DOCSLIB.ORG

Antioxidant Activities and Phenolic Contents of the Methanol Extracts Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Antioxidant Activities and Phenolic Contents of the Methanol Extracts Of BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine BioMed Central Research article Open Access Antioxidant activities and phenolic contents of the methanol extracts of the stems of Acokanthera oppositifolia and Adenia gummifera Adeolu A Adedapo*†1, Florence O Jimoh†2, Anthony J Afolayan†2 and Patrick J Masika†3 Address: 1Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, 2Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa and 3ARDRI, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa Email: Adeolu A Adedapo* - [email protected]; Florence O Jimoh - [email protected]; Anthony J Afolayan - [email protected]; Patrick J Masika - [email protected] * Corresponding author †Equal contributors Published: 25 September 2008 Received: 30 May 2008 Accepted: 25 September 2008 BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2008, 8:54 doi:10.1186/1472-6882-8-54 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/8/54 © 2008 Adedapo et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: Acokanthera oppositifolia Lam (family: Apocynaceae) is a shrub or small tree with white latex, and the leaves of this plant are used in the form of a snuff to treat headaches and in infusions for abdominal pains and convulsions and septicaemia. Adenia gummifera Harv of the family Passifloraceae is a distinctive woody climber whose infusions are used as emetics and are said to help with some forms of depression. Lipid peroxidation has gained more importance today because of its involvement in pathogenesis of many diseases. Free radicals are the main agents in lipid peroxidation. Antioxidants thus play an important role of protecting the human body against damage by the free radicals. Plants containing phenolic compounds have been reported to possess strong antioxidant properties. Methods: The antioxidant activities and phenolic contents of the methanol extracts of the stems of Acokanthera oppositifolia and Adenia gummifera were evaluated using in vitro standard procedures. Spectrophotometry was the basis for the determinations of total phenol, total flavonoids, flavonols, and proanthocyanidins. Tannins, quercetin and catechin equivalents were used for these parameters. The antioxidant activities of the stem extract of Acokanthera oppositifolia were determined by the 2,2'-azinobis-3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 1,1- Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferrous reducing antioxidant property (FRAP) methods. Results: The results from this study showed that the antioxidant activities of the stem extract of Acokanthera oppositifolia as determined by the 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferrous reducing antioxidant property (FRAP) methods, were higher than that of Adenia gummifera. The levels of total phenols and flavonols for A. oppositifolia were also higher. On the other hand, the stem extract of Adenia gummifera had higher level of total flavonoids and proanthocyanidins than that of Acokanthera oppositifolia. The 2, 2'-azinobis-3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) activities of the 2 plant extracts were similar and comparable to that of BHT. Conclusion: Thus, the present results indicate clearly that the extracts of Acokanthera oppositifolia and Adenia gummifera possess antioxidant properties and could serve as free radical inhibitors or scavengers, acting possibly as primary antioxidants. This study has to some extent validated the medicinal potential of the stems of Acokanthera oppositifolia and Adenia gummifera. Page 1 of 7 (page number not for citation purposes) BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2008, 8:54 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/8/54 Background as a result of occasional leakage. These free radicals are the Acokanthera oppositifolia Lam (family: Apocynaceae) is a main agents in lipid peroxidation [15]. Antioxidants thus shrub or small tree with white latex, thick leathery leaves, play an important role of protecting the human body attractive white flowers and red berries which turn dark against damage by reactive oxygen species [16,17]. Plants purple when ripen. The latex, fruit and decoctions of the containing phenolic compounds, in particular flavonoids wood of this plant were widely used as arrow poisoning in have been reported to possess strong antioxidant proper- southern Africa. These plant parts can sometimes be com- ties [18,19]. bined with Euphorbia latex, the sap of Acacia mellifera and the venom from the poison glands of snake and used as In the present study, the methanol extracts of the stem of arrow poisoning. In the Northern Cape of South Africa, Acokanthera oppositifolia and Adenia gummifera were arrows poisoned with Acokanthera and snake venom screened for antioxidant properties using in vitro standard were used to kill antelope and buffalo, and against ene- procedures so as to assess the medicinal potential of these mies [1-4]. Poisoning of animals by this plant is surpris- 2 plants and thus justify their folklore use. ingly rare but cattle are sometimes at risk during droughts [5]. Methods Plant collection The leaves of this plant are used in the form of a snuff to The plants were collected in July 2006 from some villages treat headaches and in infusions for abdominal pains and in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The area falls convulsions and septicaemia. Powdered roots are admin- within the latitudes 30°00–34° 15'S and longitudes 22° istered orally or as snuff to treat pain and snake-bite and 45' -30° 15'E. It is bounded by the sea in the east and the root decoctions are used against anthrax and tapeworm drier Karoo (semi-desert vegetation) in the west [20]. [4,6,7]. The leaves of this plant when boiled in water for These areas consist of villages which are generally classi- ten minutes, strained and left to stand overnight are given fied as rural and poor. The plants were identified by their to goats and sheep (200 ml) to treat heart water disease vernacular names and later validated at the Department of [7]. Members of the genus Acokanthera contain several Botany, University of Fort Hare and voucher specimens toxic cardiac glycosides such as ouabain [4,8,9]. Acoveno- (Aded Med 2007/1-10) were deposited in the Griffen Her- side, a cardiac glycoside, is the major toxic component of barium of the University. both A. oppositifolia and A. oblongifolia [4]. Extract preparation Adenia gummifera Harv of the family Passifloraceae is a Plants were air dried at room temperature for 3 weeks to distinctive woody climber with bright green stems and get consistent weight. The dried plants were later ground lobed leaves. Infusions are used as emetics and are said to to powder. Two hundred grams of ground plant material help with some forms of depression. Though the thick, were shaken separately in methanol for 48 hrs on an green stem is said to be very poisonous but is popular for orbital shaker at room temperature. Extracts were filtered treating of leprosy and malaria [4,6]. Species of Adenia using a Buckner funnel and Whatman No 1 filter paper. have been used as fish poisons [2] and have also been Each filtrate was concentrated to dryness under reduced implicated in stock losses, homicide and suicide [1,2,4,5]. pressure at 40°C using a rotary evaporator. Each extract The toxicity of Adenia species is due to the combination was resuspended in the respective solvent, methanol, to of a highly toxic protein, modeccin, and cyanogenic glyco- yield a 50 mg/ml stock solution [21]. sides [4,10-12]. Gummiferol, a cytotoxic polyacetylenic diepoxide was isolated from the leaves of Adenia gummif- Chemicals era by KB cytotoxicity-guided fractionation and this com- 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis-3- pound exhibited significant activity against the KB human ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 3-(2-pyri- cell line and a broad cytotoxic spectrum against other dyl)-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine-4',4"-disulfonic acid, human cancer cell lines [13]. KB or NFKB is nuclear acti- potassium ferricyanide; catechin, butylated hydroxytolu- vated kappa B, and is a transcription factor that has a key ene (BHT), ascorbic acid, catechin, tannic acid, quercetin role in the induction of inflammatory and immune and FeCl3 were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. response [14]. Louis, MO, USA)., vanillin from BDH; Folin-Ciocalteus's phenol reagent and sodium carbonate were from Merck Lipid peroxidation has gained more importance today Chemical Supplies (Damstadt, Germany). All the other because of its involvement in pathogenesis of many dis- chemicals used including the solvents, were of analytical eases like atherosclerosis, cancer, diabetes mellitus, myo- grade. cardial infarction, and also ageing. Free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in vivo from various biochemical reactions and also from the respiratory chain Page 2 of 7 (page number not for citation purposes) BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2008, 8:54 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/8/54 Determination of total phenolics Determination of antioxidant activity Total phenolic contents in the extracts were determined ABTS radical scavenging assay by the modified Folin-Ciocalteu method [22]. An aliquot For ABTS assay, the method of Re et al., [26] was adopted. of the extracts was mixed with 5 ml Folin-Ciocalteu rea- The stock solutions included 7 mM ABTS solution and 2.4 gent (previously diluted with water 1:10 v/v) and 4 ml (75 mM potassium persulfate solution. The working solution g/l) of sodium carbonate. The tubes were vortexed for 15 was then prepared by mixing the two stock solutions in sec and allowed to stand for 30 min at 40°C for color equal quantities and allowing them to react for 12 h at development.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Phylogeny and Systematics of the Rauvolfioideae
    PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS Andre´ O. Simo˜es,2 Tatyana Livshultz,3 Elena OF THE RAUVOLFIOIDEAE Conti,2 and Mary E. Endress2 (APOCYNACEAE) BASED ON MOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE1 ABSTRACT To elucidate deeper relationships within Rauvolfioideae (Apocynaceae), a phylogenetic analysis was conducted using sequences from five DNA regions of the chloroplast genome (matK, rbcL, rpl16 intron, rps16 intron, and 39 trnK intron), as well as morphology. Bayesian and parsimony analyses were performed on sequences from 50 taxa of Rauvolfioideae and 16 taxa from Apocynoideae. Neither subfamily is monophyletic, Rauvolfioideae because it is a grade and Apocynoideae because the subfamilies Periplocoideae, Secamonoideae, and Asclepiadoideae nest within it. In addition, three of the nine currently recognized tribes of Rauvolfioideae (Alstonieae, Melodineae, and Vinceae) are polyphyletic. We discuss morphological characters and identify pervasive homoplasy, particularly among fruit and seed characters previously used to delimit tribes in Rauvolfioideae, as the major source of incongruence between traditional classifications and our phylogenetic results. Based on our phylogeny, simple style-heads, syncarpous ovaries, indehiscent fruits, and winged seeds have evolved in parallel numerous times. A revised classification is offered for the subfamily, its tribes, and inclusive genera. Key words: Apocynaceae, classification, homoplasy, molecular phylogenetics, morphology, Rauvolfioideae, system- atics. During the past decade, phylogenetic studies, (Civeyrel et al., 1998; Civeyrel & Rowe, 2001; Liede especially those employing molecular data, have et al., 2002a, b; Rapini et al., 2003; Meve & Liede, significantly improved our understanding of higher- 2002, 2004; Verhoeven et al., 2003; Liede & Meve, level relationships within Apocynaceae s.l., leading to 2004; Liede-Schumann et al., 2005). the recognition of this family as a strongly supported Despite significant insights gained from studies clade composed of the traditional Apocynaceae s.
    [Show full text]
  • Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Efficacy of Acokanthera Oblongifolia Hochst
    OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Pharmacology ISSN 1811-7775 DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2017.1086.1091 Research Article Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Efficacy of Acokanthera oblongifolia Hochst. (Apocynaceae) 1Wilfred Otang-Mbeng and 2Anthony Jide Afolayan 1School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Agriculture, University of Mpumalanga, Mbombela Campus, P/bag X11283, 1200 Nelspruit, Mpumalanga, South Africa 2Medicinal Plants and Economic Development (MPED) Research Centre, Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, 5700 Alice, South Africa Abstract Background and Objective: Acokanthera oblongifolia is an evergreen medicinal shrub used for snakebites, itches, wounds and internal worms and the relief of itchy conditions and other skin disorders by the Mpondo and Xhosa tribes in South Africa. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the plant extracts against selected pathogens that cause human skin disorders and evaluation of the antioxidant capability for validation of folk uses of the plant. Materials and Methods: The agar diffusion and micro-dilution methods were used to determine the antimicrobial activities of the extracts against selected bacteria and fungi. The data were subjected to one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was used to determine significant differences (p<0.05) among treatment means. Results: The highest antibacterial activity (inhibition zone diameter >19 mm) was obtained with the acetone extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri, Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus pyogens and Bacillus subtilis; by the ethanol extract against B. cereus. None of the extracts was active against the tested fungi, apart from the acetone extract which showed strong inhibitory activity against Candida glabrata.
    [Show full text]
  • A Revised Classification of the Apocynaceae S.L
    THE BOTANICAL REVIEW VOL. 66 JANUARY-MARCH2000 NO. 1 A Revised Classification of the Apocynaceae s.l. MARY E. ENDRESS Institute of Systematic Botany University of Zurich 8008 Zurich, Switzerland AND PETER V. BRUYNS Bolus Herbarium University of Cape Town Rondebosch 7700, South Africa I. AbstractYZusammen fassung .............................................. 2 II. Introduction .......................................................... 2 III. Discussion ............................................................ 3 A. Infrafamilial Classification of the Apocynaceae s.str ....................... 3 B. Recognition of the Family Periplocaceae ................................ 8 C. Infrafamilial Classification of the Asclepiadaceae s.str ..................... 15 1. Recognition of the Secamonoideae .................................. 15 2. Relationships within the Asclepiadoideae ............................. 17 D. Coronas within the Apocynaceae s.l.: Homologies and Interpretations ........ 22 IV. Conclusion: The Apocynaceae s.1 .......................................... 27 V. Taxonomic Treatment .................................................. 31 A. Key to the Subfamilies of the Apocynaceae s.1 ............................ 31 1. Rauvolfioideae Kostel ............................................. 32 a. Alstonieae G. Don ............................................. 33 b. Vinceae Duby ................................................. 34 c. Willughbeeae A. DC ............................................ 34 d. Tabernaemontaneae G. Don ....................................
    [Show full text]
  • Essential Oil and Its Antimicrobial Activity from Ethiopian Acokanthera
    https://doi.org/10.33805/2576.8484.159 Volume 3 Issue 1 | PDF 159 | Pages 3 Volume 1 . Issue 1 | PDF 101 | Page 1 of x Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology Research Article ISSN: 2576-8484 Essential Oil and Its Antimicrobial Activity from Ethiopian Acokanthera schimperia Wondwosen A Matebie1,2, Wanchang Zhang1, Shuo Zhang1 and Guangbo Xie1* Affiliation: 1School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Hawassa University Institute of Technology, Hawassa, Ethiopia *Corresponding author: Xie G, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, China, Tel: +8613882096798, E-mail: [email protected] Citation: Matebie AW, Zhang W, Zhang S and Guangbo Xie. Essential oil and its antimicrobial activity from ethiopian Acokanthera schimperia (2019) Edelweiss Appli Sci Tech 3: 1-3 Received: Nov 01, 2018 Accepted: Dec 15, 2018 Published: Jan 01, 2019 Copyright: © 2018 Matebie AW et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Background: Acokanthera schimperia is a medicinal plant, which has been used by traditional healers as a curing agent in Ethiopia. Objective: The constituents of the essential oil, which was extracted from the leaves of A. schimperia, were investigated, and its antibacterial and antifungal activities were studied. Materials and Methods: The essential oil was extracted by an ordinary steam distillation process, and its chemical constituents were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS).
    [Show full text]
  • Carissa Bispinosa (L.) Desf
    WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY PAPERS 2001-1 Series of revisions of Apocynaceae Carissa L. by AJ.M. Leeuwenberg & F.J.H. van Dilst Series of revisions of Apocynaceae L Key to Apocynaceae in continental Africa by AJ.M. Leeuwenberg Biosvstematies Group. National Herbarium of the Netherlands, Wageningen branch, Wageningen University Gen. Foulkesweg 37, 6703 BL Wageningen, the Netherlands Date of publication: 28-09-2001 BACKHUYS PUBLISHERS 2001 EDITORIAL MESSAGE WAgeningen University Papers is the new title of Wageningen Agricultural University Papers, which series was published from 1988 upto 1999 (the last issue was 1999-4: Monopetalanthus exit, by J.J. Wieringa). In the year 2000 no issues were produced. Predeces­ sors of the journal were the Agricultural University Wageningen Papers (1984-1988) and the Mededelingen van de Landbouwhoge- school (te) Wageningen (1918-1983). The publication, a series of irregularly published monographs (some­ times reviews or theses) mainly in the English language (with occasional French language issues), is a medium for larger-sized papers of Wageningen University staff members and their collabo­ rators, working in the fields of plant- and animal sciences. Until 1996 the series was funded centrally by the University, but because of financial considerations this policy has been abandoned. Since then, funding has been rather haphazard. The series has always been used as an official exchange medium for the Central Library of the University, which policy has also been abandoned. The exchange list has been reduced, and in the future the WAUP will be offered for exchange with library partners only on the basis of counter- performance. The Editorial Board is looking for ways to continue the publication of WAUP.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of the Protective Properties of Acokanthera Oblongifolia Plant Extract on Mild Steel in Saline Solution
    International Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Vol. (2), Issue (1), 2020 ASSESSMENT OF THE PROTECTIVE PROPERTIES OF ACOKANTHERA OBLONGIFOLIA PLANT EXTRACT ON MILD STEEL IN SALINE SOLUTION Einas Bin Sultan1, khawla Areef1,Manar Abazeid1, Muftah Shushni1 ,Elarbi Khalil2, Fathi M Sherif3 Email:[email protected] 1Department ofPharmacognosy,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya. 2Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering,Faculty of Engineering, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya. 3Department of Pharmacology, faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya ABSTRACT: Several plant extracts have recently been reported as inhibitors for metallic materials in corrosive media. Thus, the corrosion inhibition of mild steel in a 3.5% NaCl solution in the presence of different concentrations of Acokanthera oblongifolia extract at a temperature range of 30 to 60 ⁰Cand for various immersion time was studied using weight loss method. The results showed that Acokanthera oblongifolia plant extract exhibit good corrosion inhibition efficiency. The inhibition efficiency of Acokanthera oblongifoliaextract increases with an increase in inhibitors concentration and through immersion periods but decreases with an increase in the temperature. The inhibitory effect could be due to the presence of some phytochemical compounds in the plantwhich is adsorbed on the surface of the mild steel. KEYWORDS: Mild steel, Acokanthera oblongifolia extract, weight loss, corrosion inhibition, adsorption. 1. INTRODUCTION Much research in recent years has been interested in studying the effect of natural plant-sourced products on metals corrosion as green inhibitors, and have confirmed that they have good corrosion inhibition efficacy[1 to 29].This interest in this aspect of the research was the result of the desire to obtain inhibitors that are environmentally friendly, non-toxic and available in large quantities also to avoid the highly toxic effect of some synthetic inhibitors on both environment and human beings.
    [Show full text]
  • WRA Species Report
    Family: Apocynaceae Taxon: Acokanthera schimperi (A. DC.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Schweinf. Synonym: Acokanthera ouabaio Cathel. ex L. Lewin Common Name: arrow-poison-tree Carissa schimperi A. DC. (basionym) common-poisonbush Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Patti Clifford Designation: EVALUATE Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Patti Clifford WRA Score 6 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 n 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 403 Parasitic
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,749,544 B2 Asiedu Et Al
    US0077.49544B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,749,544 B2 Asiedu et al. (45) Date of Patent: Jul. 6, 2010 (54) COMPOSITION FORTREATING AIDS AND (56) References Cited ASSOCATED CONDITIONS OTHER PUBLICATIONS (76) Inventors: William Asiedu, H/N B 183/19 Bintu Area, PMB Ministries, Accra (GH): Calderon et al. (Phytotherapy Research (1997), vol. 11, pp. 606 s s s 608).* Rede hist No. 1ntu Ojewole (International Journal of Crude Drug Research (1984), vol. s s ; : 22, No. 3, pp. 121-143).* Manny Ennin, H/N B 183/19 Bintu Ginsberg and Spigelman (Nature Medicine (2007), vol. 13, No.3, pp. Area, PMB Ministries, Accra (GH): 290–294).* Michael Nsiah Doudu, H/N B 183/19 Engler and Prantl, Die Naturlichen. Pflanzenfamilien, 1897, p. 349. Bintu Area, PMB Ministries, Accra Breteler, F.J. “Novitates Gabonenses 47. Another new Dichapetalum (GH); Charles Antwi Boateng, H/N B (Dichapetalaceae) from Gabon' Adansonia, 2003; 25(2):223-227. 183/19 Bintu Area, PMB Ministries, Fedkam Boyometal. "Aromatic plants of tropical central Africa. Part Accra (GH); Kwasi Appiah-Kubi, H/N XLIII: volatile components from Uvariastrum pierreanum Engl. B 183/19 B int Area. PMB MinistriCS (Engl. & Diels) growing in Cameroon' Flavour and Fragrance Jour Accra (GH); Seth Opoku Ware, H/N B nal, 2003; 18:269-298. 183/19 Bintu Area, PMB Ministries, * cited by examiner Accra (GH); Debrah Boateng, H/N B 183/19 Bintu Area, PMB Ministries, Primary Examiner Susan C Hoffman Accra (GH); Kofi Ampim, 2 Kakramadu (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm—Frommer Lawrence & Haug Ling, P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Botanical Garden Collection Plan 2019 OBJECTIVE: Identify What The
    Botanical Garden Collection Plan 2019 OBJECTIVE: Identify what the botanical garden plant collection should contain to satisfy our central mission of conservation, research, and education. Cultivate the collections with the aim to create Oklahoma’s premiere botanical collection. STRATEGY: Develop the botanical collection documents (i.e. a collections management policy, a collections management plan, and a collections management manual etc.). These documents will guide and give structure to the botanical collection. Cultivate and mobilize the horticulture staff to follow the collections management plan. TACTICS: Document, catalog, and place signage on the existing collection specimens. Collect new specimens per the acquisition list for each individual collection to strengthen the collection and to create an educational experience for our guests using the botanical gardens. CONSERVATION . Support the Zoo’s conservation mission through the development of a diverse plant collection plan that focuses on saving rare and endangered plant species and fragile ecosystems. March 2019. Emphasize our most endangered plant family, the Cactaceae, by identifying a plant conservation action regarding it and connecting it to the cactus collection. April 2019. Develop plant conservation signage to support the botanical collections and animal habitats. May 2019. RESEARCH . Research and develop an Oklahoma native plant flora. Collaborate with local university to develop a research program that benefits the OKC Zoo’s botanical collections program. Find graduate students that will benefit from using the botanical collection for studies/experiments. COLLECTIONS . Develop the proposed plant collections below: 1 . Oklahoma Native Plant Collection: . What does it mean to be a native plant? What are the benefits of using native plants in your garden? -Drought tolerance, supports native wildlife, reduces garden maintenance.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf of Article
    ORIGINAL ARTICLE Rec. Nat. Prod. 13:3 (2019) 182-188 Triterpenoids from Acokanthera schimperi in Ethiopia Wondwonsen A. Matebie 1,2, Wanchang Zhang 1, Shuo Zhang 1 and Guangbo Xie 1* 1School of Life Science and Technology; Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Hawassa University Institute of Technology, Hawassa P.O.Box 05, Ethiopia (Received July 11, 2018; Revised August 21, 2018; Accepted September 18, 2018) Abstract: The studies on the leaves of Acokanthera schimperi, a traditional herb of Ethiopia, afforded eight triterpenoids, including a new triterpenoid ester, lupan-20-ol-3()-yl 3-hydroxyoctadecanoate (1), along with seven known triterpenoids, lupeol (2), 28-nor-urs-12-ene-3,17-diol (3), ursolic aldehyde (4), 3-hydroxy- oleana-11,13(18)-dien-28-oic acid (5), alagidiol (6), oleanolic acid (7) and ursolic acid lactone (8). Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods including 2D NMR techniques and X-ray diffraction analysis. Keywords: Acokanthera schimperi; triterpenoids; Ethiopian medicinal plants; spectroscopic analyses; X-ray diffraction. © 2018 ACG Publications. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Acokanthera schimperi (A. DC.) Schweinf, belonging to the family Apocynaceae, was called "Merenz" locally. It is a well-known East African arrow poison plant and found from Eritrea south to Tanzania and west to Uganda, Rwanda and eastern DR Congo. It is also found in southern Yemen. [1,2]. In Ethiopia, the leaves and bark of A. schimperi were applied to the skin to treat skin disorders, and an infusion of its leaves was gargled to treat tonsillitis [2].
    [Show full text]
  • Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae Evaluated with Rbcl Data
    --.Plant Systematics P1. Syst. Evol. 202:153-175 (1996) and Evolution © Springer-Verlag 1996 Printed in Austria The familial and subfamilial relationships of Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae evaluated with rbcL data BENGT SENNBLAD and BIRGITTABREMER Received July 18, 1995; in revised version January 15, 1996 Key words: Gentianales, Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae. - Phylogeny, rbcL, parsimony, familial classification, subfamilial classification. Abstract" Sequence data for the rbcL gene from twenty-four taxa of the families Apocy- naceae and Asclepiadaceae were cladistically analysed in order to evaluate the existing familial and subfamilial classification. The taxa sampled represent all described subfami- lies and a majority of the described tribes. The cladistic analysis shows that the Asclepi- adaceae are nested within the Apocynaceae. An amalgamation of the two families is therefore recommended. The subfamilial classification is also in need of revision: the sub- families Plumerioideae and Apocynoideae of the current classifications are paraphyletic, as are many of the tribes. Potential subfamily candidates and characters traditionally used in the classification are discussed. The Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae are two relatively large families (in total approximately 5000 species) in the order Gentianales (Asteridae). The current cir- cumscription of the Gentianales was made by WAOENITZ(1959, revised 1992), who included the families Gentianaceae, Rubiaceae (excluded by CRONQUIST 1981), Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae, and Loganiaceae (sometimes divided into several families, CRONQUIST 1981, DAHLGREN 1983, TAKHTAJAN 1987, STRUWE & al. 1994). Other families are sometimes also included (see CRONQU~ST 1981, DAHLGREN 1983, TAKHTAJAN 1987, THORNE 1992, NICHOLAS & BAIJNATH 1994). Recent molecular stud- ies (DowNIE & PALMER 1992, OLMSTEAD& al. 1993), however, support the circum- scription proposed by WA~ENITZ.
    [Show full text]
  • References to Accepted Names in Bold-Faced Print, to Synonyms in Upright Print, to Illustrations in Italics
    Index References to accepted names in bold-faced print, to synonyms in upright print, to illustrations in italics. A A. quaternata, 258 Annesorhiza, 101 Absolmsia, 333 A. sect. Tonduzia, 259 Anodendron, 302 Acanthopanax, 441 Alstonieae, 257 Anomalluma, 342 Acerates, 370 Alyxia, 276 Anomopanax, 84 Aciphylla, 95 A. concatenata, 276 Anomotassa, 381 Acokanthera, 280 Alyxieae, 274 Anthanotis, 370 Acomosperma, 392 Amalocalyx, 306 Anthocleista, 493 Acrocoryne, 382 Amarella, 488 Anthoclitandra, 264 Acronema, 96 Ambelania, 267 Anthriscus, 102 Actinolema, 92 Amblyopetalum, 386 A. caucalis, 102 A. macrolema, 92 Ammi, 98 A. caucalis var. caucalis, 102 Actinotus, 82 A. majus, 14 A. caucalis var. gymnocarpa, 102 Acustelma, 317 Ammodaucus, 99 A. kotschyi, 102 Adelostemma, 377 Ammoides, 99 A. sylvestris, 18, 102 Adelphacme, 520 Ammoselinum, 99 Antiostelma, 333 Adenium, 285 Ampelamus, 377 Antonia, 520 Adenolisianthus, 497 Amphidetes, 391 Antoniaceae, 511 Adenosciadium, 96 Amphineurion, 302 Antonieae, 520 Aegokeras, 96 Amphistelma, 380 Antoniinae, 520 Aegopodium, 96 Amphorella, 388 Apegia, 344 Aenigma, 397 Amsonia, 271 Aphanopleura, 102 Aethusa, 97 Amsonieae, 271 Aphanostelma, 386 Aframmi, 137, 158 Anagallidium, 489 Aphanostylis, 264 Afrocarum, 107 Anakasia, 436 Apiaceae, 9 Afroligusticum, 97 Anatropanthus, 329 Apiastrum, 103 Afrosciadium, 97 Ancylobothrys, 263 Apioideae, 95 Afrosison, 170 Andrewsia, 486 Apiopetalum, 82 Aganonerion, 305 Andriana, 99 A. glabratum, 83 Aganosma, 306 Anechites, 278 A. velutinum, 83 A. sect. Amphineurion, 302 Anemotrochus, 387 Apium, 103 Agasyllis, 97 Anethum, 99 Apocinae, 207 Agathotes, 489 Angadenia, 294 Apocynaceae, 207 Agrocharis, 97 Angelica, 100 Apocyneae, 301 Aidomene, 370 A. czernaevia, 18 Apocynoideae, 281 Alafia, 286 A. decurrens, 14 Apocynoids, 281 Albovia, 170 Anginon, 100 Apocynum, 304 Alepidea, 92 Angolluma, 349 Apodicarpum, 103 Aletes, 98 Angoseseli, 100 Apophragma, 472 Aliopsis, 488 Anidrum Apoxyanthera, 318 Allamanda, 277 Anidrum sect.
    [Show full text]