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Weather and Climate Inventory National Park Service Central Alaska Network National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Program Center Fort Collins, Colorado Weather and Climate Inventory National Park Service Central Alaska Network Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/CAKN/NRTR—2006/004 ON THE COVER Eilson Visitor Center—Denali National Park and Preserve Photograph copyrighted by David Simeral Weather and Climate Inventory National Park Service Central Alaska Network Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/CAKN/NRTR—2006/004 WRCC Report WRCC 06-01 Kelly T. Redmond and David B. Simeral Western Regional Climate Center Desert Research Institute 2215 Raggio Parkway Reno, Nevada 89512-1095 August 2006 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Program Center Fort Collins, Colorado The Natural Resource Publication series addresses natural resource topics that are of interest and applicability to a broad readership in the National Park Service and to others in the management of natural resources, including the scientific community, the public, and the National Park Service conservation and environmental constituencies. Manuscripts are peer-reviewed to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. The Natural Resource Technical Reports series is used to disseminate the peer-reviewed results of scientific studies in the physical, biological, and social sciences for both the advancement of science and the achievement of the National Park Service’s mission. The reports provide contributors with a forum for displaying comprehensive data that are often deleted from journals because of page limitations. Current examples of such reports include the results of research that addresses natural resource management issues; natural resource inventory and monitoring activities; resource assessment reports; scientific literature reviews; and peer reviewed proceedings of technical workshops, conferences, or symposia. Views and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect policies of the National Park Service. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the National Park Service. Printed copies of reports in these series may be produced in a limited quantity and they are only available as long as the supply lasts. This report is also available from the Natural Resource Publications Management website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/NRPM) on the Internet or by sending a request to the address on the back cover. Please cite this publication as follows: Redmond, K. T., and D. B. Simeral. 2006. Weather and Climate Inventory, National Park Service, Central Alaska Network. Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/CAKN/NRTR—2006/004. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. NPS/CAKN/NRTR—2006/004, August 2006 Contents Page Figures ................................................................................................................................ v Tables .............................................................................................................................. vii Appendixes ...................................................................................................................... ix Acronyms ......................................................................................................................... xi Executive Summary ....................................................................................................... xiv Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ xvi 1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Purpose of Measurements .................................................................................... 4 1.2 Design of a Climate-Monitoring Program ........................................................... 4 1.3 Weather versus Climate Definitions .................................................................... 9 2.0 Climate Background .................................................................................................. 11 2.1 Spatial Variability .............................................................................................. 11 2.2 Temporal Variability .......................................................................................... 24 3.0 Methods ..................................................................................................................... 26 3.1 Metadata Retrieval ............................................................................................. 26 3.2 Criteria for Locating Stations ............................................................................. 29 4.0 Station Inventory ....................................................................................................... 30 4.1 Climate and Weather Networks ......................................................................... 30 4.2 Station Locations ............................................................................................... 32 4.3 Sites and Metadata ............................................................................................. 39 5.0 Conclusions and Recommendations ......................................................................... 44 iii CONTENTS (continued) Page 5.1 General Comments ............................................................................................. 44 5.2 Spatial Variations in Mean Climate ................................................................... 46 5.3 Climate Change Detection ................................................................................. 47 5.4 Aesthetics ........................................................................................................... 48 5.5 Additional Factors .............................................................................................. 48 5.6 Information Access ............................................................................................ 50 5.7 Summarized Conclusions and Recommendations ............................................. 51 6.0 Literature Cited ......................................................................................................... 53 iv Figures Page Figure 1.1. Map of the Central Alaska Inventory and Monitoring Network (CAKN) ........................................................................................... 3 Figure 2.1. a) Annual cycles of average precipitation, by month, for CAKN parks. b) Annual cycles of daily maximum and minimum temperature ..................... 15 Figure 2.2. Mean annual precipitation, 1961–1990, within the CAKN region .............. 16 Figure 2.3. Mean March precipitation, 1961–1990, within the CAKN region .............. 17 Figure 2.4. Mean September precipitation, 1961–1990, within the CAKN region ....... 18 Figure 2.5. Mean annual temperature, 1961–1990, within the CAKN region ............... 19 Figure 2.6. Mean January maximum temperature, 1961–1990, within the CAKN region ........................................................................................................... 20 Figure 2.7. Mean January minimum temperature, 1961–1990, within the CAKN region ........................................................................................................... 21 Figure 2.8. Mean July maximum temperature, 1961–1990, within the CAKN region .. 22 Figure 2.9. Mean July minimum temperature, 1961–1990, within the CAKN region .. 23 Figure 2.10. Area weighted temperature time series from NCEP Reanalysis at 850 mb for the lat-lon box [57-61 degrees North latitude] x [149-158 degrees West longitude] ..................................................................................................... 25 Figure 4.1. Station locations for DENA ......................................................................... 34 Figure 4.2. Station locations for WRST ......................................................................... 36 Figure 4.3. Station locations for YUCH ......................................................................... 38 v vi Tables Page Table 3.1. Primary metadata fields with explanations, as appropriate, for the inventory of weather and climate stations within CAKN ................ 26 Table 4.1. Weather/climate networks represented within CAKN ................................ 30 Table 4.2. Number of stations in or near CAKN (listed by park unit and weather/climate network) ....................................................................................................... 33 Table 4.2. Weather/climate stations inside CAKN park units and within 40-60 km of their boundaries ............................................................................................ 40 vii viii Appendixes Page Appendix A. Climate-monitoring principles ................................................................. 57 Appendix B. Glossary ................................................................................................... 61 Appendix C. Factors to consider in operating a weather/climate network ................... 63 Appendix D. Master metadata field list ......................................................................... 65 Appendix E. General design considerations for weather/climate-monitoring
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