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Mag Arbeit Stefanie Thiedig Kl Inhaltsangabe 1 Inhaltsangabe Inhaltsangabe …………………………………………………………………… 1 Vorwort …………………………………………………………………… 4 I EINLEITUNG …………………………………………………………………… 6 1 Forschung …………………………………………………………………… 6 1.1 Zum Autor und der Entstehung des Werkes ………………………………... 6 1.2 Zum Werk und seiner Handlung .……………………………………….. 7 1.3 Zu den Ausgaben und der Auswahl der Quellen ……………………………. 9 2 Fragestellung und Herangehensweise .……………………………………….. 11 3 Begriffsbestimmungen und -relationen .……………………………………….. 13 3.1 Strukturbedingtheit durch Relationen .……………………………………….. 13 3.2 Zhen und jia – Wirklichkeit und Illusion ….…………………………………….. 14 II GRUNDGERÜST – Der Roman im Überblick ……………………………………. 16 1 Titelei …………………………………………………………………… 16 2 Die äußere Ebene oder Metaebene ……………………………………………….. 18 3 Ebene der Rahmenhandlung …………………………………………………… 20 3.1 Anfang und Aufbau der Geschichte – Vom Mythos zur Illusion ……………. 20 3.1.1 Erste Episode: Ursprung des Grundelementes ………………………... 20 3.1.2 Zweite Episode: Vorhaben der Inszenierung ………………………... 22 3.1.3 Dritte Episode: Vorstellung einer außergewöhnlichen Geschichte ……. 23 3.2 Abschluss und Auflösung der Geschichte – Von der Kopie zur Desillusion ... 25 4 Ebene der Inschrift ………………………………………………………………. 26 4.1 Komposition ………………………………………………………………. 28 4.1.1 Ausgangsposition der Figuren ……………………………………….. 28 4.1.2 Regionen der erzählten Welt ……………………………………….. 30 4.2 Erzählsituation ………………………………………………………………. 33 4.2.1 Stein als Erzähler ………………………………………………………. 34 4.2.2 Beschreiben und Beschrieben-Werden des Steins …………………… 35 4.2.3 Kommentare und Eingriffe ………………………………………. 36 5 Extrakt der Geschichte – Durch die Illusion die Wirklichkeit erreichen ……….. 37 Inhaltsangabe 2 III EIN ERZÄHLSTRANG – Das Figurenpaar Zhen Shiyin und Jia Yucun …..... 39 1 Zu den beiden Namen ………………………………………………………. 40 2 Das sequenzielle Auftreten des Figurenpaares …………………………………… 42 2.1 Als Einleitung in der Metaebene …………………………………… 43 2.1.1 Das Motto des ersten Kapitels …………………………………… 43 2.1.2 Die beiden Prinzipien des Autors …………………………………… 45 2.2 Als Rahmen in der Erzählung der Inschrift …………………………………… 46 2.2.1 Zhen Shiyins Einführung in die Inszenierung ……………………….. 47 2.2.1.1 Im Unterbewusstsein des Traumes vor dem Land der leeren Illusion …………………………………… 48 2.2.1.2 In der Unaufmerksamkeit des Lebens im roten Staub ………….... 52 2.2.2 Jia Yucuns Einführung in die Hauptgeschichte …………………… 56 2.2.3 Zhen Shiyins Aufklärung und Abgang …………………………. .. 59 2.2.3.1 Am diesseitigen Rückzugsort der Furt …………………………... 60 2.2.3.2 Auf der Schwelle zum Land der leeren Illusion ………………….... 64 2.3 Als Abspann in der Rahmenhandlung …………………………………… 65 2.3.1 Jia Yucuns Bestätigung der Geschichte …………………………… 66 2.3.2 Jia Yucuns Bekanntschaft mit Cao Xueqin …………………………… 69 3 Strukturüberblick …………………………………………………………….... 70 3.1 Die Entwicklung der beiden Figuren ………………………………………. 71 3.1.1 Zhen Shiyins Wahrnehmungsschärfung …………………………... 71 3.1.2 Jia Yucuns Metalepse ………………………………………………. 72 3.2 Parallelen, Gegensätze und Korrelation der beiden Figuren ……………….. 73 3.3 Die mise en abyme des Spiegeltextes ……………………………………..... 73 4 Eine Konstruktion von Cao Xueqins Wirklichkeits- und Illusionsverständnis …… 76 IV DIE LITERARITÄT DES ROMANS – Werkimmanente Belege …………………… 79 1 Die literarische Debatte zwischen Kongkong daoren und dem Stein …………… 79 1.1 Zweifel und Kritik ………………………………………………………. 80 1.2 Verteidigung … ………………………………………………………. 82 1.3 … und Zielsetzung der Geschichte …………………………………………... 85 1.4 Überzeugung und Begeisterung …………………………………………... 87 2 Der literarische Schaffensprozess anhand eines innergeschichtlichen Details …… 89 3 Das Verfahren des Autors aus der Sicht Zhen Shiyins ……………………….. 91 V SCHLUSSWORT ………………………………………………………………….. 93 Inhaltsangabe 3 VI ANHANG ………………………………………………………………….. 94 1 Schaubilder ………………………………………………………………….. 94 1.1 Grundgerüst ………………………………………………………………….. 94 1.2 Ein Erzählstrang in Sequenzen ……………………………………………..... 95 2 Kurzbeschreibungen historischer Persönlichkeiten und literarischer Figuren ........ 96 3 Literaturverzeichnis ………………………………………………………...... 102 Vorwort 4 Vorwort Wirklichkeit? In der globalen Welt im Jahre 2006 oder in der chinesischen Welt im Jahre 1754 bzw. 1792 zu leben, bedeutet in beiden Fällen, vielen möglichen Wirklichkeiten aus- gesetzt zu sein. Es bedeutet hier und dort eine Entscheidung für die eine oder andere Sicht auf das Dasein, der sich der Mensch einzeln oder im Kollektiv stellt. Zu jeder Zeit existiert darüber hinaus der Glaube an eine universal verbindliche Wirklichkeit. Heute und damals, in weiter Zukunft und ferner Vergangenheit sind ihr zahlreiche Behauptungen und Defini- tionen gewidmet worden und werden es weiterhin. Aristoteles beispielsweise versucht sich der Wirklichkeit mithilfe der Wahrscheinlichkeit zu nähern. Zhuangzi mahnt zur Vorsicht, sie mit Sprache festhalten zu wollen. Annäherungen erfolgen im Staats- und Rechtswesen, in der Philosophie, Mathematik, Geschichtsschreibung, sowohl in sämtlichen Wissenschaf- ten als auch in der Religion, Mystik und natürlich in der Kunst. Geprägt durch verschiede- ne zeitliche Epochen und Kulturen, konnten unterschiedlichste Perspektiven eingenommen werden. Auf die eine Wirklichkeit hat man sich jedoch bislang nicht verständigen können, statt dessen wird sie im Wechselspiel der Illusionen begriffen. Im Alltag heißt es heute be- reits: „Die Realität ist anders als die Wirklichkeit.“1 Manche Stimmen sehen die menschli- che Wirklichkeit sogar als eine einzige große Illusion an. So fasst der letzte Vers im Traum der roten Kammer diesen Standpunkt als zentrale Aussage zusammen: „Von Grund auf ist es der gleiche Traum, / Hör auf, die Torheit der anderen Weltlichen zu belächeln!“2 In dieser Arbeit soll die Darstellung einer Wirklichkeits- und Illusionsvorstellung im Gesamtgeflecht des Romans Der Traum der roten Kammer besonders anhand der Figuren- konstellation von Zhen Shiyin und Jia Yucun exemplarisch behandelt werden. 1 Oft als Lapsus verstanden und vielleicht beabsichtigt, hat Berti Vogts die Lage des schwer fassbaren Be- griffs mit diesem Ausspruch bei einer Pressekonferenz sehr treffend wiedergegeben. Eine differenzierte Be- trachtung findet sich etwa bei Johannes Kleinstück in: Wirklichkeit und Realität: Kritik eines modernen Sprachgebrauchs. Stuttgart 1971. 2 „由來同一夢, 休笑世人痴!“ Yang und Yang übersetzen: „Since all live in a dream, / Why laugh at others’ folly?“, S. 3573; Minford übersetzt interpretierender: „Reflect that life itself’s a dream / And do not mock the reader’s tears.“, Band fünf, S. 376 (vgl. für die Quellenangaben I.1.3). Vorwort 5 Beschreibung ohne Ort Es ist möglich, dass zu scheinen – sein ist, So wie die Sonne etwas ist, das scheint und ist. Die Sonne ist ein Beispiel. Was sie scheint, Ist sie, und in solchem Scheinen sind alle Dinge. […] Beschreibung ist Enthüllung. Es ist nicht Das beschriebene Ding, noch falsches Faksimile. Es ist ein künstliches Ding, das existiert, In seinem eigenen Scheinen, klar sichtbar, Dennoch nicht allzu genau das Doppel unseres Lebens, Intensiver als irgendein wirkliches Leben sein könnte. […] Wallace Stevens3 An dieser Stelle möchte ich die Gelegenheit nutzen, mich für die zahlreiche Unterstützung zu bedanken, die mir zuteil wurde. Mein Dank gilt zuerst Professor Dr. Michael Friedrich für seine stets nützlichen Ratschläge und unermüdlichen Hilfestellungen. Ich danke eben- falls Professor Dr. Hans Stumpfeldt, dass er sich trotz angetretenen Ruhestandes bereit erklärt hat, das Zweitgutachten zu übernehmen. Außerdem bedanke ich mich bei Dr. Mar- tin Hanke für die Recherchehilfen, bei Christine Schönfeld für ihre Freude am Rätseln, bei Dr. Wilhelm Schernus für die Anmerkungen zum erzähltheoretischen Teil dieser Arbeit und natürlich bei Malte Schönfeld für die Farbe im großen Bild. Ein besonderer Dank ge- bührt meinen Eltern, auch für die großartige Unterstützung während meines gesamten Stu- diums. 3 Wallace Stevens: Collected Poetry and Prose. New York 1997, S. 296-302. I Einleitung 6 I EINLEITUNG 1 Forschung 1.1 Zum Autor und der Entstehung des Werkes Der Traum der Roten Kammer (Honglou meng 紅樓夢), auch bekannt unter dem Namen Die Geschichte des Steins (Shitou ji 石頭記), wird als einer der bedeutendsten traditionel- len chinesischen Romane angesehen. Er gilt als der Roman, der die ganze Breite der im China der späten Kaiserzeit vorhandenen Möglichkeiten, Erzählliteratur zu gestalten, zu- sammenfasst. Er wird mitunter als „Spiegelpunkt“ begriffen, der die Vielfalt des bisher Entstandenen bündelt, kondensiert und in eine bis dahin unbekannte Verfeinerung über- führt, der Höhepunkt und Ende einer Tradition markiert.4 Begonnen und im Wesentlichen ausgearbeitet von Cao Xueqin 曹雪芹 (ca. 1715– ca. 1763), erschien der Roman in seiner kompletten Form mit 120 Kapiteln zuerst im Jahre 1792, herausgegeben, überarbeitet und ergänzt von Gao E 高鶚 (ca. 1740– ca. 1815) und Cheng Weiyuan 程偉元 (ca. 1742– ca. 1818). Cao Xueqin, mit dem Großjährigkeitsnamen Cao Zhan 曹霑, stammte aus einer bis in die erste Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts mächtigen chinesischen Familie, die eng mit den herr- schenden Mandschu verbündet war. In der Folge interner Machtkämpfe während des Re- gierungswechsels vom Kangxi- zum Yongzheng-Kaiser (1722/1723) verlor die Familie allerdings ihre einflussreiche Position und auch den Großteil ihres Besitzes. Cao begann vermutlich nach 1740 mit der Arbeit an dem Roman, und es ist nicht vollständig geklärt, ob er ihn bis zu seinem Tod beenden konnte. Zu seinen Lebzeiten war der auf 100 oder 120 Kapitel angelegte Text nur als
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