October 9, 2002 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H7375 CONFERENCE TOTAL—WITH they did not have the long lens of his- Ironically, a number of family mem- COMPARISONS tory to guide them. These bold men bers who lost loved ones last Sep- The total new budget (obligational) au- adopted the radical idea of independ- tember have come to Capitol Hill and thority for the fiscal year 2003 recommended ence based upon deeply-held convic- have questioned the inability of our in- by the Committee of Conference, with com- tions and beliefs that bloodshed, telligence agencies to foresee those at- parisons to the fiscal year 2002 amount, the though unwanted, was a probable tacks prior to September 11. Why did 2003 budget estimates, and the House and Senate bills for 2003 follows: course. Indeed, when the document de- we not act upon those threads of infor- claring independence was executed in mation, they ask plaintively? Why did [In thousands of dollars] August of that year, 30,000 British and we not prevent the horrific attacks of New budget (obligational) authority, fiscal year Hessian troops were assembled at Stat- that crisp, clear morning? 2002 ...... $10,604,400 en Island, New York, a 3 days’ journey Mr. Speaker, let us not allow that Budget estimates of new from Philadelphia. tragic history to be repeated. We have (obligational) authority, At first blush, those of you reminded a moral responsibility to defend our fiscal year 2003 ...... 9,664,04 of this narrative would quickly make Nation from harm. This conflict has House bill, fiscal year 2003 10,083,000 the distinction that those Philadelphia been brought to us, and we have pro- Senate bill, fiscal year 2003 10,622,000 delegates and the colonists they rep- voked it only by being free. We must Conference agreement, fis- resented were in imminent peril, and move forward decisively, confident in cal year 2003 ...... 10,499,000 Conference agreement we are not. Is that in fact the case the knowledge that our voices, which compared with: after September 11? America’s enemies cry out so desperately for a lasting New budget today do not dispatch columns of in- peace, have been and will be heard by (obligational) author- fantrymen ‘‘across the green’’ or bat- the rest of the world. ity, fiscal year 2002 ...... ¥105,400 tleships upon the high seas. Instead, we Mr. PAYNE. Mr. Speaker, I yield 5 Budget estimates of new face a deadlier threat in chemical and minutes to my good friend, the gen- (obligational) author- biological weapons willing to be dis- tleman from Arizona (Mr. PASTOR), a ity, fiscal year 2003 ...... +834,959 member of the House Committee on House bill, fiscal year persed by an army of anonymous kill- 2003 ...... +416,000 ers. This 107th Congress, as our fore- Appropriations, a top member of the Senate bill, fiscal year fathers before, must face this difficult Committee on Energy and Water and 2003 ...... ¥123,000 issue without the benefit of history’s on the Committee on Standards of Offi- clarity. cial Conduct. DAVID L. HOBSON, (Mr. PASTOR asked and was given JAMES T. WALSH, I have been contacted by a number of DAN MILLER, Missourians with wide-ranging opin- permission to revise and extend his re- ROBERT ADERHOLT, ions, and some have proclaimed, ‘‘Let marks.) KAY GRANGER, us not wage war with Iraq.’’ Would that Mr. PASTOR. Mr. Speaker, I am VIRGIL H. GOODE, Jr., I could will it so, possessing the knowl- committed to the war against ter- JOE SKEEN, edge as I do of the threat Iraq poses. rorism and believe that stopping Sad- DAVID VITTER, Would that Saddam Hussein lay down dam Hussein from developing weapons C.W. BILL YOUNG, his arms, those weapons designed to of mass destruction is a necessary part JOHN W. OLVER, of that effort. But at this time, how- CHET EDWARDS, commit mass murder against the de- SAM FARR, fenseless. ever, I believe it is premature to au- ALLEN BOYD, Now, time does not permit me to thorize a unilateral attack on Iraq. NORMAN D. DICKS, make my case, but there has been a lot Working with the international com- DAVID R. OBEY, of discussion about the case that has munity is the surest means of address- Managers on the Part of the House. been made, and I am convinced that ing this threat effectively, sharing DIANNE FEINSTEIN, Iraq continues to possess and manufac- costs and resources and ensuring sta- DANIEL K. INOUYE, ture weapons of mass destruction in de- bility in Iraq and throughout the Mid- TIM JOHNSON, fiance of 12 years of Security Council dle East in the event of a regime MARY L. LANDRIEU, resolutions. change. While the President has spoken HARRY REID, My colleague, the gentlewoman from of the value of a coalition effort, the ROBERT C. BYRD, California (Ms. LOFGREN), a good resolution before the House today un- KAY BAILEY HUTCHISON friend, a moment ago said there is no dermines the importance of our allies CONRAD BURNS, definitive link between Iraq and the at- and of maintaining the momentum of LARRY CRAIG, MIKE DEWINE, tacks of September 11, 2001; and I ac- international cooperation in the wider TED STEVENS, knowledge that. However, our United war on terrorism. Managers on the Part of the Senate. States intelligence services have de- I support the Spratt amendment to f tected that Saddam’s regime has begun this resolution. This amendment would efforts to reach out to terrorist groups authorize the use of U.S. forces in sup- FURTHER CONSIDERATION OF H. with global reach. port of a new U.N. Security Council RES. 114, AUTHORIZATION FOR I acknowledge that Saddam Hussein’s resolution mandating the elimination, USE OF MILITARY FORCE regime is largely secular and has often by force, if necessary, of all Iraqi weap- AGAINST IRAQ RESOLUTION OF clashed with fanatical religious fun- ons of mass destruction and means of 2002 damentalist groups. However, I am producing such weapons. Should the Mr. CANTOR. Mr. Speaker, I yield 3 mindful of a disquieting adage, the Security Council fail to produce such a minutes to the distinguished gen- enemy of my enemy is my friend. resolution, the amendment calls on the tleman from Missouri (Mr. HULSHOF). The resolution I support today sug- President then to seek authorization (Mr. HULSHOF asked and was given gests a variety of means to disarm Iraq for unilateral military action. In this permission to revise and extend his re- without immediately resorting to the way, the amendment emphasizes our marks.) end of open warfare. It is imperative preference for a peaceful solution and Mr. HULSHOF. Mr. Speaker, ‘‘When that the United Nations take strong coalition support, while recognizing in the course of human events it be- action to implement a comprehensive that military force and unilateral ac- comes necessary for the people to dis- and unfettered regime of weapons in- tion may be appropriate at some point. solve the political bonds which have spections. It is deeply troubling to me, We should not rush into war without connected them with another, a decent however, that the only thing that the support of our allies. We should not respect to the opinions of mankind re- seems to compel Saddam Hussein into send American troops into combat be- quires that they should declare the compliance is the threat of military fore making a full-faith effort to put causes which impel them.’’ force. Certainly many questions re- U.N. inspectors back into Iraq under a When the delegates to the Second main. However, the risks of inaction more forceful resolution. We should not Continental Congress began to debate are greater, in my mind, than the risks turn to a policy of preemptive attack, those immortal words in July of 1776, of action. which we have so long and so rightly

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:40 Sep 21, 2011 Jkt 099200 PO 00000 Frm 00071 Fmt 4634 Sfmt 0634 E:\ERIC\H09OC2.REC H09OC2 mmaher on DSKFW6RHC1PROD with $$_JOB H7376 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE October 9, 2002 condemned, without first providing a justifies the President to act in the in- supply terrorists with nuclear weapons. limited-time option for peaceful resolu- terests of our national security. This We simply cannot ignore our responsi- tion of the threat. resolution gives the President the nec- bility to protect our country, democ- America has long stood behind the essary authority to deal with this racy, and our lone democratic ally in principles of exhausting diplomacy be- threat. the Middle East, the State of Israel. fore resorting to war; and, at times Mr. SHERMAN. Mr. Speaker, I yield Mr. Speaker, again, I hold out my like this, we must lead by example. myself 2 minutes. hope for peace; but to rely upon a dic- Mr. CANTOR. Mr. Speaker, I yield 2 Mr. Speaker, the resolution that will tatorial madman with little respect for minutes to the distinguished gen- come before us for final passage has al- the life of even his own people, let tleman from Missouri (Mr. GRAVES). ready been written at the White House. alone American life, to bring about a Mr. GRAVES. Mr. Speaker, I thank I very much wish that it had a dif- peaceful resolution to this crisis would the gentleman for yielding me time. ferent phraseology, but that is not the be foolhardy. It is for that reason I Mr. Speaker, I rise in support of choice of individual Members. The only strongly believe that we must House Joint Resolution 114, authoriza- question that will come before us that strengthen the President’s hand. With tion of use of force against Iraq. we can influence as individual Mem- a hopeful heart, but realistic concern After the attacks of September 11, bers is by what margin does that reso- over this threat, I will cast my vote in Congress reaffirmed our commitment lution pass. Does it get 325 votes, or support of this resolution as a last to keep the American people safe from 375, or somewhere in between? chance for peace. international threats. That commit- Mr. PAYNE. Mr. Speaker, I yield 6 b 1645 ment faces its first true test as we de- minutes to the gentlewoman from Cali- bate this resolution. Saddam Hussein does not fully under- fornia (Ms. WATSON), a member of the We are faced with clear evidence of a stand our political process. He sees a Committee on International Relations threat against the security of the nation in the throws of an election and former ambassador to Micronesia. American people. We have several op- where we speak quite harshly to each Ms. WATSON of California. Mr. tions to deal with this threat. This res- other on domestic issues, and we will Speaker, I stand to oppose H.J. Res. olution will provide all necessary op- be doing more of that in the coming 114, the authorization for military tions to the President for protecting weeks. There is no better way to assure force against Iraq. the security interests of the American that Saddam capitulates on the issue Mr. Speaker, I have attended numer- people. of inspectors, no better way to assure ous administrative hearings on Iraq By giving the President the needed that this war does not have to be where not one bit of new evidence was flexibility, Iraq and the rest of the fought, no better way to assure a offered to demonstrate that presently world will know that we are prepared peaceful resolution of this conflict Saddam Hussein is more of a menace to enforce our demands for disar- than for us to pass this resolution by than that proven diabolical character, mament with the use of force. the largest possible margin and make Osama bin Laden. Why are we not still By giving the President this flexi- sure that Saddam understands that focusing our attention on him? I re- bility, the American people can be America is united and capitulation on member so well the declaration made fully defended from the threat Iraq the issue of inspectors is the only ra- by the President: ‘‘Wanted, dead or poses to our national security. tional course and the only course that alive.’’ We have painfully experienced It is clear that Saddam Hussein con- will assure his own personal safety. his capacity to wreak havoc on thou- stitutes a grave threat to the security Mr. CANTOR. Mr. Speaker, I yield 2 sands of our people from thousands of of the United States through his mo- minutes to the distinguished gen- miles from his own perch. And now, he tives, history, technological capabili- tleman from Florida (Mr. SHAW). appears to be an afterthought. ties and his support for international Mr. SHAW. Mr. Speaker, I thank the We have given Saddam Hussein the terrorism. Saddam Hussein is a ruth- gentleman for yielding me this time. power to force the greatest country on less dictator who has sworn eternal I rise in strong support of this most Earth to abandon its domestic agenda, hostility to the United States. There is balanced resolution. Like most of my to potentially violate the U.N. charter, evidence that this same dictator has fi- colleagues who support the President and possibly take unilateral and pre- nanced and supported international in this important matter, I am not vot- emptive action before exhausting all terrorism, including harboring mem- ing for this resolution because I have diplomatic efforts. I am not convinced bers of al Qaeda. Despite agreeing to any wish to speed to war; I am voting that Saddam Hussein warrants the fully disarm by ridding itself of weap- for this resolution because I hold out daily headlines and the extraordinary ons of mass destruction, Iraq has hope for peace, a peace that can still amount of time and resources given to worked to actually enhance its weap- come, but only if the United Nations him. We are equating his power with ons program, increasing its stockpiles will apply decisive pressure to Iraq to ours and, in some ways, ascribing it to of biological and chemical weapons and open itself to unconditional, unfettered be beyond our ability to detect. working to build nuclear weapons. weapons inspection. While we are monitoring his every Saddam Hussein has used weapons of Unfortunately, the last decade has move, I have no doubt that if he were mass destruction against his neighbors shown that without the use of force as to plan an attack on the United States and his own people. He has attempted a threat, Saddam Hussein will continue or on our allies, we would be able to assassinations of foreign leaders, in- to stonewall and ignore every resolu- stop him in his tracks. But what we cluding an American president. tion issued by the United Nations, all cannot do is to provide the proof of Alone, these facts are very troubling. the while amassing weapons of terror. Osama bin Laden’s whereabouts or Together, they present a clear and The resolution before us today does not whether he is dead or alive, or who present danger to the national security send us to war, but it does provide a spread anthrax and, currently, right of the United States. Saddam Hussein powerful incentive for Hussein to fi- here in this country, who is killing in- has the motive, has the capabilities nally comply with the dictates of the nocent Americans in a close radius of and the absence of humanity that is all United Nations. With the threat of the White House. But our focus re- too clear. Ignoring this evidence would force, the United Nations and Presi- mains thousands of miles away on a be abandoning our duty to the security dent Bush will be able to negotiate villain who cowardly goes after the of the American people. from a position of strength. weakest. It is beneath us to choose war Now we are faced with this question: Nobody, no legislator, Republican or over diplomacy, and not only carry a How do we deal with this threat? The Democrat, takes this responsibility of big stick, but beat our perceived enemy answer is to leave all options at the sending our children off to war lightly, over the head with it. President’s disposal on the table, in- but nor can we stand by as Saddam The United Nations is being dimin- cluding military options. Like every- Hussein and his regime continue to ished with our rhetoric of the last few one in this Chamber, I sincerely hope work to amass stockpiles of the world’s weeks. As a charter member, we are and pray it will never come to that. most deadly weapons. My deepest fears not giving it credit for trying to uphold Nevertheless, I believe the evidence lay in the thought that he could soon the principle of sovereign equality of

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I came in to my congres- a new, tougher weapons inspection resolution or the use of force against the terri- sional office building, and I was in- which would allow the U.N. inspectors unfet- torial integrity or political independ- formed that a plane had just struck the tered access to all sights in Iraq, including the ence of any State. Pentagon. We left our offices, we went presidential palaces. If it is implemented suc- Chapter VI of the charter empowers to a place, we tried to call our families, cessfully, the resolution would serve to disarm the Security Council to investigate any the communications systems were Iraq and would not require an armed con- disputes and to recommend appropriate jammed. It took 3 hours until I could frontation. However, as President Bush has procedures for the settlement of the finally talk to my wife and I have five noted, the track record of Iraq’s compliance dispute. If the dispute is not resolved, sons, and I began talking to each of my with U.N. resolutions is abysmal, and this time it is then referred to the Security boys. I got to my second son, Ross, and we must give him the tools necessary to en- Council for action. Under Chapter VII, he was crying, and he asked me, Daddy, sure that Iraq is truly disarmed. the U.N. Security Council shall deter- are we safe? In addition, I believe that before we use mili- mine the existence of threats to peace. In my lifetime, I never asked that tary force against Iraq that the administration Article 46 provides that plans for the question. I never asked that question, should work to reassemble the coalition that application of armed force shall be Are we safe, of my mother and daddy, was so successful during the Gulf War or like made by the Security Council. The of my father, because the generations the one we developed to combat terrorism. U.N. charter does not provide for pre- that went before us gave us the bless- While we could defeat Iraq without a coalition, emptive or first-strike options of mem- ings of liberty. They protected and de- policing and rebuilding Iraq will take years, ber states against a perceived threat. fended our safety and security when a and we will need allies to undertake this long Too little in this House has been threat, a challenge emerged; when we and difficult task. made of peace. When will we mature to were at risk, they answered the call. So Those of us in this chamber who have worn a point when we will find noncom- many times in our Nation’s history, we the military uniform of this great country, un- bative ways to settle our differences? have had the strong voices that have derstand the ravages and consequences of When are we ready to use our higher given us warnings and called us to ac- war, and do not take this vote lightly. All diplo- selves to find ways to be nonviolent? tion, and so many times we did not lis- matic options should be exhausted before the To effect a regime change, we are ten. Winston Churchill called on the use of military force, but I believe the option threatening an invasion of a territorial world to look and to act at the threat of force must be available to the President as foe to enhance our own security; but that Hitler posed, and the world did a last resort. Giving the authority to use force such an invasion will, in fact, degrade not listen; and because of that, more does not mean war, it only gives our com- and diminish us. death and more destruction and world mander-in-chief the maximum flexibility to pro- This resolution offers only the inces- war came. tect our nation. sant drumbeat of war. During the Viet- Today, we have an opportunity, If it comes to war, many of our nation’s sons nam War, it was often said that ever backed by a clear and convincing and daughters will be put in harms way in every time we kill a Viet Cong guer- threat, and backed by a leader of char- order to protect our freedoms from Saddam rilla, we create two more. Our invasion acter, to hear the warnings, to know Hussein’s reign of terror and to keep him from of Iraq will be watched by millions of that nuclear capability is around the acquiring nuclear weapons and the means of Muslim men and women. Many govern- corner in the hands of a dictator, in the delivering them to the United States. I would ments around the world will become hands of a tyrant; and he could use it, never send our young men and women into less cooperative in helping us track and the death and the destruction that combat unless it was absolutely necessary; down terrorist operatives in their it could cause would be devastating. It and unless Iraq allows weapons inspectors countries. Hundreds, if not thousands, would be overwhelming. But if we act into the country with unfettered access it will of American men and women may per- now, we can stop it. We can prevent it. be necessary. Congress needs to give the ish in the streets of Baghdad. Our inva- We can preempt it. President the authority he needs to protect sion will engender a bottomless well of For those reasons, we have the moral America while encouraging the use of diplo- bitterness and resentment towards the obligation to act. I support the resolu- macy and negotiations to try and arrive at a United States that will haunt us for tion, and I urge my colleagues to do peaceful solution to this problem before turn- decades to come. We now have a choice the same. ing to military force and this is why I will vote to maintain the moral high ground or Mr. SHERMAN. Mr. Speaker, I yield to give him the ability to eliminate this threat sink to the depths of our tormentors. such time as he may consume to the to American security. History will record this moment. gentleman from Florida (Mr. BOYD). Mr. SHERMAN. Mr. Speaker, I yield MAKING IN ORDER AT ANY TIME CONSIDERATION (Mr. BOYD asked and was given per- 6 minutes to the gentleman from Wis- OF CONFERENCE REPORT ON H.R. 3295, HELP mission to revise and extend his re- consin (Mr. KIND), who has just arrived AMERICA VOTE ACT OF 2002 marks.) and is now available to convince the Mr. NEY. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani- Mr. BOYD. Mr. Speaker, I thank the entire House of Representatives. mous consent that it be in order at any gentleman for yielding me this time. I (Mr. KIND asked and was given per- time to consider the conference report rise in support of H.J. Res. 114. mission to revise and extend his re- to accompany H.R. 3295; that all points Mr. Speaker, I rise today in support of giving marks.) of order against the conference report the President the authority to go to war with Mr. KIND. Mr. Speaker, I thank the and against its consideration be Iraq if it becomes necessary. I came to this gentleman for yielding me this time. waived; and that the conference report difficult decision only after considering the We have before us today one of the be considered as read when called up. threat to our national security that allowing most important issues that a democ- The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. LIN- Saddam Hussein to acquire long range mis- racy must decide, whether to poten- DER). Is there objection to the request siles and nuclear weapons represents. While tially go to war against another na- of the gentleman from Ohio? we should continue to seek a diplomatic solu- tion. It is a vote of conscience, and I There was no objection. tion, inaction is not an option. I feel that we believe reasonable people can disagree Mr. CANTOR. Mr. Speaker, I yield 2 must give the president the option of using while looking at the same set of facts. minutes to the distinguished gen- force to remove this threat to our nation if di- 1700 tleman from Mississippi (Mr. PICK- plomacy does not work. b ERING). No one in the United States wants another September 11, however, has changed Mr. PICKERING. Mr. Speaker, today war with Iraq if it can be avoided. However, the psyche of our Nation forever. We I rise in support of the resolution be- we know that Iraq has chemical and biological witnessed in horror what a few suicidal fore us. weapons, and is frantically working to develop terrorists can accomplish in a low-tech

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:40 Sep 21, 2011 Jkt 099200 PO 00000 Frm 00073 Fmt 4634 Sfmt 0634 E:\ERIC\H09OC2.REC H09OC2 mmaher on DSKFW6RHC1PROD with $$_JOB H7378 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE October 9, 2002 operation, and now we shudder to vital reason why international support May God continue to bless these imagine what suicidal terrorists can is critical for our action in Iraq, for United States of America. accomplish if they gain access to high- what happens the day after. Mr. CANTOR. Mr. Speaker, I yield tech weapons of mass destruction. We have never been good at nation such time as he may consume to the I believe Saddam Hussein has biologi- building. We can accomplish military gentleman from New Hampshire (Mr. cal and chemical weapons of mass de- goals with little help, but our democ- BASS). struction and that he is aggressively racy does not have the experience or (Mr. BASS asked and was given per- seeking to develop nuclear capability. the sustainability for successful nation mission to revise and extend his re- But I also believe that he can be de- building. Therefore, we must approach marks.) terred because, as New York Times col- the aftermath of any conflict in the re- Mr. BASS. Mr. Speaker, I rise in umnist Thomas Friedman puts it, Sad- gion with the greatest degree of humil- strong support of House Joint Resolu- dam loves his life more than he hates ity. tion 114. us. In addition, I am concerned that the Mr. Speaker, I appreciate the opportunity to It is, however, irrefutable that Sad- administration is developing a blind address the House today in support of the res- dam is in blatant violation of numer- spot. They are becoming overly intoxi- olution before us. The decision to allow our ous U.N. resolutions that call for his cated with the use of our military military to use force against Iraq will be one of disarmament of these weapons. Now power. I am glad that we have the the most important votes we cast in this Con- the question becomes: How do we en- world’s most powerful military; but gress, but the responsible choice to support force these resolutions and accomplish this is not just a battle of military the resolution is clear. the universal goal of disarming his might, it is also a battle of values and Over the past few weeks, we have labored weapons of mass destruction? ideas in the region. Our message to the over the proper scope and limitations for this I have come to the conclusion that outside world needs to be better than: significant measure. The compromise lan- my two sons’ futures and the future of You are either for us or you are against guage has been drafted by key House and all our children across the globe will be us; and if you are against us, we are Senate leaders, and the President. made a little safer if Saddam disarms, going to kill you. This resolution is in the best interest of on his own or with our help; militarily, Instead, we need to send a message America’s national security. After a decade of if necessary. I pray that it is done through words and deeds that we are deceit and deception, in which we have per- peacefully. I pray that he blinks. interested in being good global citizens mitted a hostile dictator to repeatedly violate But I have also concluded that we are as well. Unfortunately, the every agreement we have in good faith put dealing with a person who will not do unilateralist message this administra- before him, the use of force has become a the right thing unless, literally, he has tion has sent from day one has now necessary option. I think I speak for all mem- a gun pointing at his head. Therefore, I come back to haunt us in our attempt bers of this Congress when I say that I hope support the resolution before us today. to secure support against Iraq: No to and pray that military force does not become But I also support the Spratt amend- the global climate treaty, no to the bi- required; however, we must prepare for all ment, because how we accomplish our ological treaty, no to the land mines possible outcomes. goals and with whom can make all the treaty, no to the ABM treaty, no to an This resolution protects the Congress’ ability difference. We need to do this with the international crimes tribunal. If the to remain fully involved in future decisions and help and the support of the inter- rest of the world does not like it, that actions in Iraq. It provides the resources for national community. I believe that it is just tough. the United States to act ion the best interest Instead, the world needs to hear from would be disastrous if we try to accom- of our national security, while remaining com- us that we are concerned about our plish disarmament through unilateral mitted to generating support for a multilateral global environment; we are concerned military action. coalition. about their economic progress; we are The process we take will determine I support our President and commend his concerned that 2 billion people must whether the rest of the world views us efforts to ensure that the citizen’s of American survive on just $1 a day; that 1.5 billion as a beacon or as a bully. We could re- do not live in fear of another tragic terrorist at- people, most of them children, cannot main a beacon of hope and optimism as even get a clean glass of water; and tack or of harm from rogue nations. With pas- the leader of the free world, promoting that we want to help eradicate the sage of this resolution, we will provide our economic progress for all, respecting scourge of AIDS. Commander in Chief with the resources nec- human rights, and ensuring democratic Furthermore, the world needs to hear essary to carry out his greatest task of all— values such as freedom, political plu- that we are truly interested in being providing for the continued safety of our citi- ralism, religious tolerance, free speech, honest brokers in finding a peaceful so- zens. and respect for the rule of law; or we lution to the conflict in the Middle This resolution to authorizer military action could be viewed as the superpower East. We need to recognize that the against Iraq is one that has been seriously de- bully, imposing our military power real battleground for peace throughout liberated by the President, his policy makers, whenever we want and wherever we the world ultimately lies in education. and this Congress. want. We cannot just keep looking at the Mr. CANTOR. Mr. Speaker, I yield 4 I give the President the benefit of the Arab world as a great gas station, in- minutes to the distinguished gen- doubt when he now says that the use of different to what happens inside their tleman from Ohio (Mr. BOEHNER), the military force will be a last resort, not countries, because the gas now is leak- chairman of the Committee on Edu- a first option; that regime change can ing, and there are people starting to cation and the Workforce. also mean attitude change of throw matches around. Mr. BOEHNER. Mr. Speaker, ‘‘does Saddam’s; and that we will work hard If we have learned anything from this body have the will and resolve to to gather international support for dis- September 11, it is that if we do not commit this Nation to a future of arming him before military action is visit and help in a bad neighborhood, peace, or will we leave for our children taken. that bad neighborhood can come and an inheritance of uncertainty and That is what the administration visit us. world instability? I do not want to see should have been saying from day one, So for the sake of our young military our Nation at war, and I pray that this and it is now reflected in the new reso- troops, for the sake of the Iraqi people, crisis will be resolved peacefully. But I lution before us today. and for the sake of our Nation as it is cannot in good conscience deny to the We need to do this the right way be- perceived by the rest of the world in President of the United States every cause U.N. engagement and inter- the 21st century, I pray that we can ac- power and tool that he is entitled to in national support is essential. I sub- complish Saddam’s disarmament his efforts to resolve this crisis.’’ scribe to the Thomas Friedman ‘‘crys- peacefully and, if not, then with inter- Mr. Speaker, I spoke these words tal store’’ theory of U.S. foreign policy: national support. right here in this very spot on the floor If you break it, you own it. If we break But today we need to give the Presi- of the House of Representatives during Iraq, we will have the responsibility to dent this tool in his diplomatic arse- my first speech as a Member of this rebuild it, just as we need to rebuild nal, and also pray that he uses it wise- body. One day later, on January 12, Afghanistan today. This is another ly. 1991, I cast my first vote, one to give

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Mr. Speaker, I yield 3 have the weapons to do so, we need to again would be faced with the chal- minutes to the distinguished gen- eliminate their capacity to do so. lenge of dealing with Saddam Hussein’s tleman from Indiana (Mr. SOUDER). If this leader and nation have already outlaw regime. But here we are in 2002, (Mr. SOUDER asked and was given demonstrated, as Saddam Hussein has, and Saddam is once again at the heart permission to revise and extend his re- a willingness to use such weapons of of our national security concerns. marks.) mass destruction to terrorize, like The September 11 terrorist attacks Mr. SOUDER. Mr. Speaker, today the Iraq, alone in the world in dem- have changed this Nation forever. Committee on Government Reform and onstrating such willingness, then the Those tragic events increased our ap- Oversight unanimously approved the need to act becomes urgent. preciation of our vulnerability to ter- report of the Subcommittee on Crimi- The American people do not want to rorist attacks, particularly from weap- nal Justice, Drug Policy, and Human burn while the politicians fiddle. We ons of mass destruction. Saddam Hus- Resources titled ‘‘Federal Law Enforce- need to strengthen our borders. We sein has actively developed a deadly bi- ment at the Borders and Ports of need to monitor suspected terrorists ological and chemical weapons pro- Entry,’’ the most comprehensive report and arrest those who become active. gram, and he is actively pursuing the ever on our Nation’s border security. We need to take out the capacity of development of nuclear weapons. We As chairman of this subcommittee, I those bent on terrorizing our Nation. cannot ignore this reality. would like to discuss some of the find- If we implement all of these strate- What has changed since the last time ings and how I feel they impact the de- gies, we have a chance of success. Par- I voted to use our Armed Forces bate on the resolution regarding Iraq tial, timid strategies against people against Iraq has not been a new identi- that is before us. bent upon killing Americans will not fication of our enemy, but the reassess- There are 130 official ports of entry save lives. They will cost lives. ment of our national security risk. The on the northern border at which it is Mr. CANTOR. Mr. Speaker, I yield 3 last 11 years have proven that attempt- legal to cross, whether by vehicle or minutes to the distinguished gen- ing to contain Saddam through an inef- foot. There are an additional over 300 tleman from Tennessee (Mr. JENKINS). Mr. JENKINS. Mr. Speaker, I rise in fective weapons inspection regime does unofficial crossing areas along the not alter his intentions nor force him support of this resolution. northern border, roads which are The preamble of this resolution sets to disarm. We must resolve to stand unmonitored and allow for individuals firm against Hussein’s regime to guar- out in detailed chronological order the or groups to cross undetected. obligations that were imposed upon antee security for Americans and the Near Blaine, Washington, the only and accepted by the regime of Saddam international community and justice barrier is a narrow ditch easily stepped Hussein as the result of a United Na- for the Iraqi people. over and containing no water between I commend President Bush for his tions-sponsored ceasefire in 1991. They two roads. In northwest North Dakota, consistent consultation with the inter- were clear obligations for Saddam Hus- it is even easier: It is flat for miles, and national community and with the con- sein to end his nuclear, biological, and there is no ditch. As for the southern gressional leadership on both sides as chemical weapons programs and the border, it is not exactly known as im- he develops a strategy for confronting means to deliver them and to end his penetrable. If we cannot stop tens of this grave threat. The resolution before support for international terrorism. I thousands of illegal immigrants, it us today is a result of those consulta- have heard no one deny the existence does not breed a lot of confidence that tions, and its passage is the United of these obligations. I have heard no we can stop all terrorists. States government’s opportunity to credible denial of their breach. Our subcommittee has also begun to speak with one voice in its efforts to Since our country has been attacked study port security. The challenges in protect American interests at home by terrorists and we continue to be our largest harbors, Long Beach and and abroad. threatened, at least in part, due to the We cannot expect the United Nations Los Angeles, are overwhelming. But by breach of these obligations, it becomes Security Council to take action to pro- the time a nuclear device has slipped the duty of the President and this Con- tect not only our interests but the in- into L.A., we are already in deep trou- gress to chart a course of action that terests of the international community ble. Preclearance at point of origin, or will protect our country and all its without sending it a strong signal of at a point prior to coming into the citizens. This resolution in my opinion our own resolve. U.S., is a probable method to reduce charts such a course. Looking back on the vote that this risk; but shipments could have chem- House cast to authorize force back in ical, biological, or nuclear weapons b 1715 1991, I can recall how somber my col- added en route at the receiving harbor It provides that the President is au- leagues and I were as we contemplated or in transit to the next shipping point. thorized to use the Armed Forces as he the consequences of our actions. I have not even discussed airport se- deems necessary and appropriate to de- Today, I sense a similar mood in the curity. fend the national security of the House. Whenever Congress votes to au- The point of my comments is this: If United States, and, secondly, to en- thorize the use of the greatest Armed those opposed to this resolution some- force all relevant United Nations Secu- Forces in the world, it is destined to be how think we are going to stop terror- rity Council resolutions regarding Iraq. one of the most serious and difficult ists from crossing our borders, that by In the final analysis, it boils down to votes ever cast by our Members. It is itself is an incredibly high-risk strat- a matter of judgment, whether we not a decision we relish, but it is one egy doomed to probable failure. As should vote ‘‘yes’’ or ‘‘no.’’ My judg- that we must make. chemicals come across in different ment is unless I vote ‘‘yes,’’ I have I pray and hope that the need to use forms or nuclear weapons in parts, failed to meet the obligation that I military force to disarm Hussein’s re- even with dramatically improved secu- have to the more than 630,000 men, gime is not imminent. However, I stand rity we will not catch it all. women and children who constitute the ready to support such an action should We need a multifaceted approach. We First Congressional District of Ten- the President deem it necessary. need a vastly improved intelligence nessee who are at risk today because of The famous legislator and philoso- collection and information-sharing. the failures of Saddam Hussein. pher, Sir Edmond Burke from England, That is obvious to everyone. We are Is there any question in anybody’s once said, ‘‘All that is needed for evil working to improve border security, mind what the votes of any of those to exist is for good men to do nothing.’’ port security, and airport security. But brave leaders who founded or helped I also recall the words of our great when we can see the chemical and bio- perpetuate our Nation would be? Lead- President Ronald Reagan when he said logical facilities that have manufac- ers like President Washington, Presi- ‘‘If not now, when? If not us, who?’’ tured, can manufacture, and probably dent Lincoln, President Truman, or

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:40 Sep 21, 2011 Jkt 099200 PO 00000 Frm 00075 Fmt 4634 Sfmt 0634 E:\ERIC\H09OC2.REC H09OC2 mmaher on DSKFW6RHC1PROD with $$_JOB H7380 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE October 9, 2002 President Eisenhower, all who dem- must conclude these are the criteria adhere to the long-standing policies in onstrated during their time in office America will use to implement our new existence now. Those policies require the good judgment to chart and the unilateral strike policy. But is this re- international agreement on war and courage to complete a difficult course. action to Iraq’s threat comparable to peace, and they require war to be the Can we not agree all of us in this previous reactions to such threats? Is last alternative, not the first. Chamber that mankind would have it clear and precise? Who else violates As of today, the United States, and been spared terrible agony and death if this new policy and, therefore, who we know it, has not exhausted our the judgment of Winston Churchill had would be next to have our new policy peaceful options; and by tomorrow been heard and heeded and adopted as a implemented against them? when we vote on this, we will have set course of action in the 1930’s? Let us start with Iran. They have America and the world on a new course The eyes of all our great leaders of weapons of mass destruction. Iran has that has not yet been fully thought out the past and the eyes of all who have certainly supported terrorists and does or debated. We owe it to ourselves and laid down their lives for our freedom so today. In fact, many people believe to our children to go slow. are upon us today to see if we are prop- that this country, Iran, now is home to Others have cited history as well. Let er stewards of the freedom and the op- more al Qaeda members than any other me be clear, no one has forgotten Sep- portunities that they afforded us with country in the world. Finally, Iran has tember 11. Everyone wants to avoid an- their sacrifices. This decision is vital, a history of aggression and brutality other such incident. But no one has di- not only to the future of Americans, against its own people and its neigh- vine insight as how to best accomplish but to the future of the world commu- bors. When do we attack Iran? that goal. Let me ask those who have nity and to all who would throw off the What about China? They certainly cited World War II and to remind them yoke of tyranny and oppression and es- have very powerful weapons of mass de- that when Iraq did try to expand its cape the horrors of chemical, bacterio- struction, including nuclear weapons. borders, the world did react. This Con- logical, and nuclear warfare. They are the leading sellers of both gress reacted, unlike Europe in the If we are forced to action following weapons of mass destruction and, more 1930’s. The comparison is not valid. this resolution, and it is everybody’s importantly, the industrial means to If necessary there will be plenty of hope that we will not be, it will be easi- produce such weapons around the time to wage war against Iraq, and I er in proportion to our accord for those world. They have ignored all calls to may support it. But if an unnecessary who represent us on the battlefield. withdraw from Tibet or to treat Tibet- war is waged, we risk forfeiting Amer- Mr. Speaker, I urge passage. ans fairly. They brutalize the Falun ica’s well-deserved reputation as hu- Mr. BROWN of Ohio. Mr. Speaker, I Gong. They brutalize Christians. They manity’s best hope for a long-lasting yield 5 minutes to the gentleman from threaten Taiwan and the peace in of all worldwide peace. Massachusetts (Mr. CAPUANO). of Asia. When do we attack China? Mr. Speaker, I urge this Congress to Mr. CAPUANO. Mr. Speaker, I thank When do we attack the Sudan? When vote ‘‘no’’ on this resolution. the gentleman for yielding me time. do we attack North Korea? When do we Mr. CANTOR. Mr. Speaker, I yield 41⁄2 Mr. Speaker, over the last 6 weeks, attack Russia itself? minutes to the distinguished gen- the President has changed long-stand- Each of these countries meets all of tleman from Pennsylvania (Mr. ing policy that prohibits a unilateral the criteria the President is now using WELDON). American first strike and has argued to say we should attack Iraq unilater- (Mr. WELDON of Pennsylvania asked that his new policy should be imposed ally. and was given permission to revise and upon Iraq. Most Americans want Saddam Hus- extend his remarks.) President Bush, to his credit, has de- sein gone. So do I. Most Americans Mr. WELDON of Pennsylvania. Mr. cided to include Congress in this proc- want the United States to remain the Speaker, I rise in strong support of the ess and to seek international support strongest Nation in the world. So do I. resolution and want to focus on what for his positions, although he will not But most Americans also want the this debate is all about. wait for such support to enforce his United States of America to continue This debate is all about whether Sad- new policy. to be the world’s moral leader while we dam continued to build weapons of The process is important, but it is accomplish both of these goals. mass destruction after 1991 and would not the most important aspect of his President Bush’s unclear, imprecise he use them. Well, I think everyone is efforts. For me, the most important new policy in support of a unilateral in agreement in the second question, question in this entire matter is what force first strike does not do it. that he will use them because he has happens after Saddam Hussein is de- Not long ago another American stat- already done that. He has done it with throned. Forty years ago we amended ed, ‘‘Our purpose is peace. The United the Kurds. He has done it with his own our policies to state that America will States intends no rashness and seeks population a number of times. no longer allow long-range nuclear no wider war. We seek the full and ef- Let us talk about whether or not he weapons to be installed in our hemi- fective restoration of international has weapons of mass destruction and sphere, a precise policy that applied agreements.’’ This House reacted by how he got them. Mr. Speaker, I have only to Cuba at that time. voting, ‘‘The United States is prepared given no less than 12 speeches on the Twenty years ago we amended our as the President determines to take all floor of this House about the prolifera- policy to state that America will not necessary steps including the use of tion that occurred to Saddam Hussein allow foreign leaders to enrich them- armed forces.’’ in the 1990s. selves by using their governmental I am sure some of you recognize Mr. Speaker, I insert two documents structure to ship illegal drugs into these words from the 1963 Gulf of Ton- that I have inserted in the CONGRES- America. Again, a precise policy which kin Resolution that led to the Vietnam SIONAL RECORD five times in the past. applied only to Panama at the time. debacle. We all know the results of Mr. Speaker, these are chronologies Although the President has changed that resolution. We all know that this of weapons-related transfers of tech- some of his arguments, there do seem House had to repeal this resolution 6 nology to Saddam by Chinese interests to be three constant points that he years later. and Russian interests. uses. This resolution before us tonight [Los Angeles Times Editorials, May 21, 1998] Number one, Iraq has weapons of uses virtually the same language and INDIGNATION RINGS SHALLOW ON NUKE TESTS mass destruction. Number two, Iraq grants the President comparable au- (By Curt Weldon) has supported terrorists even if the thority to the Gulf of Tonkin resolu- Escalating tensions between India and link to al Qaeda cannot be proven. tion. But I think our actions here Pakistan should come as no surprise to the Number three, Iraq has a history of ag- today may actually prove to be more Clinton administration. Since the president gression and brutality against its own dangerous because we base them on a took office, there have been dozens of re- ported transfers of sensitive military tech- people and against its neighbors. We all new policy of unilateral first strike. At nology by Russia and China—in direct viola- agree on all of those points. They are a minimum, the President needs to re- tion of numerous international arms control not subject to debate. Based on con- fine his new policy before we imple- agreements—to a host of nations, including stant repetition of these factors, we ment. Until we do so, America must Pakistan and India.

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Date of transfer or report Reported transfer by China Possible violation Administration’s response

Nov. 1992 ...... M–11 missiles or related equipment to Pakistan (The Administra- MTCR—Arms Export Control Act, Export Administration Act ...... Sanctions imposed on Aug. 24, 1993, for transfers of M–11 re- tion did not officially confirm reports that M–11 missiles are lated equipment (not missiles); waived on Nov. 1, 1994. in Pakistan.). Mid-1994 to mid-1995 ...... Dozens or hundreds of missile guidance systems and computer- MTCR—Iran-Iraq Arms Nonproliferation Act, Arms Export Control No sanctions. ized machine tools to Iran. Act, Export Administration Act. 2nd quarter of 1995 ...... Parts for the M–11 missile to Pakistan ...... MTCR—Arms Export Control Act, Export Administration Act ...... No sanctions. Dec. 1994 to mid-1995 ...... 5,000 ring magnets for an unsafeguarded nuclear enrichment NPT—Export-Import Bank Act, Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Considered sanctions under the Export-Import Bank Act; but an- program in Pakistan. Act, Arms Export Control Act. nounced on May 10, 1996, that no sanctions would be im- posed. July 1995 ...... More than 30 M–11 missiles stored in crates at Sargodha Air MTCR—Arms Export Control Act, Export Administration Act ...... No sanctions. Force Base in Pakistan. Sept. 1995 ...... Calutron (electromagnetic isotope separation system) for uranium NPT—Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Act, Export-Import Bank No sanctions. enrichment to Iran. Act, Arms Export Control Act. 1995–1997 ...... C–802 anti-ship cruise missiles and C–801 air-launched cruise Iran-Iraq Arms Nonproliferation Act ...... No sanctions. missiles to Iran. before Feb. 1996 ...... Dual-use chemical precursors and equipment to Iran’s chemical Arms Export Control Act, Export Administration Act ...... Sanctions imposed on May 21, 1997. weapon program. summer 1996 ...... 400 tons of chemicals to Iran ...... Iran-Iraq Arms Nonproliferation Act,1 Arms Export Control Act, Ex- No sanctions. port Administration Act. Aug. 1996 ...... Plant to manufacture M–11 missiles or missile components in MTCR—Arms Export Control Act, Export Administration Act ...... No sanctions. Pakistan. Aug. 1996 ...... Gyroscopes, accelerometers, and test equipment for missile guid- MTCR—Iran-Iraq Arms Nonproliferation Act, Arms Export Control No sanctions. ance to Iran. Act, Export Administration Act. Sept. 1996 ...... Special industrial furnace and high-tech diagnostic equipment to NPT—Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Act, Export-Import Bank No sanctions. unsafeguarded nuclear facilities in Pakistan. Act, Arms Export Control Act. July-Dec. 1996 ...... Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) reported ‘‘tremendous vari- MTCR—Arms Export Control Act, Export Administration Act ...... No sanctions. ety’’ of technology and assistance for Pakistan’s ballistic mis- sile program. July-Dec. 1996 ...... DCI reported ‘‘tremendous variety’’ of assistance for Iran’s bal- MTCR—Iran-Iraq Arms Nonproliferation Act, Arms Export Control No sanctions. listic missile program. Act, Export Administration Act. July-Dec. 1996 ...... DCI reported principal supplies of nuclear equipment, material, NPT—Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Act, Export-Import Bank No sanctions. and technology for Pakistan’s nuclear weapon program. Act, Arms Export Administration Act. July-Dec. 1996 ...... DCI reported key supplies of technology for large nuclear projects NPT—Iran-Iraq Arms Nonproliferation Act, Nuclear Proliferation No sanctions. in Iran. Prevention Act, Export-Import Bank Act, Arms Export Adminis- tration Act. July-Dec. 1996 ...... DCI reported ‘‘considerable’’ chemical weapon-related transfers Iran-Iraq Arms Nonproliferation Act, Arms Export Control Act, Ex- No sanctions. of production equipment and technology to Iran. port Administration Act. Jan. 1997 ...... Dual-use biological items to Iran ...... BWC—Iran-Iraq Arms Nonproliferation Act, Arms Export Control No sanctions. Act, Export Administration Act. 1997 ...... Chemical precursors, production equipment, and production tech- Iran-Iraq Arms Nonproliferation Act, Arms Export Control Act, Ex- No sanctions. nology for Iran’s chemical weapon program, including a plant port Administration Act. for making glass-lined equipment. Sept. to Dec. 1997 ...... China Great Wall Industry Corp. provided telemetry equipment MTCR—Iran-Iraq Arms Nonproliferation Act, Arms Export Control No sanctions. used in flight-tests to Iran for its development of the Shahab- Act, Export Administration Act. 3 and Shahab-4 medium range ballistic missiles. Nov. 1997/April 1998 ...... May have transferred technology for Pakistan’s Ghauri medium- MTCR—Arms Export Control Act, Export Administration Act ...... No sanctions. range ballistic missile that was flight-tested on April 6, 1998. 1 Additional provisions on chemical, biological or nuclear weapons were not enacted until February 10, 1996. BWC: Biological Weapons Convention; MTCR: Missile Technology Control Regime; and NPT: Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.

CHRONOLOGY OF SUSPECTED RUSSIAN WEAPONS-RELATED TRANSFERS

Reported Russian transfers that may have violated a regime or Date of transfer or report law Possibly applicable treaties, regimes, and/or U.S. laws Administration’s response

early 1990s ...... Russians sold drawings of a sarin plant, manufacturing proce- AECA sec. 81, EAA sec. 11C ...... No publicly known sanction. dures, and toxic agents to a Japanese terrorist group. 1991 ...... Transferred to China three RD–120 rocket engines and electronic MTCR, AECA sec. 73, EAA sec. 11B ...... No publicly known sanction. equipment to improve accuracy of ballistic missiles. 1991–1995 ...... Transferred Cryogenic liquid oxygen/hydrogen rocket engines and MTCR, AECA sec. 73, EAA sec. 11B ...... Sanctions against Russia and India under AECA and EAA im- technology to India. posed on May 6, 1992; expired after 2 years. 1992–1995 ...... Russian transfers to Brazil of carbon-fiber technology for rocket MTCR, AECA sec. 73, EAA sec. 11B ...... Sanctions reportedly secretly imposed and waived. motor cases for space launch program. 1992–1996 ...... Russian armed forces delivered 24 Scud-B missiles and 8 MTCR, AECA sec. 73, EAA sec. 11B ...... No publicly known sanction. launchers to Armenia.

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Reported Russian transfers that may have violated a regime or Date of transfer or report law Possibly applicable treaties, regimes, and/or U.S. laws Administration’s response

June 1993 ...... Additional Russian enterprises involved in missile technology MTCR, AECA sec. 73, EAA sec. 11B ...... Sanctions imposed on June 16, 1993 and waived until July 15, transfers to India. 1993; no publicly known follow-up sanction. 1995-present ...... Construction of 1,000 megawatt nuclear reactor at Bushehr in IIANPA sec. 1604 and 1605, FOAA, NPPA sec. 821, FAA sec. 620G Refused to renew some civilian nuclear cooperation agreements; Iran. waived sanctions on aid. Aug. 1995 ...... Russian assistance to Iran to develop biological weapons ...... BWC, AECA sec. 81, EAA sec. 11C, IIANPA sec. 1604 and 1605, No publicly known sanction. FAA sec. 620G and 620H. Nov. 1995 ...... Russian citizen transferred to unnamed country technology for AECA sec. 81, EAA sec. 11C ...... Sanctions imposed on Nov. 17, 1995. making chemical weapons. Dec. 1995 ...... Russian gyroscopes from submarine launched ballistic missiles United Nations Sanctions, MTCR, AECA sec. 73, EAA sec. 11B, No publicly known sanction. smuggled to Iraq through middlemen. IIANPA sec. 1604 and 1605, FAA sec. 620G and 620H. July-Dec. 1996 ...... DCI reported Russia transferred to Iran ‘‘a variety’’ of items re- MTCR, AECA sec. 73, EAA sec. 11B, FAA sec. 620G and 620H, No publicly known sanction. lated to ballistic missiles. IIANPA sec. 1604 and 1605, FOAA. Nov. 1996 ...... Israel reported Russian assistance to Syria to build a chemical AECA sec. 81, EAA sec. 11C, FAA sec. 620G and 620H ...... No publicly known sanction. weapon plant. 1996–1997 ...... Delivered 3 Kilo diesel-electric submarines to Iran ...... IIANPA sec. 1604 and 1605, FAA sec. 620G and 620H ...... No publicly known sanction. Jan.-Feb. 1997 ...... Russia transferred detailed instructions to Iran on production of MTCR, AECA sec. 73, EAA sec. 11B, FAA sec. 620G and 620H, No publicly known sanction. the SS–4 medium-range missile and related parts. IIANPA sec. 1604 and 1605, FOAA. April 1997 ...... Sale of S–300 anti-aircraft/anti-missile missile system to Iran to IIANPA sec. 1604 and 1605, FAA sec. 620G and 620H ...... No publicly known sanction. protect nuclear reactors at Bushehr and other strategic sites. Oct. 1997 ...... Israeli intelligence reported Russian technology transfers for Ira- MTCR, AECA sec. 73, EAA sec. 11B, IIANPA sec. 1604 and 1605, No publicly known sanction. nian missiles developed with ranges between 1,300 and FAA sec. 620G and 620H, FOAA. 10,000 km. Transfers include engines and guidance systems. Regimes: BWC: Biological Weapons Convention; and MTCR: Missile Technology Control Regime. U.S. Laws: AECA: Arms Export Control Act; EAA: Export Administration Act; FAA: Foreign Assistance Act; FOAA: Foreign Operations Appropriations Act; IIANPA: Iran-Iraq Arms Non-Proliferation Act; and NPPA: Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Act.

Mr. Speaker, during the 1990s, I like the one I have in front of me that Mr. CANTOR. Mr. Speaker, I yield 2 would remind my colleagues, 37 times General Alexander Lebed told my dele- minutes to the distinguished gen- we had evidence of China and Russia gation in 1997 that they built? And the tleman from Kentucky (Mr. LEWIS). transferring weapon technology to previous administration when it be- Mr. LEWIS of Kentucky. Mr. Speak- Hussein. Every one of those should came public said, we deny the Russians er, I rise in support of the resolution. have required a response, should have ever built them. As I have listened to this thorough de- required sanctions. The previous ad- The previous administration sided bate and thought about the resolution ministration imposed sanctions a total with the Russian Ministry of Foreign we are about to vote on, it seems to me of four times out of 37. In nine of those Affairs and said we have no reason to the Persian Gulf War has never really cases, it was chemical and biological doubt them, even though two top Rus- ended. In 1991 Saddam Hussein agreed weapon technology, the very tech- sian leaders said there was reason to to a conditional surrender. He has not nology today that we are worried believe 80 of these devices were miss- met the conditions of his surrender. about. We saw it being transferred, and ing. Iraq is still fighting, and we need to re- we did nothing about it. In fact, only in The reason why we have to support spond. two of those nine cases did we impose the President is because the failures of I have heard some of my colleagues the required sanctions. our policies in the past decade have say that use of force against Iraq would Mr. Speaker, we have evidence which given Saddam Hussein biological and be a preemptive strike. I disagree. In I will submit in the RECORD also of chemical weapon capability, nuclear 1991 Saddam Hussein said Iraq would Iraq’s policy on their defense system weapon capability, missile capability, comply with all United Nations resolu- and offensive capabilities, both a 1984 none of which should have occurred tions. Iraq has not done so. Iraq agreed document and a 1987 document. In the during the 1990s if we would have en- to eliminate nuclear, chemical and bio- document Saddam’s military talks forced the very arms control agree- logical weapons programs. Today Iraq about the use of chemical and biologi- ments that the other side now talks still has weapons of mass destruction cal weapons. about. Thirty-seven times we had evi- In President Bush’s speech this past and the will to use them. dence, nine cases of chemical and bio- week he said, ‘‘All that might be re- Hussein agreed to allow unfettered logical weapons going from Russian quired of Saddam are a small container weapons inspection in this country. and China to Iraq. And what did we do? and one terrorist or Iraqi intelligence However, Iraq has done everything pos- We went like this and like that. And operative to deliver it.’’ sible to obstruct those inspections. Well, here it is. Mr. Speaker, this is now we are faced with the consequence. Iraq pledged to keep planes out of the a biological disbursing device. You can So what President Bush has said is no-fly zone. In the past few years, his build it for less than $100. If I would not we must stand up and we must show pilots have fired on U.S. and British offend the Parliamentarian, I would the world that we will not tolerate troops 1,600 times. They have shot at us turn it on and you would have a plume what went on in the 1990s. We will not 460 times this year alone. in this room. If you put that device in sit back and allow 37 violations to go Iraq continues to be a threat to the the Metro station subway in D.C. and unchecked. We will not pretend we do area. In 1993 Iraqi troops moved toward activate it, based on a study by the Of- not see them because we want to keep the Kuwaiti border. Iraqi planes con- fice of Technology Assessment, you Yeltsen in power. We will not pretend tinued to fly in the no-fly zone. When would have 150,000 people in the D.C. we do not want to see them because we Iraq banned U.N. inspections in 1998, commuter system killed by the disper- want to protect the financial interests President Clinton responded by launch- sion of 4.5 kilograms of anthrax. of the PLA for our fund-raising pur- ing missiles into the country. Just like we saw back in the 1990s poses. We should have done this during the when we had evidence that Russian en- b 1730 tities transferred these devices, a So- 1990s, but we did not. I say to my col- viet accelerometer and a Soviet gyro- leagues, support this resolution. Give Was that a preemptive strike? Along scope, which the previous administra- the President a unanimous voice that with the British, we dropped more than tion did nothing about, never imposed says to the U.N., we will act to finally 600 bombs on Iraqi military targets. We the required sanctions. Now we have to do what we did not do in the 1990s, and have continued strikes against Iraq air pay the price. that is enforce the requirements of the defense installations and in response to Does Saddam have chemical and bio- six resolutions that were passed back Iraq shots at our planes in the no-fly logical weapons? Absolutely. Where did then. zone. he get it from? He got it from those 37 And if my colleagues want to see Iraq must be held to the conditions it transfers that we knew about that are what a biological disbursement weapon agreed to. This Congress authorized ac- now in the record that we did nothing looks like, come see me. I will activate tion to bring Iraq into compliance in about. Does he have a nuclear weapon it for them in the cloak room. 1998. We must do so again. Until Iraq

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:40 Sep 21, 2011 Jkt 099200 PO 00000 Frm 00078 Fmt 4634 Sfmt 0634 E:\ERIC\H09OC2.REC H09OC2 mmaher on DSKFW6RHC1PROD with $$_JOB October 9, 2002 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H7383 complies with the terms of its condi- Mr. Speaker, our vote this week will be Mr. FORD. Mr. Speaker, I thank the tional surrender, there has been no sur- whether or not to authorize the President of gentleman for yielding me this time, render. The Persian Gulf War is ongo- the United States to use necessary and appro- and I join the gentleman from Cali- ing. priate force to defend the national security of fornia and associate myself with his re- Further, U.S. action against Iraq is the United States against the continuing threat marks. I would hope my friend, the not a preemptive strike, but is our re- posed by Iraq. I would like to emphatically gentleman from Pennsylvania (Mr. sponsibility to bring Saddam Hussein’s state that no decision weighs heavier on the WELDON), who I believe is right on this continued plotting of his international mind of a President, or a Member of Con- issue, would refrain from politicizing. obligations to an end. President Bush gress, than the decision to send our men and If there is blame to go around, there is wants the commitment that Congress women of the Armed Forces into action. certainly enough blame to go around stands with him in dealing with Iraq. And I want to thank the President for work- here in this town today, yesterday, and I urge that Congress stand with ing hard to make the case for possible—and even a few days ago. President Bush and support the resolu- I want my colleagues and the public to under- After careful consideration, Mr. tion to finally end the Gulf War once stand this—possible action against Iraq. The Speaker, I rise in support of this reso- and for all. President stated last night that he hopes mili- lution. This vote is the most important Mr. CANTOR. Mr. Speaker, I yield 2 tary action is not required. Iraq can avoid con- and difficult one I have cast since com- minutes to the distinguished gen- flict by adhering to the security resolutions re- ing to Congress some 6 years ago. I sin- tleman from Florida (Mr. STEARNS). quiring ‘‘declaring and destroying all of its cerely hope, as I imagine most of my (Mr. STEARNS asked and was given colleagues do, that we will never have permission to revise and extend his re- weapons of mass destruction, ending support for terrorism and ceasing the persecution of its to cast another one like it. marks.) I have listened carefully to the con- Mr. STEARNS. Mr. Speaker, I rise in civilian population. And, it must release or ac- cerns and objections of many of my support of the resolution, but we are count for all gulf war personnel, including an colleagues and constituents; and hav- engaged in debating the most difficult American pilot, whose fate is still unknown.’’ ing never served in the Armed Forces, decision that Members of Congress are To quote a recent article from the ‘‘Weekly I have sought the counsel of those who called upon to make. Standard’’: Notwithstanding that, Saddam Hus- There are, of course, many repugnant dic- have. I have reviewed the available in- sein is uniquely evil, the only ruler in tators in the world; a dozen or so in the Mid- telligence about the threat from Iraq power today, and the first one since dle East alone. But Saddam Hussein is a fig- and weighed the risk of a potential Hitler, to commit chemical genocide. I ure of singular repugnance, and singular dan- conflict with Iraq in the context of our ger. To review: There is no dictator in power ongoing war on terrorism; and I have believe there is reason for the long anywhere in the world who has, so far in his term to remove him from power. This reached the conclusion, as many have, career, invaded two neighboring countries; that the risk of inaction and delay far resolution is the first step. fired ballistic missiles at the civilians of two My colleagues, remember that Israel other neighboring countries; tried to have outweigh the risk of action. absorbed the world’s hatred and scorn assassinated an ex-president of the United Saddam Hussein has stockpiled for its attack on and destruction of States; harbored al-Qaida fugitives . . . at- chemical and biological weapons, as all Iraq’s Osirak nuclear reactor in 1981. tacked the soldiers of an enemy country have mentioned today, and is seeking Today it is accepted by most arms con- with chemical weapons; conducted biological the means to deliver them, if he does trol experts that had Israel not de- weapons experiments on human subjects; not already have the capacity now. He stroyed Osirak, Hussein’s Iraq would committee genocide; and there is, of course, is developing missile delivery systems the matter of the weaponized aflatoxin, a that could threaten American citizens, have had nuclear power by 1990, when tool of mass murder and nothing else. his forces pillaged their way through service members, and our own allies in Kuwait. And lastly, my colleagues, President Bush is the region. But in today’s world, a We can see on this chart all the reso- not alone in calling for a regime change. Con- sworn enemy of America does not need lutions that were passed and that Sad- gress made the need for regime change clear a missile to deliver weapons of mass dam Hussein did not comply with. In in 1998 with the passage of the Iraq Liberation destruction. All he needs is a suitcase, fact, there were 12 immediately after Act. The congress specifically stated ‘‘It should a small plane, a cargo ship, or a single the war; 35 after those 12. All together, be the policy of the United States to support suicidal terrorist. 47 resolutions, of which he scarcely efforts to remove the regime headed by Sad- The most compelling case for action, complied. dam Hussein from power in Iraq and to pro- however, Mr. Speaker, is the nuclear Now, let us take the resolution on mote the emergence of a democratic govern- threat. Let us be clear. We do not have this chart, which is 687, governing the ment to replace that regime.’’ In that legisla- the intelligence suggesting that an im- cease-fire in 1991. It required that Iraq tion we also called upon the United Nations to minent nuclear threat is upon us. I unconditionally accept the destruction, establish an international criminal tribunal to would urge Secretary Rumsfeld to removal or rendering harmless its prosecute Saddam Hussein and those in his cease suggesting to Americans that chemical and biological weapons. With- regime for crimes against humanity and crimi- there is some connection between Sad- in 15 days after the passage of the reso- nal violation of international law. dam Hussein and al Qaeda unless he lution, Iraq was to have provided the Mr. SHERMAN. Mr. Speaker, I yield has evidence to present to this Con- locations, the amounts, and types of myself 30 seconds to respond to the gress and to this public. those specified items. Over a decade comments made by the gentleman What we do have evidence of is that later, we still have little information from Pennsylvania (Mr. WELDON), who Saddam Hussein continues to desire to on that. pointed out that our actions against obtain a nuclear weapon. And we know That is why I applaud President Bush Saddam during the 1990s were not as that should he obtain the raw mate- for taking his case to the United Na- aggressive as they should have been. rials, which may be available to him in tions and placing the burden of action I would point out that we were also any number of ways, he could build a upon the organization to enforce its not aggressive until September 11 of nuclear bomb in less than a year. The own resolutions passed on Iraq. We owe the prior year. Both administrations Iraqi regime’s efforts to obtain nuclear diplomacy and peaceful opportunities failed to grasp the importance of Sad- weapons are coupled with the reckless- the due diligence necessary to rid this dam Hussein’s weapons program until ness of the Iraqi dictator. We know despotic regime of weapons of mass de- September 11 of last year. that Saddam is capable of murder and struction and terrorism sponsorship. I would also point out that when the untold cruelty. We know that Saddam However, if the U.S. is not credible in prior administration did take military is capable of aggression and also capa- alternatives for noncompliance, we will action against Saddam Hussein, it did ble of miscalculating his adversary’s again be at the crossroads asking the not receive the level of support and response to his aggression. same question: If not now, when? unified support that it should have. Weapons of mass destruction in the Let us move forward with this resolu- Mr. Speaker, I yield 51⁄2 minutes to hands of a cruel, reckless, and mis- tion, develop a consensus, and work to- the extremely distinguished and guided dictator pose a clear and gether with other nations to remove thoughtful gentleman from Tennessee present danger to our security. I could this evil dictator. (Mr. FORD). not vote to authorize military action

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:40 Sep 21, 2011 Jkt 099200 PO 00000 Frm 00079 Fmt 4634 Sfmt 0634 E:\ERIC\H09OC2.REC H09OC2 mmaher on DSKFW6RHC1PROD with $$_JOB H7384 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE October 9, 2002 abroad if I did not believe that Saddam War is the last outcome that I want, organizations, including the Palestine Hussein poses a growing threat to our and the last outcome I believe the Liberation Front, which is known for security, one that will not recede just President wants; but when America’s its attacks on Israel, including one on because we hope it goes away. That is national security is at stake, the world the Achille Lauro ship that killed the why I support giving the President the must know that we are prepared to de- United States citizen, Leon authority to achieve our fundamental fend our Nation from tyrants and from Klinghoffer. goal: disarming the Iraqi regime of all terrorists. With that, I ask every Mem- My colleagues, the time to act is weapons of mass destruction. ber of Congress to support this resolu- now. If we could just think for a As we consider this resolution, every tion supporting our President and sup- minute what the price of action is Member should read it carefully so we porting our Nation. versus inaction. Had Todd Beamer and do not mischaracterize what we are Mr. CANTOR. Mr. Speaker, I yield 3 the other passengers of Flight 93 elect- voting on here today. So what is this minutes to the distinguished gen- ed a course of inaction on September resolution for? First, it is a resolution tleman from Georgia (Mr. KINGSTON). 11, the price would have been signifi- stating Congress’ support for our diplo- Mr. KINGSTON. Mr. Speaker, I cantly different for particularly those matic efforts. This resolution must not thank the gentleman for yielding me of us in this building. This is a time be taken as an endorsement of this time, and I stand in support of that calls for action. And in the great unilateralism. It explicitly affirms Joint Resolution 114. words of Todd Beamer, let me close Congress’ support for the President’s Mr. Speaker, the way I see it is this with this: ‘‘Let’s roll.’’ efforts to work through the U.N. Secu- way. Let us just say, hypothetically, if It is time to do something. Let us rity Council to address Iraq’s ‘‘delay, it was August 2001, and I stood before pass this resolution. evasion and noncompliance.’’ It calls this House and said, listen, there is a Mr. Speaker, I rise in strong support of for prompt and decisive action by the guy out there named Osama bin Laden House Joint Resolution 114, Authorizing the U.N. Security Council to enforce its who is associated with a terrorist Use of Military Force Against Iraq. own mandates on Iraq. group named al Qaeda, and this ter- Here’s how I view the situation: Suppose Second, this resolution is not a dec- rorist group has found safe haven in- last August (2001), I gave a speech announc- laration of war. The resolution forces side the corrupt Taliban government of ing, ‘‘There’s a guy named Osama Bin Laden the President to affirm that all diplo- Afghanistan. And, my colleagues, I who is involved in a terrorist group called Al matic and peaceful means have proven think we should do something about it Quida, which has found a safe haven and inadequate to protect our Nation’s se- because our intelligence is not nec- training opportunities inside the corrupt curity. This gives the President the essarily absolute, but this guy is up to Taliban government of Afghanistan. Bin Laden flexibility to dangle a stick with that no good and we need to strike before he and his terrorist allies probably were involved carrot. strikes us. in the 1993 bombing of the WTC, the bombing At the same time, it affirms that Now, if I had said that in August of of the USS Cole in Yemen, and the bombing military action must be used only as a 2001, people would have said, that war of our embassies in Africa. We know Bin last resort. If it were up to some of us monger, that jingoistic guy from Geor- Laden hates America and it is likely his group in this Congress, we would have done it gia. What is he talking about? Yet be- will attack our country in the future. Therefore another way, perhaps building inter- fore September 11, would it not have we need to eliminate him. I suggest we start national support before coming to Con- been nice if we could have had that bombing his hideouts in Afghanistan imme- gress, but this President chose to do it speech and maybe prevented the trag- diately.’’ another way. edy of September 11? Had I given that speech, I would have been Third, the resolution more defines Well, here we are. We know Saddam laughed at and called a warmonger, even our purpose in authorizing the use of Hussein has violated treaty after trea- though action against Al Quida in August 2001 force. The use of force has two clearly ty which happened after Desert Storm, could have saved thousands of lives in both defined purposes: one, to defend the na- starting with U.N. Resolution 660, U.N. America and Afghanistan. But this, in fact, is tional security of the United States Resolution 678, U.N. Resolution 686, 687, our situation today. Saddam Hussein hates us. against the continuing threat posed by 688, 701, all of them. In fact, 16 total of He harbors terrorist groups, possesses chem- Iraq; and, two, to enforce all relevant very significant matters going back to ical and biological weapons, and may become United Nations Security Council reso- Resolution 660. All of them violated, nuclear capable in a short period of time. lutions regarding Iraq. Mr. Speaker. America traditionally does not do preemptive Unlike the White House’s draft lan- And then here is the situation with strikes, but the events of September 11th guage, the resolution carefully limits the weapons. We know that they have change everything. Americans will not tolerate its authorization to Iraq and only Iraq. VX. It is a sticky, colorless liquid that the threat of another horrific attack against the And it is clear that our purpose is to interferes with nerve impulses of the United States. Although no American desires protect against the threat to the body, causes convulsions and paralysis. a war, the best way to ensure Hassein’s com- United States. This resolution author- U.N. inspectors estimate that Iraq has pliance with UN resolutions, and reduce the izes military action to disarm Iraq but the means to make 200 tons of VX. threat he poses to our national security, is for does not mention regime change. The Sarin Gas. And, of course, we know Congress to confirm the United State’s willing- goal is Iraq’s disarmament and full that it causes convulsions and paral- ness to use force if necessary. compliance with U.N. mandates. ysis as well. It was used in a small Mr. Speaker, let me give you an account of I applaud Leader GEPHARDT and oth- quantity in a Tokyo subway in 1995. all the reasons why I support this resolution. ers, including Republicans and Demo- Again, inspectors estimate that they The whole world knows that Saddam Hus- crats in the Senate, for helping to ne- have maybe as high as 800 tons of sarin sein has repeatedly violated all 16 of the gotiate such language. gas. It goes on. Mustard gas, anthrax, United Nations Security Council Resolutions Although I strongly support the and other great worrisome chemical (UNSCRs) for more than a decade. These vio- President in addressing the threat from and biological weapons in their stock- lations should not be taken lightly and are Iraq, I believe the President must be pile. We also know that he is trying to worthy of review. The list is substantial: more candid with us and the American become nuclear capable. UNSCR 678—NOVEMBER 29, 1990—VIOLATED people about the long-term commit- Finally comes the question of ter- Iraq must comply fully with UNSCR 660 (re- ment that is going to be needed in Iraq. rorism. We know that the State De- garding Iraq’s illegal invasion of Kuwait) ‘‘and It has been a year since we began the partment has designated Iraq as a state all subsequent relevant resolutions.’’ campaign in Afghanistan; and our ef- that sponsors international terrorism. Authorizes U.N. Member States ‘‘to use all forts there politically, economically, We know that they shelter the Abu necessary means to uphold and implement and militarily are nowhere close to Nidal terrorist organization that has resolution 660 and all subsequent relevant concluding. I visited Afghanistan in carried out terrorist attacks in 20 dif- resolutions and to restore international peace February and March and witnessed ferent countries and killed over 900 and security in the area.’’ firsthand how fragile the peace is people. UNSCR 686—MARCH 2, 1991—VIOLATED there. It will take years to forge sta- We also know that Iraq shelters sev- Iraq must release prisoners detained during bility in Afghanistan and years in Iraq. eral prominent terrorist Palestinian the Gulf War.

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UNSCR 1284—DECEMBER 17, 1998—VIOLATED Iraq must ‘‘unconditionally accept’’ the de- Iraq must cooperate fully with U.N. weapons Created the United Nations Monitoring, struction, removal or rendering harmless inspectors. Verification and Inspections Commission ‘‘under international supervision’’ of all ‘‘chem- Iraq must not enhance its military capability (UNMOVIC) to replace previous weapon in- ical and biological weapons and all stocks of in southern Iraq. spection team (UNSCOM). agents and all related subsystems and compo- UNSCR 1051—MARCH 27 19961—VIOLATED Iraq must allow UNMOVIC ‘‘immediate, un- nents and all research, development, support Iraq must report shipments of dual-use conditional and unrestricted access’’ to Iraqi and manufacturing facilities.’’ items related to weapons of mass destruction officials and facilities. Iraq must ‘‘unconditionally agree not to ac- to the U.N. and IAEA. Iraq must fulfill its commitment to return Gulf quire or develop nuclear weapons or nuclear- Iraq must cooperate fully with U.N. and War prisoners. weapons-usable material’’ or any research, IAEA inspectors and allow immediate, uncon- Calls on Iraq to distribute humanitarian development or manufacturing facilities. ditional and unrestricted access. goods and medical supplies to its people and Iraq must ‘‘unconditionally accept’’ the de- UNSCR 1060—JUNE 12, 1996—VIOLATED address the needs of vulnerable Iraqis without struction, removal or rendering harmless ‘‘Deplores’’ Iraq’s refusal to allow access to discrimination. ‘‘under international supervision’’ of all ‘‘bal- U.N. inspectors and Iraq’s ‘‘clear violations’’ of While all these violations are extremely seri- listic missiles with a range greater than 150 previous U.N. resolutions. ous, there are 3 or 4 items that stand out in KM and related major parts and repair and Iraq must cooperate fully with U.N. weapons my mind. production facilities.’’ inspectors and allow immediate, unconditional His blatant refusal to allow U.N. weapons in- Iraq must not ‘‘use, develop, construct or and unrestricted access. spectors to oversee the destruction of his weapons of mass destruction. acquire’’ any weapons of mass destruction. UNSCR 1115—JUNE 21, 1997—VIOLATED Iraq must reaffirm its obligations under the His continued development of new biological ‘‘Condemns repeated refusal of Iraqi au- and chemical weapons. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. thorities to allow access’’ to U.N. inspectors, Creates the United Nations Special Com- His continued pursuit of nuclear weapons, which constitutes a ‘‘clear and flagrant viola- and mission (UNSCOM) to verify the elimination of tion’’ of UNSCR 687, 707, 715, and 1060. Iraq’s chemical and biological weapons pro- His support and harboring of terrorist organi- Iraq must cooperate fully with U.N. weapons zations inside Iraq (including Al Quida). grams and mandated that the International inspectors and allow immediate, unconditional Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) verify elimi- Mr. Speaker, some people have said, ‘‘why and unrestricted access. are we doing this now?’’ They say there is no nation of Iraq’s nuclear weapons program. Iraq must give immediate, unconditional and Iraq must declare fully its weapons of mass ‘‘clear and present danger.’’ I don’t know how unrestricted access to Iraqi officials whom much clearer it has to be. The facts of the destruction programs. U.N. inspectors want to interview. Iraq must not commit or support terrorism, matter are documented, and undoubtedly pose or allow terrorist organizations to operate in UNSCR 1134—OCTOBER 23, 1997—VIOLATED a clear and present danger to our national se- Iraq. ‘‘Condemns repeated refusal of Iraqi au- curity. Iraq must cooperate in accounting for the thorities to allow access’’ to U.N. inspectors, Documented U.N. weapons inspector re- missing and dead Kuwaitis and others. which constitutes a ‘‘flagrant violation’’ of ports show that Iraq continually deceived the Iraq must return Kuwaiti property seized UNSCR 687, 707, 715, and 1060. inspectors and never provided definitive proof during the Gulf War. Iraq must cooperate fully with U.N. weapons that they destroyed their stockpiles of biologi- inspectors and allow immediate, unconditional cal and chemical weapons. UNSCR 688—APRIL 5, 1991—VIOLATED and unrestricted access. Iraq has admitted producing the world’s ‘‘Condemns’’ repression of Iraqi civilian pop- Iraq must give immediate, unconditional and most dangerous biological and chemical ulation, ‘‘the consequences of which threaten unrestricted access to Iraqi officials whom weapons, but refuses to give proof that they international peace and security.’’ U.N. inspectors want to interview. destroyed them. Examples of Iraq’s chemical Iraq must immediately end repression of its weapons include VX, Sarin Gas and Mustard civilian population. UNSCR 1137—NOVEMBER 12, 1997—VIOLATED Gas. Iraq must allow immediate access to inter- ‘‘Condemns the continued violations by VX, the most toxic of chemical weapons, is national humanitarian organizations to those in Iraq’’ of previous U.N. resolutions, including its a sticky, colorless liquid that interferes with the need of assistance. ‘‘implicit threat to the safety of’’ aircraft oper- ated by U.N. inspectors and its tampering with body’s nerve impulses, causing convulsions UNSCR 707—AUGUST 15, 1991—VIOLATED U.N. inspector monitoring equipment. and paralysis of the lungs and blood vessels. ‘‘Condemns’’ Iraq’s ‘‘serious violation’’ of Reaffirms Iraq’s responsibility to ensure the Victims essentially chock to death. A dose of UNSCR 687. safety of U.N. inspectors. 10 milligrams on the skin is enough to kill. ‘‘Further condemns’’ Iraq’s noncompliance Iraq must cooperate fully with U.N. weapons Iraq acknowledged making nearly 4 tons of with IAEA and its obligations under the Nu- inspectors and allow immediate, unconditional VX, and ‘‘claimed’’ they destroyed it, but they clear Non-Proliferation Treaty. unrestricted access. never provided any definitive proof. U.N. in- Iraq must halt nuclear activities of all kinds UNSCR 1154—MARCH 2, 1998—VIOLATED spectors estimate that Iraq has the means to until the Security Council deems Iraq in full make more than 200 tons of VX, and Iraq con- Iraq must cooperate fully with U.N. and compliance. tinues to rebuild and expand dual-use facilities IAEA weapons inspectors and allow imme- Iraq must make a full, final and complete that it could quickly adapt to chemical weap- diate, unconditional and unrestricted access, disclosure of all aspects of its weapons of ons production. and notes that any violation would have the mass destruction and missile programs. Sarin gas, a nerve agent like VX, causes ‘‘severest consequences for Iraq.’’ Iraq must allow U.N. and IAEA inspectors convulsions, paralysis and asphyxiation. Even immediate, unconditional and unrestricted ac- UNSCR 1194—SEPTEMBER 9, 1998—VIOLATED a small scale Sarin Gas attack such as the cess. ‘‘Condemns the decision by Iraq of 5 August one used in the Tokyo subway in 1995 can kill Iraq must cease attempts to conceal or 1998 to suspend cooperation’’ with U.N. and and injure vast numbers of people. move weapons of mass destruction, and re- IAEA inspectors, which constitutes ‘‘a totally Iraq acknowledged making approximately lated materials and facilities. unacceptable contravention’’ of its obligations 800 tons of Sarin gas and thousands of rock- Iraq must allow U.N. and IAEA inspectors to under UNSCR 687, 7078, 715, 1060, 1115, ets, artillery shells and bombs containing conduct inspection flights throughout Iraq. and 1154. Sarin, but they have not accounted for hun- Iraq must provide transportation, medical Iraq must cooperate fully with U.N. and dreds of these weapons. Iraq willingly used and logistical support for U.N. and IAEA in- IAEA weapons inspectors, and allow imme- these weapons against Iran during the Iran- spectors. diate, unconditional and unrestricted access. Iraq war, and it also used them against Kurd- UNSCR 715—OCTOBER 11, 1991—VIOLATED UNSCR 1205—NOVEMBER 5, 1998—VIOLATED ish Iraqi civilians. Iraq must cooperate fully with U.N. and ‘‘Condemns the decision by Iraq of 31 Octo- Mustard Gas, a colorless liquid that evapo- IAEA inspectors. ber 1998 to cease cooperation’’ with U.N. in- rates into a gas and begins dissolving upon

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If Hussein complies, our resolution will tons of mustard gas and using the chemical 1985 hijacking of the cruise ship Achille Lauro have worked, but if he does not, then in the during it’s war with Iran, but told U.N. inspec- and murdered U.S. citizen Leo Klinghoffer. words of that brave American Todd Beamer, tors they ‘‘misplaced’’ 550 mustard filled artil- Hussein increased from $10,000 to $25,000 ‘‘Let’s Roll!’’ lery shells after the Gulf war. the money he offers to families of Palestinian b 1745 Examples of Iraq’s biological weapons in- suicide/homicide bombers who blow them- clude Anthrax, Botulimun Toxin and Aflatoxin selves up with belt explosives. Mr. CANTOR. Mr. Speaker, I yield 3 Anthrax, as we all know, is a potentially fatal Several former Iraqi military officers have minutes to the gentleman from Penn- bacterium that causes flu like symptoms be- described a highly secret terrorist training facil- sylvania (Mr. ENGLISH). fore filling the lungs with fluid and causing ity in Iraq known as Salman Pak, where both Mr. ENGLISH. Mr. Speaker, in this death. Just a few tiny spores are enough to Iraqis and non-Iraqi Arabs receive training on body our first and highest responsi- cause the deadly infection. hijacking planes and trains, planting explo- bility is protecting our homeland, and Iraq has acknowledged making 2,200 gal- sives in cities, sabotage, and assassinations. that responsibility may from time to lons of anthrax spores—enough to kill millions, And in 1993, the Iraqi Intelligence Service time require us to embrace unpopular but U.N. inspectors determined that Iraq could (IIS) attempted to assassinate former U.S. policies and justify them to our con- have made three times as much. Inspectors President George Bush and the Emir of Ku- stituents when we recognize a tran- say that at least 16 missile warheads filled wait. Kuwaiti authorities thwarted the terrorist scendent danger to our country. with Anthrax are missing, and Iraq is working plot and arrested 17 suspects, led by two Iraqi Mr. Speaker, I realize my vote for to produce the deadlier powdered form of An- nationals. this resolution authorizes a military thrax that could be sprayed from aircraft, put Mr. Speaker, I don’t know how much clearer action that may put at risk thousands into missile warheads, or given to terrorists. it needs to be. The American people will not of American lives in Iraq. However, the Botulimun Toxin, is a poison that is one of understand if we ignore these facts, sit back, tragedies of September 11 have vividly the deadliest substances known to man. Even and wait for the unacceptable possibility of highlighted the danger that inaction in small doses it causes gastrointestinal infec- Saddam Hussein providing a weapon of mass may risk tens, if not hundreds of thou- tion and can quickly advance to paralysis and destruction to a terrorist group for use against sands of innocent American lives here death. A mere 70 billionths of a gram is the United States. at home from terrorism. enough to kill if inhaled. Saddam Hussein was the only world leader This bipartisan resolution was draft- Iraq acknowledged making 2,200 gallons of to fully condone the September 11 attacks on ed in recognition of this fact and, Botulimun Toxin, most of which was put into America. His media even promised the Amer- therefore, presents our President with missile warheads and other munitions. At least ican people that if their government did not the initiative in continuing the global five missile warheads with Botulimun Toxin change its policies toward Iraq, it would suffer war against terrorism. are missing according to U.N. inspectors. even more devastating blows. He has even Mr. Speaker, we know that Saddam Aflatoxin, is a poison that can cause swell- endorsed and encouraged acts of terrorism Hussein, like Osama bin Laden, hates ing of the abdomen, lungs and brain resulting against America. America and has called for the murder in convulsion, coma and death. The case is clear. We know Saddam Hus- of Americans everywhere. We know Iraq acknowledged making more than 520 that Saddam Hussein even in the face gallons of Aflaxtoxin and putting it into missile sein has weapons of mass destruction, we know he harbors terrorists including al-Qaida, of crippling economic sanctions has warheads and bombs. At least four Aflatoxin— found the resources to reconstruct his filled missile warheads are missing according and we know he hates America, so the case against Saddam really isn’t the issue. The chemical and biological weapons pro- to U.N. inspectors. grams, even at great painful expense to It is also a fact (and a clear and present question is what are we going to do about it. his people. danger) that Saddam Hussein continues his Cearly, we must authorize the use of mili- tary force against Iraq in case it becomes nec- We know that Saddam Hussein is di- work to develop a nuclear weapon. recting an aggressive program to pro- We know he had an advanced nuclear essary. The President has said that military cure components necessary for building weapons development program before the action is a last resort, and our bipartisan reso- nuclear devices and that he actively Gulf War, and the independent Institute for lution calls for the same tact, but Saddam supports terror in other nations, in- Strategic Studies concluded that Saddam Hus- Hussein must know that America is prepared cluding Israel. So the question before sein could build a nuclear bomb within months to use force if he continues to defy UN Secu- us is, do we wait for Saddam Hussein to if he were able to obtain fissile material. rity Council resolutions and refuses to disarm. We now know that Iraq has embarked on a As the President said, approving this resolu- become a greater threat, or do we ad- worldwide hunt for materials to make an atom- tion does not mean that military action is immi- dress that threat now? ic bomb. In the last 14 months, Iraq has nent or unavoidable. The resolution will tell the CIA Director Tenet has told us in re- sought to buy thousands of specially designed United Nations, and all nations, that America cent days that al Qaeda has sought co- aluminum tubes, which are believed to be in- speaks with one voice and is determined to operation from Iraq. I cannot stand tended for use as components of centrifuges make the demands of the civilized world mean here and trust that Saddam Hussein to enrich uranium. something. Congress will be sending a mes- will not supply al Qaeda and other ter- As if weapons of mass destruction in the sage to Saddam Hussein that his only choice rorist networks with weapons that hands of a ruthless dictator were not enough, is full compliance—and the time remaining for could be used to massacre more Ameri- we now know that Saddam Hussein harbors that choice is limited. cans. On the contrary, we have every terrorist organizations within Iraq. The Speaker, the price of taking action reason to believe that the Iraqi dic- Iraq is one of seven countries that have against this evil dictator may be high, but his- tator would share his growing arsenal been designated by the State Department as tory has shown that the price of inaction is of terror with agents willing to strike ‘‘state sponsors of international terrorism.’’ even higher. Had Todd Beamer and the pas- at the United States. UNSUR 687 prohibits Saddam Hussein from sengers of flight 93 elected a course of inac- With this in mind, and given other committing or supporting terrorism, or allowing tion on September 11th, the price may have revelations from captured members of terrorist organizations to operate in Iraq. Sad- been far higher for those of us in this building. al Qaeda, it is clear that time is not on dam continues to violate these UNSUR provi- There comes a time when we must take ac- our side. That is why I support this bal- sions. tion. A time when we must risk lives in order anced and nuanced resolution pro- Iraq shelters the Abu Nidal Terrorist Organi- to save lives. This resolution authorizes action, viding our President with the powerful zation that has carried out terrorist attacks in if necessary, to protect America. backing of Congress in an effort to dis- twenty countries, killing or injuring almost 900 Mr. Speaker, I am confident that I speak for arm Iraq. It is my sincere hope that people. These terrorists have offices in Bagh- every member of this House when I say I this resolution will stimulate intrusive dad and received training, logistical assist- hope we can avoid war & that Saddam Hus- and decisive action by the United Na- ance, and financial aid from the government of sein will allow unfettered access to all sites tions and at the same time lead to a Iraq. and willingly disarm. But if he does not, then full disarmament of Saddam Hussein. Iraq also shelters several prominent Pales- the Congress will have done its duty and But if it does not, the United States of tinian terrorist organizations in Baghdad, in- given the President the authority he needs to America must stand willing to act in

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:40 Sep 21, 2011 Jkt 099200 PO 00000 Frm 00082 Fmt 4634 Sfmt 0634 E:\ERIC\H09OC2.REC H09OC2 mmaher on DSKFW6RHC1PROD with $$_JOB October 9, 2002 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H7387 order to prevent more events like those hausted, that we work with the United have heard over and over again the of September 11. Nations Security Council, and that we threat that Saddam Hussein and his re- Mr. BROWN of Ohio. Mr. Speaker, I proceed to disarm Iraq with a broad gime is not only to the United States yield 5 minutes to the gentleman from base of our allies. and our interests but to many other California (Mr. THOMPSON), a member I appreciate the President’s new posi- parts of the world. of the Committee on Armed Services tion that war is the last option and I am not going to restate those issues and a combat veteran from Vietnam. that he will lead a coalition in our ef- that have already been stated yester- Mr. THOMPSON of California. Mr. fort in Iraq. But, unfortunately, that is day and today, but as one of the many Speaker, the vote we are debating not what this resolution says. This res- cosponsors of House Joint Resolution today will be the most significant vote olution is weak at best on exhausting 114, I do rise in support of this resolu- that we cast during this Congress and the diplomatic options and relin- tion to authorize the use of United perhaps during our entire careers. I say quishes to the executive branch Con- States military force against Saddam that for two reasons. gress’ constitutional charge to declare Hussein’s regime. First, this vote may very well send war. I believe that is wrong. Much like the first hours and days our American soldiers into what has We must address the potential danger after September 11, the world, our been called on this floor ‘‘harm’s way.’’ presented by Saddam Hussein. The first friends and our foes, wondered how Make no mistake about it, it is impor- step should be the return of the U.N. would the United States respond to tant to note that is a very nice and weapons inspectors; and they must that attack on our Nation? They want- sanitary way of saying that our sol- have unrestricted and unfettered ac- ed to know if we as a Nation would fol- diers will be going to war. They will cess to every square inch of Iraq, in- low through with a serious response to face combat conditions that our forces cluding the many presidential palaces. bring the terrorists to justice. They have not seen during most of our life- We must then work with the Security wanted to see if we would respond with times. According to the military ex- Council to ensure the strictest stand- a token strike, as we did following the perts and the generals I have heard ards, protocols, and modalities are in attack on U.S. troops in Somalia, at from, the casualty rates may be high. place to make certain that Hussein Khobar Towers in Saudi Arabia, If, as some expect, Saddam Hussein cannot weasel out of any of these in- against our embassies in Kenya and uses chemical and biological weapons spections. Tanzania, and in the attack on our to defend Baghdad, the results will be Finally, we need to amass the allied sailors aboard the USS Cole. The world horrifying. support necessary to carry out the in- watched. Our credibility was at stake. Mr. Speaker, I have been in combat; spections in a manner that will guar- Before joining us, many of our friends and I am not willing to vote to send an- antee Iraq is completely stripped of all were waiting to see if we were serious other soldier to war without clear and weapons of mass destruction and left this time. Our enemies were not con- convincing evidence that America or unable to pursue new weapons of this cerned because they believed they our allies are in immediate danger and type. could absorb another token response, not without the backup and support of We had great success in building a as they had in past years. allied forces. coalition to fight terrorism, and we But the message became clear just 3 The President delivered a good should do no less when it comes to dis- days after September 11. A response speech on Monday evening. I agree arming Saddam Hussein. We must re- was certain when Congress, with a with him that Saddam Hussein is a spect international order and inter- strong bipartisan vote, stood and ruthless dictator and that he is trying national law in our efforts to make unanimously approved a $40 billion to build an arsenal of weapons of mass this world a safer place. emergency supplemental appropria- destruction. However, he showed us no With our military might, we can eas- tions bill to allow the President of the link between Iraq and September 11, ily gain superiority over anyone in the United States to lead not only a recov- nor did he produce any evidence that world. However, it takes more than ery effort in those parts of our country even suggests that America or our al- military might to prevail in a way that that were attacked in New York City lies are in immediate danger. provides hope and prosperity, two in- and at the Pentagon but to pursue the This morning we learned from the gredients that make it less likely for war against the Taliban and against al CIA that Saddam Hussein is unlikely terrorism to breed and impossible for Qaeda and against any terrorist, wher- to use chemical or biological weapons repressive dictators to rule. ever they might be hiding. It was to if unprovoked by a U.S. military cam- Mr. Speaker, if it is the decision of fund the war against terrorism, wher- paign. Most alarming about that news this Congress to go to war, I will sup- ever they were waiting to attack again. today is the report concludes by saying port our troops 1,000 percent. However, When Congress spoke, almost imme- that, if we attack, the likelihood of I saw Baghdad and I know fighting a diately, with unity and with force, our him using weapons of mass destruction war there will be ugly and casualties friends knew we were serious this time, to respond would be ‘‘pretty high.’’ may be extremely high. Let us exhaust and it was with confidence that they Second, this vote is a radical depar- the diplomatic options, return the joined our cause. And our enemies ture from the foreign policy doctrine weapons inspectors, continue to build knew right away that America was se- that has served us honorably for the an international coalition so Saddam rious; and when President Bush said past 200 years. This radical departure Hussein sees the world, not just the what it was we were going to do, they to an unprovoked, preemptive first- U.S. at the end of the gun. By doing knew that we had the resolve to fight strike policy creates what I believe this, we can avoid sending our soldiers the battle, no matter how long it would will be a grave new world. This new into combat in Baghdad unless it is ab- take or where it would lead. foreign policy doctrine will set an solutely the last option. Today, we are in a similar situation. international precedent that tells the Mr. CANTOR. Mr. Speaker, I yield There is no question about the threat world, if they think their neighbor is a such time as he may consume to the to our Nation from Saddam Hussein’s threat, attack them. gentleman from Florida (Mr. YOUNG), regime, to our allies, and to world This, I believe, is precisely the wrong chairman of the Committee on Appro- peace. As has been pointed out here message for the greatest Nation, the priations. many times today, he has defied one only true superpower Nation and the Mr. YOUNG of Florida. Mr. Speaker, United Nations resolution after an- most wonderful democracy our planet I rise in support of the resolution. other for more than a decade. has known, to send to Russia and Mr. Speaker, voting to authorize Remember, he lost the war. He lost Chechnya, to India and Pakistan, to sending young Americans to war is a the war in Desert Storm, and he signed China and Taiwan, and to whomever serious decision. Members will make up to certain rules and regulations else is listening. And one thing we that decision in this Chamber tomor- which go along with losing a war, and know, everyone is listening. row. he has ignored all of them. He has de- For these two reasons, I cannot sup- Yesterday and today we have heard veloped and stockpiled chemical and port a resolution that does not first re- very impressive debate, most of which biological weapons. We know that he is quire that all diplomatic options be ex- favors the resolution; some did not. We seeking nuclear weapons. We know

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:40 Sep 21, 2011 Jkt 099200 PO 00000 Frm 00083 Fmt 4634 Sfmt 0634 E:\ERIC\H09OC2.REC H09OC2 mmaher on DSKFW6RHC1PROD with $$_JOB H7388 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE October 9, 2002 that he has aided and abetted terror- the President’s efforts to obtain The connection between Iraq’s weap- ists who have struck international tar- prompt decisive action by the Security ons of mass destruction and its long- gets around the world. But now it is Council to ensure that Iraq abandons standing ties to terrorist networks time for Congress to speak again with its strategy of delay, evasion, and non- such as al Qaeda has significantly al- a firm and resolute voice, just as we compliance with those resolutions. tered the U.S. security environment. did on September 14, 3 days after the One of the lessons of September 11 is The two linked together pose a clear cowardly attacks on innocent Ameri- that terrorism knows no boundaries. and present danger to our country. cans. Its victims are men and women, chil- Consider that Saddam Hussein could Many of our friends are watching and dren and adults. It can occur here; it supply the terrorists who have sleeper they are waiting today, as they were can occur abroad. It can occur any- cells in our land with weapons of mass last year. Are they going to join with where. Terrorists strike without warn- destruction to attack the U.S. while us, or not? Is this a serious effort, or ing. If we are to fight and win the war concealing his responsibility for the not? Is Congress speaking for the on terrorism, we must remain united, action. It is a very real and growing American people to support the Presi- united in the Congress, united with the threat. The Iraqi regime has been dent of the United States as he seeks President of the United States, and building a case against itself for more to protect this Nation and our inter- united with the American people. than 10 years, and if we fail to heed the ests? President Bush told the Nation last warning signs and allow them to con- President Bush needs Congress to act September that victory would not tinue down this path, the results could to convince our allies, our friends, and come quickly or easily. It would be a be devastating, but they would not be a our enemies that we are serious. They battle unlike any our Nation has ever surprise. need to know that our Nation is re- waged. Now is not the time to send a After September 11, we are on notice. solved to continue this battle against mixed message to our friends and al- If Saddam Hussein refuses to comply terrorism into Iraq if necessary. lies. Now is not the time to show our with U.N. resolutions and diplomatic Many have said that Saddam Hussein enemies any weakness in our resolve. efforts, we have only one choice in is not a real threat to the United Mr. Speaker, as we prepare to record order to ensure the security of our Na- States because he is so far away, and our votes on this important resolution, tion and the safety our citizens. he is far away. It is a long distance. we should remember the victims of ter- Mr. ISSA. Mr. Speaker, I yield 5 min- rorism, September 11 and other exam- b 1800 utes to the gentleman from Pennsyl- ples, and our promise last year to seek Many have said that the President’s vania (Mr. PITTS), a member of the out and destroy the roots of terrorism Committee on International Relations. speech Monday night did not address a whether it be its sponsors, planners, or Mr. PITTS. Mr. Speaker, years ago lot of new subjects. He compiled and the perpetrators of these cowardly mis- when I was a world away fighting to organized very well, many of the exist- sions. We should remember the unity of contain the scourge of communism in ing arguments. But he did say some- our Nation and the world. The battle Southeast Asia, a movement grew up thing new for those who paid really continues, the stakes remain high, and here at home to protest what we were close attention. The President dis- the cause remains just. America must doing. Late in the war, one of the an- cussed for the first time publicly infor- again speak one more time with unity, thems of that movement was a song by mation that many of our colleagues with force, and with clarity. This reso- John Lennon called ‘‘Give Peace a who work with intelligence issues have lution does that. been aware of for quite some time. Mr. CANTOR. Mr. Speaker, I yield 2 Chance.’’ We are not here to debate the That involves Saddam Hussein’s ag- minutes to the distinguished gen- Vietnam War, but we are discussing war and peace. Peace is a very precious gressive efforts to develop and use un- tleman from Michigan (Mr. CAMP). manned aerial vehicles, UAVs, as a de- Mr. CAMP. Mr. Speaker, I thank the thing, and we should defend it and even livery method for his weapons of mass gentleman for yielding me this time. fight for it. And we have given peace a destruction. The SCUDs did not have a Mr. Speaker, the Iraqi regime has chance for 11 long years. very long range. The SCUDs were not posed a threat to peace, to the United We gave peace a chance through di- very accurate. I can attest to that be- States, and to the world for too long. plomacy, but Saddam Hussein has bro- cause one night visiting with General In order to protect America against ken every agreement that came out of Schwarzkopf during Desert Storm in this very real and growing threat, I that diplomacy. We gave peace a Saudi Arabia, a SCUD was launched support giving the President the au- chance through weapons inspections, near our site, and it landed not too far thority to use force, to use military ac- but Saddam Hussein orchestrated an away; but it was far enough away that tion if necessary against Iraq. Without elaborate shell game to thwart that ef- it did not hurt anybody. So we know a doubt this is one of the most difficult fort. We gave peace a chance through that the SCUDs were not that accu- decisions I have had to make as a Mem- sanctions, but Saddam Hussein used rate. UAVs are a different story. UAVs ber of Congress. But after briefings those sanctions as an excuse to starve have a much longer range; UAVs are from the administration, testimony his own people. We gave peace a chance able to be piloted and trained specifi- from congressional hearings, I am con- by establishing no-fly zones to prevent cally on a target. UAVs are dangerous. vinced the threat to our Nation’s safe- Saddam Hussein from killing more of And if my colleagues do not think ty is real. After repeatedly failing to his own citizens, but he shoots at our UAVs have a long range, we ourselves comply with U.N. inspections, Saddam planes every day. We gave peace a have flown a UAV from the United Hussein’s efforts to build weapons of chance by allowing him to sell some oil States to Australia and back. Saddam mass destruction, biological, chemical to alleviate the suffering of the Iraqi is aggressively seeking ability to use and nuclear, have gone unchecked for people, but instead he used the revenue those long-range UAVs to put so many far too long. The world cannot allow to build more weapons of mass destruc- more targets in his sights. We cannot him to continue down this deadly path. tion. let that happen. Saddam Hussein must comply with Mr. Speaker, we have given peace a Mr. Speaker, with this resolution U.N. inspections; but if not, America chance for more than a decade, and it Congress reaffirms our support for the and our coalition must be prepared to has not worked. Even now our Presi- international war against terrorism. It meet this threat. dent is actively working to achieve a continues to be international in na- After the Gulf War, in compliance diplomatic solution by getting the ture, as this resolution specifically ex- with U.N. resolutions, a no-fly zone was United Nations to pass a resolution presses support for the President’s ef- implemented. The purpose was to pro- with teeth; and while the United Na- forts to strictly enforce, through the tect Iraqi Kurds and Shiite Muslims tions has an important role to play in United Nations Security Council, and I from Saddam Hussein’s aggressions and this, no American President and no will repeat that, through the United to conduct aerial surveillance. But American Congress can shirk our re- Nations Security Council, all relevant since its inception, pilots patrolling sponsibility to protect the American Security Council resolutions applicable the zones have come under repeated at- people. If the U.N. will not act, we to Iraq. It also expresses support for tack from Iraqi missiles and artillery. must.

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:40 Sep 21, 2011 Jkt 099200 PO 00000 Frm 00084 Fmt 4634 Sfmt 0634 E:\ERIC\H09OC2.REC H09OC2 mmaher on DSKFW6RHC1PROD with $$_JOB October 9, 2002 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H7389 If we go down to the other end of the The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. today’s environment, it is very possible national Mall, we will see on the Ko- GILCHREST). Is there objection to the he could supply weapons to terrorists rean War Memorial the words ‘‘Free- request of the gentleman from Cali- who will attack the United States or dom is not free.’’ Peace is not free ei- fornia? our allies around the world. ther. What some of those who are pro- There was no objection. I am pleased the resolution has been testing the President’s request for Mr. SCHIFF. Mr. Speaker, I yield 6 improved with congressional input. We military authority do not understand minutes to the gentlewoman from New should proceed carefully, step by step, is that our freedoms were not won with York (Mrs. MALONEY). and use the United Nations and the poster paint. Antiwar protestors do not Mrs. MALONEY of New York. Mr. international community to disarm win our freedoms or our peace. The Speaker, I thank the gentleman for Saddam so that we are safer in the freedom to live in peace was won by yielding me this time. United States and New York and in our men and women who gave their lives Mr. Speaker, this is a very difficult respective States and clear around the on the battlefields of history. vote for me. If there is ever one vote world. As the world’s only remaining super- that should be made in the national in- Just today I spoke with British Per- power, we now even have an even terest, a vote that transcends politics manent Representative to the United greater responsibility to stand up to and where Members must vote their Nations, Sir Jeremy Greenstock, on prevent mass murder before it happens. conscience, it is the one that is before this issue. Ambassador Greenstock told No world organization can override the us tonight. me that the members of the Security President’s duty and our duty to pro- I have received thousands of letters Council, both permanent and other- tect the American people. If Moham- against the resolution, and just this wise, will approve a robust inspection med Atta had had a nuclear weapon, he past weekend over 15,000 gathered in resolution; and if this fails to disarm would have used that weapon in New Central Park in my district to protest. Iraq, he expects a second resolution York and not an airplane. By all ac- But what is at stake are not our polit- that may authorize force. counts Saddam Hussein is perhaps a ical careers or an election, but the fu- I come from a family of veterans. year away from having nuclear weap- ture of our country and our way of life. Most recently, my brother served in ons. He already has chemical and bio- I believe there is a more compelling the 101st Airborne in Vietnam. It hap- logical weapons capable of killing mil- case now against Saddam than 12 years pens to be his birthday today. He told lions. ago. Then the threat was of a geo- me that he parachuted many times be- When police detectives investigate a political nature, a move to change the hind enemy lines to acquire enemy in- crime, they look for three things: map of the Middle East. But I never telligence. He saw many of his friends means, motive, and opportunity. Clear- saw it as a direct threat to our Nation. machine gunned down. This searing ex- ly Saddam Hussein has the means, he The main question before us today is perience left deep wounds. So it is my has the weapons, and he has the mo- whether Saddam is a threat to the deepest hope that we will not have to tive. He hates America, he hates the United States and our allies. No one send our men and young women into Kurds, he hates Kuwaitis, he hates doubts that he has chemical and bio- harm’s way. Iran, he hates Israel, he hates anyone logical weapons. No one doubts that he So it is with a very heavy heart, but who gets in his way. And we know that a clear resolve, that I will be voting to when he hates people, he kills them, is trying to stockpile weapons of mass support this resolution. The accumula- sometimes by the thousand. He has destruction. No one doubts that he has tion of weapons of mass destruction by shown the propensity to use his weap- thwarted inspections in the past and Saddam and the willingness of terror- ons and so he has the means and the has developed UAVs. No one doubts ists to strike innocent people in the motive. But does he have the oppor- that he has consistently worked to de- tunity? Saddam Hussein could easily velop nuclear power. No one doubts United States and our allies across the pass a suitcase with a nuclear weapon that he has twice invaded his neigh- world have, unfortunately, ushered in a off to an al Qaeda terrorist with a one- bors. The question is, Will he use these dangerous new era. It is a danger that way ticket to New York. No finger- weapons against the United States and we cannot afford to ignore. prints, no evidence, and several million our allies, and can we deter him with- I will be voting yes. I will be sup- dead Americans. out using force? porting the President on this resolu- Mr. Speaker, this is a very real dan- As Lincoln said in the beginning days tion. 1 ger. Before September 11 we might of the Civil War: ‘‘The dogmas of the Mr. ISSA. Mr. Speaker, I yield 2 ⁄2 have thought this could never happen. quiet past are inadequate to the minutes to the gentleman from South Today we are too wise to doubt it, and stormy present. The occasion is piled Carolina (Mr. BROWN). it is a danger that grows every day. high with difficulty, and we must rise Mr. BROWN of South Carolina. Mr. Every day Saddam Hussein grows to the occasion. As our case is new, so Speaker, I thank the gentleman for stronger. Every day Saddam Hussein must we think anew and act anew.’’ yielding me time. builds more chemical and biological I would be for deterrence if I thought Mr. Speaker, I rise today in strong weapons. Every day Saddam Hussein it would work. We are in a new era and support of this resolution to authorize comes a little closer to achieving nu- no longer in the Cold War. Deterrence the use of military force against Iraq. I clear weapons capability. Every day depends on the victim knowing from stand behind the Commander-in-Chief that passes, America grows more vul- where the aggression will come and the and our men and women in uniform nerable to a Saddam-sponsored ter- aggressor knowing the victim will who may be called upon to defend rorist attack. know who has attacked him. It has America’s freedom again. In this case inaction is more costly been a year since the anthrax attacks The War Powers Resolution was than action. The price of delay is a in our Nation, and we still do not know passed to ensure that the collective greater risk. The price of inaction where the attacks came from. Saddam judgment of both the Congress and the could be catastrophic, even worse than has likely taken notice that we were President will apply before the intro- September 11. We must disarm Saddam unable to tie evidence of attacks to duction of our Armed Forces into hos- Hussein. their source, and if he believes he can tilities. I want to commend the Presi- Mr. Speaker, we are not advocating give weapons of mass destruction to dent for working with Congress on war. We are calling for peace, but peace terrorists to use against us without our crafting this critical resolution. might only be possible if we are willing knowing he has done so, our ability to Time and time again, Mr. Speaker, to fight for it, and the President needs deter him from such a course of action Saddam Hussein and the Iraqi regime that authority to do that. I urge sup- will be greatly diminished. have refused to comply with the sanc- port for the resolution. tions imposed by the United States and Mr. SCHIFF. Mr. Speaker, I ask b 1615 its international community. In 1990, unanimous consent to yield 15 minutes Opponents of our war talk about the Iraq committed an unprovoked act of to the gentleman from Ohio (Mr. unintended consequences of war. They aggression and occupation against its BROWN) and that he be able to control do not talk about the unwanted con- Arab neighbor Kuwait, a peace-loving and yield that time to others. sequences of not disarming Saddam. In nation.

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:40 Sep 21, 2011 Jkt 099200 PO 00000 Frm 00085 Fmt 4634 Sfmt 0634 E:\ERIC\H09OC2.REC H09OC2 mmaher on DSKFW6RHC1PROD with $$_JOB H7390 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE October 9, 2002 After the Gulf War, the Iraqi govern- prise inspections that we need in order The threat to our national security ment continually violated the terms of to have our questions answered. from Iraq could not be more apparent. the United Nations-sponsored cease- The fact that our President would After the 1991 Persian Gulf War, the fire agreement. They refused to provide consider any additional form of inspec- United Nations Special Commission on access to weapons inspectors to inves- tion is a testimony of his desire to Iraq succeeded in destroying thousands tigate suspected weapon production fa- avoid conflict. Saddam Hussein’s ac- of chemical munitions, chemical cilities. tions in the past show a lack of regard, agents and precursor chemicals. Iraq Americans and coalition force pilots both for his own people and for his admitted to developing offensive bio- have been fired upon thousands of neighboring nations. logical weapons, including botulinum, times while lawfully enforcing the no- I remember back about 10 years ago anthrax, aflatoxin, clostridium and fly zone crafted by the United Nations as a young man preparing to practice others. Security Council. In 1993, they at- law. It was about that time that the Yet this list of poisons describes only tempted to assassinate former Presi- U.S. and our allies spent an enormous what the U.N. inspectors were able to dent Bush. As we speak here today, time and effort freeing the Kuwaiti detect in the face of official Iraqi re- members of al Qaeda are known to be people and hoped that the Iraqi people sistance, deception and denial. They within the borders of Iraq. would also be able to free themselves could not account for thousands of Mr. Speaker, history has proven that from the dictator. chemical munitions, 500 mustard gas Saddam Hussein and his government In World War II, Hitler introduced a bombs and 4,000 tons of chemical weap- cannot be dealt with through diplo- concept of blitzkrieg, a high-speed at- ons precursors. In the intervening pe- matic channels or peaceful means. He tack by land and air. Today’s increas- riod, development efforts have contin- only understands death, destruction ingly long-range and accurate rockets, ued unabated, and accelerated fol- and trampling on the human rights of armed with warheads of mass destruc- lowing the withdrawals of U.N. inspec- others, as evidenced by his treatment tion, makes blitzkrieg look like slow tors. of the Kurdish people in Northern Iraq motion. Iraq has repeatedly demonstrated a The President’s top advisers and the and anyone in his government who resolve not only to develop deadly Secretary of Defense, along with other questions his power. weapons of mass destruction but to use members of the President’s Cabinet, Some may argue that America is act- them on their own people: 5,000 killed, have briefed Members of Congress re- ing as the aggressor and planning a 20,000 Iranians killed through mustard peatedly and in a timely manner. I preemptive strike without justifica- gas clouds and the most deadly agents went down to Pennsylvania Avenue to tion. To the contrary, this is antici- that were inflicted on human beings. the White House just last week, and patory self-defense against evil forces Perhaps in different hands the deadly back on September 19 met with the and weapons that threaten our na- arsenal possessed by Saddam Hussein’s Secretary of Defense along with several tional security and peace and stability Iraq would be less of an imminent other Members of Congress at the Pen- throughout the Persian Gulf and the threat. tagon to discuss and be briefed on the This authorization of force that we world. situation in Iraq. will vote on soon is at some level also We do not want to see another day Now, the President needs our support a recognition of the ongoing state of like September 11 ever again in Amer- so that he can act quickly and deci- war with Iraq. In the last 3 weeks, 67 ica, or anywhere else on God’s great sively against the threat of Iraq should attempts have been made to down col- Earth. If we do not put an end to Iraq’s he deem that action necessary. lision aircraft. Four hundred and six development of its weapons of mass de- Again, let me stress, the action that attempts have been made this year. struction program, the future could be we take this week is not just another The U.S. has struggled against the worse. vote for the United States Congress. It tepid resolutions and general inac- America must act forcefully and with is, indeed, one of those landmark votes tivity of the international community great resolve because the costs are too that will be long remembered and re- for a decade. Regime change cannot high. The time has come for America corded in the history books. The action happen through domestic posturing. once again to set the example for the that we take this week might just, and Disarmament requires more than fer- rest of the free world. Our children and certainly we pray, negate the need to vent hopes and good wishes. our grandchildren should not have to send our troops into harm’s way. On December 9, 1941, President Roo- face this threat again. I would urge all the Members to sup- sevelt said, ‘‘There is no such thing as I ask all of my colleagues to vote in port our President and vote yes on this impregnable defense against powerful favor of this joint resolution. resolution. aggressors who sneak up in the dark 1 Mr. ISSA. Mr. Speaker, I yield 2 ⁄2 Mr. ISSA. Mr. Speaker, it is my great and strike without warning. We cannot minutes to the gentleman from Ala- pleasure to yield 2 minutes to the gen- measure our safety in terms of miles bama (Mr. ADERHOLT). tleman from Washington (Mr. on any map.’’ Mr. ADERHOLT. Mr. Speaker, I rise NETHERCUTT). In 1941, Congress stood with the today to express my support for the (Mr. NETHERCUTT asked and was President and promised full support to President in his policy regarding Iraq. given permission to revise and extend protect and defend our Nation. I urge Resolutions regarding war are not his remarks.) our colleagues today to do the same. something we consider without much Mr. NETHERCUTT. Mr. Speaker, I Mr. DELAHUNT. Mr. Speaker, I yield thought, and this should be very seri- thank the gentleman for yielding me 5 minutes to the gentleman from Ohio ous business for this House and each time. (Mr. BROWN), who serves with distinc- Member of it. Mr. Speaker, it is appropriate that tion on the Committee on Inter- The last few months, there has been we fully discuss here the most serious national Relations and is the ranking much talk about Iraq being given the responsibility that is entrusted to Con- Democrat on the Subcommittee on opportunity to respond to weapons in- gress, and that is authorizing the Health Care of the Committee on En- spections. Sometimes this is said as if President to use force in the defense of ergy and Commerce. it were a new idea. However, when a de- our Nation. The decision by Congress Mr. BROWN of Ohio. Mr. Speaker, I fiant Saddam Hussein has repeatedly to authorize the deployment of the thank my friend for yielding me time. rejected inspections and threatened in- U.S. military requires somber analysis Mr. Speaker, for years our policy in spectors, there is little reason to be- and sober consideration, but it is not a this country has been one of contain- lieve that he will cooperate. discussion that we should delay. ment, of deterrence, of collective secu- You may have seen the movies in The President has presented to the rity, of diplomacy. We contained and which a prison is going to be inspected. American people a compelling case for we deterred Joseph Stalin and the So- The warden replaces the spoiled food intervening in Iraq, and this body has viets for decades. We have contained with fresh vegetables and maybe even a acted deliberately in bringing to the and deterred Fidel Castro and the Cu- meat entree. If Saddam Hussein allows House floor a resolution that unequivo- bans for 40 years. We have contained inspectors in, it will only be at specific cally expresses our support for our and deterred Communist China in its locations and not the unlimited, sur- Commander-in-Chief. expansionist tendencies for 5 decades.

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:40 Sep 21, 2011 Jkt 099200 PO 00000 Frm 00086 Fmt 4634 Sfmt 0634 E:\ERIC\H09OC2.REC H09OC2 mmaher on DSKFW6RHC1PROD with $$_JOB October 9, 2002 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H7391 Now this President wants to radi- estimate for military action, a cost es- taught us, it is that our policy of con- cally change our decades-old foreign timate for reconstruction of Iraq, along tainment and deterrence does not work policy of containment and deterrence with a proposal for how the U.S. is against terrorists who are willing to to a policy of first strike. What does going to pay for these costs. We are blow themselves up and, at the same that tell the world? Does it embolden going more into debt. Will there ever time, innocent civilians. Russia to attack Georgia to better deal be a prescription drug benefit? Will we I rise in support of this historic reso- with Chechnya? Does it set an inter- continue to underfund education? Will lution, fully aware that this may be national precedent for China to go into the economy continue to falter if we do one of the most important votes this Taiwan or deal even more harshly with this war? body casts. Tibet? Does it embolden India or Paki- We should do an analysis of the im- We all hope that we can disarm Iraq stan, or both, each with nuclear weap- pact on the U.S. domestic economy of without bloodshed. That is our goal. ons, from going to war in Kashmir? the use of resources for military action We all hope and pray that risking the The whole point of the Security and the use of resources for reconstruc- lives of the women and men of our Council is to prevent member states, tion of Iraq. We should answer the Armed Forces will prove unnecessary. including veto-wielding permanent questions. We hold out hope that this time, members, perhaps especially veto- We should have a comprehensive plan against the recent tide of history, Sad- wielding permanent members, to pre- for U.S. financial and political commit- dam will allow U.N. inspectors full ac- vent those member states from launch- ment to long-term cultural, economic, cess, free of deception and delay. But if ing first strike, unilateral, unprovoked and political stabilization in a free Iraq the events of 9–11 and ongoing intel- war. if the President is going to talk about ligence-gathering have shown us any- Resolution 678, which authorized the Iraq being a model of democracy in the thing, Mr. Speaker, it is that we must Gulf War, called explicitly for coun- Middle East. remain ever vigilant against the new tries cooperating with the exiled Ku- We should have a comprehensive and growing threat to the American waiti loyals to create a coalition to use statement that details the extent of way of life. Terrorists who are willing force. No country, no country in inter- the international support for military to commit suicide to murder thousands national law, has the unilateral right operations in Iraq and what effect a of innocents will not be halted by the to decide Iraq has not complied with military action against Iraq will mean conventional means and policies of de- U.N. requirements, let alone what the for the broader war on terrorism. terrence we have deployed. The greatest danger we face is in not U.N. response should be. We should have a comprehensive acting, in assuming the terrorists who A couple of weeks ago, three retired analysis of the effect on the stability of are committed to destroying our Na- four-star generals testified in the other Iraq, and the region, of any regime tion will remain unarmed by Saddam. body, stating that attacking Iraq with- change in Iraq that may occur as a re- The first strike could be the last strike out a United Nations’ resolution sup- sult of U.S. military action. And, finally, we should have a com- for too many Americans. porting military action could limit aid Mr. Speaker, we know enough at this mitment that the U.S. will take nec- from allies, would supercharge, in the point about the specific dangers posed essary efforts to protect the health, general’s words, supercharge recruiting by Iraq to make this resolution un- for al Qaeda and undermine our war on safety, and security of the U.S. Armed avoidable: large stockpiles of chemical terrorism. Forces and Iraqi civilians. and biological weapons, an advanced Mr. Speaker, before we send our b 1830 and still-evolving nuclear weapons pro- young men and women to war, before duction program, support for and the There are too many questions the ad- we put our young men and women in ministration has yet to answer. If we harboring of terrorist organizations, harm’s way, we must make certain in the brutal repression and murder of its strike Iraq on our own, what happens every way that this is the best course to our campaign against terrorism? own civilian population, and the utter of action. disregard for U.N. resolutions and dic- Most of our allies in the war on terror Mr. ISSA. Mr. Speaker, could I in- oppose U.N. unilateral action against tates. quire as to the time remaining on both Mr. Speaker, we know enough. Iraq. Will our coalition against ter- sides. We all applaud and support the Presi- rorism fracture? And if we win a uni- The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. dent’s commitment to working with lateral war, will we be responsible for GILCHREST). The gentleman from Cali- the U.N. Security Council to deal with unilaterally rebuilding Iraq? fornia (Mr. ISSA) has 2 hours and 26 the threat that Iraq poses to the I am not convinced this administra- minutes remaining; the gentleman United States and our allies. I continue tion possesses the political commit- from California (Mr. SCHIFF) has 39 to hope and pray for a peaceful, inter- ment to reconstruct the damage after minutes remaining; and the gentleman nationally driven resolution to this cri- we defeat Saddam Hussein to bring de- from Massachusetts (Mr. DELAHUNT) sis, but I believe that passing this reso- mocracy to that country. It will entail has 20 minutes remaining. lution strengthens the President’s appropriations of hundreds of millions Mr. ISSA. Mr. Speaker, I would like hand to bring this about. of dollars a year, year after year after to ask the gentleman on the other side But with the events of September 11 year. Do we have the political will and of the aisle if we could agree to a 2- or still fresh in our minds and in our the financial commitment to do that in 3-to-1 split in order to normalize the hearts, we cannot rest our hopes on the that country, in that region? Should a time, since there is such a disparity in possibility that Iraq will comply with new enemy arise while we are paying the amount consumed. U.N. resolutions. Iraq has defied the for the campaign against al Qaeda and Mr. DELAHUNT. Mr. Speaker, I United Nations openly for over a dec- the reconstruction of Iraq, will our re- would agree to a 2-to-1 split, I would ade. sources be so overextended that we will say to my friend from California. Today we are being asked to fulfill not be able to address this new threat? Mr. ISSA. Mr. Speaker, I thank the our responsibilities to our families, our This Congress should not authorize gentleman. We will proceed with two in constituents, and our Constitution; and the use of force unless the administra- a row and then yield. I think we have to give the President tion details what it plans to do and Mr. Speaker, I yield 4 minutes to the the appropriate tools to proceed if Sad- how we will deal with the consequences gentleman from Virginia (Mr. TOM dam does not cooperate with the arms of our actions, namely, what will the DAVIS). inspectors and comply with existing U.S. role be after military action is (Mr. TOM DAVIS of Virginia asked U.N. resolutions. completed? We should set stronger con- and was given permission to revise and While we should seek the active sup- ditions before any military action is extend his remarks.) port of other nations, we must first and permitted. Mr. TOM DAVIS of Virginia. Mr. foremost protect our homeland, our The President should present to Con- Speaker, I thank the gentleman for people, and our way of life. gress a comprehensive plan that ad- yielding me this time. Mr. Speaker, I pray for the best as we dresses the full range of issues associ- Mr. Speaker, if there is anything prepare for the worst. Today, we recog- ated with action against Iraq: a cost that 9–11 and the events of that day nize that there may come a time in a

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:40 Sep 21, 2011 Jkt 099200 PO 00000 Frm 00087 Fmt 4634 Sfmt 0634 E:\ERIC\H09OC2.REC H09OC2 mmaher on DSKFW6RHC1PROD with $$_JOB H7392 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE October 9, 2002 moment when we realize that we are learned several things: number one, the Mr. SCHIFF. Mr. Speaker, I yield 5 involved in a profound global struggle Iraqi people do not like Saddam be- minutes to the distinguished gen- in which Saddam’s regime is clearly at cause he, in fact, keeps the great tleman from Oklahoma (Mr. CARSON). the epicenter on the side of evil; when wealth to himself, keeps different Mr. CARSON of Oklahoma. Mr. it becomes clear there are times when tribes in ignorance, to the pleasure of Speaker, for more than a decade, evil cannot be appeased, ignored, or his own tribe. In fact, one of the American foreign policy has struggled simply forgotten; when confrontation conscripts that I interrogated was to define its role in the post-Cold War remains the only option. scared to death of an American soldier. world. Unsure of when to use military There are moments in history when Why? Because they had been told that force, how to use it, and with which al- conscience matters, in fact, when con- if you are captured by Americans, that lies, we have stumbled from engage- science is the only thing that matters. you, in fact, would be quartered, your ment to ad hoc engagement from So- I urge my colleagues to vote their con- body would be quartered. Over 90,000 malia to Kosovo. We have at times science and acknowledge the danger Iraqis that were held in two prisoner of acted hastily in the world; more often, confronting us, by not entrusting our war camps, I say to my colleagues, far too late. fate to others, by demonstrating our have had the opportunity to tell the Our recent fecklessness points up the resolve to rid the world of this menace. stories of how well they were treated foreign policy confusion that the wel- I urge this with a heavy heart, but a by Americans and, in fact, they called come end of the long war with totali- heart convinced that if confrontation the prisoner of war camps ‘‘the hotel.’’ tarianism has left with us. Confronted should be required, we are ready for the Let me tell about their leadership. with the Soviet Union, Democrats and task. Before the interrogation of a two-star Republicans were united in the goals of Mr. ISSA. Mr. Speaker, I yield 5 min- Iraqi general, he was sitting with his containment and deterrence, this lat- utes to the gentleman from Indiana legs crossed on the desert floor with his ter purpose backed up by the threat of (Mr. BUYER). hands in his face weeping like a child. nuclear annihilation. Such strategies Mr. BUYER. Mr. Speaker, I rise in I had an interpreter with me. When I are, of course, still not outdated, as we strong support of this resolution. walked up, I kicked the bottom of his face an unstable Russia and a growing Defending America against all en- boot and, through the interpreter, I China, both armed with significant nu- emies, foreign and domestic, is the first asked him to stand at attention. He clear arsenals. But the primacy of and fundamental purpose of the Fed- stood up and I asked him if he was an these doctrines has no doubt receded eral Government. Once, it took coun- Iraqi general. He responded and said with the Peace of Paris and with the tries of great economic wealth to field yes, he was. Here I am, an American difficult challenges that have arisen a powerful military, to threaten the captain in the Army, and I told him, since. As our Nation enters the 21st cen- United States, and to place our people then if you are an Iraqi general, then tury, we are confronted by some of in fear. The threat of this new century act like one. has now changed, because we have indi- Mr. Speaker, why would an Iraqi gen- these challenges, like humanitarian crises in Somalia which are brought viduals that truly hate us and can use eral be weeping upon the desert floor? into our homes through the global something as simple as box cutters to Because Saddam hand-selects his gen- reach of communications technology, place our people in fear and terror. eral officers. They do not earn it. The and world opinion demands action to With regard to the threat of Saddam men who serve in their military have bring relief. Ethnic cleansing, with its Hussein, it must be recognized for what not earned the trust and confidence. it is: a deliberate and patient campaign Also, what will be told is the echoes of the Holocaust, insist that the by Saddam to terrorize free people and lethality of American combat troops. United States and its Western allies make good on the promise of ‘‘never undermine the very foundations of lib- They know exactly what happened in again.’’ And the spread of weapons of erty. the short war of the gulf. The oper- mass destruction, which means that, I am sufficiently convinced without ations with regard to any military ac- for the first time in history, a nonstate hesitation that Saddam represents a tion that may occur in the Gulf War, I actor can inflict lethal harm on a clear and present danger. As a Gulf say to my colleagues, is so completely State, compels us to develop new doc- War veteran, I am filled with emotion different than the operations of 10 trines of defense. to contemplate that my comrades will years ago. once again be upon the desert floor. I Mr. Speaker, I have faith in the Iraqi b 1845 submit that it is easier to be ordered to people because I also remember them. It is amidst this intellectual muddle war than to vote that someone else Do my colleagues know what their re- that the current crisis with Iraq arises. may go in my place. However, now is quest was at the prisoner of war camp There are certain undeniable facts the time for our Nation to in fact be to bring calm? They just wanted to lis- about Saddam Hussein, who has so vigilant and to authorize the President ten to Madonna. So that is what we ruthlessly ruled Iraq for more than 20 to preserve freedom through military did. We piped in Madonna. They wanted years. He alone in the world has used action, if necessary, and to take our to listen to ‘‘The Material Girl.’’ Their chemical weapons, against his own peo- foreign policy as defense in depth. culture is far more Westernized than ple. He has a sophisticated biological In many respects, this resolution rep- we could ever imagine, and they like weapons program. Most importantly, resents a continuation of the Gulf War. Americans. he has an insatiable appetite for nu- Saddam Hussein agreed to provisions of This is not against the Iraqi people. clear weapons, which, but for the fore- the cease-fire. He has violated his This is any action to get Saddam Hus- sight of Israel and the success of the cease-fire, he has been flagrant in his sein to comply with the cease-fire to Gulf War, he would already possess. violations, and the hostility is now disarm; and if, in fact, he does not, With these capabilities, Saddam Hus- open and notorious. After a decade of then force is the means of last resort. sein has repeatedly tried to dominate denial, deception, and hostility toward And the soldiers, while they prepare to the Middle East, a region of critical the world, it is time to seek Iraq’s com- fight and win the Nation’s wars, they importance to the United States. pliance and, if necessary, remove this are the ones who have taken the oath These facts alone dictate immediate despotic dictator, his weapons of mass to lay down their life for the Constitu- action to disarm Iraq. If Saddam Hus- destruction, and the terrorists he sup- tion, and they do not want to fight. In sein were to acquire a nuclear weapon, ports and harbors. fact, they want peace. But if called he would be able to muscle surrounding Saddam Hussein and the Ba’ath upon, they, in fact, will serve. states, as he attempted to do with Ku- Party rule Iraq through terror and So I will vote for this resolution, and wait in 1990, with relative impunity, fear. I will share some personalized sto- I will think about my comrades who for the threat of nuclear reprisal would ries. may be placed in harm’s way, and I deter all but the most determined vin- Through interrogations at the enemy also will think of the children that are dicators of international law and Mid- prisoner of war camp during the Gulf left behind and the spouses who will dle East stability. War, having done these interviews with keep the watch fires burning for their Were Saddam Hussein to control not Iraqi high command conscripts, I loved ones. Support the resolution. only his own mighty oil fields but also

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:40 Sep 21, 2011 Jkt 099200 PO 00000 Frm 00088 Fmt 4634 Sfmt 0634 E:\ERIC\H09OC2.REC H09OC2 mmaher on DSKFW6RHC1PROD with $$_JOB October 9, 2002 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H7393 those of his neighbors, the havoc to the Mr. Speaker, in a perfect world, if gion, including our ally, Israel, without world economy could not be overesti- given a simple choice, no rational warning. mated, as would the danger to our human being would advocate war over Keeping this in mind, it seems to me long-standing ally, Israel. peace. No father and no mother would that we, as guardians of freedom, have Many people over the last 2 days ever want to send their daughter or son an awesome responsibility to act to en- have spoken eloquently of the need for into harm’s way. No truly civilized sure that Saddam Hussein cannot carry United Nations approval before any people would ever want to sit idly by out a first strike against the United American action against Iraq. Presi- and let their friends and allies be anni- States or our allies. dent Bush was wise to recently address hilated. Mr. Speaker, while there is no doubt the U.N., and I am confident that the Unfortunately, Mr. Speaker, these that unqualified support for military United Nations will acknowledge the are principled beliefs, all of which con- intervention from the U.N. is pref- need to enforce its own resolutions de- front us at this difficult time. Unfortu- erable, we must be prepared to defend manding the disarmament of Iraq; and nately, Mr. Speaker, today we do not ourselves alone. We must never allow recognize, too, that only the threat of live in a perfect world. Tonight, how- the foreign policy of our country to be military force can make those demands ever, as we debate the question of giv- dictated by those entities that may or understood. ing our President and Commander-in- may not have U.S. interests at heart. But if the United Nations itself has Chief Congress’ authorization to con- The resolution before us does not so little self-regard as to not demand duct war, we must remember the les- mandate military intervention in Iraq. compliance by Iraq, then that body’s sons of history. More than 60 years ago, It does, however, give President Bush impotence should not forestall the many closed their eyes, many covered clear authority to invade Iraq should United States from making the world’s their ears, or chanted the same chorus he determine that Hussein is not com- demands on its own. for peace that we now hear. Mr. Speak- plying with the conditions we have laid While consistency is not always val- er, when will we learn that we cannot before him. Chief among these is full ued highly in Congress, my own party trust, we cannot pacify, and we cannot and unfettered weapons inspections. If would well remember that President he fails to comply, we will have no negotiate with a mass murderer? Bill Clinton chose to take action in Mr. Speaker, humanity cannot afford choice but to take action. Our security Kosovo without any approval from the ever to experience another Holocaust demands it. Mr. Speaker, the world community Security Council; indeed, against the as a cruel reminder. Israel is not an ex- watching this debate ought not con- opposition of at least one permanent pendable commodity. clude that respectful disagreements on Security Council member, but with the Tonight, just a few miles from here the floor of this House divide us. On approval of most Democrats in the near our Nation’s Capitol, a mad killer the contrary, we find strength through House of Representatives. lurks. Think of the terror tonight of Still others of my colleagues have an open airing of all views. We never those in range of that single madman. suggested that we must wait for fur- take this privilege for granted, and we Think also of the terror in Israel, never ther provocation by Iraq. Somehow, need look no further than to Iraq to knowing true security. I ask the Mem- they argue, it is against the American understand why. bers, is that the kind of world we want tradition to take preventative military At the end of this debate, Congress action; or they argue that Iraq can be our children and grandchildren to live will speak with one voice. I find com- deterred in the same manner as was in? I say no, a thousand times no. fort in the knowledge that this unity That is why tonight I will support the Soviet Union. Grenada, Panama, represents a promise that we will never this resolution. I rise in support of the and Haiti rebut the notion that the back down from preserving our free- resolution and our President to ensure United States is a stranger to unilat- doms and protecting our homeland eral preventative action, as does the that we do not repeat history, or that from those who wish to destroy us. commonsense realization that times we do not have our children live in that Mr. DELAHUNT. Mr. Speaker, I yield have changed, and it is not so much the kind of world. 5 minutes to the gentlewoman from Mr. ISSA. Mr. Speaker, I yield 3 min- detonation of a nuclear bomb that Ohio (Mrs. JONES), who serves on the threatens the United States but Iraq’s utes to the gentleman from Illinois Committee on Financial Services and mere possession of such a weapon. (Mr. CRANE). whose career has been earmarked by Deterrence works well when it must, Mr. CRANE. Mr. Speaker, I thank respect for the rule of law. but the assumption that all are the gentleman for yielding time to me. Mrs. JONES of Ohio. Mr. Speaker, I deterrable is, in the wake of September Mr. Speaker, I rise in strong support want to thank the gentleman for that 11, on very shaky footing, indeed. of House Joint Resolution 114 to pro- kind yielding of time to me. There is, in the end, no choice about vide authorization for the use of mili- Mr. Speaker, this is a quote: ‘‘I’m disarmament. The only alternatives tary force against Iraq. While I hope concerned about living with my con- are between forced agreement or non- and pray President Bush does not have science, and searching for that which is consensual military force. Paradox- to commit our troops to such action, I right and that which is true, and I can- ically, it is the threat of force which believe that he must have the author- not live with the idea of being just a we authorize in this resolution that of- ity he needs to protect U.S. national conformist following a path that every- fers the best chance for a peaceful dis- security interests. body else follows. And this has hap- armament. The events of September 11 showed pened to us. As I’ve said in one of my The authorization of force, which has that we are not protected from an at- books, so often we live by the philos- in recent years taken the place of for- tack on our homeland. There can be no ophy ‘Everybody’s doing it, it must be mal declarations of war, is the most doubt that Saddam Hussein possesses alright.’ we tend to determine what is grave and momentous decision anyone and continues to cultivate weapons of right and wrong by taking a sort of in Congress can make, but we will au- mass destruction. The U.N. weapons in- Gallup poll of the majority opinion, thorize force against Iraq tomorrow, spectors were thrown out of Iraq 4 and I don’t think this is the way to get and we will be right to do so. We will years ago for a reason. A first strike at what is right. be right not because we desire war with made with weapons of mass destruction ‘‘Arnold Toynbee talks about the cre- Iraq, but because we desire to prevent can result in millions dead, and the ative minority and I think more and it; right not because we lead this cause, U.S. must be prepared to act preemp- more we must have in our world that but because no one else will; and right tively. creative minority that will take a not because war is our first resort, but, Some ask why we must act against stand for that which conscience tells unlike Iraq, it is always our last. this threat in particular. The answer is them is right, even though it brings Mr. ISSA. Mr. Speaker, it is my that this threat is unique. I need not about criticism and misunderstanding pleasure to yield 3 minutes to the gen- remind anyone that Hussein has used and even abuse.’’ tleman from Florida (Mr. MICA), Chair weapons of mass destruction already That is excerpted from a 1967 inter- of the Subcommittee on Aviation. against his own people. In addition, he view of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Mr. MICA. I thank the gentleman for has tried to dominate the Middle East Mr. Speaker, I stand here today as a yielding time to me, Mr. Speaker. and has struck other nations in the re- part of a creative minority in Congress

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:40 Sep 21, 2011 Jkt 099200 PO 00000 Frm 00089 Fmt 4634 Sfmt 0634 E:\ERIC\H09OC2.REC H09OC2 mmaher on DSKFW6RHC1PROD with $$_JOB H7394 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE October 9, 2002 who oppose this apparently inevitable dam Hussein are, we must address how the international community through resolution granting the President the we intend to help the Iraqi people insti- the United Nations has repeatedly authority to use force to remove Sad- tute a democratic government. called on the Iraqi regime to keep its dam Hussein from power. But I will not I ask the President, can he not an- word and open all facilities to weapons be a silent minority. swer a few simple questions: Have we inspections. Yet repeatedly Iraq has re- I know who Saddam Hussein is. I completed the war on terrorism? What fused, defying the United Nations. know he has viciously killed hundreds happened to Osama bin Laden? Do we There is no reason to believe that with- of thousands of Kurds in northern Iraq know how long a war in Iraq would out the threat of force, the disar- with chemical and biological weapons. last? Has there been any assessment mament the Iraqi regime agreed to as I know he has murdered members of his for the American people of how much a part of the disarmament after the Gulf own cabinet; in fact, his own family. I war in Iraq will cost our economy? War more than 10 years ago will ever remember vividly his aggressions in Does he have any idea of the human occur. Iran and Kuwait and the SCUD missiles loss we should expect in a war with And there is other gathering danger he launched into Israel in the Gulf Iraq? and risk to America and all freedom- War. I know the contempt he has Instead of answers, he gives us bom- loving people. The horror of September shown toward the U.N. and its weapons bast. Yes, we have all heard the rhet- 11, Mr. Speaker, awakened us to that inspectors as they attempted to en- oric: Saddam is evil, Saddam hates reality. We know that the Iraqi regime force post-Gulf War resolutions; and I America, Saddam must be stopped, and is producing and stockpiling chemical know that the world, and particularly you are either with us or against us. If and biological weapons. We know they the Gulf region, would be a better and you are not with us, we don’t need you. are in the process of obtaining a nu- safer place without Saddam Hussein in b 1900 clear weapon. We know that this re- power and those of his ilk in power. gime has a consistent record of aggres- But when the rhetoric is peeled away, But I also know that the resolution sion of supporting terrorist activities. truth emerges. before us is a product of haste and hu- Once the Iraqi regime possesses a nu- Mr. Speaker, I cannot go on but I say bris, rather than introspection and hu- clear weapon, it, or the technology to all of my colleagues, let us be the mility. I have seen President Bush con- that creates it, could easily be passed creative minority. Vote against allow- front the Iraq question with arrogance along to a terrorist organization. Al- ing force against Iraq. and condescension, initially bullying ready chemical and biological weapons this Congress, our international allies, ANNOUNCEMENT BY THE SPEAKER PRO TEMPORE could be provided. We must not permit and the American people with accusa- The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. this to happen. tions and threats and tales of terror GILCHREST). Members are reminded to The resolution will authorize mili- eliciting fear in their hearts and minds. address their remarks to the Chair and tary action but only if it is necessary. President Bush has told us that war not to the President. I would hope that every Member in this is not inevitable, but does anyone real- Mr. ISSA. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani- Chamber would pray that it would not ly believe that? For months, this ad- mous consent that the time for debate be necessary. But the choice is clear, ministration has marched inexorably on this resolution be extended for 2 and it is a choice for the Iraqi regime towards an attack on Iraq, changing its hours to be equally divided between the to make. If the regime refuses to dis- rationale to suit the circumstances. I majority and minority. arm, our military and our coalition The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there have no doubt that, regardless of what partners will be compelled to make a objection to the request of the gen- we do here or what Saddam does there, stand for freedom and security against tleman from California? we will go to war. I pray I am wrong. tyranny and terrorism. And if we take There was no objection. The CIA today said Saddam is un- this course, it will not be unilateral as The SPEAKER pro tempore. The likely to initiate a chemical or biologi- others on this floor have said. The Chair grants an additional hour to be cal attack against the United States United States will not be alone. and presented the alarming possibility controlled by the gentleman from Cali- I commend the President for his dip- that an attack on Iraq could provoke fornia (Mr. ISSA) and by the gentleman lomatic initiatives, for continuing to him into taking the very actions this from California (Mr. SCHIFF). try to work through the United Na- administration claims an invasion Mr. ISSA. Mr. Speaker, I yield 4 min- tions, and for an impressive array of would prevent. utes to the gentleman from Ohio (Mr. coalition partners already assembled. I I know, too, who we are. America has PORTMAN). do not take lightly the fact that the never backed down from a just war. Mr. PORTMAN. Mr. Speaker, I thank course laid out by this resolution may From the Revolutionary era to the my friend from California (Mr. ISSA) put at risk the lives of young men and Civil War, across Europe, Asia, and Af- for yielding me time. women in uniform. But I believe not rica, in two world wars, just a dozen Mr. Speaker, as Members of Congress authorizing the possible use of force years ago in the Persian Gulf, and we face no more important issues than would put even more innocent Ameri- countless missions to faraway places those of war and peace, and for that cans at risk. like Bosnia, Kosovo, Liberia, and Af- reason I agree wholeheartedly with my ghanistan, America fought. We fought colleague from Ohio (Mrs. JONES) who This is a solemn debate and a tough with righteousness, determination, and just spoke that this must be a vote of vote of conscience. Mine will be a vote vision. We fought because principles Congress. For that reason this ex- for an approach that I believe faces up and freedoms were threatened. We tended debate on the House floor is to the very real dangers we face and fought because fighting was our last very appropriate and the views ex- maximizes the chance that these dan- choice. pressed by Members of Congress are de- gers can be addressed with a minimum America has always fought with a vi- serving of respect. Having read it close- loss of life. I will strongly support our sion to the future and has been mer- ly, my view is that the carefully craft- President, Mr. Speaker, and I support ciful and generous in our victories. ed resolution before us is the right ap- the resolution. But the White House has not offered proach. Mr. SCHIFF. Mr. Speaker, I ask any vision for post-Saddam Iraq. As a On Monday in my hometown of Cin- unanimous consent to yield 30 minutes Nation founded on moral principles, we cinnati, the President of the United to the gentleman from Massachusetts have a moral obligation to prepare a States clearly explained to the country (Mr. DELAHUNT) and that he be able to plan for rebuilding Iraq before we de- what is at stake. He not only made the control and yield that time to others. clare war. Iraq, like Afghanistan and case that inaction is not an option, but The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there many of the other nations in the Gulf that given the dangers and defiance of objection to the request of the gen- region, is made up of many ethnic the Iraqi regime, the threat of military tleman from California? groups that will compete for power in action must be an available option. There was no objection. the vacuum that is created by Saddam Time and time again, Saddam Hussein Mr. SCHIFF. Mr. Speaker, I yield 5 Hussein’s ouster. But as important as has proven to be a threat to the peace minutes to the distinguished gen- the tactical plans to overthrow Sad- and security of the region. That is why tleman from Tennessee (Mr. TANNER).

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:40 Sep 21, 2011 Jkt 099200 PO 00000 Frm 00090 Fmt 4634 Sfmt 0634 E:\ERIC\H09OC2.REC H09OC2 mmaher on DSKFW6RHC1PROD with $$_JOB October 9, 2002 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H7395 (Mr. TANNER asked and was given warning we need to stop another event tient. The United Nations was patient. permission to revise and extend his re- in this country as occurred on 9–11. We have all been patient for more than marks.) Thankfully, the President’s appear- a decade. I believe that we need not Mr. TANNER. Mr. Speaker, I thank ance at the United Nations last month look for the proverbial straw that the gentleman for yielding me time. and his speech in Cincinnati Monday breaks the camel’s back; but in fact we September 11, 2001, is a day that will night sent a signal to our allies and to need to simply ask, Why did we wait so rank with December 7, 1941, as a day of many of our own citizens who do not long? Why did we tolerate this dictator infamy in the history of the United and did not support the ‘‘lone cowboy’’ so long? Even why in 1998 when the last States. That one event, 9–11, changed approach, that the administration fi- administration rightfully so called for the world we live in forever. I serve as nally recognized the importance of a regime change did we not act? a delegate to the NATO Parliamentary international cooperation and the role I hope that this body in its consider- Assembly from the Congress and never of all civilized people as expressed by ation of this resolution does not ask have I seen the outpouring of good will the United Nations in this war against why should we act today, but in fact and support from our NATO allies as humanity. Again, I refer not to the should ask why should we not act and we experienced in the aftermath of 9– military resources offered by our glob- why did we take so long? 11. al allies, but to the intelligence infor- Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of For the first time in the 50-plus-year mation which is vital or perhaps more my time. history of the mightiest military alli- vital to our national defense. Mr. DELAHUNT. Mr. Speaker, I yield ance in modern times, article 5 of the The gentleman from South Carolina 6 minutes to the gentlewoman from NATO charter was invoked stating in (Mr. SPRATT) has an amendment which Texas (Ms. JACKSON-LEE), who serves essence that when one member nation I believe does no harm to the substance as the ranking member on the Sub- comes under attack, all consider them- of the resolution and in my view is committee on Immigration, Border Se- selves under attack and each pledges to much preferable and more compatible curity and Claims on the House Com- the other member nations all military, with our constitutional powers as Con- mittee on the Judiciary, as well as a diplomatic, and territorial assets they gress. I hope every Member will seri- member of the Subcommittee on individually and collectively possess. ously consider its adoption. But should Crime, Terrorism and Homeland Secu- This past summer, less than a year that fail, I believe that passage of this rity, who recently returned from Af- from 9–11, the President and Vice resolution is in the best interest of our ghanistan where she conducted a fact- President began to talk about a regime country at this time. Such action on finding mission. change in Iraq. The philosophy was our part will hopefully spur movement (Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas asked this: Saddam Hussein is a despot and a in the international arena to enforce and was given permission to revise and threat to develop and perfect weapons the United Nations resolutions when extend her remarks.) of mass destruction including nuclear violated, with civilization as the pros- Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas. Mr. capabilities; and, therefore, he must be ecutor and humanity as the victor. Speaker, I thank the distinguished removed. Further, we, the United Mr. ISSA. Mr. Speaker, I yield myself member of the Committee on Inter- States, were going to effectuate that such time as I may consume. national Relations for his kindness in change with or without our allies, save Mr. Speaker, I join my many es- yielding me time. the British. Suddenly the good will and teemed colleagues today in support of As many of us who have come to this support for America began to erode, the resolution authorizing the Presi- floor, I come with a heavy heart but a particularly among our European allies dent to use force against Iraq. This is a respect for my colleagues and the and even here at home. historic moment in our country, and it words that they have offered today. In fact, some with good reason, in my should not be taken lightly. But it is b 1915 view, think an election in Germany not the first historic moment when it turned on this one issue. The United comes to Saddam Hussein’s regime. As I stand here, I sometimes feel the States, led by President Bush and Vice This is hopefully the last chapter in a world is on our shoulders, but I also President CHENEY’s rhetoric, was box- long saga of our dealings with Saddam think that my vote is a vote for life or ing herself into a very dangerous and Hussein. death—I have chosen life and so I take potentially disastrous position. Should More than 20 years ago he began to the path of opposition to this resolu- that policy have continued, I would endanger his neighbors. More than 12 tion in order to avoid the tragic path have voted ‘‘no’’ on this resolution. years ago he invaded Kuwait. His cruel that led former Secretary of Defense Why do I say that? The best offense regime has had a long history of the Robert MacNamara to admit, in his we have available to us to protect our kind of practices that are not tolerated painful mea culpa regarding the Viet- country and our citizens is accurate, anywhere on this globe, and yet they nam War, we were wrong, terribly timely intelligence information so that persist. wrong. we know what al Qaeda or others are Mr. Speaker, Saddam Hussein is in He saw the lost lives of our young planning, how they are planning it, fact writing the last chapter as we men and women, some 58,000 who came when they are planning to attack us speak in a 12-year war. We are not con- home in body bags; and after years of again so that we can stop it. In this sidering action which would be preemp- guilt stemming from his role in pros- war of terrorism, all of the United tive or a strike to begin a war. We are, ecuting the war in Vietnam, States military might and every weap- in fact, dealing with an absence of MacNamara was moved to expose his on our country possesses is of little or peace which has cost America lives and soul on paper with his book, ‘‘In Retro- no value in the defense of our home- time and effort for more than a decade. spect: The Tragedy and Lessons of land without these intelligence re- Over the past 10 years he has made a Vietnam.’’ He noted the words of an sources. mockery of the United Nations and the ancient Greek philosopher that ‘‘the This unilateral approach by the ad- multi-national diplomacy that we have reward of suffering is experience,’’ and ministration threatened to jeopardize in fact participated in. He has system- concluded solemnly, let this be the cooperation from those around the atically undermined the United Na- lasting legacy of Vietnam; that we world who may be in a position to give tions resolutions that were designed to never send our young men and women us such intelligence information. disarm and reform his regime. He into war without thoughtful, provoca- World support, world opinion and the threw out weapons inspectors in 1998 tive analysis and an offer of diplomacy. good will of every nation, no matter and has rebuilt his weapons of mass de- I stand in opposition for another rea- how small or militarily insignificant, struction; and there is no question he son, and that is because I hold the Con- has never been more important to us. A intends to target America. In fact, in stitution very dear. I might suggest to whisper in one ear from Kabul to Bag- 1993 he targeted President George Her- my colleagues that when our Founding dad to the Philippines to Germany or bert Bush for assassination. Fathers decided to write the Constitu- even to Oregon can be more important Each of those events was more than tion over 4 months of the hot summer in this war than all of the military sufficient for us to do what we now of 1787, they talked about the distribu- might on Earth, for it may give us the must do. But the United States was pa- tion of authority between legislative,

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:40 Sep 21, 2011 Jkt 099200 PO 00000 Frm 00091 Fmt 4634 Sfmt 0634 E:\ERIC\H09OC2.REC H09OC2 mmaher on DSKFW6RHC1PROD with $$_JOB H7396 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE October 9, 2002 executive and judicial branches, and ating, and North Korea going after 1883, ‘‘there never was a good war or a bad they said it was a bold attempt to cre- South Korea and erupting into an all- peace’’—but we have yet to give the power of ate an energetic central government at out war. Because actions always speak diplomacy and the power of the moral high the same time that the sovereignty of louder than words, the United States’ ground the chance that civilization itself de- the people would be preserved. wise previous admonitions to show re- serves. We have had the experience of Viet- Frankly, the people of the United straint to the world would go to the nam to see the alternatives, so if there were States should make the determination winds, and then, of course, would fall ever a time for diplomacy, it has got to be through this House of a declaration of on deaf ears. now. war. And as the Constitution was writ- There is another equally important The resolution before us is unlikely to lead ten, it said, ‘‘We the people of the reason I must oppose this resolution. It to peace now or in the future because of the United States, in order to form a more is because to vote for it would be to ef- dangerous precedent that it would set. The perfect union, establish justice, provide fectively abdicate our constitutional notion of taking a first strike against another for the common defense, establish the responsibility as a Member of Congress sovereign nation risks upsetting the already Constitution of the United States of to declare war when conditions call for tenuous balance of powers around the world. America.’’ For that reason, I believe such action. The resolution before us In a time when countless nations are armed that this Nation, that suffered a war in declares war singly by the President by with enough weaponry to destroy their neigh- Vietnam, should understand the impor- allowing a first strike without the bors with the mere touch of a button, it can tance of having the Congress of the knowledge of imminent danger and hardly be said that our example of attacking United States declare war. without the input of Congress. It is by another country in the absence of a self de- The reason I say that is we continue article 1, section 8 of the Constitution fense justification would sow the seeds of to suffer today as countless veterans of of the United States that calls for us to peace around the world. Rather, the Presi- that generation from Vietnam have declare war. dent’s proposed doctrine of first strike, which never recovered from the physical and Saddam Hussein is evil. He is a des- would represent an unprecedented departure mental horrors of their experiences, pot. We know that. And I support the from a long-held United States’ policy of being many reliving the nightmares, plagued undermining of his government by giv- a non-aggressor, would say to the world that by demons as they sleep homeless on ing resistance to the United States, to it is acceptable to do a first strike in fear, in- our streets at night. What a price we be able to address these by humani- stead of pursuing all possible avenues to a continue to pay for that mistake. Can tarian aid, by military support in diplomatic solution. Imagine the chaos in the we afford to make it again? terms of training, and also by pro- world if India and Pakistan abandoned all no- Mr. Speaker, I am opposed to this viding support to the resistance. Yet I tions of restraint, if China and Taiwan opted to resolution because it so clearly steers think we can do other things. Diplo- fight instead of negotiate, and if North Korea us towards a treacherous path of war macy first, unfettered robust United and South Korea erupted into all-out war. Be- while yielding sparse efforts to guide States weapons inspections, monitored cause actions always speak louder than us to the more navigable road to peace. review by United Nations Security words, the United States’ wise previous admo- As Benjamin Franklin said in 1883, Council, Soviet Union model of ally- nitions to show restraint in the aforementioned ‘‘There never was a good war or a bad supported isolation, support of democ- conflicts would fall upon deaf ears as the na- peace.’’ Mr. Speaker, we have yet to ratization, and developing a more tions would instead follow our dangerous lead. give the power of diplomacy a chance stringent United States containment There is another equally important reason and the power of the moral rightness of policy. that I must oppose this resolution. It is be- the high ground the chance that civili- This resolution is wrong. We must cause to vote for it would be to effectively ab- zation deserves. Do we not deserve as not abdicate our responsibility. And dicate my Constitutional duty as a Member of well as the right to die the right to most importantly, Mr. Speaker, as I go Congress to delcare war when conditions call live? We have had the experience of to my seat, I stand here on the side of for such action. The resolution before us does Vietnam to see the alternatives. So if saving the lives of the young men and authorize the President to declare war without the unacceptable costs of war come women of this Nation. the basis of imminent threat. Congress may upon us, why not use diplomacy? It is As I stand on the House floor today with not choose to transfer its duties under the time to use diplomacy now. great respect for the heartfelt positions of my Constitution to the President. The Constitution The resolution before us is unlikely colleagues, I must take the path of opposition was not created for us to be silent. It is a body to lead to peace now or in the future to this resolution in order to avoid following the of law that provides the roadmap of democ- because of the dangerous precedent tragic path that led former Secretary of De- racy and national security in this country, and that it would set. The notion of taking fense Robert McNamara to admit in his painful like any roadmap, it is designed to be fol- a first strike against another sovereign mea culpa regarding the Vietnam war, ‘‘We lowed. Only Congress is authorized to declare nation risks upsetting the already ten- were wrong, terribly wrong.’’ After years of war, raise and support armies, provide and uous balance of powers around the guilt stemming from his role in prosecuting the maintain a navy, and make the rules for these world. In a time when countless na- war in Vietnam, McNamara was moved to ex- armed forces. There is nothing vague or un- tions are armed with enough weaponry pose his soul on paper with his book: ‘‘In Ret- clear about the language in Article I, section 8, to destroy their neighbors with the rospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Viet- clauses 11–16 of our Constitution. In it, we are mere touch of a button, it can hardly nam’’. He noted the words of the ancient told that Congress has the power: be said that our example of attacking Greek dramatist Aeschylus who said ‘‘The re- To declare war, grant letters of marque and another country in the absence of self- ward of suffering is experience,’’ and con- reprisal, and make rules concerning captures defense is an acceptable way to go. The cluded solemnly, ‘‘Let this be the lasting leg- on land and water; justification would sow the seeds of acy of Vietnam.’’ Therefore this legacy should To raise and support armies, but no appro- peace if we decided to follow peace. remind us that war is deadly and the Con- priation of money to that use shall be for a It is important to note that rather gress must not abdicate its responsibility. longer term than two years; than the President’s proposed doctrine This Nation did suffer as result of that war, To provide and maintain a navy; of first strike, we would do well to look and we continue to suffer today as countless To make rules for the government and regu- to diplomacy first. The first strike pre- veterans of that generation have never recov- lation of the land and naval forces; and sumption of the President would rep- ered from the physical and mental horrors of To provide for calling forth the militia to exe- resent an unprecedented departure their experiences, many reliving the night- cute the laws of the union, suppress insurrec- from a long-held United States policy mares, plagued by demons as they sleep tions and repel invasions. of being a nonaggressor. We would say homeless on our streets at night. What a price This system of checks and balances, which to the world that it is acceptable to do we continue to pay for that mistake. Can we is essential to ensuring that no individual or a first strike in fear instead of pur- afford to make it again? I think not. branch of government can wield absolute suing all possible avenues to a diplo- Mr. Speaker, I am opposed to this resolution power, cannot be effective if one individual is matic solution. because it so clearly steers us toward a impermissibly vested with the sole discre- Imagine the world in chaos with treacherous path of war, while yielding sparse tionary authority to carry out what 535 Mem- India going after Pakistan, China opt- efforts to guide us to the more navigable road bers of Congress have been duly elected by ing to fight Taiwan instead of negoti- to peace. And as Benjamin Franklin said in the people to do. It is through the process of

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The rea- does possess chemical, biological or nuclear who say they simply do not want to go son that we are a government of the people, weapons, we can be assured that he would to war and talk about why I do not for the people and by the people is because not hesitate to use them if the ultimate goal is want to go to war either, but some- there is a plurality of perspectives that are to destroy his regime, instead of to disarm it. times war is necessary. I want to talk taken into account before the most important With that being the case, there can be little about the issue of why now, because I decisions facing the country are made. Grant- doubt that neighboring countries would be think that is a very pressing issue. And ing any one individual, even the President of dragged into the fray—willingly or otherwise— I want to talk, most importantly, the United States, the unbridled authority to creating an upheaval that would dwarf pre- about how I believe this resolution is use the Armed Forces of the United States as vious altercations in the region or possibly in the most certain way, indeed perhaps he determines to be necessary and appro- the world. The resolution, as presently word- the only way, we have to avoid war. priate is not only unconstitutional, but is also ed, opens the door to all of these possibilities Let me begin with the seriousness of the height of irresponsibility. and that is why I cannot support it. this issue. Beyond a shadow of a doubt, Saddam Hussein is indeed an evil man. He Because I do not support the resolution this will be the most solemn, most seri- has harmed his own people in the past, and does not mean that I favor inaction. To the ous vote I believe I will cast in my ten- cannot be trusted in the future to live peace- contrary, I believe that immediate action is of ure in the United States Congress. I fully with his neighbors in the region. I fully the highest order. To that end, I would pro- have been here for some pretty serious support efforts to disarm Iraq pursuant to the pose a five-point plan of action: votes. I have seen us balance a budget, resolutions passed in the aftermath of the gulf 1. Diplomacy first; I have seen us impeach a President, but war, and I do not rule out the possibility that 2. Unfettered, robust United Nations weap- nothing comes close to the vote on a military action might be needed in the future to ons inspections to provide full disarmament; resolution of force such as the one we see that those efforts come to fruition. I voted 3. Monitoring and review by United Nations will consider tomorrow. I approach for the Iraqi Liberation Act in 1998 and still Security Council; that vote with the grave appreciation stand behind my decision to support the ob- 4. Soviet Union model of allied supported of the fact that lives are in the bal- jective of helping the people of Iraq change isolation—support of democratization through ance: lives of American soldiers, lives their government. But that legislation con- governance training and support of resistance of innocent Iraqis, lives of people tained an important caveat that precluded the elements; and throughout the world. use of United States armed forces to remove 5. Developing a more stringent United I also approach that vote with the the government from power, and instead pro- States containment policy. grave knowledge that while my son is vided for various forms of humanitarian assist- What I can and will support is an effort for 16 years old and would not likely serve ance. That Act, now has the effect of law, and diplomacy first, and unfettered U.N. inspec- in this war, I have many constituents unlike Iraq, we are a nation that respects the tions. As the most powerful nation in the and many friends with sons and daugh- rule of law. And our Constitution, the supreme world, we should be a powerful voice for diplo- ters who are 18 years old or 19 or 20, law of the land, sets forth the duties and re- macy—and not just military might. Since we and who may be called upon to go to sponsibilities of Congress in clear, unambig- are a just nation, we should wield our power war. This is, indeed, I believe, the most uous language. judiciously—restraining where possible for the serious issue this Congress can con- The indictment against Saddam Hussein is greater good. Pursuing peace means insisting template, and it is one that has nothing new. He is a despot of the worst kind, upon the disarmament of Iraq. Pursuing peace weighed on me for weeks. and I believe that when the United Nations means insisting upon the immediate return of Some of those amongst my constitu- Security Council passes a resolution deter- the U.N. weapons inspectors. Pursuing peace ents who are deeply worried about this mining his present status and outlining a plan and diplomacy means that the best answer to issue say why should we act and why for the future, that will provide further docu- every conflict and crisis is not always violence. should we act under these cir- mentation for Congress to act on a military op- Passing this resolution, and the possible re- cumstances? They argue that we tion in Iraq. Right now, however, we are mov- percussions that it may engender, will not en- should pursue deterrence. They argue ing too far too quickly with many alarmist rep- hance the moral authority of the United States that we should pursue containment; resentations yet undocumented. in the world today and it will not set the stage and then they argue that if neither de- Some of us have begun to speculate about for peace nor ensure that are providing for a terrence nor containment work, we the cost that a war in Iraq might be. And while more peaceful or stable world community. should wait until a first strike is our economy now suffers because of cor- Instead, as we ensure that Iraq does not launched and then we should respond. porate abuse and 2 years of a declining econ- possess illegal weapons, we should make Well, I would respond by saying his- omy with high unemployment, I cannot help good on the promise to the people that we tory has proven sadly over the history but to shudder when I think of what the cost made in the passage of the 1998 Iraqi Libera- of the Saddam Hussein regime that de- might be—not only in dollars—but in human tion Act. We should do all that we can to as- terrence does not work. This is a man lives as well. My constituents, in flooding my sist the people of Iraq because as President who has proven by his conduct over and offices with calls and e-mails all vehemently Dwight Eisenhower said, ‘‘I like to believe that over again that he cannot be deterred. opposed to going to war, have expressed their people in the long run are going to do more This is a man who will not respond to concerns about the unacceptable costs of war. to promote peace than our governments. In- the kind of signals that the rest of the One Houston resident wrote, ‘‘This is a war deed, I think that people want peace so much world sends in hopes that a world lead- that would cost more in money and lives that that one of these days, governments had bet- er would respond. Although we have at- I am willing to support committing, and than I ter get out of the way and let them have it.’’ tempted containment, this is a man believe the threat warrants. Attacking Iraq is a I oppose this resolution—H.J. Res. 114. who has proven he will not respond to distraction from, not a continuation of the ‘war Mr. ISSA. Mr. Speaker, it is my containment. on terrorism’.’’ I truly share this woman’s con- pleasure to yield such time as he may At the end of the Gulf War, he agreed cerns. In World War II, we lost 250,000 brave consume to the distinguished gen- to a number of things that we are all Americans who responded to the deadly at- tleman from Arizona (Mr. SHADEGG). now painfully aware of and that have tack on Pearl Harbor and the ensuing battles Mr. SHADEGG. Mr. Speaker, I thank been covered in this debate. He agreed across Europe and Asia. In the Korean war, the gentleman for yielding me this to end his efforts to procure chemical nearly 34,000 Americans were killed, and we time, and I am pleased and privileged and biological weapons. He agreed to suffered more than 58,000 casualties in Viet- to join this serious debate. end his efforts to obtain nuclear weap- nam. The possible conflict in Iraq that the I want to talk on a number of issues ons. He agreed to end his efforts to President has been contemplating for months that I think are very, very important have and to develop long-term missiles now risks incalculable deaths because there is to us as we confront the decision we and other delivery systems. And yet no way of knowing what the international im- must make and the vote we must take none of those have worked. plications may be. Consistent talk of regime tomorrow. I want to talk about the se- At the end of the day, deterrence and change by force, a goal not shared by any of riousness of this issue. I want to talk containment simply have proven, over the allies in the United Nations, only pours fuel about the question of preemption and a pattern of 11 years, not to work. His

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:40 Sep 21, 2011 Jkt 099200 PO 00000 Frm 00093 Fmt 4634 Sfmt 0634 E:\ERIC\H09OC2.REC H09OC2 mmaher on DSKFW6RHC1PROD with $$_JOB H7398 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE October 9, 2002 deceit, his deception, his continued I would suggest that the old doctrine I was in the Middle East when the pattern of forging ahead show us be- of wait until they fire is simply no first weapons inspectors were kicked yond a question of a doubt that he will longer applicable under these cir- out of Iraq. I was on a CODEL with the not be deterred and he will not be con- cumstances. gentleman from Illinois (Mr. HASTERT) tained. Now, I have conscientious colleagues and four or five other Members of Con- We know some things. We know that and I have constituents who come to gress. They left Baghdad and went by because of the nature of the weapons me and say, I am not ready for war; I ground to Jordan and flew to Bahrain. that he has, and because of his willing- do not want war. I want to make it We had an opportunity to meet with ness to use those weapons and to use clear that no one wants war. Not a sin- them in Bahrain the first night they them perhaps secretly, we cannot wait. gle Member of this body would choose reached there. One of my colleagues I listened to the debate last night, and war. And this resolution, as the Presi- who was there is here tonight on the I was very impressed with it. One of my dent said the other night, does not other side of the aisle. We spent 2 to 21⁄2 colleagues in this institution came to mean that war is either imminent or hours talking with weapons inspectors the floor and made an impassioned unavoidable. The President made it who had just been kicked out of Bagh- speech against this resolution and said, clear he does not want war. But I would dad. we absolutely should wait, and he cited urge my colleagues that there are some They made some serious impressions the Revolutionary War and the com- certainties. One of those is that the upon me which I will never forget. One mand to our troops to wait until fired best way to prevent war is to be pre- was echoed in the President’s speech upon. I would suggest to my colleagues pared for war. last night, and that is the Iraq people that when we have an enemy who has are not our enemy. In fact, weapons in- b 1930 chemical and biological weapons of the spectors explained to us that when in- nature of those that this enemy has, we The best way to prevent such a war is dividual Iraqis would learn that a given simply cannot wait. to send clear and unmistakable signals. weapons inspector was an American, VX nerve gas kills by paralyzing the He has unarmed aerial vehicles. That is they would say, America, great place. I central nervous system and can result to say, he has model airplanes, and he have a sister in San Francisco. I have in death in 10 minutes. Sarin nerve gas, has larger airplanes which can be oper- a brother in Philadelphia. cyclosarin nerve gas, mustard gas. I am ated by remote control. The President said it right the other afraid the words ‘‘chemical weapons’’ It has been pointed out that, given night. The Iraqi people are not our en- have lost their meaning; but they his lack of trust, an unmanned aerial emies, but they delivered another mes- should not, because they are abhorrent vehicle, an unmanned airplane, is the sage to us and made another impres- weapons, and he has them. There is no perfect weapon for this leader, this in- sion. That is, they explained to us care- doubt. sane leader, to use, because he does not fully, six congressmen in a hotel room Biological weapons. He has anthrax. have to trust a pilot who might not fol- in Bahrain, now 7 years ago, they said, He has botulism toxin. He has aflatoxin low orders. He has the operator of a re- make no mistake about it, every time and he has resin toxin. It would be bad mote-controlled vehicle standing next they got close to making a real dis- enough if he simply had those, but we to him. If, in fact, the pilot were to covery, every time they were at the know more. He has them and he has choose to not drop his load, there door of a facility that they were con- tried to develop strains of them that would be little he could do in a manned vinced was producing chemical and bio- are resistent to the best drugs we have, aircraft to that pilot. But in an un- logical weapons, there would be a stall, resistent to our antibiotics. That is to manned aerial vehicle, equipped with a there would be a delay. They would be forced to stand outside the gates of say he has them, he could use them, chemical or biological weapon, he re- that building for hours and hours while and not until they had been used could mains in control; and it could easily be the inside was obviously being cleaned we discover that the best our science done. He could bring that kind of weapon up. has cannot match them. Indeed, they would sometimes, when Now, why can we not wait, given that to our shores in a commercial ship like they got savvy to this, the inspectors type of history and that type of chem- the hundreds lined up right now off the would send somebody around to the ical? Because the reality is we do not coast of California and launch them back gate and watch the equipment, know when he will strike. He could in- from there, and we would not know watch the trucks roll out the back deed strike and we would not know it about the attack until after it was done. door. for days or weeks, until it began to There is no question but that an in- It seems to me that we cannot wait manifest itself. spection regime where they are deter- But let us talk also about the whole under these circumstances; and it mined to deceive you, where they are seems to me that he has proven beyond possibility of him using terrorists. We determined to deny you access to some a doubt that deterrence and contain- talk a lot about him, and we get de- locations, and where they have mobile ceived by this discussion of he does not ment, although we have tried them, facilities is no inspection regime at all. have a long-range missile that can simply will not work. I do not want war. No one wants war. reach the United States, because he One colleague pointed out he has But I am convinced that the risk of does not have aircraft that can reach chemical and biological weapons; and waiting is indeed too high. the United States, we ought not to in time, because he is seeking them, he I do not believe, and I agree with one worry about those. We talk about the will have nuclear weapons. It was also of my colleagues on the other side of issue that it could be months or a year pointed out that if we want to rely the aisle who said, I do not believe that before he could develop a nuclear weap- upon a scheme of inspections, and my Saddam Hussein will ever submit to a on. All of those are false pretexts. All constituents back home would hope legitimate inspection regime. But I of those are serious mistakes. that we could rely on inspections. I know this much, he will never submit The reality is that if he chooses to would hope that also. But make no to such an inspection regime until and deliver those weapons through any of mistake about it, there are two serious unless it is backed by credible threat of the means that we know he possibly flaws. force. That is what we are talking could. By handing them in a backpack An inspection regime that relies on about here tonight. to a terrorist, we might never know inspecting a country where hundreds of We also on that trip went and visited that it was Saddam Hussein that deliv- acres are off limits, cannot be gone our American troops enforcing the no- ered the weapon. And if he chooses to into, the presidential palaces that are fly zone, both the southern and the use chemical or biological weapons for there, an inspection regime that relies northern no-fly zone. The American such an attack, we might not know on that is not an inspection regime at people deserve to know that we have until hundreds, indeed until thousands, all. But an inspection regime where we been at a state of war with this regime perhaps tens of thousands, perhaps mil- know to a moral certainty that he has for 11 years. He has fired on our pilots lions of Americans were infected and mobile production facilities is an in- over and over and over again. He prob- fatally wounded and would die, and we spection regime that will give us false ably fired on them today. He has cer- would not know until afterwards. hope. tainly fired on them within the last

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:40 Sep 21, 2011 Jkt 099200 PO 00000 Frm 00094 Fmt 4634 Sfmt 0634 E:\ERIC\H09OC2.REC H09OC2 mmaher on DSKFW6RHC1PROD with $$_JOB October 9, 2002 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H7399 month. He has fired hundreds of times, was home to roughly eighty thousand Kurds, The people in the cellar were panicked. and he has declared war against us. He who were well accustomed to the proximity They had fled downstairs to escape the bom- has declared a holy war against us. of violence to ordinary life. Like most of bardment, and it was difficult to abandon Iraqi Kurdistan, Halabja was in perpetual re- their shelter. Only splinters of light pene- We know some other facts. We know volt against the regime of Saddam Hussein, trated the basement, but the dark provided a over time Saddam Hussein’s weapons and its inhabitants were supporters of the strange comfort. ‘‘We wanted to stay in hid- regime will grow, and the threat will peshmerga, the Kurdish fighters whose name ing, even though we were getting sick,’’ become worse. We do not want war, but means ‘‘those who face death.’’ Nasreen said. She felt a sharp pain in her it would appear doing nothing is the A young woman named Nasreen Abdel eyes, like stabbing needles. ‘‘My sister came one way to ensure war. Qadir Muhammad was outside her family’s close to my face and said, ‘Your eyes are I believe to the depth of my soul that house, preparing food, when she saw the heli- very red.’ Then the children started throw- ing up. They kept throwing up. They were in this resolution is a measured and copter. The Iranians and the peshmerga had just attacked Iraqi military outposts around so much pain, and crying so much. They thoughtful proposal to achieve one Halabja, forcing Saddam’s soldiers to re- were crying all the time. My mother was thing, and that is the disarmament of treat. Iranian Revolutionary Guards then in- crying. Then the old people started throwing Iraq and the Saddam Hussein regime, filtrated the city, and the residents assumed up.’’ hopefully by peace, but if necessary by that an Iraqi counterattack was imminent. Chemical weapons had been dropped on force. Nasreen and her family expected to spend Halabja by the Iraqi Air Force, which under- I think we know that it has the po- yet another day in their cellar, which was stood that any underground shelter would become a gas chamber. ‘‘My uncle said we tential of creating the coalition we all crude and dark but solid enough to with- stand artillery shelling, and even napalm. should go outside,’’ Nasreen said. ‘‘We knew want. If America sends a weak signal ‘‘At about ten o’clock, maybe closer to there were chemicals in the air. We were get- and says we are not sure of our course, ten-thirty, I saw the helicopter,’’ Nasreen ting red eyes, and some of us had liquid com- we are not sure of our path, how can we told me. ‘‘It was not attacking, though. ing out of them. We decided to run.’’ Nasreen even hope to bring into our ranks and There were men inside it, taking pictures. and her relatives stepped outside gingerly. to our side allies in a battle against an One had a regular camera, and the other held ‘‘Our cow was lying on its side,’’ she recalled. insane leader such as Saddam Hussein? what looked like a video camera. They were ‘‘It was breathing very fast, as if it had been running. The leaves were falling off the I think we also know, those of us who coming very close. Then they went away.’’ Nasreen thought that the sight was trees, even though it was spring. The par- intend to vote for this resolution, it strange, but she was preoccupied with lunch; tridge was dead. There were smoke clouds holds a second potential and that is it she and her sister Rangeen were preparing around, clinging to the ground. The gas was could lead the United Nations, indeed, rice, bread, and beans for the thirty or forty heavier than the air, and it was finding the I am prayerful, as is the President, relatives who were taking shelter in the cel- wells and going down the wells.’’ that it will lead the United Nations to lar. Rangeen was fifteen at the time. Nasreen The family judged the direction of the rise to its obligations, to make its res- was just sixteen, but her father had married wind, and decided to run the opposite way. her off several months earlier, to a cousin, a Running proved difficult. ‘‘The children olutions meaningful, to remove itself couldn’t walk, they were so sick,’’ Nasreen from the irrelevancy that it currently thirty-year-old physician’s assistant named Bakhtiar Abdul Aziz. Halabja is a conserv- said. ‘‘They were exhausted from throwing has by not enforcing its resolutions, ative place, and many more women wear the up. We carried them in our arms.’’ and to stand with strength and to say veil than in the more cosmopolitan Kurdish Across the city, other families were mak- ing similar decisions. Nouri Hama Ali, who once and for all to this vicious dic- cities to the northwest and the Arab cities to lived in the northern part of town, decided to tator, we will not let you flaunt the the south. lead his family in the direction of Anab, a rule of law and the requirements im- The bombardment began shortly before eleven. The Iraqi Army, positioned on the collective settlement on the outskirts of posed by the U.N. Halabja that housed Kurds displaced when It could indeed cause Saddam Hus- main road from the nearby town of Sayid Sadiq, fired artillery shells into Halabja, and the Iraqi Army destroyed their villages. ‘‘On sein to come to his senses. I hope it the Air Force began dropping what is the road to Anab, many of the women and will. thought to have been napalm on the town, children began to die,’’ Nouri told me. ‘‘The chemical clouds were on the ground. They I know failing to act involves too especially the northern area. Nasreen and were heavy. We could see them.’’ People were great a risk. Failing to act exposes not Rangeen rushed to the cellar. Nasreen dying all around, he said. When a child could prayed that Bakhtiar, who was then outside just the people of his nation, whom he not go on, the parents, becoming hysterical the city, would find shelter. has terrorized and butchered and tor- with fear, abandoned him. ‘‘Many children tured, to suffer longer. The attack had ebbed by about two o’clock, and Nasreen made her way carefully were left on the ground, by the side of the We know the dimensions to which he upstairs to the kitchen, to get the food for road. Old people as well. They were running, will go. We know the threat. We know the family. ‘‘At the end of the bombing, the then they would stop breathing and die.’’ Nasreen’s family did not move quickly. he will in fact and has used violence of sound changed,’’ she said. ‘‘It wasn’t so loud. ‘‘We wanted to wash ourselves off and find every dimension against his own peo- It was like pieces of metal just dropping water to drink,’’ she said. ‘‘We wanted to ple, and we know for a moral certainty without exploding. We didn’t know why it wash the faces of the children who were vom- he will bring that aggression against was so quiet.’’ iting. The children were crying for water. A short distance away, in a neighborhood the rest of the world if not stopped. There was powder on the ground, white. We still called the Julakan, or Jewish quarter, No one is happy about this moment, couldn’t decide whether to drink the water even though Halabja’s Jews left for Israel in or not, but some people drank the water but I believe it is the right course and, the nineteen-fifties, a middle-aged man for those who truly want peace, the from the well they were so thirsty.’’ named Muhammad came up from his own They ran in a panic through the city, only course. cellar and saw an unusual sight: ‘‘A heli- Nasreen recalled, in the direction of Anab. Mr. Speaker, I include for the copter had come back to the town, and the The bombardment continued intermittently, RECORD a column from the New Yorker soldiers were throwing white pieces of paper Air Force planes circling overhead. ‘‘People written by Jeffrey Goldberg. It is out the side.’’ In retrospect, he understood were showing different symptoms. One per- called ‘‘The Great Terror.’’ It is an that they were measuring wind speed and di- son touched some of the powder, and her interview of the people who were the rection. Nearby, a man named Awat Omer, skin started bubbling.’’ who was twenty at the time, was over- victims of Saddam Hussein’s attack on A truck came by, driven by a neighbor. whelmed by a smell of garlic and apples. People threw themselves aboard. ‘‘We saw his own people. It documents his mur- Nasreen gathered the food quickly, but people lying frozen on the ground,’’ Nasreen der of some 50,000 to 200,000 Kurds. she, too, noticed a series of odd smells car- told me. ‘‘There was a small baby on the [From the New Yorker, Mar. 25, 2002] ried into the house by the wind. ‘‘At first, it ground, away from her mother. I thought smelled bad, like garbage,’’ she said. ‘‘And THE GREAT TERROR they were both sleeping. But she had dropped then it was a good smell, like sweet apples. the baby and then died. And I think the baby (By Jeffrey Goldberg) Then like eggs.’’ Before she went downstairs, tried to crawl away, but it died, too. It In northern Iraq, there is new evidence of she happened to check on a caged partridge looked like everyone was sleeping.’’ Saddam Hussein’s genocidal war on the that her father kept in the house. ‘‘The bird At that moment, Nasreen believed that she Kurds—and of his possible ties to Al Qaeda. was dying,’’ she said. ‘‘It was on its side.’’ and her family would make it to high ground In the late morning of March 16, 1988, an She looked out the window. ‘‘It was very and live. Then the truck stopped. ‘‘The driv- Iraqi Air Force helicopter appeared over the quiet, but the animals were dying. The sheep er said he couldn’t go on, and he wandered city of Halabja, which is about fifteen miles and goats were dying.’’ Nasreen ran to the away. He left his wife in the back of the from the border with Iran. The Iran-Iraq War cellar. ‘‘I told everybody there was some- truck. He told us to flee if we could. The was then in its eighth year, and Halabja was thing wrong. There was something wrong chemicals affected his brain, because why near the front lines. At the time, the city with the air.’’ else would someone abandon his family?’’

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:40 Sep 21, 2011 Jkt 099200 PO 00000 Frm 00095 Fmt 4634 Sfmt 0634 E:\ERIC\H09OC2.REC H09OC2 mmaher on DSKFW6RHC1PROD with $$_JOB H7400 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE October 9, 2002 As heavy clouds of gas smothered the city, found that Nasreen was alive but blind. Ev- A week after I met Nasreen, I visited a people became sick and confused. Awat Omer erybody was blind.’’ small village called Goktapa, situated in a was trapped in his cellar with his family; he Nasreen had lost her sight about an hour green valley that is ringed by snow-covered said that his brother began laughing uncon- or two before Bakhtiar found her. She had mountains. Goktapa came under poison-gas trollably and then stripped off his clothes, been searching the house for food, so that attack six weeks after Halabja. The village and soon afterward he died. As night fell, the she could feed the children, when her eye- consists of low mud-brick houses along dirt family’s children grew sicker—too sick to sight failed. ‘‘I found some milk and I felt paths. In Goktapa, an old man named Ahmed move. my way to them and then I found their Raza Sharif told me that on the day of the Nasreen’s husband could not be found, and mouths and gave them milk,’’ she said. attack on Goktapa, May 3, 1988, he was in she began to think that all was lost. She led Bakhtiar organized the children. ‘‘I wanted the fields outside the village. He saw the the children who were able to walk up the to bring them to the well. I washed their shells explode and smelled the sweet-apple road. heads. I took them two by two and washed odor as poison filled the air. His son, Osman In another neichborhood, Muhammad their heads. Some of them couldn’t come. Ahmed, who was sixteen at the time, was Ahmed Fattah, who was twenty, was over- They couldn’t control their muscles. ‘‘ near the village mosque when he was felled Bakhtiar still had one syringe of atropine, whelmed by an oddly sweet odor of sulfur, by the gas. He crawled down a hill and died but he did not inject his wife; she was not and he, too, realized that he must evacuate among the reeds on the banks of the Lesser the worst off in the group. ‘‘There was a his family; there were about a hundred and Zab, the river that flows by the village. His woman named Asme, who was my neighbor,’’ sixty people wedged into the cellar. ‘‘I saw father knew that he was dead, but he Bakhtiar recalled. ‘‘She was not able to the bomb drop,’’ Muhammad told me. ‘‘It couldn’t reach the body. As many as a hun- breathe. She was yelling and she was run- was about thirty metres from the house. I dred and fifty people died in the attack; the ning into a wall, crashing her head into a shut the door to the cellar. There was shout- survivors fled before the advancing Iraqi wall. I gave the atropine to this woman.’’ ing and crying in the cellar, and then people Army, which levelled the village. Ahmed Asme died soon afterward. ‘‘I could have became short of breath.’’ One of the first to Raza Sharif did not return for three years. be stricken by the gas was Muhammad’s used it for Nasreen,’’ Bakhtiar said. ‘‘I could have.’’ When he did, he said, he immediately began brother Salah. ‘‘His eyes were pink,’’ Mu- searching for his son’s body. He found it still hammad recalled. ‘‘There was something After the Iraqi bombardment subsided, the Iranians managed to retake Halabja, and lying in the reeds. ‘‘I recognized his body coming out of his eyes. He was so thirsty he right away,’’ he said. was demanding water.’’ Others in the base- they evacuated many of the sick, including Nasreen and the others in her family, to hos- The summer sun in Iraq is blisteringly hot, ment began suffering tremors. and a corpse would be unidentifiable three March 16th was supposed to be pitals in Tehran. Nasreen was blind for twenty days. ‘‘I was years after death. I tried to find a gentle way Muhammad’s wedding day. ‘‘Every prepara- thinking the whole time, Where is my fam- to express my doubts, but my translator tion was done,’’ he said. His fiancee, a ily? But I was blind. I couldn’t do anything. made it clear to Sharif that I didn’t believe woman named Bahar Jamal, was among the I asked my husband about my mother, but he him. first in the cellar to die. ‘‘She was crying said he didn’t know anything. He was look- We were standing in the mud yard of an- very hard,’’ Muhammad recalled. ‘‘I tried to ing in hospitals, he said. He was avoiding the other old man, Ibrahim Abdul Rahman. calm her down. I told her it was just the question.’’ Twenty or thirty people, a dozen boys among usual artillery shells, but it didn’t smell the The Iranian Red Crescent Society, the them, had gathered. Some of them seemed usual way weapons smelled. She was smart, equivalent of the Red Cross, began compiling upset that I appeared to doubt the story, but she knew what was happening. She died on books of photographs, pictures of the dead in Ahmed hushed them. ‘‘It’s true, he lost all the stairs. Her father tried to help her, but it Halabja. ‘‘The Red Crescent has an album of the flesh on his body,’’ he said. ‘‘He was just was too late.’’ the people who were buried in Iran,’’ Nasreen a skeleton. But the clothes were his, and Death came quickly to others as well. A said. ‘‘And we found my mother in one of the they were still on the skeleton, a belt and a woman named Hamida Mahmoud tried to albums.’’ Her father, she discovered, was shirt. In the pocket of his shirt I found the save her two-year-old daughter by allowing alive but permanently blinded. Five of her key to our tractor. That’s where he always her to nurse from her breast. Hamida siblings, including Rangeen, had died. kept the key.’’ thought that the baby wouldn’t breathe in Nasreen would live, the doctors said, but Some of the men still seemed concerned the gas if she was nursing, Muhammad said, she kept a secret from Bakhtiar: ‘‘When I that I would leave Goktapa doubting their adding, ‘‘The baby’s name was Dashneh. She was in the hospital, I started menstruating. truthfulness. Ibrahim, the man in whose nursed for a long time. Her mother died It wouldn’t stop. I kept bleeding. We don’t yard we were standing, called out a series of while she was nursing. But she kept nurs- talk about this in our society, but eventu- orders to the boys gathered around us. They ing.’’ By the time Muhammad decided to go ally a lot of women in the hospital confessed dispersed, to houses and storerooms, return- outside, most of the people in the basement they were also menstruating and couldn’t ing moments later holding jagged pieces of were unconscious; many were dead, including stop.’’ Doctors gave her drugs that stopped metal, the remnants of the bombs that his parents and three of his siblings. the bleeding, but they told her that she poisoned Goktapa. Ceremoniously, the boys Nasreen said that on the road to Anab all would be unable to bear children. dropped the pieces of metal at my feet. was confusion. She and the children were Nasreen stayed in Iran for several months, ‘‘Here are the mercies of Uncle Saddam,’’ running toward the hills, but they were but eventually she and Bakhtiar returned to Ibrahim said. going blind. ‘‘The children were crying, ’We Kurdistan. She didn’t believe the doctors 2. THE AFTERMATH can’t see! My eyes are bleeding!’ ‘‘ In the who told her that she would be infertile, and chaos, the family got separated. Nasreen’s in 1991 she gave birth to a boy. ‘‘We named The story of Halabja did not end the night mother and father were both lost. Nasreen him Arazoo,’’ she said. Arazoo means hope in the Iraqi Air Force planes returned to their and several of her cousins and siblings inad- Kurdish. ‘‘He was healthy at first, but he had bases. The Iranians invited the foreign press vertently led the younger children in a cir- a hole in his heart. He died at the age of to record the devastation. Photographs of cle, back into the city. Someone—she doesn’t three months.’’ the victims, supine, bleached of color, lit- know who—led them away from the city I met Nasreen last month in Erbil, the tering the gutters and alleys of the town, again and up a hill, to a small mosque, where largest city in Iraqi Kurdistan. She is thirty horrified the world. Saddam Hussein’s at- they sought shelter. ‘‘But we didn’t stay in now, a pretty woman with brown eyes and tacks on his own citizens mark the only time the mosque, because we thought it would be high cheekbones, but her face is expression- since the Holocaust that poison gas has been a target,’’ Nasreen said. They went to a less. She doesn’t seek pity; she would, how- used to exterminate women and children. small house nearby, and Nasreen scrambled ever, like a doctor to help her with a cough Saddam’s cousin Ali Hassan al-Majid, who to find food and water for the children. By that she’s had ever since the attack, four- led the campaigns against the Kurds in the then, it was night, and she was exhausted. teen years ago. Like many of Saddam Hus- late eighties, was heard on a tape captured Bakhtiar, Nasreen’s husband, was frantic. sein’s victims, she tells her story without by rebels, and later obtained by Human Outside the city when the attacks started, emotion. Rights Watch, addressing members of Iraq’s he had spent much of the day searching for During my visit to Kurdistan, I talked ruling Baath Party on the subject of the his wife and the rest of his family. He had ac- with more than a hundred victims of Kurds. ‘‘I will kill them all with chemical quired from a clinic two syringes of atropine, Saddam’s campaign against the Kurds. Sad- weapons!’’ he said. ‘‘Who is going to say any- a drug that helps to counter the effects of dam has been persecuting the Kurds ever thing? The international community? Fuck nerve agents. He injected himself with one of since he took power, more than twenty years them! The international community and the syringes, and set out to find Nasreen. He ago. Several old women whose husbands were those who listen to them.’’ had no hope. ‘‘My plan was to bury her,’’ he killed by Saddam’s security services ex- Attempts by Congress in 1988 to impose said. ‘‘At least I should bury my new wife.’’ pressed a kind of animal hatred toward him, sanctions on Iraq were stifled by the Reagan After hours of searching, Bakhtiar met but most people, like Nasreen, told stories of and Bush Administrations, and the story of some neighbors, who remembered seeing horrific cruelty with a dispassion and a pre- Saddam’s surviving victims might have van- Nasreen and the children moving toward the cision that underscored their credibility. ished completely had it not been for the re- mosque on the hill. ‘‘I called out the name Credibility is important to the Kurds; after porting of people like Randal and the work Nasreen,’’ he said. ‘‘I heard crying, and I all this time, they still feel that the world of a British documentary filmmaker named went inside the house. When I got there, I does not believe their story. Gwynne Roberts, who, after hearing stories

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:40 Sep 21, 2011 Jkt 099200 PO 00000 Frm 00096 Fmt 4634 Sfmt 0634 E:\ERIC\H09OC2.REC H09OC2 mmaher on DSKFW6RHC1PROD with $$_JOB October 9, 2002 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H7401 about a sudden spike in the incidence of est that the West would want to study the cratic Party, led by Massoud Barzani, and birth defects and cancers, not only in long-term effects of chemical weapons on ci- the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, whose Halabja but also in other parts of Kurdistan, vilians, on the DNA,’’ she told me. ‘‘I’ve seen General Secretary is Jalal Talabani. The two had made some disturbing films on the sub- Europe’s worst cancers, but, believe me, I parties have had an often angry relationship, ject. However, no Western government or have never seen cancers like the ones I saw and in the mid-nineties they fought a war United Nations agency took up the cause. in Kurdistan.’’ that left about a thousand soldiers dead. The In 1998, Roberts brought an Englishwoman According to an ongoing survey conducted parties, realizing that they could not rule to- named Christine Gosden to Kurdistan. by a team of Kurdish physicians and orga- gether, decided to rule apart, dividing Gosden is a medical geneticist and a pro- nized by Gosden and a small advocacy group Kurdistan into two zones. The internal polit- fessor at the medical school of the Univer- called the Washington Kurdish Institute, ical divisions have not aided the Kurds’ sity of Liverpool. She spent three weeks in more than two hundred towns and villages cause, but neighboring states also have fo- the hospitals in Kurdistan, and came away across Kurdistan were attacked by poison mented disunity, fearing that a unified Kurd- determined to help the Kurds. To the best of gas—far more than was previously thought— ish population would agitate for independ- my knowledge, Gosden is the only Western in the course of seventeen months. The num- ence. scientist who has even begun making a sys- ber of victims is unknown, but doctors I met Turkey, with a Kurdish population of be- tematic study of what took place in northern in Kurdistan believe that up to ten per cent tween fifteen and twenty million, has re- Iraq. of the population of northern Iraq—nearly pressed the Kurds in the eastern part of the Gosden told me that her father was a high- four million people—has been exposed to country, politically and militarily, on and ranking officer in the Royal Air Force, and chemical weapons. ‘‘Saddam Hussein off since the founding of the modern Turkish ¨ that as a child she lived in Germany, near poisoned northern Iraq,’’ Gosden said when I state. In 1924, the government of Ataturk re- Bergen-Belsen. ‘‘It’s tremendously influen- left for Halabja. ‘‘The questions, then, are stricted the use of the Kurdish language (a law not lifted until 1991) and expressions of tial in your early years to live near a con- what to do? And what comes next?’’ centration camp,’’ she said. In Kurdistan, Kurdish culture; to this day, the Kurds are 3. HALABJA’S DOCTORS she heard echoes of the German campaign to referred to in nationalist circles as ‘‘moun- destroy the Jews. ‘‘The Iraqi government The Kurdish people, it is often said, make tain Turks.’’ was using chemistry to reduce the popu- up the largest stateless nation in the world. Turkey is not eager to see Kurds anywhere lation of Kurds,’’ she said. ‘‘The Holocaust is They have been widely despised by their draw attention to themselves, which is why still having its effect. The Jews are fewer in neighbors for centuries. There are roughly the authorities in Ankara refused to let me number now than they were in 1939. That’s twenty-five million Kurds, most of them cross the border into Iraqi Kurdistan. Iran, not natural. Now, if you take out two hun- spread across four countries in southwestern whose Kurdish population numbers between dred thousand men and boys from Asia: Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria. The six and eight million, was not helpful, either, Kurdistan’’—an estimate of the number of Kurds are neither Arab, Persian, nor Turk- and my only option for gaining entrance to Kurdistan was through its third neighbor, Kurds who were gassed or otherwise mur- ish; they are a distinct ethnic group, with Syria. The Kurdistan Democratic Party ar- dered in the campaign, most of whom were their own culture and language. Most Kurds ranged for me to be met in Damascus and men and boys—‘‘you’ve affected the popu- are Muslim (the most famous Muslim hero of taken to the eastern desert city of El lation structure. There are a lot of widows all, Saladin, who defeated the Crusaders, was Qamishli. From there, I was driven in a Land who are not having children.’’ of Kurdish origin), but there are Jewish and Richard Butler, an Australian diplomat Christian Kurds, and also followers of the Cruiser to the banks of the Tigris River, who chaired the United Nations weapons-in- Yezidi religion, which has its roots in Sufism where a small wooden boat, with a crew of spection team in Iraq, describes Gosden as ‘‘a and Zoroastrianism. The Kurds are experi- one and an outboard motor, was waiting. The engine sputtered; when I learned that the classic English, old-school-tie kind of per- enced mountain fighters, who tend toward forward lines of the Iraqi Army were two son.’’ Butler has tracked her research since stubbornness and have frequent bouts of de- miles downstream, I began to paddle, too. On she began studying the attacks, four years structive infighting the other side of the river were representa- ago, and finds it credible. ‘‘Occasionally, After centuries of domination by foreign tives of the Kurdish Democratic Party and people say that this is Christine’s obsession, powers, the Kurds had their best chance at the peshmerga, the Kurdish guerrillas, who but obsession is not a bad thing,’’ he added. independence after the First World War, Before I went to Kurdistan, in January, I when President Woodrow Wilson promised wore pantaloons and turbans and were armed spent a day in London with Gosden. We gos- the Kurds, along with other groups left drift- with AK–47s. ‘‘Welcome to Kurdistan’’ read a sign at the siped a bit, and she scolded me for having ing, and exposed by the collapse of the Otto- water’s edge greeting visitors to a country visited a Washington shopping mall without man Empire, a large measure of autonomy. But the machinations of the great powers, that does not exist. appropriate protective equipment. Whenever Halabja is a couple of hundred miles from who were becoming interested in Kurdistan’s she goes to a mall, she brings along a poly- the Syrian border, and I spent a week cross- vast oil deposits, in Mosul and Kirkuk, urethane bag, ‘‘big enough to step into’’ and ing northern Iraq, making stops in the cities quickly did the Kurds out of a state. a bottle of bleach. ‘‘I can detoxify myself im- of Dahuk and Erbil on the way. I was handed In the nineteen-seventies, the Iraqi Kurds mediately,’’ she said. over to representatives of the Patriotic allied themselves with the Shah of Iran in a Gosden believes it is quite possible that Union, which controls Halabja, at a demili- territorial dispute with Iraq. America, the the countries of the West will soon experi- tarized zone west of the town of Koysinjaq. Shah’s patron, once again became the Kurds’ ence chemical and biological-weapons at- From there, it was a two-hour drive over patron, too, supplying them with arms for a tacks far more serious and of greater lasting steep mountains to Sulaimaniya, a city of revolt against Baghdad. But a secret deal be- effect than the anthrax incidents of last au- six hundred and fifty thousand, which is the tween the Iraqis and the Shah, arranged in tumn and the nerve-agent attack on the cultural capital of Iraqi Kurdistan. In 1975 by Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, Tokyo subway system several years ago— Sulaimaniya, I met Fouad Baban, one of that what happened in Kurdistan was only cut off the Kurds and brought about their in- Kurdistan’s leading physicians, who prom- the beginning. ‘‘For Saddam’s scientists, the stant collapse; for the Kurds, it was an ugly ised to guide me through the scientific and Kurds were a test population,’’ she said. betrayal. political thickets of Halabja. ‘‘They were the human guinea pigs. It was a The Kurdish safe haven, in northern Iraq, Baban, a pulmonary and cardiac specialist way of identifying the most effective chem- was born of another American betrayal. In who has survived three terms in Iraqi pris- ical agents for use on civilian populations, 1991, after the United States helped drive ons, is sixty years old, and a man of impish and the most effective means of delivery.’’ Iraq out of Kuwait, President George Bush good humor. He is the Kurdistan coordinator The charge is supported by others. An Iraqi ignored an uprising that he himself had of the Halabja Medical Institute, which was defector, Khidhir Hamza, who is the former stoked, and Kurds and Shiites in Iraq were founded by Gosden, Michael Amitay, the ex- director of Saddam’s nuclear-weapons pro- slaughtered by the thousands. Thousands ecutive director of the Washington Kurdish gram, told me earlier this year that before more fled the country, the Kurds going to Institute, and a coalition of Kurdish doctors; the attack on Balabja military doctors had Turkey, and almost immediately creating a for the doctors, it is an act of bravery to be mapped the city, and that afterward they en- humanitarian disaster. The Bush Adminis- publicly associated with a project whose sci- tered it wearing protective clothing, in order tration, faced with a televised catastrophe, entific findings could be used as evidence if to study the dispersal of the dead. ‘‘These declared northern Iraq a no-fly zone and thus Saddam Hussein faced a war-crimes tribunal. were field tests, an experiment on a town,’’ a safe haven, a tactic that allowed the refu- Saddam’s agents are everywhere in the Kurd- Hamza told me. He said that he had direct gees to return home. And so, under the pro- ish zone, and his tanks sit forty miles from knowledge of the Army’s procedures that tective shield of the United States and Brit- Baban’s office. day in Halabja. ‘‘The doctors were given ish Air Forces, the unplanned Kurdish exper- Soon after I arrived in Sulaimanya, Baban sheets with grids on them, and they had to iment in self-government began. Although and I headed out in his Toyota Camry for answer questions such as ‘How far are the the Kurdish safe haven is only a virtual Halabja. On a rough road, we crossed the dead from the cannisters?’ ’’ state, it is an incipient democracy, a home of plains of Sharazoor, a region of black earth Gosden said that she cannot understand progressive Islamic thought and pro-Amer- and honey-colored wheat ringed by jagged, why the West has not been more eager to in- ican feeling. snow-topped mountains. We were not travel- vestigate the chemical attacks in Kurdistan. Today, Iraqi Kurdistan is split between ling alone. The Mukhabarat, the Iraqi intel- ‘‘It seems a matter of enlightened self-inter- two dominant parties: the Kurdistan Demo- ligence service, is widely reported to have

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:40 Sep 21, 2011 Jkt 099200 PO 00000 Frm 00097 Fmt 4634 Sfmt 0634 E:\ERIC\H09OC2.REC H09OC2 mmaher on DSKFW6RHC1PROD with $$_JOB H7402 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE October 9, 2002 placed a bounty on the heads of Western colon cancer in Halabja with those in the showed me—children born with six or seven journalists caught in Kurdistan (either ten city of Chamchamal, which was not attacked toes on each foot, children whose fingers and thousand dollars or twenty thousand dollars, with chemical weapons. ‘‘We are seeing rates toes are fused, and children who suffer from depending on the source of the information). of colon cancer five times higher in Halabja leukemia and liver cancer. The areas around the border with Iran are than in Chamchamal,’’ he said. I met Sarkar, a shy and intelligent boy filled with Tehran’s spies, and members of There are other anomalies as well, Baban with a harelip, a cleft palate, and a growth Ansar al-Islam, an Islamist terror group, said. The rate of miscarriage in Halabja, ac- on his spine. Sarkar had a brother born with were said to be decapitating people in the cording to initial survey results, is fourteen the same set of malformations, the doctor Halabja area. So the Kurds had laid on a times the rate of miscarriage in told me, but the brother choked to death, rather elaborate security detail. A Land Chamchamal; rates of infertility among men while still a baby, on a grain of rice. Cruiser carrying peshmerga guerrillas led and women in the affected population are Meanwhile, more victims had gathered in the way, and we were followed by another many times higher than normal. ‘‘We’re find- the hallway; the people of Halabja do not Land Cruiser, on whose bed was mounted an ing Hiroshima levels of sterility,’’ he said. often have a chance to tell their stories to anti-aircraft weapon manned by six Then, there is the suspicion about snakes. foreigners. Some of them wanted to know if peshmerga, some of whom wore black bala- ‘‘Have you heard about the snakes?’’ he I was a surgeon, who had come to repair clavas. We were just south of the American- asked as we drove. I told him that I had their children’s deformities, and they were and British-enforced no-fly zone. I had been heard rumors. ‘‘We don’t know if a genetic disappointed to learn that I was a journalist. told that, at the beginning of the safe-haven mutation in the snakes has made them more The doctor and I soon left the hospital for a experiment, the Americans had warned toxic,’’ Baban went on, ‘‘or if the birds that walk through the northern neighborhoods of Saddam’s forces to stay away; a threat from eat the snakes were killed off in the attacks, Halabja, which were hardest hit in the at- the air, though unlikely, was, I deduced, not but there seem to be more snakebites, of tack. We were trailed by peshmerga carrying out of the question. greater toxicity, in Halabja now than be- AK–47s. The doctor smoked as we talked, and ‘‘It seems very important to know the im- fore.’’ (I asked Richard Spertzel, a scientist I teased him about his habit. ‘‘Smoking has mediate and long-term effects of chemical and a former member of the United Nations some good effect on the lungs,’’ he said, and biological weapons,’’ Baban said, begin- Special Commission inspections team, if this without irony. ‘‘In the attacks, there was ning, my tutorial. ‘‘Here is a civilian popu- was possible. Yes, he said, but such a rise in less effect on smokers. Their lungs were bet- lation exposed to chemical and possibly bio- snakebites was more likely due to ‘‘environ- ter equipped for the mustard gas, maybe.’’ logical weapons, and people are developing mental imbalances’’ than to mutations.) We walked through the alleyways of the many varieties of cancers and congenital ab- My conversation with Baban was suddenly Jewish quarter, past a former synagogue in normalities. The Americans are vulnerable interrupted by our guerrilla escorts, who which eighty or so Halabjans died during the to these weapons—they are cheap, and ter- stopped the car and asked me to join them in attack. Underfed cows wandered the paths. rorists possess them. So, after the anthrax one of the Land Cruisers; we veered off The doctor showed me several cellars where attacks in the States, I think it is urgent for across a wheat field, without explanation. I clusters of people had died. We knocked on scientific research to be done here.’’ was later told that we had been passing a the gate of one house, and were let in by an Experts now believe that Halabja and other mountain area that had recently had prob- old woman with a wide smile and few teeth. places in Kurdistan were struck by a com- lems with Islamic terrorists. In the Kurdish tradition, she immediately bination of mustard gas and nerve agents, in- We arrived in Halabja half an hour later. invited us for lunch. cluding sarin (the agent used in the Tokyo As you enter the city, you see a small statue She told us the recent history of the house. subway attack) and VX, a potent nerve modelled on the most famous photographic ‘‘Everyone who was in this house died,’’ she agent. Baban’s suggestion that biological image of the Halabj massacre: an old man, said. ‘‘The whole family. We heard there weapons may also have been used surprised prone and lifeless, shielding his dead grand- were one hundred people.’’ She led us to the me. One possible biological weapon that son with his body. cellar, which was damp and close. Rusted Baban mentioned was aflatoxin, which A torpor seems to afflict Halabja; even its yellow cans of vegetable ghee littered the causes long-term liver damage. bazaar is listless and somewhat empty, in floor. The room seemed too small to hold a A colleague of Baban’s, a surgeon who marked contrast to those of other Kurdish hundred people, but the doctor said that the practices in Dahuk, in northwestern cities, which are well stocked with imported estimate sounded accurate. I asked him if Kurdistan, and who is a member of the goods (history and circumstance have made cellars like this one had ever been decon- Halabja Medical Institute team, told me the Kurds enthusiastic smugglers) and are taminated. He smiled. ‘‘Nothing in Kurdistan more about the institute’s survey, which was full of noise and activity. ‘‘Everyone here is has been decontaminated,’’ he said. conducted in the Dahuk region in 1999. The sick,’’ a Halabja doctor told me. ‘‘The people 4. AL-ANFAL surveyors began, he said, by asking elemen- who aren’t sick are depressed.’’ He practices tary questions; eleven years after the at- at the Martyrs’’ Hospital, which is situated The chemical attacks on Halabja and tacks, they did not even know which villages on the outskirts of the city. The hospital has Goktapa and perhaps two hundred other vil- had been attacked. no heat and little advanced equipment; like lages and towns were only a small part of the ‘‘The team went to almost every village,’’ the city itself, it is in a dilapidated state. cataclysm that Saddam’s cousin, the man the surgeon said. ‘‘At first, we thought that The doctor is a thin, jumpy man in a tweed known as Ali Chemical, arranged for the the Dahuk governorate was the least af- jacket, and he smokes without pause. He and Kurds. The Kurds say that about two hun- fected. We knew of only two villages that Baban took me on a tour of the hospital. dred thousand were killed. (Human Rights were hit by the attacks. But we came up Afterward, we sat in a bare office, and a Watch, which in the early nineties published with twenty-nine in total. This is eleven woman was wheeled in. She looked seventy ‘‘Iraq’s Crime of Genocide,’’ a definitive years after the fact.’’ but said that she was fifty; doctors told me study of the attacks, gives a figure of be- The surgeon is professorial in appearance, she suffers from lung scarring so serious that tween fifty thousand and a hundred thou- but he is deeply angry. He doubles as a pedi- only a lung transplant could help, but there sand.) atric surgeon, because there are no pediatric are no transplant centers in Kurdistan. The The campaign against the Kurds was surgeons in Kurdistan. He has performed woman, whose name is Jayran Muhammad, dubbed al-Anfal by Saddam, after a chapter more than a hundred operations for cleft pal- lost eight relatives during the attack. Her in the Koran that allows conquering Muslim ate on children born since 1988. Most of the voice was almost inaudible. ‘‘I was disturbed armies to seize the spoils of their foes. It agents believed to have been dropped on psychologically for a long time,’’ she told me reads, in part, ‘‘Against them’’—your en- Halabja have short half-lives, but, as Baban as Baban translated. ‘‘I believed my children emies—‘‘make ready your strength to the ut- told me, ‘‘physicians are unsure how long were alive.’’ Baban told me that her lungs most of your power, including steeds of war, these toxins will affect the population. How would fail soon, that she could barely to strike terror into the hearts of the en- can we know agent half-life if we don’t know breathe. ‘‘She is waiting to die,’’ he said. I emies of Allah and your enemies, and others the agent?’’ He added, ‘‘If we knew the toxins met another woman, Chia Hammassat, who besides, whom ye may not know, but whom that were used, we could follow them and see was eight at the time of the attacks and has Allah doth know. Whatever ye shall spend in actions on spermatogenesis and ovogenesis.’’ been blind ever since. Her mother, she said, the cause of Allah, shall be repaid unto you, Increased rates of infertility, he said, are died of colon cancer several years ago, and and ye shall not be treated unjustly.’’ having a profound effect on Kurdish society, her brother suffers from chronic shortness of The Anfal campaign was not an end in which places great importance on large fami- breath. ‘‘There is no hope to correct my vi- itself, like the Holocaust, but a means to an lies. ‘‘You have men divorcing their wives sion,’’ she said, her voice flat. ‘‘I was mar- end—an instance of a policy that Samantha because they could not give birth, and then ried, but I couldn’t fulfill the responsibilities Power, who runs the Carr Center for Human marrying again, and then their second wives of a wife because I’m blind. My husband left Rights, at Harvard, calls ‘‘Instrumental can’t give birth, either,’’ he said. ‘‘Still, they me.’’ genocide.’’ Power has just published ‘‘A don’t blame their own problem with sper- Baban said that in Halabja ‘‘there are more Problem from Hell,’’ a study of American re- matogenesis.’’ abnormal births than normal ones,’’ and sponses to genocide. ‘‘There are regimes that Baban told me that the initial results of other Kurdish doctors told me that they reg- set out to murder every citizen of a race,’’ the Halabja Medical Institute-sponsored sur- ularly see children born with neural-tube de- she said. ‘‘Saddam achieved what he had to vey show abnormally high rates of many dis- fects and undescended testes and without do without exterminating every last Kurd.’’ eases. He said that he compared rates of anal openings. They are seeing—and they What he had to do, Power and others say,

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:40 Sep 21, 2011 Jkt 099200 PO 00000 Frm 00098 Fmt 4634 Sfmt 0634 E:\ERIC\H09OC2.REC H09OC2 mmaher on DSKFW6RHC1PROD with $$_JOB October 9, 2002 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H7403 was to break the Kurds’ morale and convince The soldiers had dumped the bodies of the vivors,’’ he continued. ‘‘It’s politically inde- them that a desire for independence was fool- dead outside the prison, in a field. ‘‘I looked cent not to help. But, as a Kurd, I live with ish. outside and saw the legs and hands of my son the terrible hand history and geography have Most of the Kurds who were murdered in in the mouths of the dogs. The dogs were eat- dealt my people.’’ the Anfal were not killed by poison gas; ing my son.’’ She stopped talking for a mo- Salih’s home is not prime ministerial, but rather, the genocide was carried out, in large ment. ‘‘Then I lost my mind.’’ it has many Western comforts. He had a sat- part, in the traditional manner, with round- She described herself as catatonic; her ellite television and a satellite telephone, ups at night, mass executions, and anony- daughters scraped around for food and water. yet the house was frigid; in a land of cheap mous burials. The bodies of most of the vic- They kept her alive, she said, until she could oil, the Kurds, who are cut off the Iraqi elec- tims of the Anfal—mainly men and boys— function again. ‘‘This was during Ramadan. tric grid by Saddam on a regular basis, sur- have never been found. We were kept in Nugra Salman for a few vive on generator power and kerosene heat. One day, I met one of the thousands of more months.’’ Over dinner one night, Salih argued that Kurdish women known as Anfal widows: In September, when the war with Iran was the Kurds should not be regarded with pity. Salma Aziz Baban. She lives outside over, Saddam issued a general amnesty to ‘‘I don’t think one has to tap into the Wil- Chamchamal, in a settlement made up al- the Kurds, the people he believed had be- sonian streak in American foreign policy in most entirely of displaced families, in cin- trayed him by siding with Tehran. The order to find a rationale for helping the der-block houses. Her house was nearly women, children, and elderly in Nugra Kurds,’’ he said. ‘‘Helping the Kurds would empty—no furniture, no heat, just a ragged Salman were freed. But, in most cases, they mean an opportunity to study the problems carpet. We sat on the carpet as she told me could not go home; the Iraqi Army had bull- caused by weapons of mass destruction.’’ about her family. She comes from the dozed some four thousand villages, Baban’s Salih, who is forty-one, often speaks blunt- Kirkuk region, and in 1987 her village was among them. She was finally resettled in the ly, and is savvy about Washington’s enduring uprooted by the Army, and the inhabitants, Chamchamal district. interest in ending the reign of Saddam Hus- with thousands of other Kurds, were forced In the days after her release, she tried to sein. Unwilling publicly to exhort the United into a collective town. Then, one night in learn the fate of her husband and three older States to take military action, Salih is April of 1988, soldiers went into the village sons. But the men who disappeared in the aware that the peshmerga would be obvious and seized the men and older boys. Baban’s Anfal roundups have never been found. It is allies of an American military strike against husband and her three oldest sons were put said that they were killed and then buried in Iraq; other Kurds have been making that ar- on trucks. The mothers of the village began mass graves in the desert along the Kuwaiti gument for years. It is not often noted in to plead with the soldiers. ‘‘We were scream- border, but little is actually known. A great Washington policy circles, but the Kurds al- ing, ‘Do what you want to us, do what you number of Anfal widows, I was told, still be- ready hold a vast swath of territory inside want!’ ’’ Baban told me. ‘‘They were so lieve that their sons and husbands and broth- the country—including two important dams scared, my sons. My sons were crying.’’ She ers are locked away in Saddam’s jails. ‘‘We whose destruction could flood Baghdad—and tried to bring them coats for the journey. ‘‘It are thinking they are alive,’’ Baban said, re- have at least seventy thousand men under was raining. I wanted them to have coats. I ferring to her husband and sons. ‘‘Twenty- arms. In addition, the two main Kurdish par- begged the soldiers to let me give them four hours a day, we are thinking maybe ties are members of the Iraqi opposition bread. They took them without coats.’’ they are alive. If they are alive, they are group, the Iraqi National Congress, which is Baban remembered that a high-ranking Iraqi being tortured, I know it.’’ headed by Ahmad Chalabi, a London-based officer named Bareq orchestrated the separa- Baban said that she has not slept well Shiite businessman; at the moment, though, tion; according to ‘‘Iraq’s Crime of Geno- since her sons were taken from her. ‘‘We are relations between Chalabi and the Kurdish cide,’’ the Human Rights Watch report, the thinking, Please let us know they are dead, leaders are contentious. man in charge of this phase was a brigadier I will sleep in peace,’’ she said. ‘‘My head is Kurds I talked to throughout Kurdistan general named Bareq Abdullah al-Haj Hunta. filled with terrible thoughts. The day I die is were enthusiastic about the idea of joining, After the men were taken away, the the day I will not remember that the dogs an American-led alliance against Saddam women and children were herded onto ate my son.’’ Hussein, and serving as the northen-Iraqi trucks. They were given little water or food, Before I left, Baban asked me to write equivalent of Afghanistan’s Northern Alli- and were crammed so tightly into the vehi- down the names of her three older sons. They ance. President Bush’s State of the Union cles that they had to defecate where they are Sherzad, who would be forty now; Rizgar, Message, in which he denounced Iraq as the stood. Baban, her three daughters, and her who would be thirty-one; and Muhammad, linchpin of an ‘‘axis of evil,’’ had had an elec- six-year-old son were taken to the Topzawa who would be thirty. She asked me to find tric effect on every Kurd I met who heard Army base and then to the prison of Nugra her sons, or to ask President Bush to find the speech. In the same speech, President Salman, the Pit of Salman, which Human them. ‘‘One would be sufficient,’’ she said. Bush made reference to Iraq’s murder of Rights Watch in 1995 described this way: ‘‘It ‘‘If just one comes back, that would be ‘‘thousands of its own citizens—leaving the was an old building, dating back to the days enough.’’ bodies of mothers huddled over their dead of the Iraqi monarchy and perhaps earlier. It children.’’ General Simko Dizayee, the chief 5. WHAT THE KURDS FEAR had been abandoned for years, used by Arab of staff of the peshmerga, told me, ‘‘Bush’s nomads to shelter their herds. The bare walls In a conversation not long ago with Rich- speech filled our hearts with hope.’’ were scrawled with the diaries of political ard Butler, the former weapons inspector, I Prime Minister Salih expressed his views prisoners. On the door of one cell, a guard suggested a possible explanation for the diplomatically. ‘‘We support democratic had daubed ‘Khomeini eats shit.’ Over the world’s indifference to Saddam Hussein’s use transformation in Iraq,’’ he said—half smil- main gate, someone else had written, ’Wel- of chemical weapons to commit genocide— ing, because he knows that there is no come to Hell.’ ’’ that the people he had killed were his own chance of that occurring unless Saddam is ‘‘We arrived at midnight,’’ Baban told me. citizens, not those of another sovereign removed. But until America commits itself ‘‘They put us in a very big room, with more state. (The main chemical-weapons treaty to removing Saddam, he said, ‘‘we’re living than two thousand people, women and chil- does not ban a country’s use of such weapons on the razor’s edge. Before Washington even dren, and they closed the door. Then the against its own people, perhaps because at wakes up in the morning, we could have ten starvation started.’’ the time the convention was drafted no one thousand dead.’’ This is the Kurdish conun- The prisoners were given almost nothing could imagine such a thing.) Butler reminded drum: the Iraqi military is weaker than the to eat, and a single standpipe spat out brack- me, however, that Iraq had used chemical American military, but the Iraqis are strong- ish water for drinking. People began to die weapons against another country—Iran— er than the Kurds. Seven hundred Iraqi tanks from hunger and illness. When someone died, during, the eight-year Iran-Iraq War. He of- face the Kurdish safe haven, according to the Iraqi guards would demand that the body fered a simpler rationale. ‘‘The problems are peshmerga commanders. be passed through a window in the main just too awful and too hard,’’ he said. ‘‘His- General Mustafa Said Qadir, the door. ‘‘The bodies couldn’t stay in the hall,’’ tory is replete with such things. Go back to peshmerga leader, put it this way: ‘‘We have Baban told me. In the first days at Nugra the grand example of the Holocaust. It a problem. If the Americans attack Saddam Salman, ‘‘thirty people died, maybe more.’’ sounded too hard to do anything about it.’’ and don’t get him, we’re going to get gassed. Her six-year-old son, Rebwar, fell ill. ‘‘He The Kurds have grown sanguine about the If the Americans decided to do it, we would had diarrhea,’’ she said. ‘‘He was very sick. world’s lack of interest. ‘‘I’ve learned not to be thankful. This is the Kurdish dream. But He knew he was dying. There was no medi- be surprised by the indifference of the civ- it has to be done carefully.’’ cine or doctor. He started to cry so much.’’ ilized world,’’ Barham Salih told me one The Kurdish leadership worries, in short, Baban’s son died on her lap. ‘‘I was scream- evening in Sulaimaniya. Salih is the Prime that an American mistake could cost the ing and crying,’’ she said. ‘‘My daughters Minister of the area of Kurdistan adminis- Kurds what they have created, however inad- were crying. We gave them the body. It was tered by the Patriotic Union, and he spoke in vertently: a nearly independent state for passed outside, and the soldiers took it.’’ such a way as to suggest that it would be themselves in northern Iraq. ‘‘We would like Soon after Baban’s son died, she pulled best if I, too, stopped acting surprised. to be our own nation,’’ Salih told me. ‘‘But herself up and went to the window, to see if ‘‘Given the scale of the tragedy—we’re talk- we are realists. All we want is to be partners the soldiers had taken her son to be buried. ing about large numbers of victims—I sup- of the Arabs of Iraq in building a secular, ‘‘There were twenty dogs outside the prison. pose I’m surprised that the international democratic, federal country.’’ Later, he A big black dog was the leader,’’ she said. community has not come in to help the sur- added, ‘‘We are proud of ourselves. We have

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:40 Sep 21, 2011 Jkt 099200 PO 00000 Frm 00099 Fmt 4634 Sfmt 0634 E:\ERIC\H09OC2.REC H09OC2 mmaher on DSKFW6RHC1PROD with $$_JOB H7404 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE October 9, 2002 inherited a devastated country. It’s not easy called Arab Afghans—Arabs, from southern labs and the knowhow. He’s hellbent on try- what we are trying to achieve. We had no Iraq and elsewhere, who trained in the camps ing to find a way into the fight, without an- democratic institutions, we didn’t have a of Al Qaeda. nouncing it.’’ legal culture, we did not have a strong mili- ‘‘They believe that people must be terror- On the surface, a marriage of Saddam’s tary. From that situation, this is a remark- ized,’’ Dekone said, shaking his head. ‘‘They secular Baath Party regime with the fun- able success story.’’ believe that the Koran says this is permis- damentalist Al Qaeda seems unlikely. His re- The Kurdish regional government, to be sible.’’ He pointed to an abandoned village in lationship with secular Palestinian groups is sure, is not a Vermont town meeting. The the middle distance, a place called Kheli well known; both Abu Nidal and Abul Abbas, leaders of the two parties, Massoud Barzani Hama. ‘‘That is where the massacre took two prominent Palestinian terrorists, are and Jalal Talabani, are safe in their jobs. place,’’ he said. In late September, forty-two currently believed to be in Baghdad. But But there is a free press here, and separation of his men were killed by Ansar al-Islam, and about ten years ago Saddam underwent of mosque and state, and schools are being now Dekone and his forces seemed ready for something of a battlefield conversion to a built and pensions are being paid. In Erbil revenge. I asked him what he would do if he fundamentalist brand of Islam. and in Sulaimaniya, the Kurds have built captured the men responsible for the killing. ‘‘It was gradual, starting the moment he playgrounds on the ruins of Iraqi Army tor- ‘‘I would take them to court,’’ he said. decided on the invasion of Kuwait,’’ in June ture centers. ‘‘If America is indeed looking When I got to Sulaimaniya, I visited a pris- of 1990, according to Amatzia Baram, an Iraq for Muslims who are eager to become demo- on run by the intelligence service of the Pa- expert at the University of Haifa. ‘‘His cal- cratic and are eager to counter the effects of triotic Union. The prison is attached to the culation was that he needed people in Iraq Islamic fundamentalism, then it should be intelligence-service headquarters. It appears and the Arab world—as well as God—to be on looking here,’’ Salih said. to be well kept and humane; the communal his side when he invaded. After he invaded, Massoud Barzani is the son of the late cells hold twenty or so men each, and they the Islamic rhetorical style became over- Mustafa Barzani, a legendary guerrilla, who have kerosene heat, and even satellite tele- whelming,’’—so overwhelming, Baram con- built the Democratic Party, and who entered vision. For two days, the intelligence agency tinued, that a radical group in Jordan began into the ill-fated alliance with Iran and permitted me to speak with any prisoner calling Saddam ‘‘the New Caliph Marching America. I met Barzani in his headquarters, who agreed to be interviewed. I was wary; from the East.’’ This conversion, cynical above the town of Salahuddin. He is a short the Kurds have an obvious interest in lining though it may be, has opened doors to Sad- man, pale and quiet; he wore the red turban up on the American side in the war against dam in the fundamentalist world. He is now of the Barzani clan and a wide cummerbund terror. But the officials did not, as far as I a prime supporter of the Palestinian Islamic across his baggy trousers—the outfit of a know, compel anyone to speak to me, and I Jihad and of Hamas, paying families of sui- peshmerga. did not get the sense that allegations made cide bombers ten thousand dollars in ex- Like Salih, he chooses his words carefully by prisoners were shaped by their captors. change for their sons’ martyrdom. This is when talking about the possibility of helping The stories, which I later checked with ex- part of Saddam’s attempt to harness the America bring down Saddam. ‘‘It is not perts on the region, seemed at least worth power of Islamic extremism and direct it enough to tell us the U.S. will respond at a the attention of America and other countries against his enemies. certain time and place of its choosing,’’ in the West. Kurdish culture, on the other hand, has Barzani said. ‘‘We’re in artillery range. The allegations include charges that Ansar traditionally been immune to religious ex- Iraq’s Army is weak, but it is still strong al-Islam has received funds directly from Al tremism. According to Kurdish officials, enough to crush us. We don’t make assump- Qaeda; that the intelligence service of Sad- Ansar al-Islam grew out of an idea spread by tions about the American response.’’ dam Hussein has joint control, with Al Ayman al-Zawahiri, the former chief of the One day, I drove to the Kurdish front lines Qaeda operatives, over Ansar al-Islam; that Egyptian Islamic Jihad and now Osama bin near Erbil, to see the forward positions of Saddam Hussein hosted a senior leader of Al Laden’s deputy in Al Qaeda. ‘‘There are two the Iraqi Army. The border between the Qaeda in Baghdad in 1992; that a number of schools of thought’’ in Al Qaeda, Karim Army-controlled territory and the Kurdish Al Qaeda members fleeing Afghanistan have Sinjari, the Interior Minister of Kurdistan’s region is porous; Baghdad allows some been secretly brought into territory con- Democratic Party-controlled region, told Kurds—nonpolitical Kurds—to travel back trolled by Ansar al-Islam; and that Iraqi in- me. ‘‘Osama bin Laden believes that the and forth between zones. telligence agents smuggled conventional infidels should be beaten in the head, mean- My peshmerga escort took me to the roof weapons, and possibly even chemical and bio- ing the United States. Zawahiri’s philosophy of a building overlooking the Kalak Bridge logical weapons, into Afghanistan. If these is that you should fight the infidel even in and, beyond it, the Iraqi lines. Without bin- charges are true, it would mean that the re- the smallest village, that you should try to oculars, we could see Iraqi tanks on the hills lationship between Saddam’s regime and Al form Islamic armies everywhere. The Kurd- in front of us. A local official named Muham- Qaeda is far closer than previously thought. ish fundamentalists were influenced by mad Najar joined us; he told me that the When I asked the director of the twenty- Zawahiri’.’’ Iraqi forces arrayed there were elements of four-hundred-man Patriotic Union intel- Kurds were among those who travelled to the Army’s Jerusalem brigade, a reserve unit ligence service why he was allowing me to Afghanistan from all over the Muslim world, established by Saddam with the stated pur- interview his prisoners, he told me that he first to fight the Soviets, in the early nine- pose of liberating Jerusalem from the hoped I would carry this information to teen-eighties, then to join Al Qaeda. The Israelis. Other peshmerga joined us. It was a American intelligence officials. ‘‘The F.B.I. members of the groups that eventually be- brilliantly sunny day, and we were enjoying and the C.I.A. haven’t come out yet,’’ he told came Ansar al-Islam spent a great deal of the weather. A man named Azlz Khader, gaz- me. His deputy added, ‘‘Americans are going time in Afghanistan, according to Kurdish ing at the plain before us, said, ‘‘When I look to Somalia, the Philippines, I don’t know intelligence officials. One Kurd who went to across here, I imagine American tanks com- where else, to look for terrorists. But this is Afghanistan was Mala Krekar, an early lead- ing down across this plain going to Bagh- the field, here.’’ Anya Guilsher, a spokes- er of the Islamist movement in Kurdistan; dad.’’ His friends smiled and said, woman for the C.I.A., told me last week that according to Sinjari, he now holds the title ‘‘Inshallah’’—God willing. Another man said, as a matter of policy the agency would not of ‘‘emir’’ of Ansar al-Islam. In 1998, the first force of Islamist terrorists ‘‘The U.S. is the lord of the world.’’ comment on the activities of its officers. James Woolsey, a former C.I.A. director and crossed the Iranian border into Kurdistan, 6. THE PRISONERS an advocate of overthrowing the Iraqi re- and immediately tried to seize the town of A week later, I was at Shinwe, a mountain gime, said, ‘‘It would be a real shame if the Haj Omran. Kurdish officials said that the range outside Halabja, with another group of C.I.A.’s substantial institutional hostility to terrorists were helped by Iran, which also peshmerga. My escorts and I had driven most Iraqi democratic resistance groups was keep- has an interest in undermining a secular of the way up, and then slogged through ing it from learning about Saddam’s ties to Muslim government. ‘‘The terrorists blocked fresh snow. From one peak, we could see the Al Qaeda in northern Iraq.’’ the road, they killed Kurdish Democratic village of Biyara, which sits in a valley be- The possibility that Saddam could supply Party cadres, they threatened the villagers,’’ tween Halabja and a wall of mountains that weapons of mass destruction to anti-Amer- Sinjari said. ‘‘We fought them and they mark the Iranian border. Saddam’s tanks ican terror groups is a powerful argument fled.’’ were an hour’s drive away to the south, and among advocates of ‘‘regime change,’’ as the The terrorist groups splintered repeatedly. Iran filled the vista before us. Biyara and removal of Saddam is known in Washington. According to a report in the Arabic news- nine other villages near it are occupied by These critics of Saddam argue that his chem- paper Al-Sharq al-Awsat, which is published the terrorist group Ansar al-Islam, or Sup- ical and biological capabilities, his record of in London, Ansar al-Islam came into being, porters of Islam. Shinwe, in fact, might be support for terrorist organizations, and the on September 1st of last year, with the merg- called the axis of the axis of evil. cruelty of his regime make him a threat that er of two factions: Al Tawhid, which helped We were close enough to see trucks belong- reaches far beyond the citizens of Iraq. to arrange the assassination of Kurdistan’s ing to Ansar al-Islam making their way from ‘‘He’s the home address for anyone wanting most prominent Christian politician, and village to village. The commander of the to make or use chemical or biological weap- whose operatives initiated an acid-tbrowing peshmerga forces surrounding Biyara, a vet- ons,’’ Kanan Makiya, an Iraqi dissident, said. campaign against unveiled women; and a fac- eran guerrilla named Ramadan Dekone, said Makiya is the author of ‘‘Republic of Fear,’’ tion called the Second Soran Unit, which had that Ansar al-Islam is made up of Kurdish a study of Saddam’s regime. ‘‘He’s going to been affiliated with one of the Kurdish Is- Islamists and an unknown number of so- be the person to worry about. He’s got the lamic parties. In a statement

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:40 Sep 21, 2011 Jkt 099200 PO 00000 Frm 00100 Fmt 4634 Sfmt 0634 E:\ERIC\H09OC2.REC H09OC2 mmaher on DSKFW6RHC1PROD with $$_JOB October 9, 2002 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H7405 issued to mark the merger, the group, which who, like the others, spent a great deal of Ismail said that he was once a student at originally called itself Jund al-Islam, or Sol- time in bin Laden’s training camps. But he is the University of Mosul but grew tired of life diers of Islam, declared its intention to ‘‘un- also, they say, a highranking officer of the in Iraq under Saddam Hussein. Luckily, he dertake Jiihad in this region’’ in order to Mukhabarat. One senior official added, ‘‘A said, in 1999 he met an Afghan man who per- carry out ‘‘God’s will.’’ According to Kurdish man named Abu Agab is in charge of the suaded him to seek work in Afghanistan. The officials, the group had between five hundred northern bureau of the Mukhabarat. And he Kurdish investigators smiled as Ismail went and six hundred members, including Arab Af- is Abu Wa’el’s control officer.’’ on to say that he found himself in Kandahar, ghans and at least thirty Iraqi Kurds who Abu Agab, the official said, is based in the then in Kabul, and then somehow—here he were trained in Afghanistan. city of Kirkuk, which is predominantly was exceedingly vague—in an Al Qaeda Kurdish officials say that the merger took Kurdish but is under the control of Baghdad. camp. When I asked him how enrollment in place in a ceremony overseen by three Arabs According to intelligence officials, Abu Agab an Al Qaeda camp squared with his wish to trained in bin Laden’s camps in Afghanistan, and Abu Wa’el met last July 7th, in Ger- seek work in Afghanistan, he replied, ‘‘Being and that these men supplied Ansar al-Islam many. From there, they say, Abu Wa’el trav- a soldier is a job.’’ After his training, he with three hundred thousand dollars in seed elled to Afghanistan and then, in August, to said, he took a post in the Taliban Foreign money. Soon after the merger, a unit of Kurdistan, sneaking across the Iranian bor- Ministry. I asked him if he was an employee Ansar al-Islam called the Victory Squad at- der. of Saddam’s intelligence service. ‘‘I prefer tacked and killed the peshmerga in Kheli The Kurdish officials told me that they not to talk about that,’’ he replied. Hama. learned a lot about Abu Wa’el’s movements Later, I asked, the Kurdish officials if they Among the Islamic fighters who were there from one of their prisoners, an Iraqi intel- believed that Saddam provides aid to Al that day was Rekut Hiwa Hussein, a slender, ligence officer named Qassem Hussein Mu- Qaeda affiliated terror groups or simply boyish twenty-year-old who was captured by hammad, and they invited me to speak with maintains channels of communication with the peshmerga after the massacre, and whom him. Qassem, the Kurds said, is a Shiite from them. It was getting late, and the room was I met in the prison in Sulaimaniya. He was Basra, in southern Iraq, and a twenty-year growing even colder. ‘‘Come back tomor- exceedingly shy, never looking up from his veteran of Iraqi intelligence. row,’’ the senior official in the room said, hands as he spoke. He was not handcuffed, Qassem, shamblinog, and bearded, was ‘‘and we’ll introduce you to someone who and had no marks on the visible parts of his brought into the room, and he genially will answer that question.’’ body. We were seated in an investigator’s of- agreed to be interviewed. One guard stayed 7. THE AL QAEDA LINK fice inside the intelligence complex. Like in the room, along with my translator. The man they introduced me to the next most buildings in Sulaimaniya, this one was Qassem lit a cigarette, and leaned back in afternoon was a twenty-nine-year-old Ira- warmed by a single kerosene heater, and the his chair. I started by asking him if he had nian Arab, a smuggler and bandit from the room temperature seemed barely above been tortured by his captors. His eyes wid- city of Ahvaz. The intelligence officials told freezing. Rekut told me how he and his com- ened. ‘‘By God, no,’’ he said. ‘‘There is noth- me that his most recent employer was bin rades in Ansar al-Islam overcame the ing like torture here.’’ Then he told me that Laden. When they arrested him, last year, peshmerga. his involvement in Islamic radicalism began they said, they found a roll of film in his pos- ‘‘They thought there was a ceasefire, so we in 1992 in Baghdad, when he met Ayman al- session. They had the film developed, and the came into the village and fired on them by Zawahiri. photographs, which they showed me, de- surprise,’’ he said. ‘‘They didn’t know what Qassem said that he was one of seventeen pleted their prisoner murdering a man with happened. We used grenades and machine bodyguards assigned to protect Zawahiri, a knife, slicing his ear off and then plunging guns. We killed a lot of them and then the who stayed at Baghdad’s Al Rashid Hotel, the knife into the top of the man’s head. others surrendered.’’ The terrorists trussed but who, he said, moved around surrep- The Iranian had a thin face, thick black their prisoners, ignoring pleas from the few titiously. The guards had no idea why hair, and a mustache; he wore an army jack- civilians remaining in the town to leave Zawahiri was in Baghdad, but one day et, sandals, and Western-style sweatpants. them alone. ‘‘The villagers asked us not to Qassem escorted him to one of Saddam’s pal- Speaking in an almost casual tone, he told slaughter them,’’ Rekut said. One of the aces for what he later learned was a meeting me that he was born in 1973, that his real leaders of Ansar al-Islam, a man named with Saddam himself name was Muhammad Mansour Shahab, and Abdullah a‘Shafi, became incensed. ‘‘He said, Qassem’s capture by the Kurds grew out of that he had been a smuggler most of his ‘Who is saying this? Let me kill them.’ ’’ his last assignment from the Mukhabarat. adult life. Rekut said that the peshmerga were killed The Iraqi intelligence service received word ‘‘I met a group of drug traffickers,’’ he in ritual fashion: ‘‘We put cloths in their that Abu Wa’el had been captured by Amer- said. ‘‘They gave us drugs and we got them mouths. We then laid them down like sheep, ican agents. ‘‘I was sent by the Mukhabarat weapons,’’ which they took from Iran into in a line. Then we cut their throats.’’ After to Kurdistan to find Abu Wa’el or, at least, Afghanistan. In 1996, he met an Arab Afghan. the men were killed, peshmerga commanders information about him,’’ Qassem told me. ‘‘His name was Othman,’’ the man went on. say, the corpses were beheaded. Rekut denied ‘‘That’s when I was captured, before I ‘‘He gave me drugs, and I got him a hundred this. ‘‘Some of their heads had been blown reached Biyara.’’ and fifty Kalashnikovs. Then he said to me, off by grenades, but we didn’t behead them,’’ I asked him if he was sure that Abu Wa’el ‘You should come visit Afghanistan.’ So we he said. was on Saddam’s side. ‘‘He’s an employee of went to Afghanistan in 1996. We stayed for a I asked Rekut why he had joined Ansar al- the Mukhabarat,’’ Qassem said. ‘‘He’s the ac- while, I came back, did a lot of smuggling Islam. ‘‘A friend of mine Joined,’’ he said tual decision-maker in the group’’—Ansar al- jobs. My brother-in-law tried to send weap- quietly. ‘‘I don’t have a good reason why I Islam—‘‘but he’s an employee of the ons to Afghanistan, but the Iranians am- joined. ‘‘A guard then took him by the elbow Mukhabarat.’’ According to the Kurdish in- bushed us. I killed some of the Iranians.’’ and returned him to his cell. telligence officials, Abu Wa’el is not in He soon returned with Othman to Afghani- The Kurdish intelligence officials I spoke American hands; rather, he is still with stan, where, he said, Othman gave him the to were careful not to oversell their case; Ansar al-Islam. American officials declined name Muhammad Jawad to use while he was they said that they have no proof that Ansar to comment. there. ‘‘Othman said to me, ‘You will meet al-Islam was ever involved in international The Kurdish intelligence officials told me Sheikh Osama soon.’ We were in Kandahar. terrorism or that Saddam’s agents were in- that they have Al Qaeda members in cus- One night, they gave me a sleeping pill. We volved in the attacks on the World Trade tody, and they introduced me to another got into a car and we drove for an hour and Center and the Pentagon. But they do have prisoner, a young Iraqi Arab named Haqi a half into the mountains. We went to a tent proof, they said, that Ansar al-Islam is Ismail, whom they described as a middle- to they said was Osama’s tent.’’ The man now shielding Al Qaeda members, and that it is high-ranking member of Al Qaeda. He was, called Jawad did not meet Osama bin Laden doing so with the approval of Saddam’s they said, captured by the peshmerga as he that night. ‘‘They said to me, ‘You’re the agents. tried to get into Kurdistan three weeks after guy who killed the Iranian officer.’ Then Kurdish officials said that, according, to the start of the American attack on Afghani- they said they needed information about me, their intelligence, several men associated stan. Ismail, they said, comes from a Mosul my real name. They told Othman to take me with Al Qaeda have been smuggled over the family with deep connections to the back to Kandahar and hold me in jail for Iranian border into an Ansar al-Islam Mukhabarat; his uncle is the top twenty-one days while they investigated stronghold near Halabja. The Kurds believe Mukhabarat official in the south of Iraq. me.’’ that two of them, who go by the names Abu They said they believe that Haqi Ismail is a The Al Qaeda men completed their inves- Yasir and Abu Muzaham, are highranking Al liaison between Saddam’s intelligence serv- tigation and called him back to the moun- Qaeda members. ‘‘We don’t have any infor- ice and Al Qaeda. tains. ‘‘They told me that Osama said I mation about them,’’ one official told me. Ismail wore slippers and a blanket around should work with them,’’ Jawad said. ‘‘They ‘‘We know that they don’t want anybody to his shoulders. He was ascetic in appearance told me to bring my wife to Afghanistan.’’ see them. They are sleeping in the same and, at the same time, ostentatiously smug. They made him swear on a Koran that he room as Mala Krekar and Abdullah al- He appeared to be amused by the presence of would never betray them. Jawad said that he Shafi’’—the nominal leaders of Ansar al- an American. He told the investigators that became one of Al Qaeda’s principal weapons Islam. he would not talk to the C.I.A. The Kurdish smugglers. Iraqi opposition sources told me The real leader, these officials say, is an investigators laughed and said they wished that the Baghdad regime frequently smug- Iraqi who goes by the name Abu Wa’el, and that I were from the C.I.A. gled weapons to Al Qaeda by air through

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:40 Sep 21, 2011 Jkt 099200 PO 00000 Frm 00101 Fmt 4634 Sfmt 0634 E:\ERIC\H09OC2.REC H09OC2 mmaher on DSKFW6RHC1PROD with $$_JOB H7406 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE October 9, 2002 Dubai to Pakistan and then overland into terests dovetail completely. They both have achieved in the Kurdistan national-authority Afghanistan. But Jawad told me that the much to fear from the democratic, secular areas to the Palestinian national authority Iraqis often used land routes through Iran as experiment of the Kurds in the safe haven, of Mr. Arafat. We have spent the last ten well. Othman ordered him to establish a and they both obviously share a hatred for years building a secular, democratic society, smuggling route across the Iraq-Iran border. America.’’ a civil society. What has he built?’’ The smugglers would pose as shepherds to 8. THE PRESENT DANGER Last week, in New York, I met with Benon find the best routes. ‘‘We started to go into Sevan, the United Nations undersecretary- A paradox of life in northern Iraq is that, Iraq with the sheep and cows,’’ Jawad told general who oversees the oil-for-food pro- while hundreds, perhaps thousands, of chil- me, and added that they initiated this route gram. He quickly let me know that he was dren suffer from the effects of chemical at- by smuggling tape recorders from Iraq to unmoved by the demands of the Kurds. ‘‘If tacks, the child-mortality rate in the Kurd- Iran. They opened a store, a front, in Ahvaz, they had a theme song, it would be ‘Give Me, ish zone has improved over the past ten to sell electronics, ‘‘just to establish rela- Give Me, Give Me,’ ’’ Sevan said. ‘‘I’m get- years. Prime Minister Salih credits this to, tionships with smugglers.’’ ting fed up with their complaints. You can One day in 1999, Othman got a message to of all things, sanctions placed on the Iraqi tell them that.’’ He said that under the oil- Jawad, who was then in Iran. He was to regime by the United Nations after the Gulf for-food program the ‘‘three northern smuggle himself across the Iraqi border at War because of Iraq’s refusal to dismantle its govemorates’’—U.N. officials avoid the word Fao, where a car would meet him and take nonconventional-weapons program. He cred- ‘‘Kurdistan’’—have been allocated billions of him to a village near Tikrit, the head- its in particular the program begun in 1997, dollars in goods and services. ‘‘I don’t know quarters of Saddam Hussein’s clan. Jawad known as oil-for-food, which was meant to if they’ve ever had it so good,’’ he said. was then taken to a meeting at the house of mitigate the effects of sanctions on civilians I mentioned the Kurds’ complaint that a man called Luay, whom he described as the by allowing the profits from Iraq oil sales to they have been denied access to advanced son of Saddam’s father-in-law, Khayr Allah buy food and medicine. Calling this program medical equipment, and he said, ‘‘Nobody Talfah. (Professor Baram, who has long fol- a ‘‘fantastic concept,’’ Salih said, ‘‘For the prevents them from asking. They should go lowed Saddam’s family, later told me he be- first time in our history, Iraqi citizens—all ask the World Health Organization’’—which lieves that Luay, who is about forty years citizens—are insured a portion of the coun- reports to Sevan on matters related to Iraq. old, is close to Saddam’s inner circle.) At the try’s oil wealth. The north is a testament to When I told Sevan that the Kurds have re- meeting, with Othman present, Mukhabarat the success of the program. Oil is sold and peatedly asked the W.H.O., he said, ‘‘I’m not officials instructed Jawad to go to Baghdad, food is bought.’’ going to pass judgment on the W.H.O.’’ As where he was to retrieve several cannisters I asked Salih to respond to the criticism, the interview ended, I asked Sevan about the filled with explosives. Then, he said, he was widely aired in the West, that the sanctions morality of allowing the Iraqi regime to con- to arrange to smuggle the explosives into have led to the death of thousands of chil- trol the flow of food and medicine into Iran, where they would be used to kill anti- dren. ‘‘Sanctions don’t kill Iraqi children,’’ Kurdistan. ‘‘Nobody’s innocent,’’ he said. Iraqi activists. After this assignment was he said. ‘‘The regime kills children.’’ ‘‘Please don’t talk about morals with me.’’ completed, Jawad said, he was given a thou- This puzzled me. If it was true, then why When I went to Kurdistan in January to re- sand Kalashnikov rifles by Iraqi intelligence were the victims of the gas attacks still suf- port on the 1988 genocide of the Kurds, I did and told to smuggle them into Afghanistan. fering from a lack of health care? Across not expect to be sidetracked by a debate over A year later, there was a new development: Kurdistan, in every hospital I visited, the U.N. sanctions. And I certainly didn’t expect Othman told Jawad to smuggle several dozen complaints were the same: no CT scans, no to be sidetracked by crimes that Saddam is refrigerator motors into Afghanistan for the MRIS, no pediatric surgery, no advanced di- committing against the Kurds now—in par- Iraqi Mukhabarat; a cannister filled with liq- agnostic equipment, not even surgical ticular—‘‘nationality correction,’’ the law uid was attached to each motor. Jawad said gloves. I asked Salih why the money des- that Saddam’s security services are using to that he asked Othman for more information. ignated by the U.N. for the Kurds wasn’t implement a campaign of ethnic cleansing. ‘‘I said, ‘Othman, what does this contain?’ He being used for advanced medical treatment. Large-scale operations against the Kurds in said, ‘My life and your life.’ He said they’’— The oil-for-food program has one enormous Kirkuk, a city southeast of Erbil, and in the Iraqi agents—’’were going to kill us if we flaw, he replied. When the program was in- other parts of Iraqi Kurdistan under didn’t do this. That’s all I’ll say. troduced, the Kurds were promised thirteen Saddam’s control, have received scant press ‘‘I was given a book of dollars,’’ Jawad per cent of the country’s oil revenue, but be- attention in the West; there have been few went on, meaning ten thousand dollars—a cause of the terms of the agreement between news accounts and no Security Council con- hundred American hundred-dollar bills. ‘‘I Baghdad and the U.N.—a ‘‘defect,’’ Salih demnations drafted in righteous anger. was told to arrange to smuggle the motors. said—the government controls the flow of Saddam’s security services have been de- Othman told me to kill any of the smugglers food, medicine, and medical equipment to manding that Kurds ‘‘correct’’ their nation- who helped us once we got there.’’ Vehicles the very people it slaughtered. Food does ar- ality by signing papers to indicate that their belonging to the Taliban were waiting at the rive, he conceded, and basic medicines as birth records are false—that they are in fact border, and Jawad said that he turned over well, but at Saddam’s pace. Arab. Those who don’t sign have their prop- the liquid-filled refrigerator motors to the On this question of the work of the United erty seized. Many have been evicted, often to Taliban, and then killed the smugglers who Nations and its agencies, the rival Kurdish Kurdish-controlled regions, to make room had helped him. parties agree. ‘‘We’ve been asking for a four- for Arab families. According to both the Jawad said that he had no idea what liquid hundred-bed hospital for Sulaimaniya for Kurdistan Democratic Party and the Patri- was inside the motors, but he assumed that three years,’’ said Nerchivan Barzani, the otic Union of Kurdistan, more than a hun- it was some type of chemical or biological Prime Minister of the region controlled by dred thousand Kurds have been expelled from weapon. I asked the Kurdish officials who re- the Kurdish Democratic Party, and Salih’s the Kirkuk area over the past two years. mained in the room if they believed that, as counterpart. Sulaimanlya is in Salih’s terri- Nationality correction is one technique late as 2000, the Mukhabarat was transfer- tory, but in this case geography doesn’t mat- that the Baghdad regime is using in an over- ring chemical or biological weapons to Al ter. ‘‘It’s our money,’’ Barzani said. ‘‘But we all ‘‘Arabization’’ campaign, whose aim is to Qaeda. They spoke carefully. ‘‘We have no need the approval of the Iraqis. They get to replace the inhabitants of Kurdish cities, es- idea what was in the cannisters,’’ the senior decide. The World Health Organization is pecially the oil-rich Kirkuk, with Arabs from official said. ‘‘This is something that is taking its orders from the Iraqis. It’s crazy.’’ central and southern Iraq, and even, accord- worth an American investigation.’’ Barzani and Salih accused the World ing to persistent reports, with Palestinians. When I asked Jawad to tell me why he Health Organization, in particular, of re- Arabization is not new, Peter Galbraith, a worked for Al Qaeda, he replied, ‘‘Money.’’ warding with lucrative contracts only com- professor at the National Defense University He would not say how much money he had panies favored by Saddam. ‘‘Every time I and a former senior adviser to the Senate been paid, but he suggested that it was quite interact with the U.N.,’’ Salih said, ‘‘I think, Foreign Relations Committee, says. Gal- a bit. I had one more question: How many My God, Jesse Helms is right. If the U.N. braith has monitored Saddam’s anti-Kurdish years has Al Qaeda maintained a relation- can’t help us, this poor, dispossessed Muslim activities since before the Gulf War. ‘‘It’s ship with Saddam Hussein’s regime? nation, then who is it for?’’ been going on for twenty years,’’ he told me. ‘‘There’s been a relationship between the Many Kurds believe that Iraq’s friends in ‘‘Maybe it’s picked up speed, but it is cer- Mukhabarat and the people of Al Qaeda since the U.N. system, particularly members of tainly nothing new. To my mind, it’s part of 1992,’’ he replied. the Arab bloc, have worked to keep the a larger process that has been under way for Carole O’Leary, a Middle Eastern expert at Kurds’ cause from being addressed. The many years, and is aimed at reducing the American University, in Washington, and a Kurds face an institutional disadvantage at territory occupied by the Kurds and at de- specialist on the Kurds, said it is likely that the U.N., where, unlike the Palestinians, stroying rural Kurdistan.’’ Saddam would seek an alliance with Islamic they have not even been granted official ob- ‘‘This is the apotheosis of cultural geno- terrorists to serve his own interests. ‘‘I know server status. Salih grew acerbic: ‘‘Compare cide,’’ said Saedi Barzinji, the president of that there are Mukhabarat agents through- us to other liberation movements around the Salahaddin University, in Erbil, who is a out Kurdistan,’’ O’Leary said, and went on, world. We are very mature. We don’t engage human-rights lawyer and Massoud Barzani’s ‘‘One way the Mukhabarat could destabilize in terror. We don’t condone extremist na- legal adviser. Barzinji and other Kurdish the Kurdish experiment in democracy is to tionalist notions that can only burden our leaders believe that Saddam is trying to set link up with Islamic radical groups. Their in- people. Please compare what we have up a buffer zone between Arab Iraq and

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:40 Sep 21, 2011 Jkt 099200 PO 00000 Frm 00102 Fmt 4634 Sfmt 0634 E:\ERIC\H09OC2.REC H09OC2 mmaher on DSKFW6RHC1PROD with $$_JOB October 9, 2002 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H7407 Kurdistan, just in case the Kurds win their law’s orders.) The regime’s credibility was cluding almost four tons of the nerve agent independence. To help with this, Barzinji badly damaged by Kamel’s revelations, and VX; six hundred tons of ingredients for VX; told me last month, Saddam is trying to re- during these meetings the Iraqi representa- as much as three thousand tons of other poi- write Kirkuk’s history, to give it an ‘‘Arab’’ tives decided to tell Duelfer and his team son-gas agents; and at least five hundred and past. If Kurds, Barzinji went on, ‘‘don’t more than they had ever revealed before. fifty artillery shells filled with mustard gas. change their ethnic origin, they are given no ‘‘This was the first time Iraq actually agreed Nor did the inspectors find any stores of food rations, no positions in government, no to discuss the Presidential origins of these aflatoxin. right to register the names of their new ba- programs,’’ Duelfer recalled. Among the Saddam’s motives are unclear, too. For the bies. In the last three to four weeks, hos- most startling admissions made by the Iraqi past decade, the development of these weap- pitals have been ordered, the maternity scientists was that they had weaponized the ons has caused nothing but trouble for him; wards ordered, not to register any Kurdish biological agent aflatoxin. his international isolation grows not from name.’’ New parents are ‘‘obliged to choose Aflatoxin, which is produced from types of his past crimes but from his refusal to let an Arab name.’’ Barzinji said that the na- fungi that occur in moldy grains, is the bio- weapons inspectors dismantle his nonconven- tionality-correction campaign extends even logical agent that some Kurdish physicians tional-weapons programs. When I asked the to the dead. ‘‘Saddam is razing the grave- suspect was mixed with chemical weapons Iraqi dissident Kanan Makiya why Saddam is stones, erasing the past, putting in new ones and dropped on Kurdistan. Christine Gosden, so committed to these programs, he said, ‘‘I with Arab names,’’ he said. ‘‘He wants to the English geneticist, told me, ‘‘There is ab- think this regime developed a very specific show that Kirkuk has always been Arab.’’ solutely no forensic evidence whatsoever ideology associated with power, and how to Some of the Kurds crossing the demarca- that aflatoxins have ever been used in north- extend that power, and these weapons play a tion line between Saddam’s forces and the ern Iraq, but this may be because no system- very important psychological and political Kurdish zone, it is said, are not being ex- atic testing has been carried out in the re- part.’’ Makiya added, ‘‘They are seen as es- pelled but are fleeing for economic reasons. gion, to my knowledge.’’ sential to the security and longevity of the But in camps across Kurdistan I met refu- Duelfer told me, ‘‘We kept pressing the regime.’’ gees who told me stories of visits from the Iraqis to discuss the concept of use for Certainly, the threat of another Halabja secret police in the middle of the night. aflatoxin. We learned that the origin of the has kept Iraq’s citizens terrorized and com- Many of the refugees from Kirkuk live in biological-weapons program is in the secu- pliant. Amatzia Baram, the Iraq expert at tent camps built on boggy fields. I visited rity services, not in the military—meaning the University of Haifa, told me that in 1999 one such camp at Beneslawa, not far from that it really came out of the assassinations Iraqi troops in white biohazard suits sud- Erbil, where the mud was so thick that it program.’’ The Iraqis, Duelfer said, admitted denly surrounded the Shiite holy city of nearly pulled off my shoes. The people at the something else: they had loaded aflatoxin Karbala, in southern Iraq, which has been camp—several hundred, according to two es- into two Scud-ready warheads, and also the scene of frequent uprisings against Sad- timates I heard—are ragged and sick. A man mixed aflatoxin with tear gas. They wouldn’t dam. (The Shiites make up about sixty per- named Howar told me that his suffering say why. cent of Iraq’s population, and the regime is could not have been avoided even if he had In an op-ed article that Duelfer wrote for preoccupied with the threat of another rebel- agreed to change his ethnic identity. the Los Angeles Times last year about Iraqi lion.) The men in the white suits did noth- ‘‘When you agree to change your nation- programs to develop weapons of mass de- ing; they just stood there. ‘‘But the message ality, the police write on your identity docu- struction, he offered this hypothesis: ‘‘If a was clear,’’ Baram said. ‘‘What we did to the ments ‘second-degree Arab,’ which they regime wished to conceal a biological attack, Kurds in Halabja we can do to you.’’ It’s a know means Kurd,’’ he told me. ‘‘So they al- what better way than this? Victims would very effective psychological weapon. From ways know you’re a Kurd.’’ (In a twist char- suffer the short-term effects of inhaling tear the information I saw, people were really acteristic of Saddam’s regime, Kurdish lead- gas and would assume that this was the to- panicky. They ran into their homes and shut ers told me, Kurds who agree to ‘‘change’’ tality of the attack: Subsequent cancers their windows. It worked extremely well.’’ their nationality are fined for having once would not be linked to the prior event.’’ Saddam’s weapons of mass destruction claimed falsely to be Kurdish.) United Nations inspectors were alarmed to clearly are not meant solely for domestic Another refugee, Shawqat Hamid Muham- learn about the aflatoxin program. Richard use. Several years ago in Baghdad, Richard mad, said that her son had gone to jail for Spertzel, the chief biological-weapons in- Butler, who was then the chairman of two months for having a photograph of spector for UNSCOM, put it this way: ‘‘It is UNSCOM, fell into conversation with Tariq Mustafa Barzani in his possession. She said a devilish weapon. Iraq was quite clearly Aziz, Saddam’s confidant and Iraq’s deputy that she and her family had been in the aware of the long-term carcinogenic effect of Prime Minister. Butler asked Aziz to explain Beneslawa camp for two months. ‘‘The police aflatoxin. Aflatoxin can only do one thing— the rationale for Iraq’s biological-weapons came and knocked on our door and told us destroy people’s livers. And I suspect that project, and he recalled Aziz’s answer: ‘‘He we have to leave Kirkuk,’’ she said. ‘‘We had children are more susceptible. From a moral said, ‘We made bioweapons in order to deal to rent a truck to take our things out. We standpoint, aflatoxin is the cruellest weap- with the Persians and the Jews.’ ’’ were given one day to leave. We have no idea on—it means watching children die slowly of Iraqi dissidents agree that Iraq’s programs who is in our house.’’ Another refugee, a man liver cancer.’’ to build weapons of mass destruction are fo- named Ibrahim Jamil, wandered over to lis- Spertzel believes that if aflatoxin were to cussed on Israel. ‘‘Israel is the whole game,’’ ten to the conversation. ‘‘The Arabs are win- be used as a weapon it would not be delivered Ahmad Chalabi, the leader of the Iraqi Na- ning Kirkuk,’’ he said. ‘‘Soon the only people by a missile. ‘‘Aflatoxin is a little tricky,’’ tional Congress, told me. ‘‘Saddam is always there will be Arabs, and Kurds who call he said. ‘‘I don’t know if a single dose at one saying publicly, ‘Who is going to fire the for- themselves Arabs. They say we should be point in time is going to give you the long- tieth missile?’ ’’—a reference to the thirty- Arab. But I’m a Kurd. It would be easier for term effects. Continuous, repeated expo- nine Scud missiles he fired at Israel during me to die than be an Arab. How can I not be sure—through food—would be more effec- the Gulf War. ‘‘He thinks he can kill one a Kurd?’’ tive.’’ When I asked Spertzel if other coun- hundred thousand Israelis in a day with bio- Peter Galbraith told me that in 1987 he tries have weaponized aflatoxin, he replied, logical weapons.’’ Chalabi added, ‘‘This is the witnessed the destruction of Kurdish villages ‘‘I don’t know any other country that did it. only way he can be Saladin’’—the Muslim and cemeteries—‘‘anything, that was related I don’t know any country that would.’’ hero who defeated the Crusaders. Students of It is unclear what biological and chemical to Kurdish identity,’’ he said. ‘‘This was one Iraq and its government generally agree that weapons Saddam possesses today. When he of the factors that led me to conclude that it Saddam would like to project himself as a maneuvered UNSCOM out of his country in is a policy of genocide, a crime of intent, de- leader of all the Arabs, and that the one sure 1998, weapons inspectors had found a sizable stroying a group whole or in part.’’ way to do that is by confronting Israel. portion of his arsenal but were vexed by In the Gulf War, when Saddam attacked 9. IRAQ’S ARMS RACE what they couldn’t find. His scientists cer- Israel, he was hoping to provoke an Israeli In a series of meetings in the summer and tainly have produced and weaponized an- response, which would drive America’s Arab fall of 1995, Charles Duelfer, the deputy exec- thrax, and they have manufactured botu- friends out of the allied coalition. Today, the utive chairman of the United Nations Spe- linum toxin, which causes muscular paral- experts say, Saddam’s desire is to expel the cial Commission, or UNSCOM—the now ysis and death. They’ve made Clostridium Jews from history. In October of 2000, at an defunct arms-inspection team—met in Bagh- perfringens, a bacterium that causes gas Arab summit in Cairo, I heard the vice-chair- dad with Iraqi government delegations. The gangrene, a condition in which the flesh rots. man of Iraq’s Revolutionary Command Coun- subject was the status of Iraq’s nonconven- They have also made wheat-cover smut, cil, a man named Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri, de- tional-weapons programs, and Duelfer, an which can be used to poison crops, and ricin, liver a speech on Saddam’s behalf, saying, American diplomat on loan to the United which, when absorbed into the lungs, causes ‘‘Jihad alone is capable of liberating Pal- Nations, was close to a breakthrough. hemorrhagic pneumonia. estine and the rest of the Arab territories oc- In early August, Saddam’s son-in-law Hus- According to Gary Milhollin, the director cupied by dirty Jews in their distorted Zion- sein Kamel had defected to Jordan, and had of the Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms ist entity.’’ then spoken publicly about Iraq’s offensive Control, whose Iraq Watch project monitors Amatzia Baram said, ‘‘Saddam can absolve biological, chemical, and nuclear capabili- Saddam’s weapons capabilities, inspectors himself of all sins in the eyes of the Arab and ties. (Kamel later returned to Iraq and was could not account for a great deal of weap- Muslim worlds by bringing Israel to its killed almost immediately, on his father-in- onry believed to be in Iraq’s possession, in- knees. He not only wants to be a hero in his

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:40 Sep 21, 2011 Jkt 099200 PO 00000 Frm 00103 Fmt 4634 Sfmt 0634 E:\ERIC\H09OC2.REC H09OC2 mmaher on DSKFW6RHC1PROD with $$_JOB H7408 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE October 9, 2002 own press, which already recognizes him as a to any military planner is force protection,’’ Saddam Hussein is only 1–5 years away from Saladin, but wants to make sure that a thou- Charles Duelfer told me. ‘‘If your assessment nuclear weapons capability. Knowing that con- sand years from now children in the fourth of the threat is chemical or biological, you tainment and deterrence are ineffective grade will know that he is the one who de- can get individual protective equipment and stroyed Israel.’’ warning systems. If you think he’s going to against the Iraqi regime, we have no choice. It is no comfort to the Kurds that the Jews use a nuclear weapon, where are you going to Knowing that Saddam Hussein has consist- are now Saddam’s main preoccupation. The concentrate your forces?’’ ently violated United Nations resolutions we Kurds I spoke with, even those who agree There is little doubt what Saddam might must act. We must act in a timely fashion to that Saddam is aiming, his remaining Scuds do with an atomic bomb or with his stocks of avoid the possibility that Saddam Hussein will at Israel, believe that he is saving some of biological and chemical weapons. When I use these weapons or that he would transfer his ‘‘special weapons’’—a popular euphemism talked about Saddam’s past with the medical these weapons to a terrorist organization such inside the Iraqi regime for a return visit to geneticist Christine Gosden, she said, as Al Qaeda, which would not hesitate to use Halabja. The day I visited the Kalak Bridge, ‘‘Please understand, the Kurds were for prac- which divides the Kurds from the Iraqi tice.’’ them against us. We cannot wait to protect ourselves until it is too late to do so. Now Army’s Jerusalem brigade, I asked Muham- Mr. FALEOMAVAEGA. Mr. Speaker, mad Najar, the local official, why the bri- more than ever we must be proactive to pro- gade was not facing west, toward its target. I yield such time as he may consume to tect Americans, our country, and our way of ‘‘The road to Jerusalem,’’ he replied, ‘‘goes the gentleman from Pennsylvania (Mr. life. through Kurdistan.’’ BORSKI). In 1991, after the United States and United A few weeks ago, after my return from (Mr. BORSKI asked and was given Nations had demonstrated a willingness to Iraq, I stopped by the Israeli Embassy in permission to revise and extend his re- peacefully resolve the crisis that followed the Washington to see the Ambassador, David marks.) Ivry. In 1981, Ivry, who then led Israel’s Air Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, and after Saddam Mr. BORSKI. Mr. Speaker, I thank Hussein refused to comply with several U.N. Force, commanded Operation Opera, the the gentleman for yielding me this strike against the Osirak nuclear reactor Security Council Resolutions, I cast my vote in near Baghdad. The action was ordered by time. favor of military action against Iraq. I voted for Prime Minister Menachem Begin, who be- Mr. Speaker, I rise in support of this the resolution then because I believed that my lieved that by hitting the reactor shortly be- resolution. support would help demonstrate that Con- fore it went online he could stop Iraq from We in Congress must stand behind the gress, the President, and the American people building an atomic bomb. After the attack, President in granting him the authority to use Israel was condemned for what the Times stand together against Saddam Hussein’s defi- military force against Iraq. The only chance to ance. called ‘‘inexcusable and short-sighted ag- prevent war is to be prepared to go to war. gression.’’ Today, though, Israel’s action is Since the Persian Gulf War, Saddam Hus- widely regarded as an act of muscular arms We will not rush to war, but we cannot stand sein has repeatedly demonstrated his disdain control. ‘‘In retrospect, the Israeli strike by while Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction for the authority of international law by defying bought us a decade,’’ Gary Milhollin, of the program poses a growing threat to our na- U.N. Security Council Resolutions that were Wisconsin Project, said. ‘‘I think if the tional security. Over the past few weeks, many designed to ensure that Iraq does not pose a Israelis had not hit the reactor the Iraqis have voiced a number of questions, including threat to international peace and security. In- would have had bombs by 1990’’—the year why we must take action at this moment, how spections and sanctions have both failed in Iraq invaded Kuwait. long our armed forces may be in Iraq, and the past to address the threat posed by Iraq. Today, a satellite photograph of the Osirak what the humanitarian, economic, and political site hangs on a wall in Ivry’s office. The in- We should work toward a viable U.N. Security scription reads, ‘‘For General David Ivry— costs of a military response may be. These Council Resolution and build an international With thanks and appreciation for the out- are all valid concerns and questions I have coalition to support action to dismantle Iraq’s standing job he did on the Iraqi nuclear pro- considered. Ultimately, we must decide wheth- weapons of mass destruction. If we do take gram in 1981, which made our job much easi- er the threats we face merit the risk of Amer- military action with such broad support, it will er in Desert Storm.’’ It is signed ‘‘Dick Che- ican lives. The consequences of this vote are not set a precedent for preemption, but will ney.’’ serious, and I have not had to make a more boldly state the necessity for any future dis- ‘‘Preemption is always a positive,’’ Ivry difficult decision in my 20 years in Congress. said. putes to be resolved first through diplomatic Saddam Hussein never gave up his hope of I believe that support for this resolution will channels. turning Iraq into a nuclear power. After the send a strong, decisive signal to Saddam Hus- I firmly believe that diplomatic efforts should Osirak attack, he rebuilt, redoubled his ef- sein that his continued violation of U.N. Secu- precede any military action before we commit forts, and dispersed his facilities. Those who rity Resolutions will not be tolerated. our men and women to fight for peace and have followed Saddam’s progress believe that This vote is evidence that the challenges we justice. At a recent briefing, Secretary of State no single strike today would eradicate his face today are unique in the context of our Colin Powell assured me that every effort is nuclear program. I talked about this pros- history. We as a nation, could not have pre- pect last fall with August Hanning, the chief being made to reach an agreement on a U.N. of the B.N.D., the German intelligence agen- vented the horrific acts of September 11th and Security Council Resolution, so that if we act, cy, in Berlin. We met in the new glass-and- I witnessed the destruction firsthand, at both we will not act alone. Military power must not steel Chancellery, overlookincg the ren- the World Trade Center and at the Pentagon. be the basis of our strategy, but should be ovated Reichstag. Because of the events of September 11th, we one of many options we have at our disposal. The Germans have a special interest in cannot wait to act on a threat to our nation It is my hope that we will do all that we can Saddam’s intentions. German industry is and to the American people, lest we allow our- to avoid armed conflict, but should we engage, well represented in the ranks of foreign com- selves to be victims once again. We are faced panies that have aided Saddam’s nonconven- we will do so to promote peace and protect tional-weapons programs, and the German with a situation in which the lessons of history our national security. government has been publicly regretful. speak clearly of danger, and we face a threat Our unity in this vote will deliver a message Hanning told me that his agency had taken unlike any other in history. Iraqi President to the international community that we as the lead in exposing the companies that Saddam Hussein has proven himself to be a Americans share the belief that the threat we helped Iraq build a poison-gas factory at ruthless and unpredictable enemy, and even face is real, and that our cause is just. It is my Samarra. The Germans also feel, for the the slightest threat posed by his regime is one hope that this vote is the first step toward in- most obvious reasons, a special responsi- that we are unable to ignore without great risk creased peace and stability in the Middle East bility to Israel’s security, and this, too, mo- to our national security. The world has come tivates their desire to expose Iraq’s weapons- and a more secure future for the United States of-mass-destruction programs. Hanning is to know a long and terrible list of grievances and for the world. tall, thin, and almost translucently white. against Saddam Hussein, including the brutal I believe that a strong vote in favor of this He is sparing with words, but he does not repression and torture of his political oppo- resolution will prompt the American people, equivocate. ‘‘It is our estimate that Iraq will nents, the use of chemical weapons against the United Nations, and the international com- have an atomic bomb in three years,’’ he his own people, and his tireless pursuit of munity to join in support of action to neutralize said. weapons of mass destruction. It is this record the threat that is posed by Saddam Hussein There is some debate among arms-control of brutality and tendency toward violence that and the proliferation of his program of weap- experts about exactly when Saddam will have nuclear capabilities. But there is no should focus our attention on Iraq. Intelligence ons of mass destruction. disagreement that Iraq, if unchecked, will reports from both the United States and Great Mr. Speaker, a few years ago, when my have them soon, and a nuclear-armed Iraq Britain highlight Iraq’s relentless drive to youngest daughter, Maggie, was only 5 years would alter forever the balance of power in produce chemical, biological, and nuclear old, she was here with my family for the the Middle East. ‘‘The first thing that occurs weapons, and there is mounting evidence that swearing-in ceremony for Members of the

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:40 Sep 21, 2011 Jkt 099200 PO 00000 Frm 00104 Fmt 4634 Sfmt 9920 E:\ERIC\H09OC2.REC H09OC2 mmaher on DSKFW6RHC1PROD with $$_JOB October 9, 2002 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H7409 House. Members were then casting their votes Last and more importantly, the President’s Over the past few weeks, I have at- for our party leadership, and I tried to test her decision to change our military doctrine from tended classified briefings on Capitol by asking her if we were Republicans or containment to preemptive action could have Hill, at the Pentagon, and with the Democrats. ‘‘We’re Americans, aren’t we major ramifications to the United States and President. In reflecting upon the views, Dad?’’ was her reply. This is how I believe we, may lead to war between other countries. opinions, and concerns expressed by my as Members of Congress, should view this For the past 50 years, the United States has constituents, and after a thorough re- vote. All of us want the best for the American used our military troops to contain aggression view of international law, it is clear people and I hope that partisanship can be put against the U.S. and our allies. We have been that war with another country should aside for the moment, as each of us vote our able to persuade our allies to use restraint in- only be declared if your country is di- conscience. We have come together as a na- stead of their military under the most difficult rectly attacked; if another nation is an tion since September 11th, and we still must circumstances and times. During the Persian accomplice in the attack on your coun- remain unified in the face of any threat to our Gulf war, the U.S. was able to persuade Israel try; if there is an immediate pending nation. I urge a vote in favor of this resolution. to show great restraint while Saddam Hussein attack on your country; and, finally, if Mr. FALEOMAVAEGA. Mr. Speaker, was deploying scud missiles toward Israel. there is defiance of international law I yield such time as he may consume to Since the Persian Gulf war, the Israelis at the in the community. the gentleman from Illinois (Mr. request of the United States have shown re- To rush headlong into war without COSTELLO). straint in dealing with Arafat and the PLO. world support under any one of these (Mr. COSTELLO asked and was given If the U.S military attacks a country in order to counter a perceived future security risk, four conditions violates every principle permission to revise and extend his re- other countries may very well adopt the same and every ideal on which this great Na- marks.) preemptive policy. Those countries are more tion is founded and on which a free and Mr. COSTELLO. Mr. Speaker, I likely to follow the U.S. and less likely to show democratic world exists. thank the gentleman for yielding me restraint, with serious potential consequences this time. In review of these four principles, for Israel and the Palestinians, India and Paki- there is no question that Iraq did not Mr. Speaker, I stand in opposition to stan, Russia and Chechnya, China and Tai- this resolution. directly attack America. The evidence wan, and the list goes on. is also clear that Iraq was not an ac- Mr. Speaker, the most important and difficult Secretary Colin Powell recently reminded us complice with the al Qaeda attacks on decision a Member of Congress must make is that other countries look to the United States America. If there was any complicity the decision to send our troops—our sons, for our leadership and example. I agree! I only by Iraq and Saddam Hussein, I am con- daughters, husbands and wives—in harm’s hope that when looking to the United States fident the President would have ad- way. that they do not adopt the new preemptive dressed this complicity in his U.N. ad- Each member must do as I have done—lis- military policy and use that same policy dress or in Monday’s speech to the ten to the arguments on both sides of the against their enemies. issue, assemble and review all available infor- Mr. Speaker, this administration should fol- American people. In the classified mation and then do what they believe is in the low the example of the President’s father prior briefings, no one could document with best interest of our nation. to Desert Shield and during Desert Storm. We any certainty Iraq’s complicity in the Some people have questioned the Presi- should be putting together an international co- attacks on America. dent’s motives and the timing of this resolu- alition to send in weapon inspectors and if There is no dispute that Iraq is not tion. A few members of this body traveled to necessary take military action to disarm Sad- an immediate imminent military Baghdad to meet with officials of the govern- dam Hussein. A ‘‘go it alone’’ attitude or policy threat to the United States at this ment of Iraq. could have devastating consequences on our time. Some people would argue Sad- Frankly, I was appalled to see a Member of troops, the people of Israel and other parts of dam Hussein will give biological, chem- the Congress from my party in Baghdad ques- the world. ical or nuclear weapons when obtained tioning the motives of President Bush. I do not Mr. Speaker, therefore, I will vote against to terrorist groups, but there has been question the President’s motives. I believe the this resolution and in favor of the Spratt sub- no credible evidence provided to House President is doing what he believes is in the stitute. Members of these weapons being sup- best interest of our nation. Mr. FALEOMAVAEGA. Mr. Speaker, plied to terrorists. I yield 5 minutes to the gentleman After much though and deliberation, I have from Michigan (Mr. STUPAK), a distin- Individuals may still argue that we decided to vote against the resolution before guished member of the Committee on must assume that Iraq must have an us giving the President the discretion to send Energy and Commerce. accomplice with the al Qaeda attacks our troops to war in Iraq. I do so for the fol- (Mr. STUPAK asked and was given of September 11. If we wish to make lowing reasons: permission to revise and extend his re- this assumption, and it is only an as- First, I believe we have a moral obligation marks.) sumption, not fact, then the President and a responsibility to exhaust every possible Mr. STUPAK. Mr. Speaker, we are already has the authority to use ‘‘all resolution before sending our troops into being asked to commit our young serv- necessary and appropriate force harm’s way. I do not believe that we have at- icemen and women to a possible war in against Iraq.’’ If Saddam Hussein and tempted to assemble an international coalition Iraq. It is important for everyone to Iraq are directly or indirectly respon- similar to the coalition that President George understand the gravity of this vote and sible in any way with the attacks of Herbert Walker Bush brought together to un- the legal, ethical and moral grounds September 11, the President has the au- dertake the mission of Desert Shield and for such a grave commitment of U.S. thorization to take whatever means Desert Storm in 1990–1991. lives and resources. necessary to bring them to justice. The Second, Iraq does not present a direct im- To date, I have received nearly 900 authority was given to the President mediate threat to the United States. I have at- communications opposed to the United just 3 days after the cowardly attacks tended numerous briefings from the Bush ad- States acting unilaterally against Iraq on our country. ministration on this topic, and I have yet to and approximately 16 communications The link between the September 11 hear a good explanation as to why Saddam in support of the President’s position. attacks and Saddam Hussein is so tan- Hussein is a greater threat to us today than he No matter what the result of the vote gential even the President cannot jus- was six months or a year ago. In fact, our in- on each proposed resolution, I am con- tify military action against Saddam telligence agencies have concluded that Sad- fident that every Member will rally Hussein and Iraq based on complicity. dam Hussein is unlikely to attack the United around our brave young servicemen States unprovoked, but there is a real change and women if or when they are com- The strongest claim for military ac- that Saddam Hussein will use weapons of mitted to hostile action in Iraq or any- tion against Iraq is its continued defi- mass destruction in response to an invasion. where else in the world. ance of international law since the 1991

VerDate Mar 15 2010 22:40 Sep 21, 2011 Jkt 099200 PO 00000 Frm 00105 Fmt 4634 Sfmt 0634 E:\ERIC\H09OC2.REC H09OC2 mmaher on DSKFW6RHC1PROD with $$_JOB H7410 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE October 9, 2002 Gulf War cease-fire. It is on this prin- a multinational force to once and for rebels, Pakistan from invading India, ciple that President Bush went to the all rid the world of Saddam Hussein. or China from invading Taiwan. U.N. to seek their approval to use the If we now allow the U.S. military to In our world, terrorism would now be U.S. military to enforce U.N. resolu- invade a nation or change a regime be- tions against Iraq. The legal, ethical cause of fear, then the goals of ter- defined and determined by the aggres- and moral justification to get rid of rorism have been accomplished. If we sor nation. The United States would Saddam Hussein and invade Iraq is en- allow the U.S. to become a first-strike lose its legal and moral ability to pro- forcement of international law, the nation in the name of defeating ter- test, as it did in 1979, the Soviet army’s U.N. resolutions. rorism because of the possibility of fu- invasion of Afghanistan. The United States has never invoked ture terrorist attacks, this opens the The situation in Iraq must be ad- a first strike invasion of another na- world to a Pandora’s box of selected tion based on a fear of what might hap- conflicts around the world. The U.S. dressed, but we must not be seen as pen tomorrow. Now is not the time for would lose its moral, ethical and legal moving forward unilaterally, and we a first strike policy based on fear, but grounds and its stature to protest or to must not alienate our allies who sup- let us strike with the support of the prevent, for example, Russia from in- port it and fought with us in the Per- U.N. Security Council resolutions, with vading Georgia to hunt down Chechnya sian Gulf War.

N O T I C E Incomplete record of House proceedings. Except for concluding business which follows, today’s House proceedings will be continued in the next issue of the Record.

EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS, of Air Quality Implementation Plans; State 9585. A letter from the Chairman and Co- ETC. of Utah; Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Chairman, Congressional Executive Commis- Programs; Salt Lake County and General sion on China, transmitting the Commis- Under clause 8 of rule XII, executive Requirements and Applicability [UT-001-0038, sion’s first 2002 annual report; to the Com- communications were taken from the UT-001-0039, UT-001-0040; FRL-7262-2] received mittee on International Relations. Speaker’s table and referred as follows: October 7, 2002, pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 9586. A letter from the Acting Assistant 9573. A letter from the Administrator, De- 801(a)(1)(A); to the Committee on Energy and Secretary for Legislative Affairs, Depart- partment of Agriculture, transmitting the Commerce. ment of State, transmitting the Depart- Department’s final rule — Technical Assist- 9580. A letter from the Principal Deputy ment’s final rule — Schedule of Fees for Con- ance for Specialty Crops Program (RIN: 0551- Associate Administrator, Environmental sular Services, Department of State and AA63) received October 7, 2002, pursuant to 5 Protection Agency, transmitting the Agen- Overseas Embassies and Consulates — re- U.S.C. 801(a)(1)(A); to the Committee on Ag- cy’s final rule — Approval and Promulgation ceived October 7, 2002, pursuant to 5 U.S.C. riculture. of Air Quality Implementation Plans; New 801(a)(1)(A); to the Committee on Inter- 9574. A letter from the Secretary, Depart- Hampshire; Prevention of Significant Dete- national Relations. ment of Labor, transmitting a bill entitled, rioration (PSD) of Air Quality Permit Re- 9587. A letter from the Auditor, District of ‘‘Black Lung Consolidation of Administra- quirements [NH-01-48-7174a; A-1-FRL-7376-5] Columbia, transmitting a copy of a report tive Responsibilities Act’’; to the Committee received October 7, 2002, pursuant to 5 U.S.C. entitled, ‘‘Mismanaged Special Education on Education and the Workforce. 801(a)(1)(A); to the Committee on Energy and Payment System Vulnerable to Fraud, 9575. A letter from the Principal Deputy Commerce. Waste and Abuse,’’ pursuant to D.C. Code Associate Administrator, Environmental 9581. A letter from the Senior Legal Advi- section 47—117(d); to the Committee on Gov- sor to the Media Bureau, Federal Commu- Protection Agency, transmitting the Agen- ernment Reform. cy’s final rule — Approval and Promulgation nications Commission, transmitting the 9588. A letter from the Auditor, District of of State Plans For Designated Facilities and Commission’s final rule — Implementation Columbia, transmitting a copy of a report Pollutants: Massachusetts; Plan for Control- of the Cable Television Consumer Protection entitled, ‘‘Certification of the Fiscal Year and Competition Act of 1992; Development of ling MWC Emissions From Existing Large 2002 Revenue Projection in Support of the Competition and Diversity in Video Pro- MWC Plants [MA-01-7203a; FRL-7387-5] re- District’s $283,870,000 Multimodal General gramming Distribution: Section 628(c)(5) of ceived October 7, 2002, pursuant to 5 U.S.C. Obligation Bonds and Refunding Bonds,’’ the Communications Act; Sunset of Exclu- 801(a)(1)(A); to the Committee on Energy and pursuant to D.C. Code section 47—117(d); to sive Contract Prohibition [CS Docket No. 01- Commerce. 290] received October 3, 2002, pursuant to 5 the Committee on Government Reform. 9576. A letter from the Principal Deputy 9589. A letter from the Executives Re- U.S.C. 801(a)(1)(A); to the Committee on En- Associate Administrator, Environmental sources and Special Programs Division, En- ergy and Commerce. Protection Agency, transmitting the Agen- 9582. A letter from the Senior Legal Advi- vironmental Protection Agency, transmit- cy’s final rule — Approval and Promulgation sor to the Bureau Chief, Media Bureau, Fed- ting a report pursuant to the Federal Vacan- of Implementation Plans; State of Iowa [IA eral Communications Commission, transmit- cies Reform Act of 1998; to the Committee on 154-1154a; FRL-7392-6] received October 7, ting the Commission’s final rule — Amend- Government Reform. 2002, pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 801(a)(1)(A); to the ment of Section 73.622(b), Table of Allot- 9590. A letter from the Director, Office of Committee on Energy and Commerce. ments, Digital Television Broadcast Stations Sustainable Fisheries, NMFS, National Oce- 9577. A letter from the Principal Deputy (Fort Wayne, Indiana) [MB Docket No. 01- anic and Atmospheric Administration, trans- Associate Administrator, Environmental 302, RM-10333] received October 8, 2002, pursu- mitting the Administration’s final rule — Protection Agency, transmitting the Agen- ant to 5 U.S.C. 801(a)(1)(A); to the Committee Atlantic Highly Migratory Species Fisheries; cy’s final rule — Approval and Promulgation on Energy and Commerce. Atlantic Bluefin Tuna [I.D. 083002D] received of Implementation Plans; Indiana [IN144-1a; 9583. A letter from the Secretary of the October 8, 2002, pursuant to 5 U.S.C. FRL-7390-3] received October 7, 2002, pursu- Commission, Federal Trade Commission, 801(a)(1)(A); to the Committee on Resources. ant to 5 U.S.C. 801(a)(1)(A); to the Committee transmitting the Commission’s final rule — 9591. A letter from the Director, Office of on Energy and Commerce. Rule Concerning Disclosures Regarding En- Sustainable Fisheries, NMFS, National Oce- 9578. A letter from the Principal Deputy ergy Consumption and Water Use of Certain anic and Atmospheric Administration, trans- Associate Administrator, Environmental Home Appliances and Other Products Re- mitting the Administration’s final rule — Protection Agency, transmitting the Agen- quired Under the Energy Policy and Con- Fisheries Off West Coast States and in the cy’s final rule — Approval and Promulgation servation Act (‘‘Appliance Labeling Rule’’) — Western Pacific; Coastal Pelagic Species of Air Quality Implementation Plans; West received October 4, 2002, pursuant to 5 U.S.C. Fisheries; Closure of the Fishery for Pacific Virginia; To Prevent and Control Air Pollu- 801(a)(1)(A); to the Committee on Energy and Sardine North of Pt. Piedras Blancas, CA tion from the Operation of Hot Mix Asphalt Commerce. [Docket No. 011218302-1302-01; 091202B] re- Plants [WV 047-6021a; FRL-7391-3] received 9584. A letter from the Director, Office of ceived October 7, 2002, pursuant to 5 U.S.C. October 7, 2002, pursuant to 5 U.S.C. Congressional Affairs, Nuclear Regulatory 801(a)(1)(A); to the Committee on Resources. 801(a)(1)(A); to the Committee on Energy and Commission, transmitting the Commission’s 9592. A letter from the Deputy Assistant Commerce. final rule — Specification of a Probability Administrator for Regulatory Programs, 9579. A letter from the Principal Deputy for Unlikely Features, Events and Processes NMFS, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Associate Administrator, Environmental (RIN: 3150-AG91) received October 7, 2002, Administration, transmitting the Adminis- Protection Agency, transmitting the Agen- pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 801(a)(1)(A); to the Com- tration’s final rule — Stone Crab Fishery of cy’s final rule — Approval and Promulgation mittee on Energy and Commerce. the Gulf of Mexico; Amendment 7 [Docket

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