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Strengthening the Protected Area Network in Southern Tanzania: Improving the Effectiveness of National Parks in Addressing Threats to Biodiversity

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Strengthening the Protected Area Network in Southern Tanzania: Improving the Effectiveness of National Parks in Addressing Threats to Biodiversity PROJECT DOCUMENT Republic of Tanzania United Nations Development Programme Global Environment Facility Strengthening the Protected Area Network in Southern Tanzania: Improving the Effectiveness of National Parks in Addressing Threats to Biodiversity. GEFSEC PROJECT ID: 3965; GEF AGENCY ID: PIMS 3253; AWARD ID: 00060996 Brief Description: Tanzania is a major repository of globally significant biodiversity, ranking amongst the top countries in tropical Africa in terms of the number of distinct eco-regions represented, and in species richness / species endemism. Tanzania lies at the meeting point of six major bio-geographic zones and has over thirty major vegetation communities, housing more than 11,000 plant species with >15% endemism. In terms of vertebrates, there are 300+ mammal species, over 1100 species of birds, with 56 species of global conservation concern, and over 350 species of herpetofauna, of which at least 100 species are endemic. The high turnover of biodiversity across the country presents a challenge to conservation managers, as it means large areas need to be managed so as to conserve the full range biodiversity. Protected Areas (PAs) provide the principal means for protecting the country’s biodiversity values. The Tanzania National Parks authority (TANAPA) is responsible for managing the network of National Parks, which have the highest conservation standing within the Tanzanian protected area estate. This proposal aims to increase the effectiveness of the National Parks in protecting biodiversity and provide for the long-term ecological, social and financial sustainability of that system. The focus will be on the new and developing Southern Circuit of Tanzania’s National Parks, reflecting the fact that with some exceptions, the management effectiveness of NPs in this region remains sub-optimal, relative to the Government’s desired levels and tourism numbers remain low. The long term solution underpinning the application is to build the management effectiveness of these PAs, to reduce anthropogenic pressures on the sites and secure biodiversity status within them. The project has been designed to address PA management barriers of (a) a lack of proper connectivity between isolated PAs, for larger mammal movements and to buffer against climate change impacts and (b) lack of management capacity and financial planning to bring people to the area and to prevent the various threats to the area through two complementary components. (1) Integrating Management of NPs and Broader Landscapes: This first component will entail the creation of active and functioning inter-sectoral District land management coordination mechanism between TANAPA, district authorities and the Wildlife Division (WD) and will also involve planning, implementation, and monitoring by key state and civil society partners on biodiversity management measures for the Greater Ruaha Landscape (37,000km2) and Greater Kitulo- Kipengere Landscape (2,150km2). This approach will secure PAs, wildlife corridors and dispersal areas. (2) Strengthening NP Operations: This second component will engineer the delivery of an integrated package of PA management functions., The project will initiate financial and business planning on both landscape and individual PAs and will provide funding for basic infrastructure and field equipment across the Southern Circuit Sites. 1 1.1 Table of Contents 1.1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 TABLES ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 FIGURES ................................................................................................................................................... 5 1.4 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .................................................................................................................. 5 PART IA: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................. 12 1.5 BIOPHYSICAL CONTEXT .............................................................................................................................. 12 Contextual Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 12 Geographical Context .................................................................................................................................. 13 Climate and Water ....................................................................................................................................... 14 Climate Change in Tanzania ......................................................................................................................... 15 Biodiversity of Tanzania ............................................................................................................................... 16 Tanzania’s Protected Area Estate ................................................................................................................ 17 Southern Tanzania Regional Context ........................................................................................................... 18 Greater Ruaha Landscape Biophysical Context............................................................................................ 18 Greater Kitulo-Kipengere Landscape Biophysical Context ........................................................................... 22 Wildlife Corridors and Buffer Zones ............................................................................................................. 26 1.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT ...................................................................................................................... 26 Tanzanian National Context ........................................................................................................................ 26 Regional Context: South-West Tanzania ...................................................................................................... 27 Tourism Opportunities ................................................................................................................................. 29 1.7 POLICY AND LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT .............................................................................................................. 30 1.8 INSTITUTIONAL AND GOVERNANCE CONTEXT ................................................................................................. 35 Governance of Natural Resources ................................................................................................................ 35 Local Government ........................................................................................................................................ 36 Civil Society and Development Partners....................................................................................................... 37 The Private Sector ........................................................................................................................................ 38 PART IB: BASELINE COURSE OF ACTION ......................................................................................................... 39 1.9 THREATS TO TANZANIA’S BIODIVERSITY ........................................................................................................ 39 National Level Threats ................................................................................................................................. 39 Threats to Biodiversity in Greater Ruaha Landscape ................................................................................... 40 Threats to Biodiversity in Greater Kitulo – Kipengere Landscape ................................................................ 42 1.10 LONG TERM SOLUTION ............................................................................................................................. 43 Integrating Management of NPs and Broader Landscapes in Southern Tanzania ...................................... 43 Operations Support for NP Management in Southern Tanzania ................................................................. 44 1.11 BARRIERS TO THE CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY ........................................................................................ 44 Lack of Integration of PA and Landscape Level Management ..................................................................... 45 Protected Area Operations Lack Funding and Capacity ............................................................................... 46 PART II: PROJECT STRATEGY .......................................................................................................................... 47 1.12 PROJECT RATIONALE AND POLICY CONFORMITY ............................................................................................. 47 1.13 PROJECT GOAL, OBJECTIVE, OUTCOME, COMPONENTS AND OUTPUTS ............................................................... 50 Component 1. Integrating Management of National Parks and Broader Landscapes in Southern Tanzania. ..................................................................................................................................................................... 52 Component 2: Operations Support for National Park Management
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