THE GRAMMATICAL ERRORS OF THE ENGLISH WRITTEN COMMENTARIES FOUND IN HISTORICAL SITES IN JOGJAKARTA AND CENTRAL JAVA AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment on the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters by JOHAN Student Number : 034214092 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2008 i ii iii REALIZING DREAMS IS THE MATTER OF ONE’S WILL. (AFRILL) iv FOR MY BELOVED PARENTS, SISTERS, AND BROTHERS IN THE HOPE OF A BETTER FUTURE. v PERNYATAAN KEASLIAAN KARYA Saya menyatakan dengan sesungguhnya bahwa skripsi yang saya tulis ini tidak memuat karya atau bagian karya dari orang lain, kecuali yang telah disebutkan dalam kutipan dan daftar pustaka, sebagaimana layaknya karya ilmiah. Yogyakarta, 12 Desember 2008 Penulis, JOHAN LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma : Nama : JOHAN Nomor Mahasiswa : 034214092 Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul : THE GRAMMATICAL ERRORS OF THE ENGLISH WRITTEN COMMENTARIES FOUND IN HISTORICAL SITES IN JOGJAKARTA AND CENTRAL JAVA beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, me- ngalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis. Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Yogyakarta, 12 Desember 2008 Yang menyatakan (JOHAN) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to thank Jesus Christ, my savior, for all the blessings he has given me. My deepest thankfulness and gratefulness is to my lovely mother, who always gives me the best wishes and brings me in gaining my hope through her prayer. My deepest thankfulness and gratefulness is also to my lovely sister, who until now supports me through everything I need and through her prayer. My deepest thankfulness is for Dr. Fr. Alip, M. Pd., M. A, my sponsor for his patience and understanding of my difficulties, who always gives me guidance, encouragement and his big attention from the beginning until this thesis is completed. I would also like to express my gratitude and thankfulness to other lecturing member of English Letter Study Programme of Sanata Dharma University, Father Dr. Harry Susanto, S. J, for his roles in shaping my future, and for all lecturers whose guidance has brought me to finish my study. My heart-felt gratitude goes to my beloved parents, sisters, brothers, for the love, prayer, and support, also for my youngest sister and my cute nephews who gave me another special support. This thesis has been made possible with trials and errors, and without their love, prayers, and attentions it is impossible to complete this thesis. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE …………………………………………………………i APPROVAL PAGE …………………………………………………………ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE …………………………………………………iii MOTTO PAGE …………………………………………………iv DEDICATION PAGE ………………………………………………….v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT …………………………………………………vi TABLE OF CONTENT …………………………………………………vii LIST OF TABLES …………………………………………………viii ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………ix ABSTRAK …………………………………………………………………x CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION …………………………………………1 A. Background of the Study …………………………………………1 B. Problem Formulation ………………………………………....3 C. Objectives of the Study ………………………………………....3 D. Definition of Terms ………………………………………....4 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW …………………………5 A. Review of Related Study ………………………………………....5 B. Review of Related Theories ………………………………....6 C. Theoretical Framework ………………………………………...22 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ………………………………...23 A. Object of the Study ………………………………………...23 B. Approach of the Study ………………………………………...23 C. Method of the Study ………………………………………...24 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ………………………………………………...30 A. TheGrammaticality of the Data …….......30 1. The grammaticality of Prambanan Data ………………...32 2. The Grammaticality of Borobudur Data ……………......37 3. The Grammaticality of Sonobudoyo Data ………...41 B. The Most Frequent Error of The Entire Data ………………...45 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ………………………………………...49 A. Research ………………………………………...49 B. Suggestion ………………………………………...51 BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………...52 APPENDIX ……………………………………………………….. 54 A. The list of errors in Pramabanan Data ………………………...54 B The List of Errors in Borobudur Data ………………………...59 C. The List of Errors in Sonobudoyo Museum ……………………….65 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1. The Word Order of Pre-Modifiers ………………11 Table 2. The Verb Forms ………………………………17 Table 3. The Patterns of Past and Present Tense ………………18 In Positive, Negative, and Interrogative forms Table 4. Active and Passive Voice in Different tense ………………19 Table 5. Example of Table of Correct Incorrect checklist …………. 25 Table 6. Example of Error type checklist ……………………... 26 Table 7. The percentage and The Amount of Correct and …………...31 Incorrect Sentences Of the Whole Data Table 8. The Amount and Percentage of the Errors of …………..…. 33 Prambanan Data Table 9. The Amount and Percentage of the Errors of …………… .. 37 Borobudur Data. Table 10. The Percentage and Amount of the Errors of ………….. .41 Sonobudoyo Museum. Table 11. The Total Numbers and Percentage of Errors of ……….… 45 The Entire Data. Table 12. The Total Numbers and Percentage of Each Errors …….......46 Of The Entire Data. viii ABSTRACT JOHAN. The Grammatical Errors of The English Written Commentaries Found in Historical Sites in Jogjakarta and Central Java. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2008. This research is focusing on the grammar of the written English commentaries in three popular tourist attractions in Yogyakarta and central Java, Prambanan and Borobudur temples and Sonobudoyo museum. The grammatical accuracy of the commentaries is not well enough since there are many errors found in them. There are two problems discussed in the present research. The first problem deals with the types of grammatical errors occur in the commentaries or datum. The last problem is identifying the type of the most frequent grammatical error occur in the whole datum. Since the research concentrates on the grammatical aspects of the datum, the approach of the syntax of English language was used. However, the approach of syntax here merely concerns with grammar. The population of the study is the 157 commentaries found in the three cites. Since the total members of the entire population were not quite large, the whole members were analyzed. In analyzing the data, I used tables and checklists. The data were gathered using a mobile phone camera in which each commentary was photographed to eliminate the probability of misspelling. Some theories were also used to analyze the datum. Dulay’s categorization of errors based on Linguistic category (1982) was really helpful in determining the types of grammatical errors in the data. There are several findings. Referring to the first problem, there are 9 types of grammatical errors found in each data. However not every member of each data was incorrect. There were some correct commentaries too. The grammatical errors occured in the datum were error in the areas of article, verb, noun, pronoun, preposition, genitive, word order, sentence connector, and lexical error. There were two datum having the same most frequent error which are the data gathered from Prambanan and Borobudur temples. The most frequent error occured in them was error in articles. It is quite different with the last data which was the data gathered from Sonobudoyo museum in which the error occured the most was error in verbs. Based on the finding of the first problem, the most frequent error found in the entire datum was error in area of articles. JOHAN ix ABSTRACT JOHAN. The Grammatical Errors of The English Written Commentaries Found in Historical Sites in Jogjakarta and Central Java. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2008. Skripsi ini merupakan sebuah penelitian tentang ketepatan tata bahasa keterangan- keterangan yang ditulis ke dalam Bahasa Inggris yang terdapat di tiga tempat wisata yang terdapat di Jogjakarata dan Jawa tengah yaitu, Candi Prambanan, Candi Borobudur dan Museum Sonobudoyo. Tata bahasa keterangan- keterangan yang ditulis ke dalam bahasa Inggris di ketiga tempat tersebut tidak begitu tepat. Ada banyak kesalahan tata bahasa yang terdapat di hampir setiap keterangan. Terdapat dua rumusan masalah yang dibahas dalam penelitian ini. Rumusan masalah yang pertama adalah mengenai apa saja kesalahan tata bahasa yang terdapat dalam setiap keterangan yang terdapat di ketiga tempat wisata tersebut. Masalah yang kedua yaitu menentukan kesalahan tata bahasa apa yang paling sering didapati di semua data yang diambil dari ketiga tempat wisata tersebut. Karena penelitian ini difokuskan pada aspek tata bahasa, maka pendekatan sintaksis Bahasa Inggrislah yang digunakan. Akan tetapi, pendekatan sintaksis disini hanya dibatasi pada aspek tata bahasa saja. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah 157 keterangan yang diperoleh dari ketiga tempat wisata tersebut dengan menggunakan kamera telepon genggam untuk mendapatkan data yang akurat. Karena total populasi data