The Rise of Radio Astronomy in the Netherlands the People and the Politics Historical & Cultural Astronomy Historical & Cultural Astronomy

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The Rise of Radio Astronomy in the Netherlands the People and the Politics Historical & Cultural Astronomy Historical & Cultural Astronomy Historical & Cultural Astronomy Astrid Elbers The Rise of Radio Astronomy in the Netherlands The People and the Politics Historical & Cultural Astronomy Historical & Cultural Astronomy EDITORIAL BOARD Chairman W. BUTLER BURTON, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottes- ville, Virginia, USA (bburton@nrao.edu); University of Leiden, The Netherlands, (burton@strw.leidenuniv.nl) JAMES EVANS, University of Puget Sound, USA MILLER GOSS, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, USA JAMES LEQUEUX, Observatoire de Paris, France SIMON MITTON, St. Edmund’s College Cambridge University, UK WAYNE ORCHISTON, National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand, Thailand MARC ROTHENBERG, AAS Historical Astronomy Division Chair, USA VIRGINIA TRIMBLE, University of California Irvine, USA XIAOCHUN SUN, Institute of History of Natural Science, China GUDRUN WOLFSCHMIDT, Institute for History of Science and Technology, Germany More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15156 Astrid Elbers The Rise of Radio Astronomy in the Netherlands The People and the Politics 1 3 Astrid Elbers Institute for Language and Communication University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium ISSN 2509-310X ISSN 2509-3118 (electronic) Historical & Cultural Astronomy ISBN 978-3-319-49078-6 ISBN 978-3-319-49079-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-49079-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016955789 © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Acknowledgments The years I spent at Leiden Observatory for this research formed one of the most valuable periods in my life so far. In the first place, I want to thank Prof. Dr. Frans van Lunteren and Prof. Dr. Frank Israel. Frans, your problem-oriented approach helped me very much in shaping this story. Frank, as a partial insider you often knew the ‘story behind the story’, which made my research much more pleasant. Thanks to my close colleague Dr. David Baneke for your great help with the content of this book. Dear Dr. Jet Katgert, thank you so much for the many hours, days and weeks you spent on scrutinising the text of this book and making it much more readable. Dear Dr. Dirk Trappers, thank you for clarifying several scientific details and helping me out with the pictures. Many thanks to all the people who have known the protagonists of my story and whom I have been able to talk to: Huug van Woerden, Richard Strom, Woody Sullivan, Elly Berkhuijsen and many more. And last but not least: thanks to all the employees of the archives I visited for answering my questions and providing me with the necessary documents. v Contents 1 Introduction ................................................ 1 1.1 General ................................................ 1 1.2 Sources ................................................ 5 References .................................................. 6 2 Radio Astronomy in the Netherlands: An Astronomers’ Matter ..... 7 2.1 The History of Dutch Astronomy and Leiden’s Growing Dominance ..................................... 7 2.2 The ‘Founding Fathers’ Karl Jansky and Grote Reber ............ 10 2.3 The Distribution of Astronomical Literature During the War ...... 14 2.4 Radar and the First Radio Astronomy Groups .................. 16 2.5 Dutch Radio Astronomy: Astronomers Take the Lead ............ 22 2.6 War Turmoil and the Discovery of the 21-Cm Hydrogen Line ..... 25 2.7 Looking for Partners ...................................... 31 2.8 Seeking Financial Support: The Determination of Oort .......... 35 2.9 The ‘Würzburg-Riese’ in Kootwijk .......................... 38 2.10 Science and the Reconstruction of the Country ................. 41 2.10.1 Pure Science and Its Applications: How to Fool Your Funders .............................. 46 2.11 Being Both Judge and Jury ................................. 49 2.12 Galactic Versus Solar Research ............................. 50 2.13 Big Science Versus Little Science ........................... 53 2.14 Radio Astronomers Versus Optical Astronomers ................ 55 References .................................................. 56 3 The Making of the Dwingeloo Radio Telescope ................... 61 3.1 A National Foundation for Radio Astronomy .................. 61 3.2 Maximal Efficiency and the Exclusion of Groningen ............ 62 3.3 Troubles with Engineer Hoo ............................... 65 3.4 The ‘Dicke Switch’ ....................................... 68 3.5 Rising Costs and Delays ................................... 71 3.6 In Search of a Location ................................... 75 vii viii Contents 3.7 Science and Society ...................................... 83 3.8 A Spiral Structure ........................................ 89 3.9 Competition Versus Cooperation ............................ 96 3.10 The Invisible Engineer .................................... 99 3.11 Beyond American Hegemony ............................... 106 References .................................................. 113 4 Joining Forces with the Belgians ............................... 117 4.1 A Continuity with the Past ................................. 117 4.2 The Belgians and Their Continuing Astrophysical Tradition ....... 121 4.3 ‘Project Large Cross Antenna’ .............................. 126 4.4 The Long and Difficult Road to an Agreement with the OEEC ..... 129 4.5 The OEEC as a Divisive Issue .............................. 136 4.6 The Impossible Marriage Between Belgian and Dutch Science Policies ......................................... 141 4.7 Choosing Between ESO and BCAP: A False Dilemma ........... 149 4.8 Belgium’s Conditions: Internationalisation and Industrial Benefits .................................... 152 4.9 The Inextricable Link to the Antarctic Expeditions .............. 158 References .................................................. 165 5 The Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope ...................... 169 5.1 The First Design ......................................... 169 5.1.1 The Australians and the Cross ........................ 176 5.2 The Second Design ....................................... 180 5.3 The Third Design ........................................ 186 5.3.1 Earth-Rotation Aperture Synthesis ..................... 189 5.4 The Fourth and Final Design ............................... 197 5.5 Where to Build the Telescope? .............................. 199 5.6 A Frustrating Construction Process .......................... 205 5.7 Tightening Budgets ...................................... 207 5.7.1 The Late Payments of the Belgians .................... 209 5.7.2 Government Austerity and Stricter Application Procedures ....................................... 214 5.8 Source Counts and Cosmology ............................. 219 References .................................................. 225 6 Conclusion ................................................. 229 Reference ................................................... 236 Index ......................................................... 237 About the Author Astrid Elbers was born in Deurne, a district of Antwerp (Belgium), on 28 July 1979. She attended the Sint-Ludgardisschool in the centre of Antwerp. After having completed her secondary school, she started studying history at the University of Antwerp where she obtained her bachelor’s degree. She continued her studies at the Free University of Brussels where she obtained her master’s degree (magna cum laude). As she developed a strong interest in history and philosophy of science, she also completed the postgraduate studies in logic, history and philosophy of science (magna cum laude) at Ghent University. Her thesis was on experiments in Descartes’ Les Météores. Having completed her studies, Astrid was offered a job as a researcher at Leiden University and started work on her Ph.D. on the history of Dutch radio astronomy. She presented the findings of her Ph.D. research at several confer- ences in the Netherlands as well as abroad, in Phoenix, San Diego, Indiana, Aberdeen, Exeter, Brussels and Aarhus. She was a member of the Huizinga Institute, the national Dutch research network for cultural history, and devised and taught a seminar Science and the Public for graduate students together with some colleagues. Her work resulted
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