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Ground-Water Resources in the Black Hills Area, South Dakota

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Ground-Water Resources in the Black Hills Area, South Dakota Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation, South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources, and the West Dakota Water Development District Ground-Water Resources in the Black Hills Area, South Dakota Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4049 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Ground-Water Resources in the Black Hills Area, South Dakota By Janet M. Carter and Daniel G. Driscoll, U.S. Geological Survey, and J. Foster Sawyer, South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4049 Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation, South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources, and the West Dakota Water Development District U.S. Department of the Interior GALE A. NORTON, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Charles G. Groat, Director The use of firm, trade, and brand names in this report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Government. Rapid City, South Dakota: 2003 For additional information write to: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey 1608 Mt. View Road Rapid City, SD 57702 Copies of this report can be purchased from: U.S. Geological Survey Information Services Building 810 Box 25286, Federal Center Denver, CO 80225-0286 CONTENTS Abstract . 1 Introduction . 1 Ground-Water Processes . 2 Description of Study Area. 3 Climate . 3 Geology . 4 Ground Water . 6 Availability of Ground-Water Resources . 7 Characteristics of Major Aquifers . 8 General Characteristics . 8 Ground-Water Levels . 9 Characteristics of Minor Aquifers . 9 Water Quality of Ground-Water Resources. 27 General Characteristics for Major Aquifers. 27 General Characteristics for Minor Aquifers. 30 Ground-Water Quality Relative to Water Use . 30 Summary . 32 References . 33 Glossary. 35 FIGURES 1. Schematic diagram showing (A) porosity and permeability; and (B) aquifers and confining beds . 2 2. Map showing area of investigation for the Black Hills Hydrology Study. 3 3. Graph showing long-term trends in precipitation for the Black Hills area, water years 1931-98. 4 4. Stratigraphic column for the Black Hills . 4 5. Map showing distribution of hydrogeologic units in the Black Hills area . 5 6. Geologic cross section A-A′ . 6 7. Schematic diagram showing simplified hydrologic setting of the Black Hills area . 7 8. Boxplots showing distribution of well yields from selected aquifers . 9 9-13. Maps showing depth to top of: 9. Deadwood Formation . 10 10. Madison Limestone. 11 11. Minnelusa Formation . 12 12. Minnekahta Limestone . 13 13. Inyan Kara Group . 14 14-18. Maps showing generalized thickness of: 14. Deadwood Formation . 15 15. Madison Limestone and Englewood Formation . 16 16. Minnelusa Formation . 17 17. Minnekahta Limestone . 18 18. Inyan Kara Group . 19 19-23. Map showing potentiometric surface of: 19. Deadwood aquifer . 20 20. Madison aquifer and locations of major artesian springs . 21 21. Minnelusa aquifer and locations of major artesian springs. 22 22. Minnekahta aquifer . 23 23. Inyan Kara aquifer. 24 24. Map showing saturated thickness of the Madison aquifer. 25 25. Map showing saturated thickness of the Minnelusa aquifer . 26 26. Selected hydrographs illustrating trends in ground-water levels. 27 27. Map showing water temperature in the Madison aquifer . 28 28. Map showing specific conductance in the Madison aquifer . 28 29. Map showing specific conductance in the Minnelusa aquifer . 29 30. Map showing specific conductance in the Inyan Kara aquifer . 29 31. Graph showing relation between dissolved solids and well depth for Madison aquifer . 30 32. Boxplots showing hardness for selected aquifers . 30 33. Map showing hardness in the Inyan Kara aquifer . 31 34. Map showing sulfate concentrations in the Minnelusa aquifer . 31 35. Map showing radon concentrations in the Deadwood aquifer. 32 TABLE 1. Summary of the characteristics of major aquifers in the study area . 8 Contents III CONVERSION FACTORS, VERTICAL DATUM, AND WELL-NUMBERING SYSTEM Multiply By To obtain acre-foot 1,233 cubic meter acre-foot 0.001233 cubic hectometer foot 0.3048 meter gallons per minute 0.06309 liter per second inch 2.54 centimeter inch 25.4 millimeter mile 1.609 kilometer square mile 259.0 hectare square mile 2.590 square kilometer Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (° F) may be converted to degrees Celsius (° C) as follows: ° C = (° F - 32) / 1.8 Vertical coordinate information is referenced to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD of 1929). OTHER ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS, AND SYMBOLS USED mg/L milligrams per liter µg/L micrograms per liter pCi/L picocuries per liter GWSI Ground Water Site Inventory database USEPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency MCL Maximum Contaminant Level SMCL Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level USGS U.S. Geological Survey Boxplots are a useful and concise graphical display for summarizing the distribution of a data set. Two different types of boxplots are used in this report. In both types, the center of the data (known as the median) is shown as the center line of the box. The variation or spread of the data (known as the interquartile range) is shown by the box height. • Maximum The first type is a truncated boxplot, and is used for all 90th percentile boxplots that do not show water-quality data. In the 75th percentile truncated boxplot, the whiskers are drawn only to the * Mean 90th and 10th percentiles of the data set. Thus, Median values included in the largest 10 percent and the 25th percentile smallest 10 percent of the data are not shown. The 10th percentile mean, maximum, and minimum values for the data ° Minimum set are shown. ° Outlier data value more than 3 times.
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