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The Neoliberal Dream of Segregation: Rethinking Gated Communities In

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The Neoliberal Dream of Segregation: Rethinking Gated Communities In The American University in Cairo School of Humanities and Social Sciences THE NEOLIBERAL DREAM OF SEGREGATION RETHINKING GATED COMMUNITIES IN GREATER CAIRO A CASE STUDY AL-REHAB CITY GATED COMMUNITY A thesis submitted to The Department of Sociology, Anthropology, Psychology & Egyptology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts by Safaa Marafi under the supervision of Dr. Mark Westmoreland May/2011 The American University in Cairo The Neoliberal Dream of Segregation Rethinking Gated Communities in Greater Cairo A Case Study Al-Rehab City Gated Community A Thesis Submitted by Safaa Marafi To the Sociology-Anthropology Program May/2011 In partial fulfillment of the requirements for The degree of Master of Arts Has been approved by Thesis Committee Supervisor/Chair Dr. Mark Westmoreland Affiliation: SAPE, The American University in Cairo ____________________________________________________________________ Thesis Committee Reader/Examiner Dr. Mona Abaza Affiliation : SAPE , The American University in Cairo ____________________________________________________________________ Thesis Committee Reader/Examiner Dr. Khamal Fahmi Affiliation: SAPE, The American University in Cairo ____________________________________________________________________ ___________________ _______________ _____________ ____________ Dept. Chair/Director Date Dean Date Acknowledgement I would like to show my gratitude, thankfulness, and respect to my committee members. Professor Mark Westmoreland professionally guided and provided me with constructive, thoughtful, and insightful comments throughout my proposal and my thesis writing. He dedicated a great amount of time and effort to make this thesis see the light during this journey since it started in Fall 2009 and until Spring 2011. Professor Mona Abaza was always a source of inspiration which positively influenced the writing of this thesis. She was constantly encouraging me to re-orient my writing and advising me to continuously read. Her valuable advice had a significant impact on my thesis; and undoubtedly it will continue to do so for the rest of my career. Professor Kamal Fahmi provided me with a great amount of help in thinking creatively. I learnt a lot from our various fruitful discussions. I would also like to show my sincere thankfulness for the generous support and advice of Professor Helen Rizzo and Professor Hanan Sabea. I am indebted to Professor Chad Haines for our intensive discussions in Fall 2008 that was full of rich intuitive ideas and immense knowledge that he provided which acted in many ways as seeds for this thesis. I also want to thank Ms. Dalia Adel Edris for her enthusiastic support and professionalism in instantaneously responding to my questions. This thesis would not have been achieved without the unconditional love, enthusiasm, care, and insightful input of my family members, friends and colleagues. I am thankful for their support and encouragement. Finally, I am grateful to all the participants who dedicated much of their time to be interviewed. i Copyright by Safaa Marafi 2011 All Rights Reserved ii Abstract New suburbs such as New Cairo received strong support from President Mubarak, the government, elite businessmen, and a group of members of the National Democratic Party, who surrounded the president. I argue in this thesis that urban segregation has existed in Cairo for quite some time. However, since the last decade’s adaptation of neoliberal polices by the government, the implementations of these polices have sharpened the dichotomy in the urban fabric, which is crystallized in the support given by the Egyptian government to local and foreign construction companies to build gated communities in the suburbs Cairo. Private security systems and various other neoliberal pulling factors have motivated individuals and families to move to gate communities in Greater Cairo. This thesis argues that unlike during the last decade, people now relocate to gated communities for class and safety reasons. However, living in one of these secured and privatized gated communities in the suburbs of Cairo, in this case Al-Rehab City, intensifies the mood of moral panic felt toward ‘the other’, as found in interviews with my participants. Neoliberal policies have encouraged classed-based urban segregation, leading to polarization in the urban fabric. In addition, the thesis argues that despite the residents’ usage of extra security measures to protect their homes within the gated community, the residents’ sense of moral panic is not alleviated. By taking the gated Al-Rehab community as a site of symbolic consumption, where people go to symbolically consume other lifestyle and cultures, the thesis demonstrates how the community stimulates the desire and practice of consumptive habits for both its visitors and residents. I also argue that the new markets of commercial activities in this gated community enforce isolation among the residents from the greater city of Cairo. By examining the relationship between political events occurring in Egypt, I argue that the residents are politically detached due to the Egyptian governments’ neoliberal policies. Some of Al- Rehab’s youth however do want to be part of the world outside their gated community. Key Words: Gated Community Egypt, Urban Segregation, Consumption, Moral Panic, Aesthetic Security, Egyptian Revolution. iii Table of Contents Chapter One: The Neoliberal Dream of Segregation ...................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 Statement of the Problem ............................................................................................................ 2 Research Questions ..................................................................................................................... 4 Conceptual and Theoretical Framework ..................................................................................... 5 Research Design and Methodology .......................................................................................... 13 The Field Site ............................................................................................................................ 14 Duration and Ethical Consideration .......................................................................................... 15 The Study Population and Sampling Methods .......................................................................... 16 Interview Methods..................................................................................................................... 17 Accessibility .............................................................................................................................. 18 The Organization of the Thesis ................................................................................................. 18 Chapter Two: The Discourse of Urban Segregation in Contemporary Cairo ............................... 20 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 20 Globalized Cairo ....................................................................................................................... 21 Segregation Discourse in Cairo’s History ................................................................................. 24 Cairo’s Neoliberal Urbanism .................................................................................................... 26 President Mubarak’s Visit to Al-Rehab .................................................................................... 28 Neoliberal State as a Privatized Territory ................................................................................. 30 The Creation of ‘the Other’ ....................................................................................................... 32 Urban Risk, Remote Enclaves, and Conspicuous Consumption ............................................... 36 iv Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 38 Chapter Three: Within the Gates .................................................................................................. 39 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 39 Multiple Pulling Forces and Private Security ........................................................................... 39 The Voices of “the Other”: Private Security Guards ................................................................ 52 Internal Migration ..................................................................................................................... 54 Aestheticizations of Security ..................................................................................................... 58 Media and Internalizing Fear of ‘the Other’ ............................................................................. 60 ‘Nas Nedeefa’ and the Commodification of Security ............................................................... 64 The Uncivilized ‘Other’ ............................................................................................................ 65 ‘Wilad Nas’ ..............................................................................................................................
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