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+ THE NEWSLEITER I

VOLUME IV NO. 1 1981

THE OLIVER CHALLENGE

T he Monterey I nstitute for Research in Ast ronomy will soon become an important center for stellar astronorny due in large part to the determination of its staff and the generous st^pport of many individuals and companies. Thanks to donations of equipment, f oundation grants, and personal contributions, M IRA now possesses a and instrumentat . With a use permit for Chews Ridge in the Los Padres National Forest, MIRA has access to one of the finest sites for optical astronorny in America. But, one component of MIRA's observatory is still missing: the observatory building.

ln December 1980, Dr. Bbrnard M. Oliver, recently retired Vice-President for Research and Development at Hewlett- Packard, pledged a personal challenge grant of $200,000 for the construction of M IRA's observatory building. For every dollar contributed to the building fund between now and the end of the , Dr. oliver will donate a matching dollar. The matching of ttre Oliver Challenge by MIRA's Friends will be a maior step toward the construction of the observatory building on Chews Ridge.

A native Californian educated at Stanford and the California lnstitute of Technology, Dr. oliver's interest in M IRA dates back several . tast June, he visited Monterey to give a lecture m the 'Search for Extraterrestrial I ntelligence' to the Friends of MIRA. At that time, he visited the MIRA shop to assess the staf f 's work on the Ret icon Spect rophotqmeter and related instrumentation. ln the late summer and early fall he became interested in the efforts being made to finance the observatory building. The sincerity of his interest is ref lected in his generosity to M lRA.

Preliminary plans for the observatory building, donated by architect Lawrence A. Bernstein, of Malibu, California, are of a unique structure designed to complernent the excellent observing conditions on Chews Ridge and the modern design of MIRA's telescope. The telescope has been isolated f rom heat sources which smear out incoming and a roll-of f roof allows rapid access to any part of the . When completed, the telescope will be npunted on a pier at the building's south end while a small shop, darkroom, electronics and computer equipment, and even the observer will be housed in the northern Bernard M. Uliver has pledged MIRA a $200,000 l)r. to section of the building. one-for-one matching grant. Plans are being made to construct the building in 198fl. First through the telescope in its new building on Chews Riclge will be an event which the Friends of MIRA and, in particular, Bernard M. Oliver will make possible. ***************

PUBLISHED BY THE MONTEREY INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH IN , A NON.PROFIT CORPORATION 9OO MAJOR SHERMAN LANE MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA 93940 RESPONDING TO THE OLIVER CHALLENGI

As a token of M IRA's appreciation, members of the Advisors Circle will receive:

a gift subscription to Astronomy magazine specially arrangeci private viewing sessions at ttre M I RA telescope when it is installed on Chews Ridge an opportunity to have an come to their homes to provide an evening of grorp discussion.

ln addition to the privileges listed above, Patrons and Founders will receive: an autographed copy of 's newest book Cosmos.

Those who lrave made annual contributions of $100 or more will receive their choice of either a MIRA T-shirt or a copy of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada's 1982 Observer's Handbook.

The observatory building to be constructed on Chews *************** Ridge will feature a roll-off roof . The telescope will be located in the south end of the building while the northern Looking For Space part of the structure wil! house a dark room, slnp, and computer roofft. No, not interstellar space ! M IRA has se\^eral large heavy mirrors which were donated several years ago by the Warner and Swasey Company. Prior to the complet ion of the The Oliver Challenge has provided the Friends of MIRA with observatory on Chevra Ridge, the astronorn€rs are not planning an opportunity to see any contribution they make toward the to use these mirrors. Our present shop, library, and office are construction of the observatory double. For every dollar lrcused in the bottonr floor of a small building. space is pledged or received prior to the end of 1981, Dr. Oliver will Because a problem at our current location, we are asking the Friends if match it up to an atnount of $200,000. All contributions are tax any of them have about 100 square feet of storag€ space where deduct ible. these mirrors could be safely kept. Anyone who can help solve our space problems should contact either Dr. Cynthia I rvine or There are several ways for contributions to be made to the Dr. Bruce Weaver at the M IRA off 375-3220. 0liver Challenge:

The sinplest is an immediate lump sum donation.

Cifts to match the Oliver Challenge may be pledged to cover a two or three yea r period, 1 981 to 1 983, and may be paid in annual or rnonthly installments.

You can double your gif t to M IRA at no cost to you if you are errployed by a company with a M atching Gif t program. Corporate matching gif ts may be used to f ulf ill giving mernbership requirements. Ask your personnel department for details today.

Cifts of securities and property can offer considerable tax advantages to the donor and are welcome.

There is a category of giving for everyone:

Advisors Circle

Founder $10,000+ Pat ron $5000 B enef actor $1 000

Friends Ci rcle

Ststaining $500 Sponsor $100 The Creat Nebula in Urion owes its brightrress to nearby Cont ributor $1 to $99 trot young, . THE SEARCH FOR EXTRATERRESTRIAL INTELLIGENCE ( SETI )

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The Cyclops array, proposed by Dr. Bernard tJliver and his colleagues while working on Proiect Cyclops, would consist of between 10fi) and 25fi) radio , each 10O meters in diameter. lt would be used to search for signals f r6rn extraterrestrial civilizations up to 10fi) light-years f ron .

Man has, at least as far back as the Roman poet Lucretius, consirJered to be good candidates as the nurturers of intelligent entertained the possibility that intelligent beings exist on other . From the fossil records we know that it has taken at least . But only recently has this prospect acquired practical three and a half billion years to evolve a technological lifespan of signif icance. With the growth of over the past civilization here on earth. We also know that the three decades, man has developed the capability to stars more massive and more luminous that the is relatively communicate with any interested technological civilization that short. A iust 50 percent more massive than the sun will be might exist around a star in our neighborhood of the Calaxy. a stable source of life-giving for only two billion years. Thus, the of stars iust a little more massive than Between -19b0 and the present, a numhr of limited searches the sun are probably too brief to permit the rise of civilization. for extraterrestrial messages have been conducted tsing a more rnassive stars are variety of raclio telescopes. lt is hardly necessary to note that There is adciitional evidence that the our these attempts have proved f ruitless. These programs were not promising targets in the search for life. ln the case of predicated on sotrte or all of the following assunptions: , almost all of the , which can be considered as of rotation, is to be found in the revolution that -1. There is a signif icant probability that relatively of the around the sun. l'he sun itself, a star near the sun there exists a technological civilization rotates rather slowly, possesses little of it. But observations at least as advanced as our oWll. show that many of the more massive sta rs are rapid rotators. This suggests that these stars still possess tlre angular 2. Such a civilization is deliberately broadcasting a rnomentum of the prestellar gas form which tney evolved. message announcing its existence to other like Families of planets that might have inlrerited much of the civiliz at iors . angular monentum may never have been formed.

J. That message is being broadcast at one of a few I he two obstacles to massive stars' supporting intelligent lif e not stars less massive than tlre sun. T'hese bodies specific narrow f requency bands (i.e., channels). do apply to -l-heir are botn slowly rotating and long lived. principal 4. Certain types of stars are more likely than others deficiency is basically attributable to their low (bV stellar to spawn planets which will give rise to an standards) energy output. ln the necessarily parochial view of intelligent species. man, the habitatlle zone around a star is that region in which a 's can lie where would be in a liquid state at least part of the tinre. As we look at successively less massive four points is obviorsly of special interest and less luminous stars, the habitable zone shrinks and moves Ihe last of these'lhere are several lines of argument that closer to the f eeble stella r f lame. For sta rs with rnasses less to astronom€m. 'J/4 have used to drastically limit the numhr of stars than tlre of the sun the habitable zone is suf f iciently Uf the assumptions stated above, the third and f ourth are being eliminated and refined by technical advances and the near the parent star that tidal interactions have the effect of growth of astronomical knowlecige. Assumptions one and two- greatly slowing down the rotation of the planet. Such planets -that a nearby technological civilization is broadcasting a would have 'days' scores or hundreds of days in length. The message to the Calaxy--are more fundamental. Underlying resulting ext remes of planetary temperature are thought to each is a morass of biological and sociological questions to make diff icult the evolution of advanced life. which answers do not exist. Endless debate of the pros and cons will not resolve tlre issues of the existence and motivation The last restrictive condition to be considered is stellar of other intelligence. Ultimately, the only way to find out dWlicity. Roughly two-thirds of all stars have close stellar whether or not there are messages f rCIn the stars is to listen for companions. Most of these close binary stars are formed by the them. f ission of the . The current view is that the creation Nelson lrvine of a close f rorn a protostar will tend to thwart the f ormat ion of planets. Even if planets do occur, orbital irregularities and highly variable surface conditions may render many of them inhospitable to life. Therefore, we should seek out stars that, like our sun, appear solitary.

Applying the above criteria to the selection of stars that will maximize our chances of discovering intelligent life, we find that we are lef t with single (or wide double) sun- like stars, constituting less than ten percent of the stars in the sky. ln the terminology of stellar spectroscopy, the sun is a Cl V star. Hence, the inportance of the 'G -star' lists in . the search f or intelligeqt life.

Even with the astronomer's extensive winnowing of promising stars, the problems of searching for and identifying a broadcast message ( if one exists at all) have been overwhelming. The search has been made more tractable by recent technological advances . Heretof ore, if one ' tuned in ' a sta r with a , a caref ul survey would require tuning f rom f requency to f requency and monitoring, for at least a few minutes, each in search of a broadcast. With such a procedure, covering the f requency range of interest would require about 4U,000 years of observing time for a single star. With the multichannel receivers now being developed, we will be able to tgne in q) to a billion channels simultaneously. A given star could then be scanned in only 20 minutes of observing time. lf The globular cl6ter M13. This star cltster, containing these projects cohtinue to be funded, in a decade or so we may several hundred thousand stars, was the f irst target for a have discovered the existence of a communicating deliberate cCInmunication f rom earth to the stars. ln extraterrestrial civilization or placed severe constraints on the 1974, following the ref urbishing of the 1000-foot Arecibo probable existence of such a species. Radio Telescope, the instrument was rededicated in a cererrcny involving the transmission of a minute signal to Regardless of whether these searches succeed or fail, a next M13. This was a symbolic gesture and not a serious logical step in the attempt to f ind other intelligent species is attempt at interstellar communication. lt will take in found in Proiect Cyclops. Project Cyclops is the brainchild of excess of 20,000 ..r.:ars for the message to reach M13. Dr. tlernard M. Oliver (see article), one of the forernost authorities on SETI. Cyclops as proposed is an array of 1000 or rnore radio telescopes each 300 feet in diameter. (Sometlow MtRA to be Featured in N Magazines Argus seer6 a more appropriate name; but then, he boasted a ational multiplicity of eyes, while radio telescopes are often thought of Two magazines with national circulation will contain articles as ears. ) The great sensitivity of the Cyclops array would enable us to detect relatively weak or omnidirectional beacons abor.n MIRA in the next few months. to distances of many hundreds of light years and powerf ul note beacons over most of our Calaxy. Cyclops would even be The June issue of Sky and Telescope will contain a capable of picking up the elect rCInagnet ic leavings of a about the Chews Ridge Observatory and the Oliver Challenge technological civilization. For example, the leakage f rom grant in its News Notes section. terrestrial TV or radio broadcasts would be detectable by a With cyclops array at a distance of several score light years. I n ln luly a major article will appear in Smithsonian. Cyclqs we would also have a marvelous instrument for signaling photographs by Liane Enkelis, of Palo Alto, California, Daniel genesis the stars. lf we discover sCIneone we wish to talk to, or if we Chassen's text will tell the M IRA story f rom its in Cleveland, Uhio, to the present day. overccrne the f ear that the sending of messages will invite hordes of tentacle wavitrB, slavering tlEM's ( Bug Eyed Monsters), we could direct powerful signals capable of carrying the We anticipate that these will be articles that all of tlre very proud of is through your message of the existence of man over thouands of light years. Friends of MIRA can be . lt support that MIRA is developing into a fine researctr institution. t'lHAT IS MIRA ANYI.IAY ? FROM CLEVELAND TO },IONTEREY

A computer is turned on, the dewar of the Even while the telescope was being built, MIRA's staff was spectrophotometer is filled with liquid , the roof is working on the instrumentation which would be used to acquire rolled back, and six tons of accurately machined steel and glass and detect the starlight collected by the 36-inch mirror. With rnove swiftly and precisely to their target. A of observing f unding f rom the W. and Herbert Hoover, lr., is beginning at the newest professional observatory in the Foundation, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, and the United States. Research Corporation, the Cuide and Acquisition Package (CAP), spectrograph, and diode array spectrophotometer have Tonight, the astronomers will examine a sequence of variable been cornpletd, and work on a TV guiding system has begun. stars, selected observat will be ma& for .a large-scale cataloging project undertaken by members of the staff, several Through the donation of their personal collection of hundred will be checked for supernovae, and data on a astronomical bmks and journals, Drs. Bart and Priscilla Bok few dozen guasars will be collected for a long-term monitoring provided MIRA with the nucleus of a growing technical library. program. Subsequent donations have helped to expand MIRA's collection of astronomical literature. The body of ast.ronomical knowledge The current starfield is displayed on a TV screen. As the is cont inually expanding and technical I ibraries are never astronomers watch the screen and nronitor the conputer complete. The Priscilla Fairf ield Bok Library must continue to readouts, one munches on an apple while the other chats about acquire inportant books, catalogs, charts, and iournals. an article in a recent issue of the Asttophysical lorttil Beyond a large picture window, the telescope moves quickly beneath Cher,us Ridge, a 5000-foot peak in the northern Los Padres the -studded sky. The superb astronomical conditions National Forest, is one of the f inest sites for optical astronCIny of the site and the high quality optics of the telescope are not in North America. I t possesses the dark clea r , non- degraded by having heat sou rces nea rby : the astronorner and turbulent atnnsphere, and high altitude required for electronics equipment are isolated f rorn the telescope. astronomical research. MIRA has been granted a use permit f rom the U.S. Forest Service to use a portion of Chevra Ridge A snpoth steady f rorn the Pacif ic sweeps across for the new observatory. As a training ex€rcise, an Army the sunmit. Nearby a wind turbine'$fiirs, generating electricity Engineering battalion f rom Fort Ord cststructed a quarter- for the observatory. The rnountain is one of the finest in the access road to the telescope site. for optical astronomy: the skies are dark and clear'and continued on page 6 the starlight steady.

The motmtain is Chews Ridge and the observatory is operated by the Monterey lnstitute for Research in Astronomy. ln the near future the decription in the preceeding paragraphs will beconre a 'reality. For the benefit of our new Friends, a sumrnary is in order ...

The establishment of a professional observatory requires a combination of many elements : a t rained staff , technical library, telescope, instrumentation, an obervatory site, and an observatory building. M I RA's t rained staf f was its f irst acquisition. lt came in the form of six Ph.D.'s, Craig Chester, Cynthia I rvine, Nelson I rvine, Albert Merville, and Bruce Weaver, \^/ho studied togethe r at Case Western Reserve University's Warner and Swasey Observatory. Since this nucleus of astronomers has been in Monterey, M IRA's staf f has been expanded to include Bob Bogardu, a PhYsicist, and Cary Love, a consultant in the of electrical engineering.

To insure that MIRA would obtain tax-exenpt status and that it would be properly incorporated in the State of California, Sandra Weaver, with two pre-sctroolers in tow, made all of the arrangements with variots state and federal agencies. ln 1972 her efforts culminated with the signing of MIRA's articles of incorporation, followed by a letter f rom the lnternal Revenue Service giving MIRA its tax-exempt status.

N ext to be added was the 36- inch telescope. Dr. Martin Schwarzschild, director of the Princeton University Observatory, arranged for M I RA to receive a sr.perbly f igured mir ror which had been used as a backup mirror for a high-altitude balloon project in the '196O's. With a $76,000 grant f rom the Research l)r. Frank Melsheirner, who designed the M IRA Corporation of New York and the help of Dr. Frank Melsheimer, telescope, makes adiustments to its secondary mirror an eminent telescrye designer, the telescope with the Princeton supports. The telescope is a 3b-inch Cassegrain designed mirror at its heart was constructed. to meet specif ic requirements of the Ml RA astronomers. Ml RA l{elcomes Board of Advisors Major Contribution Received From the Hewletts Many institutions require outside counsel f ronr time to time and Ml RA is no exception. The lnstitute needs advice on An observatory building is not as simple to construct as a technical and administrative matters and to help provide this typical house. With a rolling roof , its structural design must be advice a tsoard of Advisors has been formed. At present its caref lly planned. I n addition, the pie r rpon which the members are: telescope is rmunted must be physically separate f rom the rest of the building and its foundation mwt penetrate the mountain's - photographer the Ansel Adams, and recipient of surf ace to rest on the bedrock below. Presidential Medal of Freedom; Last fall, Mr. and Mrs. William Hewlett donated $20,000 to - Luis W. Alvarez, hD, Nobel laureate in and M I RA. M r. Hewlett is one of the co-founde rs of Hewlett- Emeritus Professor at Berkeley; Packard Compotry, located in Palo Alto, California. These funds, in part, will be used to help pay for the detailed architectural - William P. Bidelman, hD, Professor of futronomy at Case plans and engineering required for the Chews Ridge observatory Reserve and eminent spectroscopist Westem University building. We wish to thank the Hewletts f or ttreir generous cont ribut ion. - Bart ,. Bok, hD, Emeritus Professor of Astronomy at the and expert in the area of galactic *************** structure; Ml RA Has A Fult-Time Staff Member - Ceorge E. Brown, phys icist and Congressman f rom Rivers ide, Calif ornia; For several years the MIRA astronomers have held positions in Monterey are unretated to M I RA ind generally to - Bernard M. Oliver, hD, astronomer and Vice-President the that the 0liver Challenge is a formidable task for Research and Development at Hewlett-Packard astronorny. Matching requiring the consistent application of time and effort. The Cornpany; M IRA astronomers decided that it would be 'fcessary to have one astronorner available on a full-time Qasis to rnanage MIRA's - Sagan, ftD, Professor of Astronomy at Cornell Carl day-to-day affairs. Since the beginning of April Dr. Cynthia University and Pulitzer Prize winning author. lrvine has been working daily at the MIRA office in Monterey. She is available to answer any questions related to the Oliver We are proud to welcome this distinguished grorp of people Challenge campaign or about MIRA, in general. onto M IRA's Board of Advisors.

What is MIRA, continued

The observatory, for which the preliminary plans were donated by architect Larry Bernstein, of Malibu, California, was designed to meet M I RA's specif ic requirements. With an observing floor 17 feet above ground level, the telescope will be above the local ground air turbulence. Heat sources such as the electronics equipment and the observer can distort images acqui red by the telescope. These have been isolated in the building's northern structure. Warm air will be vented down the siJe of the rnountain. A roll-off roof eliminates the cost and inefficiency of the conventional dome. The telescope is ready for data acquisition as soon as it has been repositioned--MIRA's astronorners do not have to wait for the donre to be rotated into position as well.

Construction of the building is the final step before the new observatory is truly operational. When matched by contributions f rom MtRA's f riends, Dr. Bernard M. Oliver's one-for-one challenge grant will provide a maior fraction of the observatory's total cost.

MIRA is destined to become an inportant center for stellar astronorny. From the outset, its astronorners have tried to combine the best site, with the best telescope and instrumentation housed in the best observatory building for optical astronorty. This thoughtful preparation will result in an An optical remnant was found in the region of observatory where unique contributions to our knowledge of the a known radio remnant in by Drs. Nelson and will be made. lts success will be due largely to the This discovery photograph was taken by Cynthia lrvine. dedication of everyone who has been associated with the Nelson I rvine in a 224 minute exposure on the Curtis p roject. telescope operated by the University of Schmidt-type Cynthia I rvine Michigan at Cerro Tololo lnter-American Observatory' ThJO TALKS BEGIN MIRA'S LECTURE SERIES

Rendezvous With

On I anuary 31 the Friends of M I RA and the N aval Postgraduate Sctrool Chapter of the Society of Sigma Xi co- sponsored the f irstpublic lecture of this year's series. ln King Hall at the N aval Posgraduate Sctrool over 600 people were treated to a multimedia presentation of the latest discoveries of the Voyager encounter with Saturn last fall. Richard Rudd, of the Voyager Project (Xf ice at the let Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, was our speaker.

The Saturn encounter, which occured in November 1980, has provided scientists with a wealth of informat ion about the ringed planet and it has created new mysteries as well: tntricately 'braided' thread-like rings ; ring 'spokes'; and two occrpying the same orbit. Speaker, Richard Rudd, and Sigma Xi President, John Powers, attended the reception preceecling the talk on the Dick Rudd's informative and visually exciting talk was Voyager Mission. (photo by Louise Marchi) preceeded by a receptircn for the Frien& of M I RA and the Society of Sigma Xi. Wine donated by the Monterey Vineyards was sipped by guests as they sanpled the delicious baguettes provided by the Monterey Baking Corrpany and a variety of cheeses.

Spotted Stars

Dr. Steven S. Vogt is a young astronomer at the Lick Observatory headqua rtered at the Santa Cruz canpus of the University of California. He is a talented observational astronomer who has developed stellar models that allow him to explain minute changes in the brightnesses of stars in terms of non-uniform brightness of the stars'surfaces. At Monterey Peninsula College's Music Hall on April 11 , he provided the Friends of M I RA with an informative discussion of 'Spotted Stars.' Like the sun, many stars appear to have cool spots on their surf aces. According to Dr. Vogt, stellar spots can be MIRA Treasurer, Sandra VYeaver, pours wine for Friends quite extensive, covering as much as 40 % of a hemisphere. One Secretary, Doris Heller, and Dr. Ben Heller. (photo by possible application of the techniques Dr. Vogt has developed Louise Marchi) for the study of the migration of star spots across the surfaces of stars may be in the search for extra-solar planets.

AsrnoNo]'t ER's NorEBooK-- Mons oN THE Bro Bnno

ln the late 1V+0's a grorp of scientists lead by Ceorge Carnow in all directions( Recent experiments indicate that, except for sought to explain the observed abundances of the chemical a small effect caused by the motion of the earth through the elements. They developed a new version of a theory that had radiation f ield, it is. ls the background radiat ion polarized( ln been proposed in the 192{J's: that the universe was created as a othe r words, if you had eyes whic h could ' see ' this radiat ion, result of a . could you put on a pair of polariod sunglasses and block out a large percentage of the light ? lf the is Although other theories accounting for the abundances of the polari zed, then the universe might be rotating or it may have heavier elements are accepted today, evidence to support a big expanded nonuniformly in either a cigar- or pancake-like shape. bang is found in studies of the cosmic abundance of which was prdicted to be about 25Y" by mass and in a discovery I n the April 1 issue of the Ast rophysical f ournal Philip Lubin '1965. made by Penzias and Wilson, of Bell Laboratories, in 1'hey and George Smoot , of tserkeley, report the results of their found what is believed to be the remnant radiation of the experiment to detect the of the cosmic background primordial fireball sorne '18 billion years ago. Camow's theory radiation. Using a sensitive nricrowave cietector, they measu red had prdicted that today the universe would be bathed in the the cosmic background polarization in botn the Northern and radiation characteristic of a perfect emitter (blackbody) at a Southern Hemispheres and found that there is 'no signif icant This temperatu re of a f ew degrees above absolute zero. linear polarization over any of the areas surveyed.' Experimental evidence now indicates that tlre blac kbody experiment is an exarnple of a null result being as signif icant as '2.7 radiation has a temperature of degrees. a positive one. I t is another advance in our uncie rstanding of the universe' ls the intensity of the cosmic background radiation the same cynthia rrvine Second Hewlett Foundation Grant Development Committee Formed

ln luly 1978, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation gave on sunday, April 5, a prelimirrary meeting of the M IRA M IRA a $15,000 grant for the development of the lnstitute's Development Committee was held at the Library of York School. principal light analyzing inst rument : the Reticon While sampling wine donated by the Monterey Vineyards and a Spectrophotometer. Bruce Weaver and Frank Melsheimer variety of cheeses, comrnittee members were able to meet Dr. promptly set to work building the instrument, which had been Luis Alvarez, Nobel laureate in Physics, and Dr. tsernard M. designd bef ore the grant was awa rded. By the summer of Oliver, who has pledged to MIRA the $200,000 challenge grant. 1979, the spectrograph was on the telescope being used with B rief presentations were given by Professor Kai Woehler, photographic plates as detectors. During 1980, it was back in Chairman of the Friends of MIRA; Dr. Cynthia lrvine, a MIRA the shop as Friends of MIRA Gary Love and John Pratt created astronomer; Dr. Oliver; and J erry Mapp, Director of the incredibly sensitive electronics for the solid state Reticon Development at York School. detector. At the end of 1980 the entire computer controlled system was undergoing testing by Bruce Weaver and Bob A round-table discrssion followed, ot which Dr. Daniel F. Bogardu. By this time the grant had been exhausted. McDonatd, of BDM Corporation, assurned the of Director of the M IRA Development Committee. Plans were formulated A secorld grant of $15,000 was authorized by the William and for the matching fund campaign. Flora Hewlett Foundation in February of this year. Unfortunately M IRA's programs now lie outside the areas of Members of the committee include: Bob Webb, Ruth Palm, interest of the Foundation and we were informed that this would Chris Mooers, lim Mearns, Ray Marchi, Dan McDonald, Bill be our f inal grant. Mackenzie, Cynthia lrvine, Bob Drye, and Norma Dunipace. Anyone wishing to join the Development Committee should call While the enphasis of the first grant w:rs to build the basic Dan McDonald at tr9-3880 or Cynthia lrvine at 375-3220. spectrograph and electronic detector, the second grant will provide MIRA with inportant tools. Most of the second grant will be spent on two major metal working machines. The f irst, Reminder a small lathe, has already arrived. The second, a vertical milling machine, should follow in a few nrontls. These two MIRA'S next public lecture will be on Saturday, June 13 when machines should last abom 25 yeais, but they should pay for one of Our own astronorne F, Dr. Wm. Bruce Weaver, will thenselves in less than two years in saved machining costs. present a talk entitled Fingerprinting the Stars. lt is through the tool of stellar spectroscopy that much of what we know We thank the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation for its abo* the Universe has been discovered. l),'. Weaver is generous support of M IRA's program to build sophisticated involved in the development and use of modern,techniques for ast ronCInic aJ inst ruments. ast ronomical spect roscopy and his talk promises to be B ruce fVeaver illuminating. eetltatttatttetaetaatatatootttttataratatattttraaltatatt+latootataloeaaataaataaalatratarr i Dr. Bart lan Bok, past President of the American futrqtomical Society, Professor Emeritus of nstronomy ! ! at the University of Arizona, ard a merber of the MIRA Board of Advisors, will be visiting Monterey in ! early july. One of the most exciting speakers in the world of astronomy today, Dr. Bok has offered to give : I a : a talk on Friday, July 3. The time and place will soon be announced. t

The FnLend,s o{ MIRA iA a.n otLga"wLza-LLon aAta"b- f wouLd like to become a FRIEND of MfRA. I am Lbhed to a.(law ivvtututzd pQltAovta to patLticipa.te enclosing my contribution of $--- for the in a"nd SupporLt. tl,te Montuteq lvati,tu,te 6on Re;earLetl class of membership checked below: fn addition, in Aafuonomu, lrllRA'l glalA arLe. to eonduct 0b8uw- I should like to make a: special contribution of wtionfrl end theone,tical tLQlsQAtLel,L in adtnonomu and $-_- to prLovide educational prLogrLams to conveA tlte ex- REGULAR: $25.00 Individual crteneyut 06 mode,Ln a,sthanomu to the public. $30,00 Family $75.00 Corporate FnLend,s 06 MIRA will LecuLve tlne clua;tteilq MIRA $10. O0 Student Netalettut and c&n patl,tiaLpo-te Ln the bi-movftLvLA mee..LLngt {entunLng trltu, 6i,bTus end alide dhowd $100.00 Sponsor bg I'IIRA a.tLtomomefiA and guaAt 8pu0,tze)trs. $500.00 Sustaining {ven,Lng StarL patt-LLers will be Lleld to coindcde $1000.00 Benefactor wiftl apzci.a,L a,t Lto nomicol Lv Q.ntA - - &m o ytpo n tuwd.q $1000.00 Corporate to ,social-Lze and ,stan-ga,ze (tll 0t the 6ane tine! (A11 contributions are tax deductible. ) When I'IIRA' d 36" te,t eacope iA ivwtnlled at. i,tA I would be interested in serving on the FRIENDS I puLmanent. ai,te 0n Cheou RLdge, tl,tute will be ,Le- committee for Membership_, Fund-raising_, gu,k L oppontuwLLLers to virsi.t and vien ttwough the Community Relations t ot telerscope.

16 Aou tilou,Ld lilze morLe in{onmaLLon 0n the FnLend,s od f,,lIRA, pLeaae covttact.: Address Oott irs Hellut FRIE^I?S o 6 MIRA P. 0. Bax 7248 Cwunel, CA 93921 ?honu 624-7 855 Phone: