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Mapping and Monitoring Snow Cover from Satellites

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Mapping and Monitoring Snow Cover from Satellites Observations of Physical Properties and Microwave Emission of Snow at CREST Station in Caribou, ME Peter Romanov1,2, Tarendra Lakhankar1, Carlos Perez Diaz1, Reza Khanbilvardi1 1NOAA-CREST, City University of New York, New York, NY 2Center for Satellite Applications and Research, NESDIS/ NOAA Why and What For ? Motivation Lack of synchronous observations of snow MW emission and physical properties - Hampers development of satellite snow retrieval algorithms Objectives • Continuous monitoring of physical and radiative properties of snow - Snow pack physical and microwave emission modeling - Satellite products/algorithms cal/val • Field work training for students • Testing new instrumentation for snow research CREST-SAFE Snow Field Research Station: Location CREST Station - Established in 2010 - Located in Caribou, ME - Premises of regional airport - Next to NWS RFC Mean seasonal snowfall: 2.8 m Seasonal max snow depth: 60-70 cm Snow cover duration: 4 months CREST Snow Station: Growing Each Year 2015 Weather sensor (precipitation, visibility) Snow Wetness profiler 2014 GMON3 SWE Sensor 19 and 10.65 GHz Radiometers CIMEL Sun Photometer (BRDF) 2013 Infrared Thermometer (Skin Temperature) Snow Depth Sensor Radiation Sensors Wind Speed/Direction, Humidity/air temperature 2012 Snow Pillow (SWE) Rain/Snow Gauge Soil Moisture (2.5, 5, 10cm) Soil Temp (2.5, 5, 10cm) 2011 Manual Snow Pit measurements Oct 2012 Network Cameras (2) Snow Temperature Profiler Currently: over 15 sensors operating 24/7 37 GHz Radiometer Snow pit measurements 2-3 time a week 2010 89 GHz Radiometer Data from most sensors is available online Funding: NOAA, CCNY, DoD Where we are now… - Over 15 instruments running 24/7 - Instrumental observations are automated - Snow pit measurements 2-3 times a week - Web cameras Provide - Snow pack physical properties - Depth, SWE, temperature, density, grain size, profiles - Snow pack radiative properties (MW, IR, VIS) - Soil moisture/temperature - Standard meteorology & radiation - Site Imagery (weather, clouds) Most data are transmitted to CREST, processed and posted online within 1-2h CREST Microwave Radiometers CREST-SAFE SSMI AMSR-E/2 TMI WindSAT GMI (GPM) 6.93 VH 6.8 VH 10.65 VH 10.65 VH 10.7 VH 10.7 VH 10.65 VH 19 VH 19 VH 18.7 VH 19.4 VH 18.7 VH 18.7 VH 22 V 23.8 VH 21.3 V 23.8 VH 23.8 V 37 VH 37 VH 36.7 VH 37 VH 37.0 VH 36.5 VH 89 VH 87 VH 89 VH 85.5 VH 89.0 VH CREST Microwave Observations - Spectral bands same as at satellites - Polarized (V,H) - Collected at 30 sec interval 24/7 - Resampled to 5 min interval - Calibration 3-4 times a year - Less than 3% data loss in the last two winter seasons Microwave spectra: Snow melt and refreeze Dec 27, 2015 Dec 28, 2015 Dec 29, 2015 Microwave spectra every 4 hours, red: V-pol, blue: H-pol Air and skin temperature Snow Depth Wind speed Gamma-Ray Snow Water Equivalent Sensor • CS725 (GMON3) Sensor: SWE estimates using observed gamma-ray emission • Installed in spring 2014 • Data have yet to be calibrated Potassium (gamma-ray) Thalium (gamma-ray) NOHRSC model CREST Snow Tube 600 50 CS725 SWE, non-calibrated 40 s t n u 400 o c m 30 , c y , a E r - W a S m 20 m a 200 G 10 0 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Day of Year 2014 Snowpack Temperature Profiler Snow pack and soil temperature profile - Temperature at 16 levels - Down to 10 cm into the soil - Up to 90 cm in the snow pack - Reported every 5 min Red color indicates temperature of 00 C Observed snow depth and snow temperature and over profiles in January to March 2011 Manual Observations of Snow Pack Started in December 2011 Include: • Snow pit measurements, every 2-3- days −Vertical profiles of snow density, grain size, hardness, temperature − Snow depth, SWE − Performed by local students, trained by CREST personnel Webcam Imagery Helps to better characterize the weather type and to identify clear and cloudy periods of the day Snowpack Phyisical Modeling (SNTHERM) Snow Density (2011-2012) Snow Temperature (2010-2011) Simulated (SNTHERM) Simulated (SNTHERM) Observed Observed Model vs in situ: good agreement on the temperature profile, not so good on the snow density and grain size. Microwave Emission: Observed vs Simulated (HUT) 37 GHz January-February 2011 89 GHz HUT with input from SNTHERM, single snow layer : red (V) and purple (H) Observed BTs: blue (V) and green (H) Model vs observed Differences up to 20K-30K, larger disagreement after the first snowmelt (Day 50) Model underestimates polarization difference at 89 GHz Small improvement with MEMLS and DMRT Comparing Satellite and in Situ: Consider Forest Cover 10 km 19 GHz 37 GHz 91 GHz Caribou, ME Each SSMIS and AMSR2 pixel is ~ 20-50% covered by forest SSMIS FOV Range of forest cover fraction (%) within sensor FOV 10 GHz 19 GHz 37 GHz 89/91 GHz SSMIS - 44-51 27-47 18-46 AMSR2 26-46 19-45 16-44 3-50 Range of forest cover fraction was calculated assuming 5 km maximum displacement of the center of the satellite sensor FOV from the station location Microwave emission at 19 and 37 GHz: In situ vs AMSR2 AMSR2 spectral In situ spectral difference difference Brightness temperature at 19 and 37 GHz, V-polarization Snow cover on the ground Snow Depth - Larger satellite BTs and smaller spectral gradient are due to forest cover - Largest differences in the beginning and in the end of snow season - Close similarity over snow free land Correlationof(AMSR2,SSMIS)SatelliteandSitu Observations in January 1 to April 20, snow Fully January 1 to Correlation 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 1 PolarizationDif,10GHz PolarizationDif,19GHz PolarizationDif,37GHz PolarizationDif,89GHz 10v - - Highcorrelation indicatesthat Stationobs. are representative forwider area Bothsensors “see” the same snowprocesses 10h - 19v covered land surface 19h 37v 37h 89v 89h 10-19v 10-19h 19-37v A S M S 19-37h M S R I S 37-89v 2 v v s s 37-89h I n i n S 10-37v s i i t t u 10-37h u 19-89v 19-89h What’s next NASA SnowEx experiment, Feb 2017, Grand Mesa, Colorado - Surface + airborne measurements Proposal pending at DoD to acquire • Microwave radiometer 1.4 GHz - Soil moisture, state of soil surface • Microwave radiometer 150 GHz - Snow emission, atmospheric remote sensing • Scanning lidar - Evaluate terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) technique for areal snow studies Info/Data Access Project web site: crest.ccny.cuny.edu/snow/data.html Data: www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/smcd/emb/snow/caribou/caribou_microwave.html Questions, comment to: [email protected], [email protected] We are open for collaboration - Will provide data for analysis, model development, joint projects - Other instrumentation ? We have some space at the station. - Specific experiments with available instrumentation ? 18 Thank you ! Gamma-ray: can be also used in soil moisture studies 100 120 Potassium Thalium 100 80 Daily rainfall s t m n u 80 m o , c n 60 , o y i t a a r 60 t - i a p i m 40 c e m r a 40 P G 20 20 0 0 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 Day of Year 2014 • Gamma ray sensor data are strongly correlated with rainfall • Sensitive to monitor soil moisture. Snow Wetness Profiler Instrument consists of 16 CS625 water content reflectometers Liquid water content can derived from measured permittivity Relationship between snow permittivity and liquid water content has yet to be established. 1.7 1.6 80 cm 60 cm 40 cm 20 cm 1.5 1.4 1.3 Permittivity 1.2 CS650 1.1 Water Content Reflectometer 1 1/31/2014 2/10/2014 2/20/2014 3/2/2014 3/12/2014 3/22/2014 4/1/2014 4/11/2014 4/21/2014 5/1/2014 20 Dielectric 10 80 cm 60 cm 40 cm 20 cm Permittivity 0 -10 -20 Vertical -30 Snow Wetness Sensor Temperature (C) Profile -40 1/31/2014 2/10/2014 2/20/2014 3/2/2014 3/12/2014 3/22/2014 4/1/2014 4/11/2014 4/21/2014 5/1/2014 Applications: Snowpack modeling Observed Simulated (SNTHERM) Ice layer at the bottom of the snow pack is not reported Reporting protocol should be improved to allow for detailed characterization of ice layers Microwave emission at 37 GHz, V&H: In situ vs AMSR2 AMSR2 polarization In situ polarization difference difference Brightness temperature at 37 GHz, V and H polarization Snow cover on the ground Snow Depth Satellite: Much smaller polarization difference over snow-covered land - - Much Variability Standard Deviation,Standard AMSR2and in Jan 1 larger of variability – satellite April 20, 2015, Fully snow Standard Deviation, K 10 20 30 40 0 temperatures of in situ PolarizationDif,10GHz PolarizationDif,19GHz temperatures PolarizationDif,37GHz may PolarizationDif,89GHz be 10v dampened 10h 19v - 19h covered land surface 37v by 37h Situ forest 89v 89h cover 10-19v 10-19h 19-37v A I n In Situ AMSR2 M 19-37h S S i t R u 37-89v 2 37-89h 10-37v 10-37h 19-89v 19-89h Mean Bias, Satellite vs In Situ Snow on the ground (Jan 1 – April 20) No snow on the ground (May 1 – May 31) AMSR vs In Situ AMSR vs In Situ 80 SSMIS vs In Situ 80 SSMIS vs In Situ 60 60 K K 40 40 , , s s a a i i B B 20 20 0 0 -20 -20 v v v v v v v v h h h h h h h h 0 9 7 9 0 9 7 9 0 9 7 9 0 9 7 9 1 1 3 8 1 1 3 8 1 1 3 8 1 1 3 8 Spectral Band, GHz Spectral Band, GHz • Larger in situ-satellite differences in winter • Larger differences in H-pol • Close agreement to AMSR2 with no snow on the ground • Better in situ agreement to AMSR2 than to SSMIS .
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