Rainfall Measurement and Forecasting
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
An Evaluation of Snow Initializations in NCEP Global and Regional Forecasting Models
JUNE 2016 D A W S O N E T A L . 1885 An Evaluation of Snow Initializations in NCEP Global and Regional Forecasting Models NICHOLAS DAWSON,PATRICK BROXTON,XUBIN ZENG, AND MICHAEL LEUTHOLD Department of Atmospheric Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona MICHAEL BARLAGE Research Applications Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado PAT HOLBROOK Idaho Power Company, Boise, Idaho (Manuscript received 13 November 2015, in final form 10 April 2016) ABSTRACT Snow plays a major role in land–atmosphere interactions, but strong spatial heterogeneity in snow depth (SD) and snow water equivalent (SWE) makes it challenging to evaluate gridded snow quantities using in situ measurements. First, a new method is developed to upscale point measurements into gridded datasets that is superior to other tested methods. It is then utilized to generate daily SD and SWE datasets for water years 2012–14 using measurements from two networks (COOP and SNOTEL) in the United States. These datasets are used to evaluate daily SD and SWE initializations in NCEP global forecasting models (GFS and CFSv2, both on 0.5830.58 grids) and regional models (NAM on 12 km 3 12 km grids and RAP on 13 km 3 13 km grids) across eight 28328 boxes. Initialized SD from three models (GFS, CFSv2, and NAM) that utilize Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) SD data for initialization is 77% below the area-averaged values, on av- erage. RAP initializations, which cycle snow instead of using the AFWA SD, underestimate SD to a lesser degree. Compared with SD errors, SWE errors from GFS, CFSv2, and NAM are larger because of the ap- plication of unrealistically low and globally constant snow densities. -
This Is a Digital Document from the Collections of the Wyoming Water Resources Data System (WRDS) Library
This is a digital document from the collections of the Wyoming Water Resources Data System (WRDS) Library. For additional information about this document and the document conversion process, please contact WRDS at [email protected] and include the phrase “Digital Documents” in your subject heading. To view other documents please visit the WRDS Library online at: http://library.wrds.uwyo.edu Mailing Address: Water Resources Data System University of Wyoming, Dept 3943 1000 E University Avenue Laramie, WY 82071 Physical Address: Wyoming Hall, Room 249 University of Wyoming Laramie, WY 82071 Phone: (307) 766-6651 Fax: (307) 766-3785 Funding for WRDS and the creation of this electronic document was provided by the Wyoming Water Development Commission (http://wwdc.state.wy.us) THE UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE P. 0. BOX 3038, UNIVERSITY STATION TELEPHONE: 766·2143 LARAMIE, WYOMING 82070 AREA CODE: 307 Water Resources Series No. 24 PRECIPITATION AND ITS MEASUREMENT A STATE OF THE ART Lee W. Larson June 1971 Abstract A comprehensive review of the literature since 1966 for studies and articles dealing with precipitation and its measurement. Topics discussed include gages, gage comparisons, gage shields, errors in measurements, precipitation data, data analysis, networks, and electronic measurements for rain and snow. A bibliogr~phy is included. KEY WORDS: Climatic data/ equipment/ precipitation data/ statistics/ weather data/ wind/ rainfall/ rain gages/ rain/ snow/ snowfall/ snow gages/ snow surveys NOTE: References numbered 1 through 331 in the Partially Annotated Bibliography are listed in alphabetical order. Those numbered 332 and above were obtained after the first list had been prepared for publication and form a second alphabetical listing. -
Download Gate.Html (Accessed on 20 April 2021)
remote sensing Article Assessment of Snowfall Accumulation from Satellite and Reanalysis Products Using SNOTEL Observations in Alaska Yang Song 1, Patrick D. Broxton 2, Mohammad Reza Ehsani 1 and Ali Behrangi 1,* 1 Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; [email protected] (Y.S.); [email protected] (M.R.E.) 2 School of Natural Resources and the Environment, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The combination of snowfall, snow water equivalent (SWE), and precipitation rate mea- surements from 39 snow telemetry (SNOTEL) sites in Alaska were used to assess the performance of various precipitation products from satellites, reanalysis, and rain gauges. Observation of precipita- tion from two water years (2018–2019) of a high-resolution radar/rain gauge data (Stage IV) product was also utilized to give insights into the scaling differences between various products. The outcomes were used to assess two popular methods for rain gauge undercatch correction. It was found that SWE and precipitation measurements at SNOTELs, as well as precipitation estimates based on Stage IV data, are generally consistent and can provide a range within which other products can be assessed. The time-series of snowfall and SWE accumulation suggests that most of the products can capture snowfall events; however, differences exist in their accumulation. Reanalysis products tended to overestimate snow accumulation in the study area, while the current combined passive microwave Citation: Song, Y.; Broxton, P.D.; remote sensing products (i.e., IMERG-HQ) underestimate snowfall accumulation. -
General Fund Revenues
2012–2013 Budget City of Eden Prairie, Minnesota Table of Contents Page Introduction Strategic Plan .............................................................................................................................................. 8 Organizational Structure and Chart ...................................................................................................... 10 City Council/Management Team ........................................................................................................... 11 Other Eden Prairie Facts ......................................................................................................................... 12 Distinguished Budget Presentation Award ........................................................................................... 14 Budget Overview City Manager’s Budget Message ............................................................................................................. 16 Key Results ................................................................................................................................................ 23 Budget Development ............................................................................................................................... 36 Financial Policies ...................................................................................................................................... 41 Budget Summary-All Budgeted Funds ................................................................................................. -
Downloaded 09/25/21 08:21 AM UTC 1708 JOURNAL of HYDROMETEOROLOGY VOLUME 18
JUNE 2017 W E N E T A L . 1707 Evaluation of MRMS Snowfall Products over the Western United States a,b c,d d c b YIXIN WEN, PIERRE KIRSTETTER, J. J. GOURLEY, YANG HONG, ALI BEHRANGI, a,e AND ZACHARY FLAMIG a Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma b Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California c School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma d NOAA/National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, Oklahoma e School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma (Manuscript received 18 November 2016, in final form 21 February 2017) ABSTRACT Snow is important to water resources and is of critical importance to society. Ground-weather-radar-based snowfall observations have been highly desirable for large-scale weather monitoring and water resources applications. This study conducts an evaluation of the Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS) quantitative es- timates of snow rate using the Snowpack Telemetry (SNOTEL) daily snow water equivalent (SWE) datasets. A detectability evaluation shows that MRMS is limited in detecting very light snow (daily snow accumulation ,5 mm) because of the quality control module in MRMS filtering out weak signals (,5dBZ). For daily snow accumulation greater than 10 mm, MRMS has good detectability. The quantitative compar- isons reveal a bias of 277.37% between MRMS and SNOTEL. A majority of the underestimation bias occurs in relatively warm conditions with surface temperatures ranging from 2108 to 08C. A constant reflectivity– SWE intensity relationship does not capture the snow mass flux increase associated with denser snow particles at these relatively warm temperatures. -
A Lysimetric Snow Pillow Station at Kùhtai/Tyrol R. KIRNBAUER & G. BLÔSCHL Institut Fur Hydraulik, Gewâsserkunde U. Wasse
Hydrology in Mountainous Regions. J - Hydrological Measurements; the Water Cycle (Proceedings of two Lausanne Symposia, August 1990). IAHS Publ. no. 193, 1990. A lysimetric snow pillow station at Kùhtai/Tyrol R. KIRNBAUER & G. BLÔSCHL Institut fur Hydraulik, Gewâsserkunde u. Wasserwirtschaft, Technische Universitât Wien, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria ABSTRACT For properly forecasting snowmeIt-runoff the understanding of processes associated with a melting snow cover may be of primary importance. For this purpose a snow monitoring station was installed at Kuhtai/Tyrol at an elevation of 1930 m a.s.l. In order to study individual physical processes typical snow cover situations are examined. These situations include cold and wet snow under varying weather conditions. Based on a few examples the diversity of phenomena occuring at the snow surface and within the snow cover is demonstrated. INTRODUCTION Within a short-term flood-forecasting system a snowmelt model should be capable of representing extreme conditions. As Leavesley (1989) points out, a more physically based understanding of the processes involved will improve forecast capabilities. Subjective watching of phenomena together with measuring adequate data of sufficient accuracy and time resolution may form the foundations of process understanding. Most field studies performed so far concentrated on investigating the energy input to snow, particularly under melting conditions (see e.g. Kuusisto, 1986). Differences in the relative importance of processes during contrasting weather conditions have been reported by numerous authors (e.g. Lang, 1986). Considering these differences some of the authors (e.g. Anderson, 1973) distinguished between advection and radiation melt situations in their models. In this study meteorological data and snowpack observations from an alpine experimental plot are presented. -
Estimating Snow Water Equivalent on Glacierized High Elevation Areas (Forni Glacier, Italy)
1 Estimating the snow water equivalent on glacierized high elevation 2 areas (Forni Glacier, Italy) 3 4 Senese Antonella1, Maugeri Maurizio1, Meraldi Eraldo2, Verza Gian Pietro3, Azzoni Roberto Sergio1, 5 Compostella Chiara4, Diolaiuti Guglielmina1 6 7 1 Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. 8 2 ARPA Lombardia, Centro Nivometeorologico di Bormio, Bormio, Italy. 9 3 Ev-K2-CNR - Pakistan, Italian K2 Museum Skardu Gilgit Baltistan, Islamabad, Pakistan. 10 4 Department of Earth Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. 11 12 Correspondence to: Antonella Senese ([email protected]) 13 14 Abstract. 15 We present and compare 11 years of snow data (snow depth and snow water equivalent, SWE) measured by an Automatic 16 Weather Station corroborated by data resulting from field campaigns on the Forni Glacier in Italy. The aim of the analyses is 17 to estimate the SWE of new snowfall and the annual peak of SWE based on the average density of the new snow at the site 18 (corresponding to the snowfall during the standard observation period of 24 hours) and automated depth measurements, as 19 well as to find the most appropriate method for evaluating SWE at this measuring site. 20 The results indicate that the daily SR50 sonic ranger measures allow a rather good estimation of the SWE (RMSE of 45 mm 21 w.e. if compared with snow pillow measurements), and the available snow pit data can be used to define the mean new snow 22 density value at the site. For the Forni Glacier measuring site, this value was found to be 149 ± 6 kg m-3. -
Game On: Ways of Using Games to Engage Learners in Reading For
Game On: Ways of using digital games to engage learners in reading for pleasure October 2011 1 Contents Summary and key recommendations 3 1 Background 5 2 Recent research 8 3 A further review of games 13 4 Developing and testing two games 23 5 Observations from the think tank event 36 6 Recommendations 38 This report has been compiled by Genevieve Clarke and Michelle Treagust with thanks to colleagues at The Reading Agency, NIACE and PlayGen and also to students and tutors at Morley College, Transport for London, Brent Adult and Community Education Service and Park Future Family Learning Centre in Havant who took part in this project. Please contact [email protected] for further information. The Reading Agency has been funded by the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills to undertake this study as part of its ongoing work to promote the use of reading for pleasure to engage, motivate and support adults with literacy needs. The Reading Agency Free Word Centre 60 Farringdon Road London EC1R 3GA tel: 0871 750 1207 email: [email protected] web: readingagency.org.uk 2 Summary and key recommendations This document reports on the project undertaken by The Reading Agency for the Department of Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) and NIACE between April and June 2011 which aimed to: help develop the Department’s thinking and plans to capitalise on the power of digital games; lay better groundwork to help the learning and skills sector harness the potential of games to engage and support people who are struggling with reading and writing and transform their perception of literacy and its relevance to their lives; and take The Reading Agency’s adult literacy development work with digital games to the next stage. -
GOES Data Collection System : User Programs / Merle L
0F .«*? /°* / ft NOAA Technical Memorandum NESS 110 vV^I^.<; GOES DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM - USER PROGRAMS Washington, D.C August 1980 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF National Oceanic and National Environmental COMMERCE / Atmospheric Administration / Satellite Service , NOAA TECHNICAL MEMORANDUMS National Environmental Satellite Service Series The National Environmental Satellite Service (NESS) is responsible for the establishment and oper- ation of NOAA's environmental satellite systems. NOAA Technical Memorandums facilitate rapid distribution of material that may be preliminary in nature and so may be published formally elsewhere at a later date. Publications 1 to 20 and 22 to 25 are in the earlier ESSA National Environmental Satellite Center Technical Memorandum (NESCTM) series. The current NOAA Technical Memorandum NESS series includes 21, 26, and subsequent issuances. Publications listed below are available (also in microfiche form) from the National Technical Informa- tion Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Sills Bldg. , 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161. Prices on request. Order by accession number (given in parentheses). Information on memorandums not listed below can be obtained from Environmental Data and Information Service (D822), 6009 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852. NESS 66 A Summary of the Radiometric Technology Model of the Ocean Surface in the Microwave Region. John C. Alishouse, March 1975, 24 pp. (COM-75-10849/AS) NESS 67 Data Collection System Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite: Preliminary Report. Merle L. Nelson, March 1975, 48 pp. (COM-75-10679/AS) NESS 68 Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Classifications for 1974. Donald C. Gaby, Donald R. Cochran, James B. Lushine, Samuel C. Pearce, Arthur C. Pike, and Kenneth 0. Poteat, April 1975, 6 pp. -
Weather and Climate Inventory National Park Service Pacific Island Network
National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Program Center Fort Collins, Colorado Weather and Climate Inventory National Park Service Pacific Island Network Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/PACN/NRTR—2006/003 ON THE COVER Rainbow near War in the Pacific National Historical Park Photograph copyrighted by Cory Nash Weather and Climate Inventory National Park Service Pacific Island Network Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/PACN/NRTR—2006/003 WRCC Report 06-04 Christopher A. Davey, Kelly T. Redmond, and David B. Simeral Western Regional Climate Center Desert Research Institute 2215 Raggio Parkway Reno, Nevada 89512-1095 August 2006 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Program Center Fort Collins, Colorado The Natural Resource Publication series addresses natural resource topics that are of interest and applicability to a broad readership in the National Park Service and to others in the management of natural resources, including the scientific community, the public, and the National Park Service conservation and environmental constituencies. Manuscripts are peer-reviewed to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. The Natural Resource Technical Reports series is used to disseminate the peer-reviewed results of scientific studies in the physical, biological, and social sciences for both the advancement of science and the achievement of the National Park Service’s mission. The reports provide contributors with a forum for displaying comprehensive data that are often deleted from journals because of page limitations. Current examples of such reports include the results of research that addresses natural resource management issues; natural resource inventory and monitoring activities; resource assessment reports; scientific literature reviews; and peer reviewed proceedings of technical workshops, conferences, or symposia. -
Daily Iowan (Iowa City, Iowa), 1972-01-12
IN THE NEWS Wednesday, Jan. 12, 1972 Still one thin dim. riefly Iowa City, Iowa 52240 White whump According to Associated Press, those lllIering nabobs of negativism, we've Bill goes to floor for debate- P lOme migbty severe weather on the . ..y. They opine that a major winter _ Is churning its way out of the res! to whump us up the side of the Wad. House committee oks fHvelers wanings are posted lor tile northern part of the state through ttdgbt. 11 aU probability we won't get lIIICh snow but cloudy skies and a plummeting thermometer temperatur es will prevan. Look for temperatures 10 drop to the teens today and expect adult rights at age 18 McGovern JDOIt of the same Thursday. DES MOINES (!I - 'I1Ie state ever, and Ihe motion failed for ing the l8-year-olds to beer. males to obtain marriage ll Government Committee of the lack of a second. "Tbis bill is designed to give censes at age 18 without paren Iowa House voted unanimously Rep. Don D. Alt, (R-West Des full rights to the 18-year-olds," tai consent. will speak Black Muslims? Tuesday to pass to the House Moines), said he felt the liquor Fisher said. "If he goes into a Present 10". law requires floor a bill tbat would give full restriction would create an im· bar and gets drunk on liquor or parental approval for males un BATON ROUGE, La. IA'I - The may adult rights to Iowans at age 18. possible situation for lawmea. beer, he will suffer the full con et of BatoD Rouge said Tuesday th.t der 21 and females under 18. -
Weather and Climate Inventory National Park Service Central Alaska Network
National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Program Center Fort Collins, Colorado Weather and Climate Inventory National Park Service Central Alaska Network Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/CAKN/NRTR—2006/004 ON THE COVER Eilson Visitor Center—Denali National Park and Preserve Photograph copyrighted by David Simeral Weather and Climate Inventory National Park Service Central Alaska Network Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/CAKN/NRTR—2006/004 WRCC Report WRCC 06-01 Kelly T. Redmond and David B. Simeral Western Regional Climate Center Desert Research Institute 2215 Raggio Parkway Reno, Nevada 89512-1095 August 2006 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Program Center Fort Collins, Colorado The Natural Resource Publication series addresses natural resource topics that are of interest and applicability to a broad readership in the National Park Service and to others in the management of natural resources, including the scientific community, the public, and the National Park Service conservation and environmental constituencies. Manuscripts are peer-reviewed to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. The Natural Resource Technical Reports series is used to disseminate the peer-reviewed results of scientific studies in the physical, biological, and social sciences for both the advancement of science and the achievement of the National Park Service’s mission. The reports provide contributors with a forum for displaying comprehensive data that are often deleted from journals because of page limitations. Current examples of such reports include the results of research that addresses natural resource management issues; natural resource inventory and monitoring activities; resource assessment reports; scientific literature reviews; and peer reviewed proceedings of technical workshops, conferences, or symposia.