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Bacteria and Archaea EUKARYA • Origin of – RNA World – First cells – LUCA • Bacteria and Archaea ARCHAEA BACTERIA – General characteristics – – Gram positive – Genetic Exchange • What’s the difference? FebFeb 4, 4, 2013 2013

Prokaryotes are Ubiquitous! Sequencing the

Morphology Many ways to get :

• e.g. Cyanobacteria

• e.g.

Streptococcus Staphylococcus

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Fig. 25-7 Ceno- Meso- zoic zoic Humans

Paleozoic cycling Colonization of land

Animals Origin of solar system and

1 4

Proterozoic Archaean Billions of

2 ago3 Multicellular

Single-celled eukaryotes Atmospheric

Filamentous cyanobacteria from the Bitter Springs Cyanobacteria - among the oldest

Stromatolite section!

Stromatolites: colonies of cyanobacteria!

Fig. 25-7 Ceno- Meso- zoic zoic Humans Banded Iron Deposits Paleozoic Colonization of land

Animals Origin of solar system and Earth

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Proterozoic Archaean Prokaryotes Billions of

2 years ago3 Multicellular eukaryotes

Single-celled eukaryotes Atmospheric oxygen Fig. 25-8

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Fig. 27-17 Eukarya Eukarya

Archaea Eukaryotes

Korarcheotes Domain Archaea

Euryarchaeotes

Crenarchaeotes

UNIVERSAL Nanoarchaeotes ANCESTOR Domain BacteriaDomain Chlamydias

Spirochetes

Cyanobacteria

Gram-positive bacteria

Table 27-2 Archaea • • extreme • extreme

• One feature: – different membrane Eukarya Eukarya Domain

Bacteria Eukaryotes Gram Positive and Gram Negative

Korarcheotes Domain Archaea

Carbohydrate portion Euryarchaeotes of Outer membrane Cell layer wall Peptidoglycan Crenarchaeotes layer Plasma membrane Plasma membrane UNIVERSAL Nanoarchaeotes ANCESTOR Protein Proteobacteria Gram- Gram- Domain BacteriaDomain positive negative bacteria bacteria Chlamydias 20 !m (a) Gram-positive: peptidoglycan traps (b) Gram-negative: crystal violet is easily rinsed away, Spirochetes crystal violet. revealing red dye.

Cyanobacteria

Gram-positive bacteria

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Fig. 27-18a Fig. 27-18i You do not Subgroup: Alpha Proteobacteria Alpha need to Beta CHLAMYDIAS SPIROCHETES Gamma Proteobacteriamemorize Delta m Epsilon these groups ! 2.5 Rhizobium (arrows) inside a root cell of a legume (TEM) m m Subgroup: Beta Proteobacteria ! Subgroup: Gamma Proteobacteria ! 5 2.5

Chlamydia (arrows) inside an Leptospira, a spirochete cell (colorized TEM) (colorized TEM) m m ! !

1 CYANOBACTERIA GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA 0.5 Nitrosomonas (colorized TEM) Thiomargarita namibiensis containing wastes (LM)

Subgroup: Delta Proteobacteria Subgroup: Epsilon Proteobacteria m m m ! ! ! 1 5 50 Hundreds of B. bacteriophorus Two of , Streptomyces, the source of covering a human fibroblast m m filamentous cyanobacteria (LM) many (colorized SEM) m ! !

! cell (colorized SEM) 5 2 10 Fruiting bodies of Bdellovibrio bacteriophorus Helicobacter pylori (colorized TEM) Chondromyces crocatus, a attacking a larger bacterium myxobacterium (SEM) (colorized TEM)

EXPERIMENT Daily serial transfer Adaptability Genetic Exchange 0.1 mL (population sample)

Old tube New tube (discarded (9.9 mL after growth transfer) medium) • Transformation RESULTS • Transduction 1.8 • Conjugation 1.6

1.4 to ancestor to ancestor

Fitness relative Fitness relative 1.2

1.0

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 Generation

Antibiotic Resistance

4