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Saladin and the Ayyubid Campaigns in the Maghrib Saladino Y Las Campañas Ayyubíes En El Magreb
Alcantara 2 Vol XXXIV (3)_Maquetación 1 09/12/13 17:42 Página 267 AL-QANTARA XXXIV 2, julio-diciembre 2013 pp. 267-295 ISSN 0211-3589 doi: 10.3989/alqantara.2013.010 Saladin and the Ayyubid Campaigns in the Maghrib Saladino y las campañas ayyubíes en el Magreb Amar Baadj University of Toronto, Canada Este artículo trata sobre la conquista de Libia This article concerns the conquest of Libya y Túnez por Saladino (Salah al-Din) y los Ay- and Tunisia by Saladin (Salah al-Din) and the yubíes en las décadas de 1170 y 1180. En pri- Ayyubids in the 1170s and 1180s. First it pres- mer lugar se presenta una reconstrucción de ents a reconstruction of the campaigns con- las campañas dirigidas por los mamelucos ay- ducted by the Ayyubid mamluks Sharaf al-Din yubíes Sharaf al-Din Qaraqush e Ibn Qaratikin Qaraqush and Ibn Qaratikin in Libya and the en Libia y de la guerra entre los almohades y conflict in Ifriqiya (Tunisia) between the Al- los Ayyubíes en Ifriqiya (Túnez) basada en mohads and the Ayyubids based on the rele- fuentes primarias relevantes. A continuación vant primary sources. Then the extent to se estudia en qué medida Saladino fue el res- which Saladin was responsible for these mili- ponsable de estas expediciones militares y, fi- tary expeditions is considered and finally the nalmente, se discute el motivo de dichas issue of the motive behind them is discussed. expediciones. Se llega a la conclusión de que It is concluded that Salah al-Din and his amirs Saladino y sus emires invadieron el Magreb invaded the Maghrib in order to control the con el fin de controlar los puntos septentrio- northern termini of the eastern and central nales de los ejes oriental y central de las rutas axes of the trans-Saharan trade routes, thereby comerciales que cruzaban el Sahara y con esto gaining access to the West African gold which lograr tener acceso al oro de África Occidental passed along these routes. -
IMAD AL-DIN AL-KATIB AL-ISFAHANI1 in A
MY LIFE WITH SALAH AL-DIN: THE MEMOIRS OF ‘IMAD AL-DIN AL-KATIB AL-ISFAHANI1 In a highly original work of medieval Arabic literature, ‘Imad al-Din Abu ‘Abdallah Muhammad ibn Safiyy al-Din Muhammad, known as al-‘Imad or as al-Katib al-Isfahani (1125- 1201), recorded his life and work as the highest ranking katib (secretary or scribe) at the courts of both Nur al-Din and Salah al-Din [Saladin] in Syria and, through his dealings with them, provided a distinctly personal and authoritative assessment of these two princes and their reigns. The book was affectionately dedicated to Salah al-Din and was completed in 1199, six years after his death (Abu Shama 1962, 2: 234; Ibn Khallikan 1968-72, 5: 152). It was entitled al- Barq al-Shami (The Syrian Thunderbolt), an allusion to the brief and intense reigns of Nur al- Din and Salah al-Din, the two heroes of the jihad against the Crusaders, who, ‘Imad al-Din implies, were never to be equaled by their successors. Al-Barq al-Shami is a kind of professional diary; it includes personal memoranda, reflections, and copious quotations from ‘Imad al-Din's poems, official letters, and diplomas of investiture woven into a year-by-year chronicle of his service in the administration of the two sovereigns (1167-1193). It originally filled either seven or nine volumes but of them only volumes three and five — covering the years 1177-79 and 1182-83 respectively — remain; they were recently edited and published in Amman (al-Katib [3] and [5] 1987). -
ISLAMICJERUSALEM in the EYES of SALAH AL-DIN: Rr a CRITICAL ANALYTICAL STUDY of the LIBATION of the CITY from the CRUSADERS
Ek III: Tarablisi Vib isimli gayrimüslimin, gelirini Kudüs'te Deyr-i um'd oturan Journal of Islamicjerusalem Studies, 2019, 19(1): 65-80 Rum rahiplerine vakfettiği iki evin, vakıf mütevellisi tarafından Efrenc Katolik DOI: 10.31456/beytulmakdis.573678 rahiplerine satıldığından bahisle satılan iki evin satışının iptal edilerek geri alınmaları hususunda hüküm. (BOA, A. DVNS. AHK. ŞM. d. nr. 8, s. 28, Evâhir-i ISLAMICJERUSALEM IN THE EYES OF SALAH AL-DIN: Muharre 251). A CRITICAL ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE LIBATION OF THE CITY FROM THE CRUSADERS Maher Y. ABU-MUNSHAR* ABSTRACT: Nearly a century after the brutal, and unforgiving, Crusader conquest of Islamicjerusalem, Sultan Salah al-Din succeeded in 1187CE in liberating the city. This seemingly insurmountable feat was accomplished when Salah al-Din succeeded in unifying the diverse racial, ethnic and denominational Muslims into a single, coherent fighting force - under his capable leadership. Consequently, this paper explores the nature of Salah al-Din's headship and the precise strategies he used in team-building, team-management that proved essential in his bid to restore the holy city to the Muslims. Moreover, this paper will examine the striking magnanimity Salah al-Din displayed towards the Christians, and others, in Islamicjerusalem – including their holy sanctuaries. KEYWORDS: Bayt al-Maqdis, Balian of Ibelin, Hittin, Dome of the Rock, the Holy Sepulchre, Palestine. INTRODUCTION Salah al-Din or Yusuf Ibn Ayyub was born in 532 AH /1137 CE in the town of Takrit, in modern Iraq (Reston, 2001: 4). Up until that date, Islamicjerusalem was already under the rule of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem for nearly 38 years since 1099 CE (Maalouf, 2006:50). -
Jerusalem : in Medieval Fada'il Literature
JERUSALEM - IN MEDIEV AL F APA'IL LITERATURE (from the tenth to the fourteenth centuries) INTRODUCTl ON 'The term Far:lila (Arab., pI. Fagii'il) means an excellence or excellent quality. The plural Fagii'il indicates a definite category of literature. ,1 This literature exposes the excellencies of things, individuals, groups, places and regions. The Faga'il literature includes among other things the merits Or virtues glorifying the sanctity of Sham and that of Jerusalem. This essay will limit itself to the F agii' il literature' concerned with Jerusalem. The term Fafla'iZ were first used by a few tenth century geo graphers, as al-Muqaddasl (d. 375/985), who as his name indicates originated in Jerusalem, and al-Hamadhanl (d. 398/1004) who de dicated some chapters in their works about the sanctity of J eru salem. 2 A large collection of works called Kutub aZ-Faga'il (Books of virtues) were devoted among other places, to ai- Quds (J erusalem) and which developed in the eleventh century. They were based mainly on fladfths (traditions), legends and folk literature. Among the treatises written at this time, there were a few extracts issued from Khufab (orations) and conferences which were delivered in Jerusalem, Damascus and Baghdad around the twelfth century. 3 The theme of the Faflii'il aimed at encouraging people to visit Jerusalem in order to gain certain spiritual rewards. This aspect of the Fagelil literature, emphasizing the visit or even the pil grimage to Jerusalem and its advantages thereof was written and 1 Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd. ed., s.v·. -
The 12Th Century Seismic Paroxysm in the Middle East: a Historical Perspective
ANNALS OF GEOPHYSICS, VOL. 47, N. 2/3, April/June 2004 The 12th century seismic paroxysm in the Middle East: a historical perspective Nicholas N. Ambraseys Department of Civil Engineering, Imperial College, London, U.K. Abstract The Dead Sea Fault and its junction with the southern segment of the East Anatolian fault zone, despite their high tectonic activity have been relatively quiescent in the last two centuries. Historical evidence, however, shows that in the 12th century these faults ruptured producing the large earthquakes of 1114, 1138, 1157 and 1170. This paroxysm occurred during one of the best-documented periods for which we have both Occidental and Arab chronicles, and shows that the activity of the 20th century, which is low, is definitely not a reliable guide to the activity over a longer period. The article is written for this Workshop Proceedings with the ar- chaeoseismologist, and in particular with the seismophile historian in mind. It aims primarily at putting on record what is known about the seismicity of the region in the 12th century, describe the problems associated with the interpretation of macroseismic data, their limitations and misuse, and assess their completeness, rather than an- swer in detail questions regarding the tectonics and seismic hazard of the region, which will be dealt with else- where on a regional basis. Key words Middle East – 12th century – historical tive effects derived from historical sources can earthquakes be reliably quantified. The assessment of an historical earthquake requires the documentary information to be re- 1. Introduction viewed with reference to the environmental conditions and historical factors that have in- The purpose of this article is to present the fluenced the reporting of the event. -
6 X 10.Long.P65
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-86083-3 - Crusader Castles and Modern Histories Ronnie Ellenblum Index More information Author index Abel, F. M. 313, 314, 317 Berque, J. 81 # Abu l-Fida’, Taquim 275, 315 Beyer, G. 312 Abu Shama 94, 143, 163, 177, 216, 219, 227, Bianquis 68 228, 235, 237, 252, 258, 259, 260, 262, Biller, T. 179 264, 267, 268, 272, 273, 278, 280, 284, Boas 165 285, 312, 315 Boase, T. S. R. 94 Abu-Lughod, J. L. 78, 82 Boissere´e, S. 33 Adomnan 312 Bonenfant, P. 123, 126 al-’Umari 179 Bonnassie 176 al-’Uthmani 179 Bordeaux, H. 5, 44 Albert of Aachen 74, 152, 160, 161, 195, 196, 197, Bourdeille, P. de 8 199, 200, 201, 203, 205, 206, 207, 217, 223, Bourin-Derruau, M. 176 240, 314, 316, 317 Brauer, R. W. 140 Aldington, R. 66 Braun, E. 316 Allen, M. D. 65, 66 Braunfels, W. 89 Alsayyad, N. 81, 82 Bray, R. 13, 15 Ambroise 313 Broughton, B. B. 27 Amitai, R. 286, 301, 302 Brown, R. A. 69, 70, 106 Anna Comnena 193–4, 195 Buissert, D. 145 Anselm of Ribemonte 196, 197 Bulliet, R. W. 204 Astill, G. 176 Aube´,P.27 Cahen, Cl. 49, 51–2, 53, 194, 267, 278 Aubert, M. 12 C¸elik, Z. 78, 82 Aytoun, W. E. 27 Chaˆtelain, A. 69 Charlton, D. G. 20 Bagatti, B. 87 Chateaubriand, F. R. 13–14, 26 Baha’ al-Din 177, 233, 278, 283, 284 Chaume, M. 124 Baladhuri 315 Cherry, J. F. 124 Barag, D. 144 Chevedden, P. -
The Mongol Invasion of the Fertile Crescent
OVERDUE FINES: 25¢ per w per in- _________-_——-RETURNING LIBRARY MATERIALS: Place in book return to remove charge from circulation records © COD. SaUI © Copyright by Saud Hussien Qusti 1979 THE MONGOL INVASION OF THE FERTILE CRESCENT (1257-1260) by Saud Hussein Qusti A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of History 1979 He ne tu ac gre EVE ”En 1:10 SW to t even ABSTRACT THE MONGOL INVASION OF THE FERTILE CRESCENT 1257-1260 by Saud Hussien Qusti The Mongol invasion of the Fertile Crescent 1257-l260 has never been studied as an independent subject. The subject has been treated by historians as a part of the history of the Mongols, the history of the Mongol Conquest; the history of the Crusades and the history of the Mamluks. These treatments of the subject are not satisfactory as they neglect the need for an independent approach to the subject, which in turn is necessitated by several factors. First, the invasion was the accomplishment of one Mongol Campaign, that of Hulagu. Second, the lands that the invasion occurred in, constitute a cultural and geo- graphical unit. Third, the invasion occurred as a consecutive chain of events during a span of three years (l257-1260). The independent treat- ment I attempted in this study was benefitted by up-to-date publica- tions of the primary sources that were not previously available. The study not only added a new topic, but also gave more detailed treatment to the subject and further investigation and characterization of the events. -
Charity and Giving in Monotheistic Religions
Studien zur Geschichte und !(ultur Charity and Giving des islamischen Orients in Monotheistic Religions Beihefte zur Zeitschrift "Der Islam" Herausgegeben von Edited by Lawrence I. Conrad Miriam Frenkel and Yaacov Lev Neue Folge Band 22 Walter de Gruyter . Berlin· New York Walter de Gruyter . Berlin· New York In Memoriam Zeev Rubin (1942-2009) @ Printed on acid-free paper which falls within the guidelines of the ANSI to ensure permanence and durability. ISBN 978-3-11-020946-4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Charity and giving in monotheistic religion I [edited by] Miriam Frenkel and Yaacov Lev. p. cm. - (Studien zur Geschichte und Kultur des islamischen Ori ents, ISSN 1862-1295 ; Bd. 22) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-3-11-020946-4 (hardcover: alk. paper) 1. Genorosity. 2. Genorosity - Religious aspects. 3. Monotheism. 4. Charity. 1. Frenkel, Miriam. II. Lev, Yaacov. B]1533.G4G46 2009 205' .677-dcn 2009004216 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at htrp:lldnb.d-nb.de. © Copyright 2009 by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, D-10785 Berlin. All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or me chanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in Germany Cover design: Christopher Schneider, Laufen Charity and Piety for the Transformation of the Cities The New Direction in Taxation and Waqf Policy in Mid-Twelfth-Century Syria and Northern Mesopotamia STEFAN HEIDEMANN 1. -
Franks' Effect on Islamic Spirit, Religious and Cultural Characters in Medieval Syria
Nebula 4.1 , March 2007 Franks' Effect on Islamic Spirit, Religious and Cultural Characters in Medieval Syria By Hatim Mahamid This study will follow the phenomena of the Franks/ Crusaders in late Medieval Syria, after the Crusade invasions in 1099 and their occupation of different parts of Syria. It focuses on the changes in the Islamic spirit and Muslim institutions in light of the Franks' activities and interactions. In addition to the political and economic effects of the Franks on the Muslim lands, the Islamic spirit and educational character were significantly affected too. The impact of the different historical circumstances on the different regions of Medieval Syria ( Bilad al-Sham ) can be discerned in the different trends, developments and sizes of the intellectual class, resulting in the establishment of different kinds of Islamic institutions. 1 Typical of the cities in the north and inner parts of Syria, which were directly affected by the Mongols, Damascus can be contrasted with Jerusalem, which was typical of cities in the south and coastal area that fell under the Franks' ( Ifranj/Firanja ) domain. In all probability, all of the factors mentioned above had direct and indirect effects on the immigration of intellectuals, ‘ulama , religious figures in Syria during the late Middle Ages. Immigration of ‘Ulama and High Ranking Muslims 2 As a result of the Franks’ conquest of Jerusalem in 492H/1099AC, many of the ‘ulama , sufis and other renowned Muslims were killed, while many became refugees who flocked into Damascus and Baghdad. A group of ‘ulama , sufis, merchants and other high ranking people from Palestine crowded into Baghdad, accompanied by the judge Abu Sa‘d al-Harawi, to seek aid and support from the Abbasid caliph al-Mustazhir (r. -
Nur Al-Din Mahmud B. Zangi (1146-1174): One of the Prominent Leaders of the Struggle Against the Crusaders*
Tarih Dergisi, Sayı 59 (2014 / 1), İstanbul 2014, s.57-78 NUR AL-DIN MAHMUD B. ZANGI (1146-1174): ONE OF THE PROMINENT LEADERS OF THE STRUGGLE AGAINST THE CRUSADERS* Ebru ALTAN** Abstract Nur al-Din Mahmud, the son of Imad al-Din Zangi, Atabeg of Mawsil and Aleppo, upon his father’s death in 1146, having taken his father’s land in Syria under his control, became the most dangerous Muslim enemy of the Crusaders thereabouts. Nur al-Din Mahmud extending his dominance up to Egypt ensnared the Crusaders from both East and West. He paved the way for the conquest of Jerusalem. Nur al- Din was a great ruler who was also known for his sense of justice and humbleness, and considered culture and arts gravely important. This paper discusses Nur al-Din Mahmud’s struggle against the Crusaders and his personality as well as various qualifications and features of him. Keywords: Nur ad-Din Mahmud, Crusaders, Egypt, Syria, Saladin. Öz HAÇLILARA KARŞI MÜCADELENİN ÖNDE GELEN LİDERLERİNDEN NÛREDDİN MAHMUD B. ZENGÎ (1146-1174) Musul-Haleb Atabeyi İmadeddin Zengi’nin oğlu olan Nûreddin Mahmud, Ba- basının 1146 yılında ölümü üzerine Haleb’e hâkim olduktan sonra bölgedeki Haç- lıların en tehlikeli Müslüman rakibi oldu. Onun gayretleri sayesinde Haçlı Seferleri döneminde ilk kez, Halep ve Dımaşk tek bir hâkimiyet altında birleşti. Nûreddin Mahmud, bundan sonra hâkimiyetini Mısır’a kadar genişleterek Haçlıları doğudan ve batıdan kıskaç içine aldı. Yürüttüğü amansız mücadele ile Kudüs’ün fethi için gerekli şartları hazırladı. Nûreddin, aynı zamanda adaleti ve mütevazılığı ile tanınan, kültüre ve sanata büyük önem veren mükemmel bir hükümdar oldu. -
Islamic Perspectives on the Crusades: Past and Present
University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Master's Theses and Capstones Student Scholarship Spring 2011 Islamic perspectives on the Crusades: Past and present Robert Noel Duprez Jr. University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis Recommended Citation Duprez, Robert Noel Jr., "Islamic perspectives on the Crusades: Past and present" (2011). Master's Theses and Capstones. 143. https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis/143 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses and Capstones by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVES ON THE CRUSADES- PAST AND PRESENT By Robert Noel Duprez, Jr. B.A. University of New Hampshire (2009) THESIS Submitted to the University of New Hampshire in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Liberal Studies May 2011 UMI Number: 1498953 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT Dissertation Publishing UMI 1498953 Copyright 2011 by ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This edition of the work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. -
The Arabic Letters ʿ and ʾ, As Well As the Arabic Definite Article Al- Are Ignored Alpha- Betically
INDEX Note: The Arabic letters ʿ and ʾ, as well as the Arabic definite article al- are ignored alpha- betically. Abaq (Uvaq) of Damascus 144, 164, 165, Baldwin II and 114 167, 169, 173, 283 Byzantine siege of 139, 141, 183 Abbasids 170, 198, 235, 279, see also ‘counter-Crusade’ 107–21 names of individual Caliphs Damascus and 18, 71, 102–3, 150, 169 Abu al-ʿAsakir Sultan of Shayzar 42 Edessa and 111, 148 Abu Bakr al-Hajib, envoy 264 governor of 15 Abu al-Fada ʾil b. Badiʿ, Ra ʾis 119, 124 Jerusalem and 150 Abu al-Fath, Qadi of Sarmin 68 Mosul and 123, 127, 129–31 Abu Shama 61, 128 rapprochement with Hims 71 Abu Tahir (Aleppo) 69 Saladin and 213, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, Acre 14, 76, 77, 79, 81, 97, 132, 147, 248, 233–4, 236, 237, 239, 241, 242, 243–4, 258, 262–3, 295 245, 246, 267 Adhemar of Le Puy, Bishop 21, 25, 29 siege of 119–20, 129 al-ʿAdid, Fatimid Caliph 188, 191, 197, tribute paid by 64, 66, 68, 102, 108–9 198, 305 Turkish detachment from 40 al-ʿAdil, see al-Malik al-ʿAdil (brother of Alexander, legate 25 Saladin) Alexander III, Pope 244 al-ʿAdl, envoy 259 Alexandria, city of 189, 191, 193, 206, 213 al-Afdal, Fatimid Wazir 17, 35, 36, 44, Alexius Comnenus, Emperor 21, 23, 24–5, 45–50, 51–3, 56, 84–5, 88, 268, 287 26, 43, 47, 52, 54 ʿAfrin, river 249 ʿAli b. Muqallid b. Munqidh 11–12 Agnes of Courtenay 231 ʿAli b.