DOCSLIB.ORG

Life History Amd . Reproduction

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Life History Amd . Reproduction 326a eggs of the midwater spawning fish are almost transparent and are often spawned in areas where predation pressure is likely to be low. For example, female paketi {Pseudolabrus celidotus) appear to prefer to spawn in deeper waters where the densities of planktivorous fish are relatively low. Pelagic larvae are also transparent. Some.such as the sunfish (Mola mola) develop protective spines at this stage. Fish eggs and larvae are usually eaten in large numbers, mainly by the plankton feeding fish. It has been estimated that only about one in every million eggs spawned survives to reach maturity and breed itself. LIFE HISTORY AMD . REPRODUCTION Age and growth GENERAL FEATURES: Unlike other vertebrates fish continue to grow throughout their lives (indeterminant growth) . They all follow the same general pattern - initially growth is rapid until the fish reaches the size at which it becomes sexually mature, then growth continues but at a decreasing rate. So far only one exception has been found among the fish of the Reserve. The leatherjacket (Parika scaber) exhibits a determinate growth pattern, the fish growing to certain size after which there is no evident increase in length. Within a species the growth rate of an individual fish varies, not only with age as described above but also with location and season. These variations are usually ultimately associated with temperature and/or food. Fish in the warmer parts of their range usually grow faster than individuals of the same species in colder regions. For example, the mottled blenny (Forsterygion varium) grows to reach 80mm in length in less than one year in the Reserve, but they take three to four years to reach this size in southern parts of the South Island. The quality and quantity of food available to each fish also affects growth rates and probably explains differences in growth between local populations and between males and females of the same species. Male yellow-eyed mullet (Aldrichetta forsteri), for example, tend to spend longer periods of time 327a compared to the females, on the sandy-bottomed spawning grounds and consequently have a slower growth rate than the females which return to the good feeding areas immediately after spawning. The presence of other fish of the same species, or of another species but with a similar diet, can reduce the amount of food available to each fish. The low growth rates of snapper (Chrysophrys auratus) in some locations in the Hauraki Gulf are thought to be due to the occurrence of high densities of gurnard (Chelodonichthys kumu) which eat similar foods. Food availability is also probably responsible for the density-dependent growth patterns exhibited by some species, e.g. at high population levels paketi (Pseudolabrus oelidotus) individuals grow slower than the fish found in areas with moderate to low population levels. In temperate regions most fish grow faster over the summer and autumn, when the water is warmest and food is generally plentiful. Growth tends to slow down over the winter and spring. At this time of year the water is cold, food is less abundant and as this is the breeding season for most species, individuals may spend less time feeding and much of the energy derived from the food is used in gamete production rather than to increase body size. LIFE SPAN: The maximum life span of the fish in the Reserve ranges from 2-3 years for many of the small benthic fish (e.g. the tripterygiids and clingfish), up to 60 years of the red moki (Cheilodactylus spectabilis) and snapper (Chrysophrys auratus) . Little is known, of the ages attained by the sharks and rays. The characteristic life span of a fish species can vary with location. Fish in areas where growth is slow often live longer than members of the same species from areas of rapid growth. For example, the mottled blenny (Forsterygion varium) lives a maximum of three years and may reach 115mm in length in the Reserve; however, in southern populations the same fish live for over six years and grow to a maximum size of 200mm. MATURITY: A fish reaches sexual maturity when its gonads ripen for the first time. Maturity appears to be related to a critical size, below which the effort of reproduction is probably not worthwhile. Thus fish in different populations may mature at different ages. For example, in 328a the Reserve paketi {Pseudolabrus celidotus) mature in their first year at a size of about 100mm. However, at Wellington where waters are colder, the population density higher and growth rates are slower, the fish do not reach this size and do not mature until they are in their second and third years. AGING: Age can be fairly accurately determined in temperate bony fishes from various parts of their bodies such as the scales and ear bones (otoliths). Definite seasonal patterns of growth cause annual marks to appear on these structures that can be read like the rings of a tree. When examined closely under a microscope fish scales consist of a number of concentrically arranged rings. Each ring represents new material which is manufactured in the dermis and added to the scale from time to time. During periods of rapid growth the rings are well separated, but when growth is slow the rings are very close together and form a broad dark band, or growth check. A similar principle applies to the otoliths. These structures grow by deposition of calcium layers onto the outer surface. The rate at which this material is laid down varies with growth rate, and when examined the otoliths appear to consist of a series of dark and light alternating concentric bands. Usually only one growth check appears each year, hence the age of the fish can be determined simply by counting the number of dark bands. If spawning does not coincide with the seasonal period of slow growth, another smaller mark may also appear on these structures. Other bony structures such as opercula bones, vertebrae bones and dorsal fin spines can also be used to age fish. Scales are the most preferred aging tool as they can be collected without killing the fish which can then be returned to the water for further observation or resampling. However, scales may also be misleading, as those lost from the fish are usually replaced and are not suitable for accurate age determination. Otoliths and other bony structures may require a great deal of preparation before the rings can be 5 read8. Breeding MODES OF REPRODUCTION: The reproductive organs of a fish usually exist as a pair of 329a sac-like structures which lie along the dorsal surface of the abdominal cavity. They are connected by ducts and open to the exterior through the cloaca. Male reproductive organs, the testes, are usually pale and creamy in texture and are often referred to as 'soft roe1. The female's ovaries (1hard roef) are yellow or pink with a granular texture. During the breeding season they are greatly enlarged and individual eggs may be clearly visible. The condition in which fish possess either ovaries or testes is known as gonochorism. In some species each individual possess both male and female genital tissue - a condition termed hermaphroditism. Two types of hermaphrodites exist: (a) Simulataneous hermaphrodite - the fish functions as a male and female at the same time. (b) Sequential hermaphrodite - intially the fish is either male or female and then later in its life it changes to the opposite sex. Most fish in the Reserve are gonochorists, except some of the serranids, all the labrids and the odacid, the butterfish (Odax pullus). All the hermaphrodites in the Reserve follow the same pattern; the fish are 'born1 as females and later change sex to become males - protogynous sequential hermaphroditism. The reverse situation, that is the fish change sex from males to females (protandrous sequential hermaphroditism) does occur in some sparids; however, it has not been found in any species in the Reserve. Fertilisation, the penetration of an egg by a sperm, can occur in two different ways: The eggs and sperm are shed into the water and fertilisation takes place externally, or the sperm is introduced into the female and the eggs are fertilised internally. Usually the two gametes (the eggs and sperm) come from two different fish (cross fertilisation). However, simultaneous hermaphrodites can conceivably fertilise their own eggs (self fertilisation), although this is apparently rare. Reproduction without fertilisation (gynogenesis) is also known to occur in fishes. Populations of the Amazon mollie (Poecilia formosa) from Mexico and Texas, are usually all female. Males do exist but are very rare and play no significant role in reproduction. The females do mate with males of a related species but their sperm do not fertilise the eggs. Apparently, the attempts of the sperm to enter the egg are all that is required to stimulate the development of the egg into an embryo. This mode of reproduction has also been found in some wild 330a goldfish populations (Carassius auratus) . Internal fertilisation is typical of the sharks and rays. The males in this group possess claspers which act as the intromittent to introduce the sperm into the female. Comparatively few teleosts have internal fertilisation of the eggs. Sperm are usually introduced into the female through a simple provided by the prolongation of the cloaca. Some of the bony fish in the Reserve reproduce in this manner (e.g. the scorpionfish, Soorpaena occrdinalis; piper, Reporhampus ihi and the crested weefish, Cristioeps aurantiaous) . Fish in which the eggs are internally fertilised are usually divided into three groups: (i) oviparous - the eggs are released soon after fertilisation, e.g.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Reef Fish Monitoring Te Tapuwae O Rongokako Marine Reserve
    Reef Fish Monitoring Te Tapuwae o Rongokako Marine Reserve Technical Support - Marine East Coast Hawke’s Bay Conservancy Debbie Freeman OCTOBER 2005 Published By Department of Conservation East Coast Hawkes Bay Conservancy PO Box 668 Gisborne 4040, New Zeland Cover: Banded wrasse Photo: I. Nilsson Title page: Koheru Photo: M. Blackwell Acknowledgments: Blue maomao Photo: J. Quirk © Copyright October 2005, New Zealand Department of Conservation ISSN 1175-026X ISBN 978-0-478-14143-6 (paperback) ISBN 978-0-478-14193-1 (Web pdf) Techincal Support Series Number: 25 In the interest of forest conservation, DOC Science Publishing supports paperless electronic publishing. When printing, recycled paper is used wherever possible. C ontents Abstract 4 Introduction 5 Methods 6 Results 10 Discussion 20 Fish fauna 20 Protection effects 21 Reserve age and design 21 Experimental design and monitoring methods 22 Illegal fishing 23 Environmental factors 24 Acknowledgements 24 References 25 Abstract Reef fish monitoring was undertaken within and surrounding Te Tapuwae o Rongokako Marine Reserve, on the North Island’s East Coast, between 2000 and 2004. The objective of the monitoring was to describe the reef fish communities and to establish whether populations within the marine reserve were demonstrating any changes in abundance or size that could be attributable to the removal of fishing pressure. The underwater visual census method was used to survey the four lo- cations (marine reserve and three non-reserve locations). It was found that all four locations were characterised by moderate densities of spot- ties, scarlet wrasse and reef-associated planktivores such as blue maomao, sweep and butterfly perch.
    [Show full text]
  • A Checklist of Fishes of the Aldermen Islands, North-Eastern New Zealand, with Additions to the Fishes of Red Mercury Island
    13 A CHECKLIST OF FISHES OF THE ALDERMEN ISLANDS, NORTH-EASTERN NEW ZEALAND, WITH ADDITIONS TO THE FISHES OF RED MERCURY ISLAND by Roger V. Grace* SUMMARY Sixty-five species of marine fishes are listed for the Aldermen Islands, and additions made to an earlier list for Red Mercury Island (Grace, 1972), 35 km to the north. Warm water affinities of the faunas are briefly discussed. INTRODUCTION During recent years, and particularly the last four years, over 30 species of fishes have been added to the New Zealand fish fauna through observation by divers, mainly at the Poor Knights Islands (Russell, 1971; Stephenson, 1970, 1971; Doak, 1972; Whitley, 1968). A high proportion of the fishes of northern New Zealand have strong sub-tropical affinities (Moreland, 1958), and there is considerable evidence (Doak, 1972) to suggest that many of the recently discovered species are new arrivals from tropical and subtropical areas. These fishes probably arrive as eggs or larvae, carried by favourable ocean currents, and find suitable habitats for their development at the Poor Knights Islands, where the warm currents that transported the young fish or eggs maintain a water temperature higher than that on the adjacent coast, or islands to the south. Unless these fishes are able to establish breeding populations in New Zealand waters, they are likely to be merely transient. If they become established, they may begin to spread and colonise other off-shore islands and the coast. In order to monitor any spreading of new arrivals, or die-off due to inability to breed, it is desirable to compile a series of fish lists, as complete as possible, for the off-shore islands of the north-east coast of New Zealand.
    [Show full text]
  • New Zealand Fishes a Field Guide to Common Species Caught by Bottom, Midwater, and Surface Fishing Cover Photos: Top – Kingfish (Seriola Lalandi), Malcolm Francis
    New Zealand fishes A field guide to common species caught by bottom, midwater, and surface fishing Cover photos: Top – Kingfish (Seriola lalandi), Malcolm Francis. Top left – Snapper (Chrysophrys auratus), Malcolm Francis. Centre – Catch of hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae), Neil Bagley (NIWA). Bottom left – Jack mackerel (Trachurus sp.), Malcolm Francis. Bottom – Orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus), NIWA. New Zealand fishes A field guide to common species caught by bottom, midwater, and surface fishing New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No: 208 Prepared for Fisheries New Zealand by P. J. McMillan M. P. Francis G. D. James L. J. Paul P. Marriott E. J. Mackay B. A. Wood D. W. Stevens L. H. Griggs S. J. Baird C. D. Roberts‡ A. L. Stewart‡ C. D. Struthers‡ J. E. Robbins NIWA, Private Bag 14901, Wellington 6241 ‡ Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, PO Box 467, Wellington, 6011Wellington ISSN 1176-9440 (print) ISSN 1179-6480 (online) ISBN 978-1-98-859425-5 (print) ISBN 978-1-98-859426-2 (online) 2019 Disclaimer While every effort was made to ensure the information in this publication is accurate, Fisheries New Zealand does not accept any responsibility or liability for error of fact, omission, interpretation or opinion that may be present, nor for the consequences of any decisions based on this information. Requests for further copies should be directed to: Publications Logistics Officer Ministry for Primary Industries PO Box 2526 WELLINGTON 6140 Email: [email protected] Telephone: 0800 00 83 33 Facsimile: 04-894 0300 This publication is also available on the Ministry for Primary Industries website at http://www.mpi.govt.nz/news-and-resources/publications/ A higher resolution (larger) PDF of this guide is also available by application to: [email protected] Citation: McMillan, P.J.; Francis, M.P.; James, G.D.; Paul, L.J.; Marriott, P.; Mackay, E.; Wood, B.A.; Stevens, D.W.; Griggs, L.H.; Baird, S.J.; Roberts, C.D.; Stewart, A.L.; Struthers, C.D.; Robbins, J.E.
    [Show full text]
  • Official Information Act Response 20200088
    Reference: 20200088 20 March 2020 s9(2)(a) Thank you for your Official Information Act request, received on 24 February 2020. You requested the following: “copies of all written material generated, commissioned and/or received by you in relation to the proposed marine reserve network from June 2018 to date. This request extends (without limitation) to copies of: • all communications in respect of or in relation to the decision to apply for a marine reserve in terms of section 5 of the Marine Reserves Act 1971; and • all documents in respect of or in relation to the December 2018 decision that is referred to in summary terms in para 14 of the 11 May 2019 Cabinet paper titled "South-East Marine Protected Area Network Recommendations" and available online at http://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/conservation/marine- and-coastal/semp/cabinet-paper-semp-network-recommendations.pdf . We specifically request information regarding any economic analysis that has been done by Treasury on the proposed marine network.” Information being released Please find enclosed the following documents: Item Date Document Description Decision 1. 24 June 2019 Correspondence regarding the processes for Release in part development of the regulatory impact assessment and the discussion document relating to the proposed marine reserve network 2. 17 July 2019 Letter to Hon Stuart Nash from the Fiordland Lobster Release in full Company Limited 1 The Terrace PO Box 3724 Wellington 6140 New Zealand tel. +64-4-472-2733 https://treasury.govt.nz 3. 29 July 2019 Correspondence regarding the letter to Hon Stuart Release in part Nash from the Fiordland Lobster Company Limited (Item 2) 4.
    [Show full text]
  • New South Wales Records 2021 NSW State Spearfishing Records Flinders Reef S.E.Queensland
    New South Wales Records 2021 NSW State Spearfishing Records Flinders Reef S.E.Queensland ANGELFISH Common Name Scientific Name Division Weight Diver Club Date Location ANGELFISH Pomacanthus semicirculatus Junior Blue Ladies Open NSW 1.020 kg S. Isles BDSC 27/12/1970 Juan & Julia Rocks Australian 3.033 kg R. Jenkinson QLD 1/6/1969 Flinders Reef S.E.Queensland BARRACUDA & PIKE Common Name Scientific Name Division Weight Diver Club Date Location BARRACUDA Syphyraena qenie Junior Blackfin Ladies Open NSW 17.660 kg E. Leeson SSD 13/03/2015 South West Rocks Australian 29.200 kg T. Neilsen UAC 10/5/2006 Cape Moreton Common Name Scientific Name Division Weight Diver Club Date Location BARRACUDA Sphyraena barracuda Junior Giant Ladies 0.865 kg J. Budworth TGCF 4/2/2018 Tweed River Open NSW 21.500 kg E. Bova SSD 18/03/2007 Coffs Harbour Australian 28.850 kg B. Paxman WA 16/4/1993 Dorre Island WA Common Name Scientific Name Division Weight Diver Club Date Location BARRACUDA Sphyraena jello Junior 8.650 kg A. Puckeridge SSD 29/03/2014 North Solitary Island Pickhandle pike Ladies Open NSW 12.927 kg P. Iredale KSC 21/02/1971 Wreck Bay Australian 15.250 kg J. Croton Qld 12/6/2015 Cape Moreton Common Name Scientific Name Division Weight Diver Club Date Location BARRACUDA Sphyraena obtusata Junior 1.700 kg A.Puckeridge SSD 7/1/2013 Coffs Harbour Striped sea pike, Ladies Open NSW 1.700 kg A.Puckeridge SSD 7/1/2013 Nth Solitary Is Australian 1.191 kg K. Wardrop NSW 28/5/1967 Whale beach, NSW Common Name Scientific Name Division Weight Diver Club Date Location BARRACOUTA Thrysites atun Junior Snoek Ladies Open NSW 0.625 kg A.
    [Show full text]
  • Giant Boarfish
    148 analis (Waite) and P.compressa (White). Family Kyphosidae - sea chubs and rudderfishes This family contains about a dozen widespread species. They are thickly built, oval shaped fish which frequent coral reefs and rocky shores in most tropical and subtropical seas. In general, kyphosids are herbivorous, feeding on algae and other marine growth, although some species are planktivorous. The jaws possess incisor-like teeth at the front. These may be serrated, loosely attached and movable, or may be fixed. There are no molars. Other characteristics of this family are the complete, slightly arched lateral line and the single dorsal fin. Many of these fish will often follow ships, hence the common name !rudderfish1. Six species occur in New Zealand. Those found in the Reserve, parore, Girella tricuspidata, silver drummer, typhosus Sydney onus, sweep, Scorpis aequipinnis and blue maomao, S.violaceus, are common northern New Zealand species. The other two, the mado, Atypichthys striagatus, and the bluefish, Girella oyanea, are commonly found around the north-east offshore islands, but are rare on the coast. There is some argument surrounding the classification of the sweep, S.aequipinnis, and blue maomao, 5.violaceus. Many consider them to be different morphs of the same species. Others distinguish them as two different species. The two are similar in appearance and in meristic characteristics such as the numbers of fin rays and lateral line scales. Recently, Smith et al (1979) suggested that they should be treated as two separate species on the basis of electrophoretio analysis, body colour, head shape and the characteristic number of gill rakers.
    [Show full text]
  • TTR11301-WLG2012-13-7-3-13 No Appendices
    South Taranaki Bight Fish and Fisheries Prepared for Trans-Tasman Resources Ltd October 2013 Authors/Contributors : Alison MacDiarmid Owen Anderson James Sturman For any information regarding this report please contact: Neville Ching Contracts Manager NIWA, Wellington +64-4-386 0300 [email protected] National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd 301 Evans Bay Parade, Greta Point Wellington 6021 Private Bag 14901, Kilbirnie Wellington 6241 New Zealand Phone +64-4-386 0300 Fax +64-4-386 0574 NIWA Client Report No: WLG2012-13 Report date: October 2013 NIWA Project: TTR11301 Cover image: Modelled distributions of leather jacket on Taranaki reefs. Data are estimated abundance in 1 km 2 grid squares. Note that on the scale provided 0 = absent, 1 = single (1 individual seen per 1 hr dive), 2 = few (2 – 10), 3 = many (11 – 100) and 4 = abundant (> 100). © All rights reserved. This publication may not be reproduced or copied in any form without the permission of the copyright owner(s). Such permission is only to be given in accordance with the terms of the client’s contract with NIWA. This copyright extends to all forms of copying and any storage of material in any kind of information retrieval system. Whilst NIWA has used all reasonable endeavours to ensure that the information contained in this document is accurate, NIWA does not give any express or implied warranty as to the completeness of the information contained herein, or that it will be suitable for any purpose(s) other than those specifically contemplated during the Project or agreed by NIWA and the Client.
    [Show full text]
  • Longterm Shifts in Abundance and Distribution of a Temperate Fish Fauna
    Global Ecology and Biogeography, (Global Ecol. Biogeogr.) (2011) 20, 58–72 RESEARCH Long-term shifts in abundance and PAPER distribution of a temperate fish fauna: a response to climate change and fishing practicesgeb_575 58..72 Peter R. Last1,2*, William T. White1,2, Daniel C. Gledhill1,2, Alistair J. Hobday1,2, Rebecca Brown3, Graham J. Edgar3 and Gretta Pecl3 1Climate Adaptation Flagship, CSIRO Marine ABSTRACT and Atmospheric Research, GPO Box 1538, Aim South-eastern Australia is a climate change hotspot with well-documented Hobart TAS 7001, Australia, 2Wealth from Oceans Flagship, CSIRO Marine and recent changes in its physical marine environment. The impact on and temporal Atmospheric Research, GPO Box 1538, Hobart responses of the biota to change are less well understood, but appear to be due to TAS 7001, Australia, 3Tasmanian Aquaculture influences of climate, as well as the non-climate related past and continuing human and Fisheries Institute, Private Bag 49, Hobart impacts. We attempt to resolve the agents of change by examining major temporal TAS 7001, Australia and distributional shifts in the fish fauna and making a tentative attribution of causal factors. Location Temperate seas of south-eastern Australia. Methods Mixed data sources synthesized from published accounts, scientific surveys, spearfishing and angling competitions, commercial catches and underwa- ter photographic records, from the ‘late 1800s’ to the ‘present’, were examined to determine shifts in coastal fish distributions. Results Forty-five species, representing 27 families (about 30% of the inshore fish families occurring in the region), exhibited major distributional shifts thought to be climate related. These are distributed across the following categories: species previously rare or unlisted (12), with expanded ranges (23) and/or abundance increases (30), expanded populations in south-eastern Tasmania (16) and extra- limital vagrants (4).
    [Show full text]
  • Mcmillan NZ Fishes Vol 2
    New Zealand Fishes Volume 2 A field guide to less common species caught by bottom and midwater fishing New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 78 ISSN 1176-9440 2011 Cover photos: Top – Naked snout rattail (Haplomacrourus nudirostris), Peter Marriott (NIWA) Centre – Red pigfish (Bodianus unimaculatus), Malcolm Francis. Bottom – Pink maomao (Caprodon longimanus), Malcolm Francis. New Zealand fishes. Volume 2: A field guide to less common species caught by bottom and midwater fishing P. J McMillan M. P. Francis L. J. Paul P. J. Marriott E. Mackay S.-J. Baird L. H. Griggs H. Sui F. Wei NIWA Private Bag 14901 Wellington 6241 New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No. 78 2011 Published by Ministry of Fisheries Wellington 2011 ISSN 1176-9440 © Ministry of Fisheries 2011 McMillan, P.J.; Francis, M.P.; Paul, L.J.; Marriott, P.J; Mackay, E.; Baird, S.-J.; Griggs, L.H.; Sui, H.; Wei, F. (2011). New Zealand fishes. Volume 2: A field guide to less common species caught by bottom and midwater fishing New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No.78. This series continues the Marine Biodiversity Biosecurity Report series which ended with MBBR No. 7 in February 2005. CONTENTS PAGE Purpose of the guide 4 Organisation of the guide 4 Methods used for the family and species guides 5 Data storage and retrieval 7 Acknowledgments 7 Section 1: External features of fishes and glossary 9 Section 2: Guide to families 15 Section 3: Guide to species 31 Section 4: References 155 Index 1 – Alphabetical list of family
    [Show full text]
  • Fisheries Resources in Otago Harbour and on the Adjacent Coast
    Fisheries resources in Otago Harbour and on the adjacent coast Prepared for Port Otago Limited December 2008 R O Boyd Boyd Fisheries Consultants Ltd 1 Baker Grove Wanaka 9305 NEW ZEALAND Table of Contents Table of Contents i List of Tables and Figures ii Executive Summary iii Fisheries resources in Otago Harbour and on the adjacent coast 1 (Ver 1 – Preliminary) 1 1. Introduction 1 2. Methods 2 2.1. The Fisheries Literature 2 2.2. Fisheries catch and effort data 2 2.3. Consultation with the Fisheries Sector (this section to be revised following further consultation) 2 3. The Fisheries Environments of Otago Harbour and Coastal Otago 3 3.1. Otago Harbour 3 3.2. Coastal Otago 3 4. Fish and Shellfish Fauna of Otago Harbour and Coastal Otago 5 4.1. Otago Harbour 5 4.2. Coastal Otago 6 4.3. Regional and National Significance 7 5. Areas of Importance for Spawning, Egg Laying or Juveniles 8 6. Fisheries Uses of Otago Harbour and Coastal Otago 9 6.1. Recreational Fisheries 9 6.1.1. Otago Harbour 9 6.1.2. Coastal Otago 10 6.2. Commercial Fisheries 10 6.2.1. History and Background to the Commercial Fishery 10 6.2.2. Commercial Fisheries Catch and Effort Data 11 6.2.3. Overview of the Present Otago Commercial Fishery 12 6.2.4. Otago’s Inshore Fisheries 13 Trawl fishery 13 Set net fishery 14 Cod potting 14 Line fishing 14 Paua and kina diving 14 Queen scallops 15 Rock lobster 15 Cockles 15 6.3. Customary Fisheries (this section to be revised following further consultation) 16 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Scanned Using Fujitsu 6670 Scanner and Scandall Pro Ver 1.7 Software
    2003/221 Fisheries (Reporting) Amendment Regulations (No 2) 2003 Silvia Cartwright, Governor-General Order in Council At Wellington this 1st day of September 2003 Present: Her Excellency the Governor-General in Council Pursuant to section 297(l)(h) of the Fisheries Act 1996, Her Excellency the Governor-General, acting on the advice and with the consent of the Executive Council, makes the following regulations. Contents I Title Schedule 2 Commencement New Part 2 substituted in Schedule 3 of 3 Monthly harvest returns principal regulations 4 Schedule 3 amended Regulations 1 Title ( 1) These regulations are the Fisheries (Reporting) Amendment Regulations (No 2) 2003. (2) In these regulations, the Fisheries (Reporting) Regulations 2001 1 are called "the principal regulations". I SR 20011188 1499 Fisheries (Reporting) Amendment r2 Regulations (No 2) 2003 2003/221 2 Commencement These regulations come into force on the 28th day after the date of their notification in the Gazette. 3 Monthly harvest returns Regulation 7(2)(a)(i) is amended by inserting, after the expression "Q,", the expression "D,". 4 Schedule 3 amended (1) Table 1 of Part 1 of Schedule 3 is amended by inserting, in their appropriate alphabetical order, the following items: Species of class of Quota manage- Other area refer- Fishstock code to fish ment area refer­ ence number set be used ence number set out in tables 3 to (species/area) out in table 2 of 13 of ths Part this Part Kingfish I KIN I 2 KIN2 3, 5, 6 KIN3 4 KIN4 7 KIN? 8, 9 KIN8 10 KIN10 Leatherjacket I, 9 LEAl 2, 7,
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Mammal Interactions & Bycatch Mitigation
    Characterisation of marine mammal interactions with fisheries & bycatch mitigation Report for Project INT2019-03 prepared for Department of Conservation Authors: Laura Tremblay-Boyer Katrin Berkenbusch PO Box 27535, Wellington 6141 New Zealand dragonfly.co.nz Cover Notes To be cited as: Tremblay-Boyer, Laura; Berkenbusch, Katrin (2020). Characterisation of marine mammal interactions with fisheries & bycatch mitigation, 64 pages. Report for Project INT2019-03 prepared for Department of Conservation. CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 1 INTRODUCTION ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 2 METHODS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 2.1 Marine mammal interactions with New Zealand fisheries ------------------------- 7 2.1.1 Observer records ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 2.1.2 Fisher records ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 2.1.3 Modelled bycatch estimates ------------------------------------------------------------- 11 2.2 Mitigation methods for marine mammal bycatch --------------------------------------- 12 3 RESULTS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 3.1 Marine mammal interactions in New Zealand fisheries -----------------------------
    [Show full text]