DAHUK, & GOVERNORATE PROFILES POST-FEBRUARY 2006 IDP NEEDS ASSESSMENTS DECEMBER 2007

TABLE OF CONTENTS Section: Page:

I. IOM Assessment Background 1 II. Overview 2

1. Area Background Dahuk il rb 2. Restrictions on IDP Entry or Registration E

S u la a y 3. Ethnicity and Religion ew m in a N n iy 4. Places of origin a h 5. Reasons for displacement 6. Pre-2006 IDP population S al 7. IDP relations w/ host community ah a l- Di D n iy 8. IDP Intentions a III. Emergency Assessment and Needs 6 la 1. Security 6 Baghdad

W i. Security Kerbala assit Babylon Q ii. Vulnerabilities ad Anbar is si iii. Women and Children ya 2. Shelter and Basic Services 7 Missan Thi-Qar i. Shelter (living arrangements) ii. Food/PDS Basrah iii. Water and Sanitation Muthanna iv. Fuel and Electricity v. Health Care vi. Education 3. Legal 11 i. Property Issues ii. Documentation IV. Humanitarian Assistance Received 12 V. Priority Needs 12 1. Top Priority Needs 2. JOC Projects VI. Conclusion 14

I. POST-FEBRUARY 2006 IDP ASSESSMENTS: BACKGROUND

Following the 22 February 2006 bombing of the Al-Askari Mosque, sectarian violence led to an alarming increase in population displacement within . In coordination with the Iraqi Ministry of Displacement and Migration (MoDM) and other entities, IOM is conducting in-depth assessments on recently displaced persons throughout Iraq.

IOM monitors use IDP Rapid Assessment questionnaires to gather information from MoDM, IDP tribal and community leaders, local NGOs, local government bodies, and individual IDP families. Based on a database of this information, IOM disseminates bi-weekly, bi-annual, and annual reports containing updates, statistics, and 1 analysis on displacement. These assist IOM and other organizations in prioritizing areas of operation, planning emergency responses, and designing long-term, durable solutions programs.

As of the time of writing, there are an estimated 1.2 million 2 Iraqis internally displaced since February 2006. While the rate of displacement has decreased considerably towards the end of 2007 and some IDPs are beginning to return, the number of displaced is still significant and far exceeds the number who have returned.

This is one of six Iraq Governorate Profile reports released by IOM at the close of 2007. These reports profile the displacement situation in each Iraqi governorate, using statistics and reporting from the field.

1 IOM reports are available at http://www.iom-iraq.net/idp.html . 2 Based on information provided by MoDM and the Regional Government.

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION II. OVERVIEW

Dahuk Erbil Sulaymaniyah Capital Dahuk Erbil Sulaymaniyah , Darbandihkan, Choman, Erbil, Koisnjaq, Dokan, , Kalar, Districts Amedi, Dahuk, Sumel, Makhmur, Mergasur, Penjwin, Pshdar, Rania, , Soran , Sulaymaniya Population 3 942,268 1,392,093 1,715,585 4 9,617 families (est. 55,151 6,104 families (est. 34,717 13,165 families (est. 73,534 Total post-Feb 2006 IDPs individuals) individuals) individuals) 5 22,474 families (est. 134,844 32,813 families (est. 196,878 50,465 families (est. 302,790 Total pre-Feb 2006 IDPs individuals) individuals) individuals) Number of post-Feb 2006 1,453 families (est. 8,718 1,669 families (est. 10,014 2,965 families (est. 17,790 IDPs assessed by IOM 6 individuals) individuals) individuals)

1. Area Background

The northern governorates of Dahuk, Erbil, and Sulaymaniyah comprise the most stable area in Iraq and operate in a de facto autonomy under the authority of the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG). However, the area is not immune to instability and violence. The areas along the border with Iran and Turkey experience intermittent shelling and attacks, which have displaced hundreds of families this year. In May, a truck bombing in Erbil that killed or wounded over 100 people also demonstrated that the north is a target for insurgent attacks. However, the north’s relative stability makes it a destination for IDPs of all ethnicities and religions fleeing from the south and center. But increased restrictions of entry into the north make movement difficult. KRG authorities are wary of the demographic changes displacement may cause and are conscious of the heavy burden IDP influx is placing on the area’s limited resources and infrastructure. The area’s relative stability has attracted a large international presence, with many humanitarian organizations basing their Iraq operations in Erbil city.

Dahuk lies at the very northern tip of Iraq, bordered by Turkey. It has the fewest number of post- 2006 IDPs of the three governorates and a large number of pre-2006 IDPs.

Erbil hosts Erbil city, the capital of the and believed to be one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world and a major stop on the Silk Road.

Sulaymaniyah, in the northeast corner of Iraq and bordered by Iran, hosts the most IDP population for both pre- and post-2006 IDPs of the northern governorates and the largest number of pre-2006 IDPs of any governorate in Iraq. It is an important economic center for Iraq and has strong economic ties with Iran.

2. Restrictions on IDP Entry or Registration

IDPs who do not originate from Dahuk, Erbil, or Sulaymaniyah must be “sponsored” in order to enter. Occasionally IDPs may be turned away from border checkpoints if they do not have adequate identification or are suspected of being insurgents. At some checkpoints, such as those entering Dahuk, IDPs are not allowed to enter with furniture. Once entered, IDPs must obtain residency cards ( karti manawa ) in order to remain in the governorates.

3 As per the Iraq Living Conditions Survey, UNDP and Ministry of Planning and Development Cooperation, 2004. 4 As per the Kurdistan Regional Government. See latest Cluster F Update on IDPs, 21 November 2007. 5 As per UNOPs/UNHCR. See latest Cluster F Update on IDPs, 21 November 2007. 6 Please note that this is the number of post-February 2006 IDPs assessed by IOM, not the total number of IDPs in the governorate.

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION 3. Ethnicity and Religion

Compared to the rest of the country, a large number of Chaldean and Assyrian Christians, as well as Kurdish Sunnis, have fled to the north.

RELIGION & ETHNICITY 7 Dahuk Erbil Sulaymaniyah Area All Iraq Sunni Arab 1.31% 7.01% 58.38% 30.67% 28.80% Christian Chaldean 35.17% 59.62% 0.07% 24.77% 1.39% Sunni Kurd 25.26% 4.55% 26.98% 20.42% 1.66% Christian Assyrian 27.87% 13.42% 0.03% 10.35% 3.75% Shia Arab 1.17% 2.58% 10.66% 6.18% 61.39% Christian Armenian 5.99% 2.76% 2.18% 0.13% Shia Kurd 0.14% 3.31% 1.64% 0.86% Yazidi Kurd 1.45% 0.12% 0.10% 0.43% 0.02% Other 1.04% 0.66% 0.44% 0.65% 1.85%

Dahuk il rb 4. Places of Origin E

S 36.61% u la a y ew m For both Dahuk and Erbil, the largest percentage of in a N n 1.10% iy a IDPs comes from Baghdad (61% and 71%, Kirkuk h respectively) and Ninewa (37% and 24%). In 0.14% Sulaymaniyah, the largest percentage comes from S al ah a Diyala (64%) with the next highest percentage l- Di D n iy 0.07% a coming from Baghdad (28%). la 60.56% Baghdad Dahuk 0.48% il Kerbala rb Wa E Babylon ssit 0.18% 0.07% Q S ad 23.61% u Anbar is l s a iy a y a ew m in a N n Missan i y a h Kirkuk Thi-Qar Najaf 3 .2 4 0.96% 0.06% % Basrah Sa la Muthanna h al -D D in i y 0.54% a la 70.94% Baghdad 0.66% Kerbala W Babylon assit Q 0.06% a di Anbar ss iy Dahuk a il rb Missan E

S Thi-Qar 1.79% u Najaf la a y ew m 0.18% in a N n 0.13% iy Basrah 0.30% a Kirkuk h Muthanna 1.08% S al ah a l- Di D n iy a 63.64% la 28.30% Baghdad 4.01% Kerbala W Babylon assit 0.07% 0.13% Q 0.03% ad Anbar is si ya Missan Thi-Qar Najaf 0.10% 0.24% Basrah 7 Of those assessed. Muthanna

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION 5. Reasons for Displacement

Most IDPs assessed in the reporting area said that they fled due to generalized violence (86%) and fear (93%). Many also cited direct threats to life (47%) and armed conflict (33%):

REASONS FOR DISPLACEMENT Dahuk Erbil Sulaymaniyah Area All Iraq Armed Conflict 14.0% 0.8% 60.1% 32.8% 10.3% Direct threats of life 71.8% 18.9% 49.6% 46.5% 62.4% Forced Displacement From Property 14.8% 0.0% 2.7% 4.9% 25.3% Generalized violence 83.8% 77.1% 91.2% 85.6% 47.0% Left out of fear 87.7% 94.8% 95.2% 93.3% 39.2% Other 0.3% 0.0% 6.4% 3.2% 1.1%

When asked if they had felt specifically targeted and if so, why, the majority (81%) of IDPs assessed in the area said that they were targeted for their religious/sectarian identity:

REASONS FOR BEING TARGETED Dahuk Erbil Sulaymaniyah Area All Iraq Belonging to a certain ethnic group 11.5% 1.1% 13.8% 9.8% 3.1% Belonging to a certain religion or sect 61.7% 92.6% 84.4% 81.2% 86.4% Belonging to a certain social group 12.3% 4.6% 2.8% 5.5% 1.1% Do not think the group was targeted 15.8% 3.2% 14.0% 11.5% 11.3% Holding a certain political opinion 22.2% 0.1% 9.2% 9.8% 6.1%

Of IDPs assessed in the reporting area, 93.4% had been displaced once, 4.2% had been displaced twice, 1.3% had been displaced three times, and less than 1% had been displaced four or more times.

IOM assessments capture date of displacement, which is shown in the line graph below. In this area, the majority (53%) of those assessed were displaced in 2006. The large percentage of the assessed displaced during 2007 (47%) contrasts with other areas in Iraq, where the majority of the assessed were displaced during 2006. However, caution should be used when reading displacement rates within the last six months, since assessments are ongoing and IOM monitors do not reach all IDPs immediately after they are displaced.

IDP Date of Displacement Dahuk Erbil 300 Sulaymaniyah 250

200

150 Families 100

50

0

6 6 7 7 0 6 6 0 6 06 6 0 7 7 0 07 - -0 - l-06 -0 - -0 - -0 -0 l- b-06 y v-06 c n ar u Jan Jun Ju ep o Ja pr Jun-07 J Fe Mar-06 Apr-0 Ma Aug S Oct-06 N De Feb-07 M A May-07 Aug-07 Sep-07 Oct-

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION 6. Pre-2006 IDP Population Overview

This region suffers from a long history of displacement and has some of the highest IDP figures in the country, especially Sulaymaniyah. Over 100,000 families (estimated 600,000 individuals) were displaced in the region prior to 2006, with half of these fleeing to or within Sulaymaniyah.

Saddam Hussein and his regime carried out a variety of attacks that specifically targeted the Kurdish north, resulting in mass displacements. During Saddam’s Al-, conducted in the late 1980s, the regime set out upon what is considered a genocide campaign against the that killed and displaced hundreds of thousands of Kurds, as well as Assyrians and Turkmen. In addition, people were displaced due to fighting between the two Kurdish parties, the PUK and KDP. From 2003-2006, IDPs also fled to the north due to increased instability in central and southern Iraq, a result of sectarian violence, military campaigns, insurgency and militia attacks, and generalized crime.

7. IDP Population’s Relationship with the Host Community

Tensions between IDPs and the host community are increasing throughout the area due to the additional burden displacement has placed on already strained local resources and infrastructure. Many in the host community feel that the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) is not able to meet the needs of both IDPs and the host community. IDPs reported resentment with KRG policies towards displacement – for example, some IDPs in Erbil said that although they brought cars with them, they cannot drive them because they do not have the required KRG permit. Many IDPs also feel a sense of discrimination because they do not speak Kurdish, which makes it especially difficult for them to find employment or education. IDPs in Dahuk frequently expressed frustration with the heavy restrictions at the border checkpoints, which prevented them from bringing any of their furniture into the governorate with them and heightened their feeling of being unwelcome. In addition, many residents in the north see the recent influx of IDPs as a security threat.

Despite these tensions, 98% of those assessed reported being well received by the host community.

8. IDP Intentions

Although the majority of IDPs assessed in the area intend to return to their place of origin, many others intend to integrate in their current location. In Dahuk the majority (60%) of those assessed intend to integrate locally, while most IDPs in Erbil plan to return home. IDP intentions are as follows:

Dahuk 89.6% Erbil Sulaymaniyah 63.3% 59.9% 29.2% 24.9% 14.5% 7.2% 7.1% 3.1% 0.2% 0.6% 0.1%

Locally integrate in the Resettle in a third location Return to their place of Waiting on one or several current location origin factors to make a decision

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION III. EMERGENCY ASSESSMENT AND NEEDS

1. Security and Vulnerabilities

Security

Security in the reporting area is stable and is a major factor attracting IDPs fleeing violence in the rest of Iraq, especially from Ninewa and Baghdad. Cross-border shelling by the Turkish and Iranian militaries has caused some small-scale displacement from border villages. There is fear among both IDPs and host community of a large-scale Turkish military incursion, which could displace thousands of families, although the situation is relatively stable at the moment. Monitors can access IDP locations freely, although KRG security representatives accompany them and monitoring movements have been adjusted due to the cross-border shelling. A higher percentage of IDPs report checkpoints and authorization required to move than in the rest of Iraq.

SECURITY STATISTICS Dahuk Erbil Sulaymaniyah Area All Iraq Had group members unaccounted for: 5.1% 0.3% 2.0% 2.3% 3.8% Must pass through a checkpoint to move near home: 1.7% 90.9% 25.3% 10.9% Need authorization to move from current location 8: 0.9% 0.9% 0.9% 25.6% 9.9% Reported other restrictions on freedom or movement: 0.3% 0.2% 1.5% 0.7% 4.1% Reported serious death or injury: 25.8% 0.4% 3.5% 8.0% 12.6%

Over 99% of IDPs assessed in the reporting area said that they felt safe in their current location, relative to their place of origin.

Vulnerabilities

VULNERABILITIES Dahuk Erbil Sulaymaniyah Area All Iraq Elderly person 4.61% 0.10% 2.22% 2.21% 1.47% Female head of household 0.89% 0.01% 0.58% 0.50% 0.49% Other vulnerability 2.60% 1.51% 1.36% 0.64% Person with mental disability 1.09% 3.63% 0.42% 1.46% 0.07% Person with serious illness 1.25% 0.05% 0.20% 0.41% 0.13% Pregnant woman 1.30% 0.13% 1.99% 1.31% 0.45%

Women and Children

Displacement presents unique challenges for women and children, who may require specialized types of health care and encounter cultural difficulties in providing for themselves. Many IDP families are displaced by the violent death of their head of household, leaving widow-headed households that are both psychologically traumatized and especially vulnerable. Families with elderly or disabled members (whose conditions are frequently exacerbated by the trauma of displacement) may be unable to access necessary health care or medications.

In Sulaymaniyah, there has been a noticeable increase in the number of IDP children begging in city streets. In Erbil, monitors observed an increase in forced prostitution among IDPs in Erbil city. This phenomenon occurs due to IDPs’ desperate economic situation, the high cost of living (particularly rent), unemployment, and lack of social care. Some local authorities are reportedly complicit in these activities.

8 All IDPs in the three northern governorates require authorization to move between governorates, but not generally within governorates.

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION IOM assessments identified the gender and age profile of the assessed population through interviews with 1,265 individual families:

Age Group Total Female Male Total 100.00% 49.47% 50.53% Male, Female, 50.53% 49.47% Less than 1 3.08% 1.59% 1.49% 1 to 4 10.61% 5.35% 5.26% 5 to 17 29.02% 13.86% 15.16% 18 to 60 52.78% 26.42% 26.35% More than 60 4.51% 2.24% 2.27%

2. Shelter and Basic Services

Shelter

TYPE OF HOUSING Dahuk Erbil Sulaymaniyah Area All Iraq Rented housing 49.4% 95.3% 87.8% 80.7% 58.3% House of host family or relatives 17.8% 3.6% 3.2% 6.8% 17.2% Other 1.2% 0.5% 5.2% 2.9% 9.4% Collective town settlement 30.3% 0.0% 0.0% 7.2% 6.7% Public building 0.8% 0.0% 0.1% 0.2% 6.0% Tent or former military camp 0.3% 0.1% 3.7% 1.9% 1.5%

The majority of IDPs assessed in the reporting area are renting. However, renting itself is no guarantee of basic services and is often not a sustainable solution for IDPs, especially with the very high cost of rent in the north. Since it is difficult for IDPs to find employment, many of those renting are doing so from their own savings. As their displacement continues and cost of living increases, many IDPs with dwindling finances must either return home or find alternative shelter.

Rent prices are rising due to the large IDP influx. In Dahuk city, rent prices rose in anticipation of displacement from border villages in the event of a Turkish incursion. Rent prices in Ainkawa, Erbil are extremely high because stable security has attracted a large international presence. IDP families living in Ainkawa reported that even those among them with regular salaries did not make enough to cover the rent. Monitors interviewed multiple families in Ainkawa who had been evicted because they could not pay rent.

In Fayda sub-district (Ninewa, but de facto under Dahuk administration) there are 50 IDP families living in poorly maintained public buildings. In , Erbil, there are 20 IDP families living in huts made of brick and mud with nylon roofs.

Food/Public Distribution System (PDS)

A very high percentage (86%) of those assessed in this area reported that they have no access at all to PDS rations. The most commonly reported reasons for non-access were insecurity along food transportation routes and difficulty/delay in the transfer of PDS registration. As is the case throughout Iraq, transfer of PDS registration to the place of displacement is difficult due to loss of documentation and insecurity in the place of origin, which prevents the retrieval of documentation. Some IDP families intend to return to their place of origin and therefore do not want to transfer their PDS registration.

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION In Amedi district, Dahuk, monitors found that most IDPs from Ninewa were able to access their PDS rations, many of them making the trip back to to pick up the food. Most IDPs displaced from Baghdad were unable to access the PDS, since insecurity prevented their return and they were unable to transfer their registration. This was attributed to poor coordination between PDS authorities in the KRG and Baghdad. Many IDPs must therefore purchase food from the local markets, which is expensive. This problem is worse for IDPs living in urban areas, since food is generally cheaper in rural markets. Recently the KRG began allowing IDPs to transfer their PDS registration to the KRG if they had PDS cards issued in 2007. If an IDP family was displaced in 2006, they must return to their place of origin to renew their PDS card there before returning to the KRG and transferring the registration. Many IDPs are therefore still unable to transfer their PDS cards.

PDS ACCESS Dahuk Erbil Sulaymaniyah Area All Iraq Yes, always 6.7% 16.1% 2.9% 7.4% 21.9% Sometimes 5.3% 2.8% 9.3% 6.6% 55.9% Not at all 87.9% 80.1% 87.8% 85.7% 22.0%

Of IDPs assessed in the reporting area, 7% reported receiving rations that were missing items. Since only 14% can access the PDS (either always or sometimes), roughly half of those who received the ration reported missing items.

When asked if they had received food assistance from other sources besides the PDS, only 3% of IDPs assessed in the area said that they had. This percentage is far below the national average – nationwide, 30% of IDPs assessed by IOM said that they had received food aid.

FOOD AID SOURCE Dahuk Erbil Sulaymaniyah Area All Iraq Humanitarian organizations 0.1% 0.0% 2.7% 1.3% 23.5% National authorities 0.0% 0.0% 0.6% 0.3% 5.1% Others 0.8% 0.0% 0.4% 0.4% 9.3% Regional authorities 0.0% 0.0% 2.1% 1.0% 5.2% Religious charities 2.3% 0.0% 0.6% 0.8% 18.6% Do not receive other assistance 96.6% 98.2% 96.3% 96.9% 60.1%

Water and Sanitation

Of IDPs assessed in the reporting area, 97% said that they have regular access to water. The majority have access to municipal water networks. Sources are as follows:

WATER SOURCE Dahuk Erbil Sulaymaniyah Area All Iraq Municipal water (underground pipes) 81.4% 97.7% 83.0% 86.6% 91.5% Open or broken pipe 0.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 10.3% Other sources 11.8% 0.5% 11.3% 8.5% 3.6% Public wells 5.9% 0.0% 2.8% 2.8% 11.6% Rivers, streams or lakes 12.9% 0.1% 0.2% 3.2% 12.9% Water tanks / trucks 51.6% 3.1% 6.3% 16.2% 27.5%

Three percent (3%) of IDPs assessed in the area said that they have access to toilets.

IDPs in the reporting area generally have better water and sanitation services than IDPs in the rest of Iraq. Many IDPs in urban areas have adequate sanitation and consistent water supply, although some groups reported occasional water shortages during the summer season. In rural areas, some IDP groups are drinking non-potable water; this has recently become a concern among these groups due to the outbreak of cholera in nearby governorates. In Tine village, Bamarne sub-district, Amedi district, Dahuk, some IDPs are connected to the municipal water network while others rely on

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION public wells, which do not provide clean drinking water. Similar issues were identified in Dwudya and Dihe villages in the same district, where IDPs are drinking non-potable water from springs and rivers.

In Bahrka, Erbil, the municipal water network does not cover the entire town and some IDPs rely on water trucking. In Sulaymaniyah, IDPs in Qalawa camp have regular access to water but do not have access to toilets and are in need of mobile medical health teams. Similarly, in the water supply is good but the Goran, Azadi, and Brda Soor areas lack sanitation. In , Sulaymaniyah, the water supply is adequate but the sewage system needs maintenance.

Fuel and Electricity

Fuel shortages affect IDPs and host communities throughout the reporting area. Many IDPs cannot afford to buy fuel from the market and do not receive the PDS fuel ration. The situation is likely to worsen with the onset of winter, particularly for those IDPs in inadequate shelter.

IDPs in Maltta Nasara, Shoqaq, and Baroshke in Dahuk centre reported that they could not afford fuel and urgently needed it for heating. In Dihe village, Bamarne sub-district, Amedi district, Dahuk, there is no electrical network and families pool their finances to run the village generator. IDPs in Khabat district, Erbil and Kalar district, Sulaymaniyah cannot afford fuel and requested supplies before winter. The electrical supply in Dahuk city has worsened considerably in recent months, with frequent power cuts requiring increased use of generators.

ELECTRICITY Dahuk Erbil Sulaymaniyah Area All Iraq Four or more hours per day 90.6% 98.9% 93.9% 94.5% 57.3% 1-3 hours per day 0.3% 2.0% 1.0% 36.0% No electricity 9.0% 4.0% 4.1% 5.9%

Of IDPs assessed in the reporting area, 46% said that they could not access fuel. Fuel access by type is as follows:

FUEL ACCESS Dahuk Erbil Sulaymaniyah Area All Iraq Benzene 0.0% 63.2% 0.0% 17.3% 44.1% Diesel 0.3% 0.5% 0.0% 0.2% 15.1% Kerosene 1.2% 5.6% 0.2% 1.9% 15.8% Other 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.5% Propane 1.5% 79.8% 62.2% 52.5% 55.6% No access to fuel 98.4% 17.4% 37.6% 46.6% 35.7%

Health Care

IDP families in Dahuk city can access heath services but have difficulty obtaining medications. IDPs in the Tine, Dawudya, and Dihe villages of Bamarne sub-district, Amedi district, Dahuk reported that they do not have health facilities nearby. In Dahuk city centre, monitors identified six IDP families with mentally disabled members. These families cannot find the medications they need or access adequate psychological care.

In Bahrka, Erbil, there are only two small health clinics that are overwhelmed by the large host community and 400 IDP families. Seriously ill patients must travel to hospitals in Erbil city. The situation is similar in Khabat district, which has only two health clinics that must serve both host community and IDPs. In Kalar district, Sulaymaniyah, there is only one hospital which is overwhelmed by a population of around 4,000 IDP families.

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION Nearly all (99%) IDPs assessed in Erbil and Sulaymaniyah reported that they could access health care services. However, 29% of those assessed in Dahuk said that they did not have access. Non-access was attributed mainly to the lack or distance of health facilities. Some IDPs (8%) assessed in Dahuk said that a lack of female staff prevented them from accessing health care.

Over 98% of IDPs assessed in Sulaymaniyah and Erbil said that they could access medications that they needed, while only 70% of those in Dahuk reported access.

INFECTIOUS DISEASE IN THE PAST 45 DAYS ? 9 Dahuk Erbil Sulaymaniyah Area All Iraq Yes 1.7% 0.2% 1.2% 1.0% 7.5% No 98.3% 99.0% 98.2% 98.5% 92.4%

In Dahuk, 50% of those assessed said that they had been visited by a health worker within the past 30 days of the interview; in Erbil, 10%; in Sulaymaniyah, 5%.

Of IDPs assessed in the area, 19% reported participation in a vaccination campaign:

VACCINATION CAMPAIGN 7 Dahuk Erbil Sulaymaniyah Area All Iraq No 35.4% 87.8% 81.1% 72.0% 45.6% Yes, last week 5.8% 6.2% 1.7% 3.9% 7.8% Yes, last month 30.2% 4.0% 4.0% 10.3% 14.6% Yes, 1-3 months ago 23.0% 0.4% 8.7% 9.9% 16.9% Yes, 4-6 months ago 1.3% 0.4% 2.1% 1.4% 11.3% Yes, 7 or more months ago 3.4% 0.2% 1.7% 1.7% 3.1%

Education

IDP access to education in the KRG is limited due to lack of -teaching schools (for Arab IDPs who do not speak Kurdish), lack of required documentation, and absence of or overcrowded facilities. Many IDP families in the reporting area are well-educated and want their children to continue their studies. Insecurity prevents families from returning to their place of origin to obtain documentation, and there is poor coordination between the KRG Directorate of Education and the Iraqi Ministry of Education.

Lack of Arabic-speaking schools is the most frequently reported obstacle to education access. In Dahuk city centre, IDPs reported that there are only two Arabic schools in their area. These are operating in double shifts to accommodate the influx of students. There are no Arabic schools in Amedi district, Dahuk, or in Kalar district, Sulaymaniyah. In Bahrka village, Erbil, IDPs send their children to Arabic schools in Ainkawa, which is 18 kilometers distant. Many IDP children in Bahrka do not attend school because their families cannot afford the transport. In Khabat district, Erbil, Kurdish IDP families from Mosul and Baghdad said that although they speak Kurdish, their children have grown up studying in Arabic and cannot make the transition to education in Kurdish.

IDPs in Ainkawa said that universities in the reporting area do not accept IDP students unless they are transferring from universities elsewhere. This means that an IDP student who graduated from a Baghdad high school cannot attend university in the north unless he returns to his place of origin, attends university there for two months or more, and then files for transfer.

9 From date of interview.

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION

3. Legal Concerns

Property Issues

IOM monitors asked 1,614 individual families in the reporting area what types of property they had left behind. Responses were as follows:

TYPES OF PROPERTY LEFT BEHIND Dahuk Erbil Sulaymaniyah Area All Iraq Apartment or room 4.8% 17.2% 1.6% 6.6% 3.3% House 88.6% 72.2% 94.7% 87.0% 92.2% Land for agriculture 1.5% 0.0% 10.9% 4.5% 4.9% Land for housing 1.7% 0.0% 6.3% 3.0% 1.8% Other 19.1% 10.1% 1.6% 10.7% 4.1% Shop / small business 10.9% 0.5% 9.0% 7.8% 6.5%

When asked what had become of the property they had left behind, the majority of IDPs in the reporting area said that they did not know:

STATUS OF PROPERTY LEFT BEHIND Dahuk Erbil Sulaymaniyah Area All Iraq Do not know 10.94% 98.26% 14.20% 36.47% 58.44% Property accessible 24.91% 7.39% 9.54% 8.01% Property currently in military use 0.07% 0.18% 4.45% 2.23% 1.94% Property destroyed 11.01% 0.00% 14.74% 9.81% 16.58% Property occupied, controlled or claimed by government 0.89% 0.00% 0.20% 0.31% 0.84% Property occupied, controlled or claimed by private citizens 27.46% 1.08% 13.59% 13.47% 30.88%

IDPs were able to take the following items with them when they were displaced:

ASSETS BROUGHT BY IDP S Dahuk Erbil Sulaymaniyah Area All Iraq Livestock 0.48% 0.00% 0.00% 0.11% 3.05% Food 28.69% 0.15% 0.22% 7.00% 28.05% Winter clothing 55.85% 73.62% 25.71% 46.04% 35.32% Car transportation 20.92% 58.52% 0.03% 21.06% 35.15% Tools 29.26% 33.40% 25.16% 28.40% 26.72% Other 0.85% 5.09% 1.20% 2.18% 3.83%

Documentation

IDPs assessed in the reporting area carry the following forms of documentation:

DOCUMENTATION Dahuk Erbil Sulaymaniyah Area All Iraq ID cards 99.2% 98.4% 99.8% 99.3% 96.0% Nationality certificates 98.5% 98.9% 99.9% 99.3% 96.6% Marriage documents 94.4% 97.6% 98.5% 97.3% 72.7% Birth certificates 73.9% 67.9% 14.2% 43.1% 61.5% Passports 7.8% 13.9% 25.2% 18.0% 17.4% Death certificates 39.4% 7.1% 7.3% 14.9% 18.2% Other documents 15.8% 7.7% 16.0% 13.7% 19.2%

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IV. HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE RECEIVED

Twenty-six percent (26%) of IDPs assessed in the reporting area said that they had received humanitarian assistance since their displacement. This was provided by the following sources:

SOURCE OF ASSISTANCE Dahuk Erbil Sulaymaniyah Area All Iraq Host community 1.1% 0.0% 4.6% 2.5% 31.1% Iraqi Red Crescent 5.9% 0.2% 3.4% 3.1% 27.9% MoDM 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 29.8% Humanitarian organization 8.4% 0.3% 8.3% 6.1% 18.2% Other 0.6% 0.0% 0.1% 0.2% 1.3% Other Iraqi Government body 33.9% 0.0% 3.1% 9.6% 5.4% Relatives 12.2% 0.2% 0.1% 3.0% 25.7% Religious group 22.3% 12.6% 1.4% 9.5% 24.9%

These sources provided the following types of assistance:

TYPE OF ASSISTANCE Dahuk Erbil Sulaymaniyah Area All Iraq Food 17.4% 0.7% 4.9% 6.7% 59.5% Health 0.2% 2.7% 1.4% 11.3% Non-food items 20.2% 0.4% 9.0% 9.3% 47.6% Other 60.6% 12.3% 3.9% 19.8% 11.3%

V. PRIORITY NEEDS

Top Priority Needs

As with the rest of Iraq, the top priorities needs in the north are employment and shelter. Otherwise, responses in the three northern governorates vary, with many IDPs in Sulaymaniyah reporting food as a priority but none in Erbil. Education is a higher priority in the north than the rest of Iraq, and many IDPs in Erbil reported the need for legal help.

98.8%

100% 95.0%

88.9% Sulaymaniyah 90% 86.2%

80% 75.8% Erbil 70%

60% 53.8%

52.2% Dahuk 48.4% 45.5% 50% 44.5% 40% 27.1%

30% 23.8% 21.8% 21.0% 20% 19.6% 12.0%

10% 3.5% 2.1% 1.9% 1.4% 1.4% 0.9% 0.9% 0.3% 0.6% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0% 0.0%

r h e e lt er n n ork elt tion io ie Food at g W Sh Other ca al Help Hea Wat it y du g n H E Le Sa ess to cc A

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IOM Joint Operations Cell Project Recommendations

The following recommendations are projects recommended by sources on the ground, including IOM monitors, staff, implementing partners, and other stakeholders. These and other projects are stored in an IOM database as part of the IOM Joint Operations Cell information management system. This database can be queried by geographic location, project cost, project sector, etc. IOM encourages humanitarian organizations to implement these recommendations. For more information, please contact Vlatko Avramovski at [email protected].

Governorate District Place Latitude Longitude Project Title Sector

EMERGENCY Dahuk Amedi Sarsink 37.037 43.342 Distribution of FI and NFI DISTRIBUTION

Training of midwives in Sarsink sub- Dahuk Amedi Sarsink 37.037 43.342 LIVELIHOOD district district

Distribution of School Kit for IDPs Dahuk Dahuk Dahuk 36.866 43.000 EDUCATION Students in Dahuk City Center Distribution of Winter Non-Food EMERGENCY Dahuk Dahuk Dahuk 36.866 43.000 Items for IDPs families in Dahuk DISTRIBUTION city center Distribution of Kerosene for IDPs EMERGENCY Dahuk Dahuk Dahuk 36.866 43.000 families in Dahuk City DISTRIBUTION

Distribution of Food items for IDPs EMERGENCY Dahuk Dahuk Dahuk 36.866 43.000 families in Dahuk City DISTRIBUTION

Dahuk Dahuk Dahuk 36.866 43.000 Kurdish Training courses LIVELIHOOD

Distribution of Winter Non-Food EMERGENCY Dahuk Dahuk Etit 36.847 43.077 Items for IDPs families in Seje DISTRIBUTION village Emergency Distribution - FI and EMERGENCY Erbil Erbil Ainkawa 36.224 43.990 NFI DISTRIBUTION

Erbil Erbil Ainkawa 36.224 43.990 Employment Offices LIVELIHOOD

EMERGENCY Erbil Erbil Ainkawa 36.224 43.990 Distribution of FI and NFI in 108 DISTRIBUTION

Ainkawa-LAIC (Legal Aid and Erbil Erbil Ainkawa 36.224 43.990 LEGAL AID Information Center)

Two Buses for transportation of Erbil Erbil Bahrka 36.316 44.034 EDUCATION students

WATER / Erbil Erbil Bahrka 36.316 44.034 Two wells of drinking water SANITATION

Erbil Erbil Erbil 36.190 44.009 Health training for women HEALTH

Erbil Erbil Pirzeen 36.265 44.070 Health Center HEALTH

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION Distribution of Winter Non-Food EMERGENCY Sulaymaniyah Kalar Grda Gozina 34.584 45.291 Aid for IDPs families DISTRIBUTION

Sulaymaniyah Kalar Kalar 34.633 45.283 Health clinic project HEALTH

Sulaymaniyah Kalar Kalar 34.633 45.283 Construction of Secondary schools EDUCATION

Sulaymaniyah Kalar Kalar 34.633 45.283 Construction of primary schools EDUCATION

Sulaymaniyah Kalar Kalar 34.638 45.301 Health Clinic project HEALTH

Sulaymaniyah Kalar Kalar 34.638 45.301 Health Clinic project EDUCATION

Distribution of Winter Non-Food EMERGENCY Sulaymaniyah Kalar Kalar 34.638 45.301 Aid for IDPs families DISTRIBUTION

Distribution of Winter Non-Food EMERGENCY Sulaymaniyah Rania Shorsh 35.521 44.841 Aid for IDPs families DISTRIBUTION

Suburbia- Distribution of Winter Non-Food EMERGENCY Sulaymaniyah Rania 36.121 44.494 Center Aid for IDPs families DISTRIBUTION

Suburbia- Sulaymaniyah Rania 36.121 44.494 Fuel Distribution (naphta) LIVELIHOOD Center

WATER / Sulaymaniyah Sulaymaniya Awrakani Azadi 35.585 45.307 Sewage/Sanitation Project SANITATION

Emergency Distribution - FI and EMERGENCY Sulaymaniyah Sulaymaniya Chaqalawa 35.472 45.433 NFI DISTRIBUTION

WATER / Sulaymaniyah Sulaymaniya Chaqalawa 35.472 45.433 Sanitation Project SANITATION

Sulaymaniyah Sulaymaniya Chaqalawa 35.472 45.433 Vocational Training LIVELIHOOD

EMERGENCY Sulaymaniyah Sulaymaniya Chaqalawa 35.472 45.433 NFI distribution DISTRIBUTION

WATER / Sulaymaniyah Sulaymaniya Chaqalawa 35.472 45.433 Sanitation project SANITATION

CONCLUSION

The northern region suffers from a long history of displacement; in fact, most pre-2006 displacement in Iraq occurred in the north, specifically in Sulaymaniyah. In addition, many Iraqis have been trying to flee to the north due to sectarian violence, military campaigns, insurgent and militia attacks, abductions and lawlessness that occurred throughout the year in the central and southern Iraq. IDPs reported that they primarily fled due to fear and generalized violence. Most fled from Baghdad, Ninewa, and Diyala.

IDPs in this area tend to have been displaced more recently (i.e. in 2007) than those assessed elsewhere in Iraq, partly because entry was heavily restricted until recently and IDPs went to the north after other safe havens were saturated and/or closed. The KRG is working to contain assist

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION displaced populations but is wary of demographic change and security issues and does not want to see large numbers of IDPs remain and integrate. In some cases the KRG has channelled IDP flows into camps and insisted that assistance not build permanent structures that could encourage IDPs to stay.

By far the majority of the IDPs assessed in the north are renting, since fewer have familial ties in the north. Infrastructure, services, and security tend to be in better in the north, and the humanitarian situation of IDPs here is not as desperate. Most have access to health care (92%) and electricity (95%), although many do not have access to fuel (46%). However, rising costs of living and high rent and unemployment is causing the situation for IDPs to deteriorate, especially with the onset of winter. Most IDPs do not receive PDS rations and few have received food or other assistance. Education is also a problem for many children, as most IDP children speak Arabic and curriculum in schools in the north is taught in Kurdish.

Most IDPs hope to return to their place of origin, except those assessed in Dahuk, the majority of whom report that they plan to stay.

For further information on IDP displacement in Iraq, please contact Dana Graber Ladek, Iraq Displacement Specialist, at [email protected] (+962 79 611 1759).

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION POST-FEBRUARY 2006 DAHUK– IDP LOCATIONS, DECEMBER 2007 IDP MONITORING AND NEEDS ASSESSMENTS

43°0'0"E 44°0'0"E

Legend Settlements Town\ Village Main Cities Turkey .! District Center /" Governorate Center Primary Routes Governorate Boundary

IDP locations by number of families Zakho Zakho 1- 99 Dihe Aradin Nasara Syria Tine Amedi 100 - 499 Peshabur Collective Derabun Dawudye Benata Amedi Amedi Bilejank 500 - 999 Sarsink D a h u k Sardarav Bajid Barav Avzreek Shani 1000 - 1999 37°0'0"N Surya Bawarda Erbil 37°0'0"N Baghluja Batel 2000 and more Shkafdla Avzreek Miri Dahuk Kuret Gavana Seje Zawita Khrab Kulk Masike Sumel Dahuk Semel Hawrezk Shakhke Etit Malta Islam IDP Movements To Dahuk Dahuk Misereek Collective Baroshke il rb Surka Shindukha E

Rubaibiya Bakhitme S u la a y Khanke Collective ew m in a N 36.61% n 1.10% iy a Kirkuk h Ain Sifne 0.14% S al ah a l- Di D n iy 0.07% a la

Baghdad 60.56% Kerbala 0.48% W Babylon assit 0.07% Q ad Anbar is si Ninewa ya Missan

Tilkef Thi-Qar Najaf

Basrah Erbil Muthanna 0.96% Talafar

03 6 12 18 24 43°0'0"E 44°0'0"E Kilometers 1 centimeter equals 10 kilometers POST-FEBRUARY 2006 ERBIL– IDP LOCATIONS, DECEMBER 2007 IDP MONITORING AND NEEDS ASSESSMENTS

43°0'0"E 44°0'0"E 45°0'0"E

Legend Turkey Settlements Town\ Village D a h u k Amedi Main Cities .! District Center 37°0'0"N Mergasur 37°0'0"N /" Governorate Center Iran Mergasur Lower Primary Routes Soran Governorate Boundary Akre Ain Sifne Soran Choman IDP locations by Choman [1] number of families Tilkef Shaqlawa 1- 99 Ninewa Shaqlawa 100 - 499 500 - 999 Bahrka Collective Bahrka 1000 - 1999 Al Hamdaniyah Pirzeen Ainkawa 2000 and more Erbil

Koysinjaq Erbil IDP Movements To Erbil Dahuk il rb E 0.18% S Koisnjaq u la a y 36°0'0"N 36°0'0"N ew m in a N 23.61% n iy a h 3.24% Kirkuk Sulaymaniyah Sulaymaniyah S al ah 0.06% a l- Di D n iy a 0.54% la Makhmur 70.94% Makhmur Baghdad Kerbala 0.66% Babylon Wassit 0.06% Q ad Dibs Anbar is si ya Missan

Thi-Qar Najaf 0.18% Chamchamal Basrah Kirkuk Muthanna Salah al-Din

04 843°0'0"E 16 24 32 44°0'0"E 45°0'0"E Kilometers 1 centimeter equals 13 kilometers POST-FEBRUARY 2006 SULAYMANIAH– IDP LOCATIONS, DECEMBER 2007 IDP MONITORING AND NEEDS ASSESSMENTS

45°0'0"E 46°0'0"E

Legend Shaqlawa Qalat Settlements Rania Town\ Village Ranya Ranya Pshdar Hajiawa Bosken Zharawa Chwarqurna Saidawa Main Cities Erbil .! District Center Koysinjaq /" Governorate Center Primary Routes 36°0'0"N 36°0'0"N Dokan Dukan Governorate Boundary Qamchugha

IDP locations by Sharbazher Penjwin Dibs number of families Penjwin Iran 1- 99 100 - 499 Chamchamal Sulaymaniyah 500 - 999 Sulaymaniya 1000 - 1999 2000 and more Chamchamal Kirkuk Dukaro

Kani Tu IDP Movements To Sulaymaniyah Darbandihkan Halabja Dahuk il rb Halabja E S u Darbandikhan 1.79% la a y ew m in a Bani Khelan N n 0.13% iy a 0.30% Kirkuk h

1.08% Sa 35°0'0"N 35°0'0"N lah a l- Di D n iy a 63.64% la Touz Hourmato 28.30% Baghdad Kalar Kerbala W Babylon assit 4.01% 0.07% 0.13% Q 0.03% ad Anbar is si ya Missan

Thi-Qar Najaf 0.10% Kfri Diyala 0.24% Smud Basrah Kalar Muthanna Diyala Kalar Salah al-Din Grda Gozina Bngird

04 8 16 24 32 45°0'0"E 46°0'0"E Kilometers 1 centimeter equals 13 kilometers