoun, and noun. traditional buildings. 11. Dore, a carved decoration Error in verb, article Dore, a carved decoration made of rock, functioning as and sentence. made of rock functions as a cornice. cornice. 12. Alas tugeh, made of carved Error in article, Alas tugeh made of carved wood, this is in an upper preposition, word wood is the upper base column based of a Balinese order, pronoun and column of a Balinese traditional building noun. traditional building. 13. Arjuna wiwaha, water color on Error in verbs, Arjuna wiwaha is a water paper, batuan (southern bali) article, and lexical painting having batuan style style, functioning as a wall error. and functions as a wall decoration. decoration. 14. Bima Swarga, oil on canvas, Error in verbs, Bima Swarga is an oil painting Lamasan style, Klungkung, article, preposition, having a lamas an style from Bali, functioning as a wall and lexical error. Klunkung and functions as a decoration. wall decoration. 15. Windows or ventilation on Error in preposition, Windows or ventilations of tradsitional house having noun, verb, article traditional houses have a 67 motif of Lion with the wing. and word order. winged lion motif. 16. The image of Buddhist monk, Error in article and The image of the buddhist made of wood functioning as a verb. monk made of wood functions decoration from lombok. as a decoration from Lombok. 17. Human image, depicting a man Error in pronoun, This human image depicts a who was stabbed at his anus. and verb. man who was stabbed at his anus. 18. A women image, depicting a Error in noun and A woman image depicts a women who was doing the article and verb. woman who was doing a religious ceremony. religious ceremony. 19. Brayut Image, depicting a Error in noun, This Brayut imge depicts a women who was giving suck pronoun, and lexical woman who was breastfeeding for two children. error. two children. 20. This image was considered as Error in article and This image was considered as vertile symbol. noun a fertility symbol. 21. Dwa rapala, is a guard of the Error in article. Dwa Rapala is the guard of heaven door (the holy place). the heaven door (the holy place). 22. Batara wisnu was protector Error in article, Batara Wisnu was the god of god in Hindu. preposition and protection in Hindu. noun. 23. The words of Balinese painter Error in noun, verb The words of the Balinese living in the past are mostly prepoition, sentence painters living in the past were inspired by the stories of tantri, connector and mostly inspired by the stories Mahabarata, Ramayana, and article. of Tantri, Mahabrata, by daily social life, and certain Ramayana, daily social life, philosophical significance the and certain philosophical way mankind lives in significance showing the way accordance to the teaching of mankind lived in accordance truth. to the teaching of truth. 24. In the past the ability to weave Error in preposition In the past the ability to weave cloth was significant to. cloth was significant. 25. According to believe Error in article, According to the belief originating from”atma noun. originating from the “Atma 68 prasangsa” manuscript, a Prangsa” manuscript, a women did not live a perfect woman did not live a perfect life if she had married before life if she had married before she was able to weave a sheet she was able to weave a sheet of cloth. of cloth. 26. Kadutan /keris, a piece of Error in verb, A Kadutan or keris is a piece equipment used in Balinese article, noun, and of equipment used in Balinese religius ceremony, part of sentence connector. religious ceremonies, and also Balinese dress, consisting of a a part of balinese dress blade, and ivory handle consisting of a blade and ivory adorned with jewels, and handle adorned with jewels, carved wooden sheath. and a carved wooden sheath. 27. Religion is manifest in every Error in verb Religion is manifested in aspect of daily life in Bali every aspect of daily life in Bali. 29. This exhibition shows only one Lexical error. This painting shows only one aspect: “the Balinese people aspect: “The Balinese people worshipping their God. are worshipping their god. 30. Various kind of equipment Error in noun. Various kinds of equipments used by mothers to keep used by mothers to keep healthy after delivery. healthy after delivery. 31. Batik Shawl, used for carrying Error in article, and A batik shawl is used for and /or covering a baby. verb. carrying and / or covering a baby. 32. Dancer in trance condition Error in noun, verb, Dancers in trance condition doing ngureg (stabbing the pronoun. are doing “ngureg” (a dance body wieh in his chest while movement done by stabbing moving around). their chests while moving around) 33. This dance was done after the Error in article, This dance done after work workship and went out from noun, verb, and going out from the inside the inside part of the gate preposition, part of the gate temple temple (jeroan) in to “jaba sentence connector (jeroan) in to “jaba tengah” tengah” (the center of the and word order. (the center of the outside part outside part of the temple and of the temple) was done in a was done in “pengider” ceremony called pengider ghuwana ceremony move ghuwana (a ceremony 69 around the “wantilan” (place performed by circling for fighting cock). wantilan or a place for cock fighting). D. The Correct Commentaries in The Prambanan Data. (8) Don’t step on the stone. (14) Note also, the pit beneath the statue or lingga where the Peripih or the foundation deposit would be laid. (22) The relief was finally done. (27) Nandisvara is depicted as a prince in a royal attire, the manifestation of the god Siva. (28) Garuda, the sun bird is a mythical being. (30) Garuda is the vehicle of Visnu. (32) She is the wife of Siva in a terrific aspect. (34) The ruin of Prambanan temple in 1814. (37) The Picture depicts Rama and Sinta. (39) It is also said to symbolize the wondering souls and the senses. (43) The vehicle of Kaumari is mayura (a peacock). (47) Camunda may sit upon mrtaka (a corpse). (51) He embodies the cosmic element of Vedana (sensation). (58). He is also considered as the god of wisdom and art. (60) Rama is the most popular incarnation of Vishnu. 70 (61) Rama, the king of Ayodya is the hero of the Indian epic, Ramayana. (63) His special attribute is Dhanus (a bow). E. The Correct Commentaries in The Borobudur Data. (17) On the way meeting. (20) The road musician (28) Giving a suggestion. (34) Trapping and selling fishes. (37) A punishment due to malpractices and murders. (38) A group of holy persons. (39) The universal Monarchs. F. The Correct Commentaries in the Sonobudoyo Data. (1) This inscription marks the opening of the Sonobudoyo museum on November 6, 1935, by Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono. (6) For taking photographs a permit for it is to be asked first from the officials in charge. (29) In all the basic needs of mankind you’ll find the philosophy of Hindu Balinese culture