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Vysoké Uğení Technické V Brn Dvoudobé Vzntové Letecké

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Vysoké Uğení Technické V Brn Dvoudobé Vzntové Letecké VYSOKÉ U5ENÍ TECHNICKÉ V BRNC BRNO UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY FAKULTA STROJNÍHO INŽENÝRSTVÍ ÚSTAV AUTOMOBILNÍHO A DOPRAVNÍHO INŽENÝRSTVÍ FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING DVOUDOBÉ VZNCTOVÉ LETECKÉ MOTORY TWO-STROKE COMPRESSION-IGNITION AIRCRAFT ENGINES BAKALÁSSKÁ PRÁCE BACHELOR´S THESIS AUTOR PRÁCE LADISLAV POCHOP AUTHOR VEDOUCÍ PRÁCE Ing. LUBOMÍR DRÁPAL SUPERVISOR BRNO 2010 Abstrakt Tato bakaláTská práce je pojednáním o dvoudobých vznDtových leteckých motorech. Popisuje princip funkce dvoudobého vznDtového motoru, jeho odlišnosti od motoru 6tyTdobého a motoru zážehového. Dále se zabývá historickým vývojem dvoudobých vznDtových leteckých motor\ v kontextu s vývojem pístových leteckých motor\ obecnD. Uvádí nejznámDjší dvoudobé vznDtové letecké motory a nastiNuje možný vývoj tohoto typu motor\ v blízké budoucnosti. Klí6ová slova Letecký motor, pístový motor, dvoudobý motor, vznDtový motor, dieselový motor. Summary This thesis is a treatise on two-stroke diesel aircraft engines. Describes the principle functions of two-stroke diesel engine, its differences from the four-stroke engine and petrol engine. It also deals with the historical development of two-stroke diesel aircraft engines in the context of the development of piston aircraft engines in general. Indicates the best-known two-stroke diesel aircraft engines and outlines possible development of this type of engines in the near future. Keywords Aircraft engine, piston engine, two-stroke engine, compression-ignition engine, diesel engine. Bibliografická citace POCHOP, L. Dvoudobé vznDtové letecké motory . Brno: Vysoké u6ení technické v BrnD, Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2010. 69 s. Vedoucí bakaláTské práce Ing. Lubomír Drápal. Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem bakaláTskou práci na téma „Dvoudobé vznDtové letecké motory“ vypracoval samostatnD pod vedením Ing. Lubomíra Drápala s použitím odborné literatury a dalších informa6ních zdroj\, které jsou všechny citovány a uvedeny v seznamu použitých literárních pramen\ a zdroj\. V BrnD dne 28.5. 2010 ………..…………………… Ladislav Pochop PodDkování Rád bych tímto podDkoval svému vedoucímu bakaláTské práce Ing. Lubomíru Drápalovi za cenné pTipomínky a rady pTi vypracovávání této práce. RovnDž mé díky patTí Lukášovi Kalovi – pTispDvovateli portálu Palba.cz, jemuž jsem též vdD6ný za cenné rady a za odkazy a tipy na nDkteré informa6ní zdroje. A v neposlední TadD bych velmi rád chtDl podDkovat svým rodi6\m Ladislavu Pochopovi a Zdence Pochopové za ohromnou trpDlivost a podporu v mém studiu. Obsah Obsah..................................................................................................................... - 5 - 1. Úvod................................................................................................................... - 6 - 2. Požadavky kladené na pístové letecké motory................................................... - 7 - 3. RozdDlení pístových leteckých motor\ ............................................................... - 8 - 4. Teorie dvoudobých vznDtových leteckých motor\............................................ - 10 - 4.1 Princip funkce dvoudobého vznDtového motoru ......................................... - 10 - 4.1.1 Pracovní obDh dvoudobého motoru zážehového (benzinového) ......... - 10 - 4.1.2 VznDtový motor .................................................................................... - 11 - 4.1.3 Pracovní obDh dvoudobého motoru vznDtového (naftového)............... - 13 - 4.2 Konstruk6ní zvláštnosti dvoudobého vznDtového motoru ........................... - 18 - 4.2.1 Vratné vyplachování............................................................................. - 19 - 4.2.2 Motory se souproudým vyplachováním a ventily.................................. - 21 - 4.2.3 Motory se souproudým vyplachováním a s protibDžnými písty ............ - 22 - 5. Historický pTehled............................................................................................. - 25 - 5.1 Historický pTehled vývoje letadlových pístových motor\ obecnD ................ - 25 - 5.2 Historie dvoudobých vznDtových leteckých motor\ .................................... - 28 - 5.2.1 Junkers Fo3 ......................................................................................... - 30 - 5.2.2 Junkers Fo4 / Jumo 4 / Jumo 204 ........................................................ - 31 - 5.2.3 Junkers Jumo 5 / Jumo 205 ................................................................. - 35 - 5.2.4 Junkers Jumo 206................................................................................ - 39 - 5.2.5 Junkers Jumo 207................................................................................ - 39 - 5.2.6 Junkers Jumo 208................................................................................ - 41 - 5.2.7 Junkers Jumo 223 / Jumo 224 ............................................................. - 42 - 5.2.8 ZOD-260 .............................................................................................. - 45 - 6. Konstruk6ní Tešení motoru Junkers Jumo 205 ................................................. - 48 - 7. Porovnání motor\............................................................................................. - 54 - 8. Soudobé konstrukce......................................................................................... - 55 - 9. ZávDr ................................................................................................................ - 60 - 10. Seznam použité literatury a zdroj\ ................................................................. - 61 - 12. PTílohy ............................................................................................................ - 66 - - 5 - 1. Úvod V rukou držíte bakaláTskou práci na téma „Dvoudobé vznDtové letecké motory“, jež je závDre6nou prací pTi ukon6ení tTíletého bakaláTského studia na FakultD strojního inženýrství Vysokého u6ení technického v BrnD. Cílem této bakaláTské práce je pojednat o pístových leteckých motorech – konkrétnD dvoudobých vznDtových. Popsat specifika tDchto motor\ a rovnDž popsat jejich vývoj v historickém kontextu. Nejprve jsou uvedeny požadavky kladené na pístové letecké motory a jejich rozdDlení. Následuje seznámení s principem funkce dvoudobého vznDtového motoru a jeho odlišnosti od motoru 6tyTdobého a motoru zážehového. Dále se práce zabývá historickým vývojem dvoudobých vznDtových leteckých motor\ v kontextu s vývojem pístových leteckých motor\ obecnD. Uvádí konstruk6ní Tešení nejznámDjšího dvoudobého vznDtového leteckého motoru Jumo 205 a obecnD porovnává motory dvoudobé vznDtové s jejich konkurenty – motory 6tyTdobými zážehovými. Na závDr jsou uvedeny soudobé konstrukce a nastínDn možný vývoj tohoto typu motoru. - 6 - 2. Požadavky kladené na pístové letecké motory Jak jest uvedeno v knize „Letadlové motory“ od autor\ Kocába a Adamce - nejd\ležitDjší požadavky ur6ující konstrukci pístového letadlového motoru jsou [1]: a) dostate6ný výkon motoru b) výškovost podle ú6elu letounu c) malá hmotnost d) co nejvDtší hospodárnost e) malé rozmDry f) provozní spolehlivost pTi dostate6nD dlouhé životnosti g) vyvážení h) snadný provoz a obsluha i) jednoduchost výroby PTíklady požadavk\ týkajících se rozmDr\ pístových leteckých motor\ [6]: - Pr\mDrné 6elní plochy hvDzdicových motor\ by mDly být v rozmezí cca 1,2 m2 až 1,7 m2 - Pr\mDrné 6elní plochy V motor\ by mDly být v rozmezí 0,6 m2 až 0,8 m2 (uvedeno bez chladi6\) Obr. 1 UmístDní motoru JUMO 205 na kTídle letadla [5] - 7 - 3. RozdDlení pístových leteckých motor\ Kniha „Letadlové motory“ dále uvádí následující rozdDlení pístových motor\ letadel dle tDchto hledisek [1]: 1. Druh paliva: a) motory na lehké palivo – motory zážehové b) motory na tDžké palivo – motory vznDtové 2. Pracovní obDh: a) motory 6tyTdobé b) motory dvoudobé 3. UspoTádání válc\: a) motory Tadové - jednoTadové stojaté - jednoTadové visuté (invertní) - dvouTadové stojaté (motor V) - dvouTadové visuté - dvouTadové s protilehlými válci (ploché) - tTíTadové (motor W) - 6tyTTadové (motor H nebo X) b) motory hvDzdicové - jednohvDzdicové - nDkolikahvDzdicové 4. Po6et válc\ 5. Zp\sob chlazení: a) motory chlazené vzduchem b) motory chlazené kapalinou 6. ZmDna výkonu s výškou: a) motory výškové b) motory nevýškové 7. Ú6el a výkon: a) motory malého výkonu b) motory stTedního výkonu c) motory velkého výkonu - 8 - Na následujícím obrázku (obr. 2) jsou zobrazeny uspoTádání válc\, jež jsou uvedeny v pTedchozím textu. Obr. 2 UspoTádání válc\ letadlových pístových spalovacích motor\ [1] - 9 - 4. Teorie dvoudobých vznDtových leteckých motor\ 4.1 Princip funkce dvoudobého vznDtového motoru U dvoudobého motoru vznDtového probDhne pracovní obDh bDhem dvou zdvih\ pístu tj. bDhem jednoho oto6ení klikového hTídele. Jako palivo slouží nafta. Tyto motory se staví jako pTeplNované. Válec je opatTen jedním nebo více výfukovými kanály, plnDní válce 6erstvým vzduchem se uskute6Nuje plnícími kanály. Nafta se do válce vstTikuje tryskami. [7] 4.1.1 Pracovní obDh dvoudobého motoru zážehového (benzinového) Pro komplexní pochopení rozdíl\ dvoudobého vznDtového motoru od dvoudobého zážehového motoru nejdTíve popíši pracovní obDh motoru dvoudobého zážehového. Pracovní obDh dvoudobého motoru probDhne bDhem jednoho oto6ení klikového hTídele, tj. v pr\bDhu dvou zdvih\ pístu. Dvoudobý motor oproti motor\m 6tyTdobým nemá ventily ani obvyklé rozvody. Stla6ení 6erstvé náplnD se uskute6Nuje v klikové skTíni, viz. obr. 3. 5innost ventil\ je nahrazena pístem a jednotlivými kanály, což je u dvoudobých
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