Urban Growth and Sprawl of Mersin City, Turkey: Change Analysis Based on Earth Observation and Socio-Economic Data
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MAKALE / ARTICLE Urban Growth and Sprawl of Mersin City, Turkey: Change Analysis Based on Earth Observation and Socio-Economic Data Mersin Şehrinin Kentsel Büyümesi ve Saçaklanması: Dünya Gözlem Verisine ve Toplumsal-İktisadi Verilere Dayalı Değişim Çözümlemesi Burak BEYHAN,1 Hannes TAUBENBÖCK,2 Simon SUFFA,3 Tobias ULLMANN,2 Jürgen RAUH,3 Stefan DECH2 The aim of this study is the contextualization of urban growth Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’nin güneyinde yer alan Mersin and sprawl experienced in the coastal conurbation of Mersin in kıyı bitişik-kentleşmesinde (konürbasyonunda) yaşanan kent- southern Turkey. For this purpose, an interdisciplinary approach sel büyüme ve saçaklanmanın bağlamlaştırılmasıdır. Bu amaç has been developed by using methods of remote sensing and doğrultusunda, uzaktan algılama ve toplum bilimlerinin yön- social sciences. The sample areas, identified by using a series of temleri kullanılarak disiplinlerarası bir yaklaşım geliştirilmiştir. satellite images available for the period 1987-2009, have been 1987 ve 2009 arası dönem için elde edilebilir olan bir seri uydu examined using a multi-temporal change detection approach in görüntüsü kullanılarak tespit edilen örnek alanlar, bir çoklu-za- combination with available statistics and on-site excursions in mansal değişim tespiti yaklaşımı eşliğinde elde edilebilen ista- order to understand the pattern of development. What is evi- tistiki veriler ve yerinde yapılan incelemeler ile gelişme örüntü- dent from this study is that an interdisciplinary perspective on lerinin anlaşılabilmesi ve bağlamlaştırılması amacıyla incelikli the examination of urban growth and sprawl provides us with biçimde araştırılmıştır. Bu çalışmadan ortaya çıkmıştır ki, kent- timely results that can be employed in urban and regional plan- sel büyüme ve saçaklanmanın disiplinlerarası bir bakışaçısı ile ning activities. irdelenmesi, kent ve bölge planlama çalışmalarında kullanabi- Key words: Urban sprawl; informal settlement; social housing; elite leceğimiz sonuçları bizlere daha vakitlice sunmaktadır. segregation; tertiarisation; remote sensing. Anahtar sözcükler: Kentsel saçaklanma; kaçak yapılaşma; sosyal ko- nut; seçkin ayırımı; üçüncüleşme; uzaktan algılama. 1Faculty of Architecture, Department of City and Regional Planning, 1Mersin Üniversitesi, Mimarlık Fakültesi, Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Bölümü, Mersin, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey Türkiye 2German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), 2German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Wessling, Germany Wessling, Almanya 3Institute of Geography, University of Würzburg, Germany 3Institute of Geography, University of Würzburg, Almanya MEGARON 2012;7(1):3-25 Başvuru tarihi: 5 Ekim 2011 (Article arrival date: Oct 5, 2011) - Kabul tarihi: 11 Haziran 2012 (Accepted for publication: June 11, 2012) İletişim (Correspondence): Dr. Burak BEYHAN. e-posta (e-mail): [email protected] © 2012 Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesi - © 2012 Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Architecture garonjournal.com m CiLT VOL. 7 - SAYI NO. 1 3 Introduction Urban sprawl is an inevitable consequence of the The former United Nation (UN) Secretary-General, spontaneous development of cities. Although the Mr. Kofi Annan, called our time the “urban millen- cause of sprawl can be considered to be market mech- nium” (UN Press Release SG/SM/7479). According to anism at work (the tendency of consumers and busi- recent UN prognoses, almost 60% of the global popu- ness to “prefer outlying locations where land is inex- lation will live in urban areas by the year 2030 (United pensive and congestion moderate”, decreasing need Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, for face-to-face contact due to modern telecommuni- Population Division 2009). In Turkey, the urbanization cations, and diminishing travel costs allowing “people rate has even increased to 76.2% in 2010. to live far from their places of work” and shopping), land markets with lack of good information and similar Due to these developments, urban spaces have kinds of market imperfections can also be considered come into the focus of regional science. Closely relat- the main causes inducing sprawl (uncertainties in the ed to the effects of polarization within globalization, rate of land appreciation cause land speculations and academic examinations focus especially on the field of subsequently urban sprawl) (Ewing, 1997:110-111). global cities in the Northern Hemisphere (Brenner and Overall, Ewing (1997) considers two main categories Keil 2010) and megacities, which are primarily located for the causes of urban sprawl: market-related causes in the Southern Hemisphere (Borsdorf and Coy 2009). (consumer preferences and technological innovation) The latter ones are seen as “new socio-economic and and causes stemming from market failures (subsidies political ‘laboratories of the future’ as they seem to and existence of public and quasi-public goods). reflect global development trends compactly” (Kraas 2007, 80). There is no doubt that from the point of view of urban and regional planning, the desirability of urban Following Kraas (2007), there are five dimensions of sprawl is questionable, particularly if it is conducive change, which structure the main research questions to problems in the proper functioning of cities. Thus, in this field: planners should be equipped with the analytical tools - Geo-ecological change (vulnerability; land con- both to understand the nature of the sprawl and also sumption; sustainability), to intervene into the process. Within this context, it is important to note that the employment of the concept - Geo-economic change (globalization; transna- of urban sprawl in the literature leads to some ambi- tional markets; informal sector), guities. As Galster et al. (2001: 681) remarks, “[i]t ex- plains everything and nothing”. Definition of sprawl - Geo-social change (migration; transnational so- can be grouped into six general categories (Galster et cial spaces; social justice; human security, urban al., 2001: 683-685): (1) as a direct example from a par- life styles), ticular city, (2) as an aesthetic judgment (usually ugly - Geo-cultural change (urban ethnicity; global ur- development), (3) as a cause of an unwanted external- ban scapes; global media; social movements; ur- ity, (4) as a consequence of some independent variable ban cultural diversity and hybridity), (such as fragmentation of control over land use), (5) as an existing pattern of development (such as continuous - Geo-political change (resource security; global development, ribbon development along corridors and urban regulation; geo-political competitiveness; leapfrog development), and (6) as a process of devel- social stability; participation; social justice; wel- opment (as a stage in the development of a city). fare; transnational Non-Governmental Organiza- tions (NGOs)). Departing from the fact that “a thing cannot simul- taneously be what it is and what causes it or what it One fundamental issue for researchers and city causes”, in their study Galster et al. (2001: 685) pro- planners in this context is uncontrolled urban growth pose that urban sprawl can be empirically defined as due to the urban sprawl. Owing to their dynamics and “a pattern of land use in [an Urban Area] that exhibits dimensions, it is difficult to monitor the urban sprawl low levels of some combination of eight distinct di- by employing the existing conservative methods, like mensions: density, continuity, concentration, cluster- on-site interviews and mapping. In this paper, we ing, centrality, nuclearity, mixed uses, and proximity”. show the first steps towards tackling this problem with Testing their definition on 13 urban areas in the US, the interdisciplinary cooperation of remote sensing Galster et al. (2001) show that each dimension pro- and social science. posed for the measure of urban sprawl is not only free 4 CiLT VOL. 7 - SAYI NO. 1 Beyhan et al., Urban Growth and Sprawl of Mersin City of judgment about their intrinsic value, but also mea- Basically, one can distinguish between supervised clas- surable on a continuum and comparable across urban sification, unsupervised classification and classifica- areas. Parallel to these considerations, in this study, tion approaches involving artificial intelligence (Jensen urban sprawl is conceptualized as a pattern of land use 2005). Classification algorithms based on statistical ap- characterized by low levels of integration within an ur- proaches such as maximum-likelihood, box classifier ban area, in terms of different dimensions of spatial (Landgrebe 2003; Mather 2004) and neural networks configurations such as the ones proposed by Galster have been used frequently at the pixel level (Shackel- et al. (2001). ford and Davis 2003; Benediktson et al. 2003). Recent- Urban sprawl can manifest itself in different forms ly object-based classification methods have received such as leapfrog or scattered development, strip devel- increasing attention (Blaschke, 2010), especially in opment, and low-density or single-use development the urban domain. Multi-temporal change detection (Ewing, 1997:108). Nevertheless, as Ewing (1997:109) approaches have been presented in recent literature remarks, any attempt to associate sprawl with related as well. For example, Mas (1999) compared different forms of development can be easily defied “unless the change detection techniques such as image differenc- choice is (1) quantifiable and