Altitude of the Top of the Madison Limestone in the Black Hills Area, South Dakota by Janet M

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PREPARED IN COOPERATION WITH THE HYDROLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS ATLAS HA-744-D U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR SOUTH DAKOTA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES Northern part of area —SHEET 1 OF 2 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Carter, J.M., and Redden, J.A., 1999, Altitude of the Top of the AND THE WEST DAKOTA WATER DEVELOPMENT DISTRICT Madison Limestone in the Black Hills Area, South Dakota

R. 6 E. R. 4 E. R. 5 E. 103º30' R. 5 E. R. 3 E. R. 4 E. R. 2 E. R. 3 E. 103º45' 104º00' R. 1 E. R. 2 E. 3000 3000 3000 EXPLANATION Outcrop of the Madison Limestone or Englewood Formation Madison Limestone or Englewood Formation present, but overlain 44º45' directly by surficial deposits Belle Fourche 212 Madison Limestone and Englewood Formation absent 44º45' Reservoir 79 0 Fault—Dashed where approximated, dotted where concealed. -2000 Bar and ball on downthrown side Belle Anticline—Showing trace of axial plane and direction of plunge. -1500 500 212 85 Dashed where approximated, dotted where concealed Syncline—Showing trace of axial plane and direction of plunge. urche 0 Fo -1000 Newell Dashed where approximated, dotted where concealed 112 -500 3000 Monocline—Showing trace of axial plane. Dashed where approximated, dotted where concealed 3000 Horse 3000 212 Dome—Symbol size approximately proportional to size of dome. -1606 Dome asymmetry indicated by arrow length T. 9 N. 3000 2000 Structure contour—Shows approximate altitude of the top of the 355 T. 8 N. T. 9 N. Madison Limestone. Contour interval 100, 200, or 500 WHITEWOOD T. 8 N. feet where appropriate. Dashed where inferred. Datum is sea River 0 212 level Belle Nisland

212 Control point—Location of water well or oil, gas, or water test hole. 212 3000 -1340 2840 Number is known altitude, in feet, above sea level Fruitdale ch 1000 Belle ur Fo Creek Fourche 325

Creek

River Hay 85 ANTICLINE

1500 3000 3000 3000

79 34 Vale

1112 BELLE T. 8 N. BUTTE CO T. 7 N. T. 8 N. LAWRENCE CO MEADE CO T. 7 N. 2000 River FOURCHE 1635

TE -1000 UT LAFLAMME B 34 1000 500 1980 3000 3000 0 -500 Creek Redwater

2000 ANTICLINE

1500 ANTICLINE 3000

Saint Onge 90 14 1653 2500 3000 Creek

2500 3000

T. 7 N. 34 T. 6 N. 2665 T. 7 N. 4000 4000 T. 6 N. 2000 3000 4000 -500 3000 Creek 4000 44º30'

2500 0 3000 2922 500 Creek 44º30' 4000 3500 1200 79 3107 4000 600 800 1000 Spearfish 90 4200 14 1600 3360 1800 85 4000 1400 4800 4000 3285 3120 0 3500 2995 3120 3500 3000 3000 ELKHORN BEAR 4600 5000 3420 CIRCUS 2400 1000 500 -500 34 3040 PEAK -1000 Bottom BUTTE 4000 2000 FLATS 2200 2380 3165 90 14 2000 -900 14A -800 4000 4000 2358 1500 3710 3375 3080 2663 CROW 3000 -700 4005 3308 85 2662 4400 PEAK 4000 4000 2500 Whitewood Spring 3571 3000 4200 3360 Spearfish 3000 90 3500 14 4500 3553 3152 34 -600

3670 1000 4000 2500 2000 1500 -1000 False 5000 4000 4000 5000 3570 -500 4500 3000 0 500 T. 6 N. 46005000 CITADEL 5000 4500 T. 5 N. ROCK 3540 T. 6 N. 5000 4800 4000 Creek 34 3500 2840 T. 5 N. 4000 5000 5000 3690 2401 4000 5000 4500 5000 5000 14A 34 79 Fort Contours not Meade Butte 5000 5000 5500 5280 shown due to Sturgis 3000 79 4500 structural 3660 complexity 2868 85 4000 Creek Whitewood Creek 5000 4000 1000 14A 3820 3810 4000 5000 3000 Alkali Creek 4000 3500 5000 2345

4500 WYOMING Deadwood

5000

14A 90 Iron 5000 4500 14 6000 4500 6000 79 103º00' R. 8 E. R. 9 E. 14A 85 R. 7 E. R. 8 E. Bear 4500 103º15' 5000 5000 2780

6000 6000 6000 Lead T. 5 N. 4000 T. 4 N. 385 5000 6000 VANOCKER 5000 3000 LACCOLITH

6000

6000 5000

5000 Creek

6000 Antelope

6000 Tilford 3000 Cheyenne 2900 Crossing 14A 1500 85 5000 5000 1000 2000

3000 6000 2500 -1000 6000 4000

6000 0 6000 500 3000 4000

6000 6000 -500 3500 3000 6000 Elk Spearfish 90 6000 6000 14 T. 4 N. 5000 5000 85 Little 79 T. 3 N. MEADE CO Creek WHITEGATES 44º15'

T. 4 N. 6000 LAWRENCE CO T. 3 N. 4000 Creek P Creek 6000 I 44º15' Elk E Boxelder 5000 D M Elk 3000 O 6000 Piedmont N 385 M O N 2685 North O C A LIN E N

5000 T

5000 I

Fork L 6500 I N 6500 E

2106 MONOCLINE 4000 2075

6000 85 3000

Rapid

6000 5000 5000

T. 3 N. 4000 6000 T. 2 N. PEAK Creek

Creek T. 3 N. South T. 2 N. 3780 79

7000 Fork Blackhawk FANNY 6000 Boxelder 385 5000 3219 2590

Rapid 3760 6000 -1050 7000 3685 3685 3420 PENNINGTON CO 4230 2250 4180 -1005 Creek 3925 3800 3850 90 Creek 7000 4185 14 Rochford 1226 Box Elder 4000 3599 3598 4000 3898 4131 Rapid 14 -1107 90 4030 2253 3000 6000 5000 2030 5000 3497 190 North 44 Fork 5000 2436 6000 3730 16 T. 2 N. Castle 4000 2616 Rapid Rapid City 5000 T. 1 N. 79 44 -500 3360 79 Creek Creek Silver 4020 3240 2273 6500 16 T. 2 N. 6600 City Pactola 560 T. 1 N. Rap i 3165 44 5000 Reservoir Big Bend 5000 Castle 5000 3713 6700 Creek 44 -342 6000 5000 3099

5000 2825 500 3338 2500 79 Creek -1000 Creek 3415 3440 3000 6000 4000 1000

6000 Castle 3345 2663

44 Creek 0 3500 3040 2000 16 6900

6700

1500

4000 3000 6000 3000

Deerfield 5000 3190 Lake 4000 6000 385 5000 6000 3460

6500 Deerfield 3740 6800 5000 4125 44º00' 4000 3335 R. 8 E. R. 9 E. 103º00' R. 7 E. R. 8 E. R. 6 E. R. 7 E. 103º15' 6000 R. 5 E. R. 6 E. R. 4 E. R. 5 E. 103º30' R. 3 E. R. 4 E. 44º00' R. 2 E. R. 3 E. 103º45' 104º00' R. 1 E. R. 2 E. Planimetric base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, 1:100,000: Devils Tower and Sundance, 1979; Belle Fourche, 1983; Rapid City, 1977 INDEX TO STRUCTURE MAPPING Topographic base modified from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, 1:24,000, from maps dated 1950-84 Universal Transverse Mercator projection INTRODUCTION DESCRIPTION OF THE MADISON LIMESTONE REFERENCES Zone 13 North American Horizontal Datum 1927 This map is a product of the Black Hills Hydrology Study, which was initiated in 1990 to assess the quantity, The Mississippian-age Madison Limestone is a massive, gray to buff and lavender limestone that is locally Carter, J.M., 1999, Selected data for wells and test holes used in structure-contour maps of the Inyan Kara Group, quality, and distribution of surface water and ground water in the Black Hills area of South Dakota (Driscoll, 1992). dolomitic (Strobel and others, 1999). The upper contact of the Madison Limestone is irregular due to the Minnekahta Limestone, Minnelusa Formation, Madison Limestone, and Deadwood Formation: U.S. This long-term study is a cooperative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the South Dakota development of a karst weathering surface prior to deposition of overlying formations. There are numerous caves Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-260, 51 p. Structure contours modified from: Department of Environment and Natural Resources, and the West Dakota Water Development District, which and fractures within the upper part of the formation (Peter, 1985). The general thickness of the Madison Limestone Carter, J.M., and Redden, J.A., 1999a, Altitude of the top of the Inyan Kara Group in the Black Hills area, South represents various local and county cooperators. This map is part of a series of 1:100,000-scale maps for the study. increases from south to north in the study area and ranges from almost zero in the southeast corner of the study area Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Investigations Atlas HA-744-A, 2 sheets, scale 1:100,000 . 1. Redden (1994) The maps include a hydrogeologic map, structure-contour maps (altitudes of the tops of formations) for five (Rahn, 1985) to 1,000 feet east of Belle Fourche. The general variation in thickness is due to the broad regional ———1999b, Altitude of the top of the Minnekahta Limestone in the Black Hills area, South Dakota: U.S. formations that contain major aquifers in the study area, and potentiometric maps for these five major aquifers (the disconfomity that developed before the deposition of the overlying formations. In addition, there are local Geological Survey Hydrologic Investigations Atlas HA-744-B, 2 sheets, scale 1:100,000. 1 Inyan Kara, Minnekahta, Minnelusa, Madison, and Deadwood aquifers). variations in thickness which result from solution of the Madison Limestone accompanied by collapse of overlying ———1999c, Altitude of the top of the Minnelusa Formation in the Black Hills area, South Dakota: U.S. The study area consists of the topographically defined Black Hills and adjacent areas located in western South rocks. Known solution areas that affect overlying rocks are limited to outcrop areas near the upper contact and near Geological Survey Hydrologic Investigations Atlas HA-744-C, 2 sheets, scale 1:100,000. Dakota. The Black Hills area is an elongated, dome-shaped feature, about 125 miles long and 60 miles wide, which the Tertiary erosion surface. Driscoll, D.G., 1992, Plan of study for the Black Hills Hydrology Study, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey was uplifted during the Laramide orogeny (Feldman and Heimlich, 1980). The oldest geologic units in the study The Madison Limestone is unconformably overlain by the Pennsylvanian- and Permian-age Minnelusa Open-File Report 92-84, 10 p. area are Precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks, which are exposed in the central core of the Black Hills. Formation and underlain by the Devonian- and Mississippian-age Englewood Formation. For this study, the Feldman, R.M., and Heimlich, R.A., 1980, The Black Hills: K/H Geology Field Guide Series, Kendall/Hunt Surrounding the Precambrian core is a layered series of sedimentary rocks including limestones, sandstones, and Englewood Formation is grouped with the Madison Limestone as a single aquifer; therefore the outcrop shown on Publishing Company, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, 190 p. shales that are exposed in roughly concentric rings around the uplifted flanks of the Black Hills. The bedrock the map includes the areas where portions of either formation are exposed at the land surface. Hortness, J.E., and Driscoll, D.G., 1998, Streamflow losses in the Black Hills of western South Dakota: U.S. sedimentary units typically dip away from the uplifted Black Hills at angles that approach or exceed 10 degrees Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4116, 99 p. near the outcrops, and decrease with distance from the uplift. Many of the sedimentary units contain aquifers, both Peter, K.D., 1985, Availability and quality of water from the bedrock aquifers in the Rapid City area, South Dakota: within and beyond the study area. Recharge to these aquifers occurs from infiltration of precipitation upon the ALTITUDE OF THE TOP OF THE MADISON LIMESTONE U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4022, 34 p. outcrops and, in some cases, from infiltration of streamflow (Hortness and Driscoll, 1998). Artesian conditions Rahn, P.H., 1985, Ground water stored in the rocks of western South Dakota in Rich, F.J., ed., Geology of the Black generally exist within these aquifers where an upper confining layer is present. Flowing wells and artesian springs The Madison Limestone generally dips away from the core of the Black Hills. The dip of the top of the Hills, South Dakota and Wyoming (2d ed.): Geological Society of America, Field Trip Guidebook, American that originate from confined aquifers are common around the periphery of the Black Hills. Madison Limestone generally is steepest near the outcrop, where it can exceed 20 degrees, and gradually decreases Geological Institute, p. 154-174. The purpose of this map is to show the altitude of the top (structure contours) of the Madison Limestone with increasing distance from the outcrop to less than 1 degree near the study area boundary. The altitude of the top Redden, J.A., 1994, Structural contours and Phanerozoic structures in the Rapid City and Mount Rushmore, South within the area of the Black Hills Hydrology Study. The depth to the top of the Madison Limestone can be ranges from 6,800 feet above sea level (based on the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929) in the west-central Dakota 1:100,000 scale quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-81, 4 sheets, scale estimated at a specific site by subtracting the altitude of the top of the formation from the topographic elevation. part of the study area to 2,000 feet below sea level in the southeastern part. Structure contours were not drawn in a 1:100,000. NORTH DAKOTA However, caution is urged in determining the depth to the top of the formation in areas on the map where the small area of the northeastern part of the study area because of lack of data points and structural complexity. Strobel, M.L., Jarrell, G.J., Sawyer, J.F., Schleicher, J.R., and Fahrenbach, M.D., 1999, Distribution of contours are approximately located. hydrogeologic units in the Black Hills area, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Investigations Area covered by Atlas HA-743, 3 sheets, scale 1:100,000. this sheet MONTANA SOURCES OF DATA The outcrops shown on the map are from Strobel and others (1999), and the structural features are modified Black from Redden (1994) and Strobel and others (1999). The data points shown on this map were compiled from

interpretation of drillersÕ logs and geophysical logs of water wells and oil, gas, and water test holes, and from SOUTH DAKOTA MINNESOTA information stored in the ground-water database of the USGS National Water Information System. Many of the Hills site locations were field verified during the study. The altitudes of subsurface contacts were data compiled by J. WYOMING Paul Gries (South Dakota School of Mines and Technology), the South Dakota Geological Survey, and the USGS. Additional information for the wells and test holes used for this map are presented in Carter (1999). In areas where

no wells penetrated the Madison Limestone, the altitude of the top of the formation was estimated based on the NEBRASKA IOWA structure contours of the shallower Inyan Kara Group (Carter and Redden, 1999a), Minnekahta Limestone (Carter and Redden, 1999b), and Minnelusa Formation (Carter and Redden, 1999c). The structure contours in these areas probably are less accurate than in areas nearer the outcrop of the Madison Limestone.

SCALE 1:100,000 For sale by the U.S. Geological Survey 2 1 0 2 4 6 8 10 MILES Branch of Information Services Box 25286, Denver, Colorado 80225-0286

2 1 0 2 4 6 8 10 KILOMETERS LAND SURFACE CONTOUR INTERVAL 200 FEET NATIONAL GEODETIC VERTICAL DATUM OF 1929 Altitude of the Top of the Madison Limestone in the Black Hills Area, South Dakota By Janet M. Carter and Jack A. Redden Printed on recycled paper 1999