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The Spatial Distribution UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara A solution to one of mountain hydrology’s principal mysteries: the spatial distribution of snowfall A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doc- tor of Philosophy in Environmental Science and Management by William Tyler Brandt Committee in charge: Professor Jeff Dozier, Chair Professor Christina (Naomi) Tague Professor James Frew Doctor Thomas H. Painter Doctor Jeffrey S. Deems September 2019 The dissertation of William Tyler Brandt is approved. ______________________________________ Christina (Naomi) Tague ______________________________________ James Frew ______________________________________ Thomas H. Painter ______________________________________ Jeffrey S. Deems ______________________________________ Jeff Dozier, Committee Chair September 2019 A solution to one of mountain hydrology’s principal mysteries: the spatial distribution of snowfall Copyright © 2019 by William Tyler Brandt iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This was a high alpine expedition on an unexplored route. I would not be here with- out the guides and expedition support who helped along the way. Principally, I would like to thank my lead guide: Jeff Dozier. You were always there testing the route, and quick to lend a hand if need. You patiently guided me through those high exposure areas, while allowing me to climb and descend on my own—some- thing I will always thank you for. Naomi Tague—thank you for perspective, balance, your artistic nature and good coffee recommendations. From the very start you have stretched my thinking beyond the realms of snow, and onto the landscape as a whole. Thank you! James Frew—thank you for your boundless passion for spatial data. Your curiosity is infectious and your enthusiasm helped to keep this expedition on track. Jeff Deems and Tom Painter—thank you for letting me into the extended Airborne Snow Observatory (ASO) family. Your data has been the bedrock of this thesis, and our many meetings, phone conservations, g-chats and texts have helped to shape my ideas and perspectives. Thanks for letting me “tag” along at the AGU Chapman Conference in Hawaii 7 years ago—little did I know, it was the start of something great. I also need to thank the entire ASO flight and compute teams and also the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS) for data collection, processing and prompt delivery of snow depths, snow water equivalent, and iv albedo estimates. In particular, I would like to thank Danny Marks, Mica Johnson, An- drew Hendrick, Scott Havens, and Mckenzie Skiles. Thank you to my coauthors including Kat Bormann (ASO), Forest Cannon (UCSD), and Ned Bair (ERI). Your constructive criticism, thoughtful insight, and willingness to review my manuscripts has been central to the success of this thesis. I also would like to thank a number of key faculty that have either taught me, or that I have TA’d for. Tom Dunne, I cannot thank you enough for the many years of ESM 203 (Earth System Science), coffee and hours in the courtyard. Your steadfast commitment to applied and pure science is inspirational, and your “keep it simple” approach will for- ever underlay my approach to work and life. Thank you Dar Roberts for all the remote sensing classes—they were by far some of the most rigorous classes I have taken and will serve as my benchmark for remarkable teaching. Additional thanks to Bob Wil- kinson for our many office conversations, Derek Booth, Lisa Leombruni, Allison Horst and Bodo Bookhagen. The staff at both the Bren School and UCSB’s Earth Research Institute (ERI) have also been incredibly supportive and helpful over the past 7 years. At the Bren School— thank you to Dean Steve Gains, Assistant Dean Satie Airamé, Kristine Duarte, Corlei Prieto, Dee White, Kim Fugate, Doris Bleecher, Casey Hankey, Patti Winans, Aleah Van Woert, BJ Danetra, David Parker, Kristi Birney, Steve Miley, Brad Hill, Goeff Jewel, Sage Davis and James Badham. At ERI, I owe a special thank you to Laurel v Neidigh for helping me with my NASA fellowship submission and to the compute team—in particular Michael Collee and Aaron Martin for keeping the Dozier compute systems up, running and problem free. Thank you to the rest of the Dozier Lab including Timbo Stillinger, Karl Rittger, and Annelen Kahl as well as all those that came before us. I also need to thank the Tague Lab for partially tolerating this snow scientist in their ever more complex ecohydrologic world. Thank you Chris Heckman, Aubrey Dugger, Kyongho Son, Erin Hanan, Xiaoli Chen, Elizabeth Garcia, Janet Choate, William Burke, and Rachel Torres. Thank you both to NASA’s Earth and Space Science Fellowship, and ERI’s Summer Fellowship. Your generous support made this work possible. Friends have also served a critical role in this process. For all the coffee, food, surf- ing, biking, skiing and good times—thank you. In particular I would like to thank Chris Heckman (again), Jess Perkins, Kendra Garner, Kate Voss, Sarah Shivers, Alana Ayasse, Zachary Tane, Erin Wetherley, Susan Meerdink, Karly Miller, Lili Prahl, Tessa Mon- tini, Marcia Zilli, Dozie Dinobi, Steven Lue, Waseem Kalam, Giles Marsen, David An- drews, Iain Whitaker, Dave and Cara Borchers, Chris and Rachel Beck, Christina Sachs, Lemice Harding, and Jane Scott. I especially would like to thank Margie and Mel An- drews for allowing me to stay with them in Mammoth and being supportive these long 7 years. Finally, thank you Handlebar coffee (De La Vina Street) for keeping me caffein- ated and tolerating my procrastination. vi My family has served as the true expedition support staff for this thesis. I would like to thank my godparents Holly and Tom Westcott and their son Alec Wescott. I also owe a huge debt of gratitude to my aunt and uncle (Dr. Ellen Lehman and Dr. Charles Kennel). It is due to you that I pursued this path—thank you for supporting me in this goal, reading my drafts, and continuing to help me be curious. To my mum (Jo Baer Brandt), and my dad (Bill Brandt), and my brother (Peter Brandt)—thank you. This is as much for you, as it is for me. Thank you for never giving up and continuing to light the torch whilst guiding me back to the path. Finally, last but by no means least, thank you to my wife Allison June Armstrong and all of her family (Hank, Julie, Dana, Carly, Kit, and Sally). Alli, you are the com- panion everyone in life deserves, but rarely finds. Your compassion, care and spirit are truly remarkable and these qualities helped me through the many cruxes along the route and to the mountain top. Thank you all | we did it. vii VITA OF WILLIAM TYLER BRANDT June 2019 EDUCATION Bachelor of Arts in Biology, Whitman College, June 2007 Master of Science in Coastal and Watershed Science and Policy, California State Univer- sity, Monterey Bay, June 2012 Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science and Management, University of Califor- nia, Santa Barbara, July 2019 (expected) PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYMENT 2012-19: Graduate Student Researcher, Department of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara 2015-2018: Teaching Assistance, Department of Environmental Science and Manage- ment, University of California, Santa Barbara 2011-2012: Graduate Student Researcher, Department of Coastal and Watershed Sci- ence and Policy, California State University, Monterey Bay 2007-2011: Research Technician, Stanford University, Monterey, CA PUBLICATIONS Brandt, W. T., Bornman K. J., Cannon F., Deems J. S., Painter T. H., & Dozier J. [In Submission]. Quantifying the spatial variability of a snow storm using differential air- borne lidar. Water Resources Research. Painter, T. H., Skiles, S. M., Deems, J. S., Brandt, W. T., & Dozier, J. [2018]. Variation in rising limb of Colorado River snowmelt runoff hydrograph controlled by dust radiative forcing in snow. Geophysical Research Letters, 45(2), 797–808. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075826. Klinger, D. H., Dale J. J., Gleiss A. C., Brandt T., Estess, E. E., Gardner L., Machado B., Norton A., Rodriguez L. E., Stiltner J., Farwell C., & Block B. A. [2016]. The effect of temperature on postprandial metabolism of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus alba- cares), Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.01.005. Aceves-Bueno, E., Adeleye A. S., Bradley D., Brandt W. T., Callery P., Feraud M., Garner K. L., Gentry R., Huang Y., McCullough I., Pearlman I., Sutherland S. A., Wilkinson W., Yang Y., Zink T., Anderson S. E., & Tague C. [2015]. Citizen sci- ence as an approach for overcoming insufficient monitoring and inadequate stake- holder buy-in in adaptive management: criteria and evidence, Ecosystems, 18, 493- 506, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-015-9842-4. Jorgensen, S. J., Gleiss A. C., Kanive P. E., Chapple T. K., Anderson S. D., Ezcurra J. M., Brandt W. T., & Block B. A. [2015]. In the belly of the beast: resolving stomach tag data to link temperature, acceleration and feeding in white sharks (Carcharodon viii carcharias), Animal Biotelemetry, 3, 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40317-015- 0071-6. Clark, T. D., Brandt W. T., Nogueira J., Rodriguez L. E., Price M., Farwell C. J., & Block B. A. [2010]. Postprandial metabolism of Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orien- talis), Journal of Experimental Biology, 213, 2379-2385, https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.043455. AWARDS NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship [2016, 2017, 2018] UCSB Earth Research Institute Summer Fellowship [2014, 2015] FIELDS OF STUDY Major Fields: remote sensing, mountain hydrology, water resource management ix Abstract A solution to one of mountain hydrology’s principal mysteries: the spatial distribution of snowfall By William Tyler Brandt The dynamic nature in which the atmosphere and land interact can render the spatial distribution of precipitation highly variable.
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