DOCSLIB.ORG

Experimental Study on the Effects of Aspect Ratio on the Wind Pressure Coefficient of Piloti Buildings

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Experimental Study on the Effects of Aspect Ratio on the Wind Pressure Coefficient of Piloti Buildings sustainability Article Experimental Study on the Effects of Aspect Ratio on the Wind Pressure Coefficient of Piloti Buildings Jangyoul You 1 and Changhee Lee 2,* 1 Department of Architecture Engineering, Songwon University, Gwangju 61756, Korea; [email protected] 2 Department of Mechanical and Shipbuilding Convergence Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48547, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-51-629-7816 Abstract: Owing to strong winds during the typhoon season, damage to pilotis in the form of dropout of the exterior materials occurs frequently. Pilotis placed at the end exhibit a large peak wind pressure coefficient of the ceiling. In this study, the experimental wind direction angle of wind pressure tests was conducted in seven directions, with wind test angles varying from 0◦ to 90◦ at intervals of 15◦, centered on the piloti position, which was accomplished using the wind tunnel experimental system. Regardless of the height of the building, the maximum peak wind pressure coefficient was observed at the center of the piloti, whereas the minimum peak wind pressure coefficient was noted at the corners, which corresponds with the wind direction inside the piloti. The distribution of the peak wind pressure coefficient was similar for both suburban and urban environments. However, in urban areas, the maximum peak wind pressure coefficient was approximately 1.4–1.7 times greater than that in suburban areas. The maximum peak wind pressure coefficient of the piloti ceiling was observed at the inside corner, whereas the minimum peak wind pressure coefficient was noted at the outer edge of the ceiling. As the height of the building increased, the maximum peak wind pressure coefficient Citation: You, J.; Lee, C. decreased. Suburban and urban areas exhibited similar peak wind pressure distributions; however, Experimental Study on the Effects of the maximum peak wind pressure coefficient in urban areas was approximately 1.2–1.5 times larger Aspect Ratio on the Wind Pressure than that in suburban areas. Coefficient of Piloti Buildings. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5206. Keywords: piloti; peak wind pressure coefficient; corner-type piloti; end-type piloti; wind tunnel https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095206 experiment Academic Editor: Sunkuk Kim Received: 24 March 2021 1. Introduction Accepted: 28 April 2021 Published: 6 May 2021 Many studies have focused on the aerodynamic optimization of buildings. In a study on the design of affordable housing models for high-rise buildings, Baghaei [1] Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral focused on the use of environmental factors in humid subtropical climates and examined with regard to jurisdictional claims in the aerodynamic behavior of wind in an urban environment to optimize the shapes of published maps and institutional affil- 40 types of prototype buildings. The results were used to develop a suitable model iations. for residential high-rise buildings in temperate and humid climates; these results also suggest an appropriate approach for the aerodynamic design of high-rise forms and offer appropriate aerodynamic corrections to reduce the wake of vortex areas around high- rise buildings. Similarly, Davenport [2] used aerodynamic model tests to investigate the effects of building forms. The effects of aerodynamic forces [3–5], set-back and tapered Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. aerodynamic forms [6,7], spoilers and openings [8–10], and spiral or twisted models have This article is an open access article been studied. The potential effects of aerodynamic calibration have also been analyzed in distributed under the terms and terms of economics (cost and available space) [11]. conditions of the Creative Commons Many types of pilotis are used in high-rise buildings in Korea; however, there has Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// been limited research on this topic. Jo et al. [12], Xi et al. [13], and Kuo et al. [14] found, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ through numerical and experimental analyses, that the depth of the piloti had an effect 4.0/). on the ceiling and airflow characteristics between a high-rise building with a podium Sustainability 2021, 13, 5206. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095206 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2021, 13, 5206 2 of 16 and low-level attached houses. Zeng et al. [15] researched the piloti space, which is an important part of buildings located in an area with hot and humid summers and has not been studied sufficiently. The piloti space can improve the wind environment and provide cooler activity spaces in a city subject to hot and humid summers. This study aims to propose a climatically adapted piloti arrangement and ratio for the design of a residential area. In Lui et al. [16], unsteady flow fluctuations around elevated buildings were analyzed based on energy spectral density. Meanwhile, the periodical wind flow fields around elevated buildings were accurately determined. Kim [17] researched the characteristics of the design wind pressure coefficient distribution for the piloti exterior of tall buildings. Woo et al. [18] presented the wind pressure coefficient for the penetrating pilotis of low- and mid-rise buildings. Ryu et al. [19] and Shin [20] found that the wind pressure coefficient inside through-type and open-type pilotis varies with the piloti size. The Tamura group [21] conducted comprehensive phosphorus wind tunnel experi- ments on various building configurations, namely basic (square, circular, rectangular, and oval), angle modification, one-dimensional, narrow, spiral, and composite models. Their results provided useful reference information for design initiatives and further research into building aerodynamics. The aerodynamic form plays an important role in the design of skyscrapers; however, optimization is limited by other design elements. Thus, the available options are limited. [22,23]. Tanaka et al. researched the effect of aerodynamic force and wind pressure on square-plan tall building shapes with various configurations such as chamfered, set-back, and helical [24]. Kwon et al. reviewed the eight international codes and standards for the effect of winds on tall buildings [25]. Kim and Kanda investigated the effects of the spatio-temporal characteristics of pressure fluctuations on tall buildings with taper and set-back forms [26]. Xu and Xie assessed the cross-wind effects on tall buildings with corner modifications, including chamfered and recessed corners, and aerodynamic forms such as tapered, stepped, and twisted [27]. Ciappino et al. presented a building corner aerodynamic optimization procedure for decreasing the effects of wind, based on a surrogate model. Wind forces and pressure distributions have also been measured [28]. Kumar et al. used an experimental approach to examine the wind pressure acting on all four faces of a tall rectangular building [29]. Mou et al. evaluated wind pressure distribu- tions around square-shaped tall buildings based on various ratios, by using computational fluid dynamics techniques [30]. Elshaer et al. presented a building corner aerodynamic optimization procedure to decrease the effects of wind based on a surrogate model [31]. Mittal et al. presented a review of methods for evaluating pedestrian-level wind, different wind comfort criteria, and various techniques for evaluating wind velocity at the pedestrian level [32]. Finally, Bairagi and Dalui analyzed and compared two set-back buildings in terms of pressure, force, and torsional effects [33]. Table1 summarizes the previous studies conducted on aerodynamic wind design by the aforementioned researchers. As the influx of people into downtown areas has increased, high-rise buildings in these areas have become increasingly dense. This contributes to problems such as the need for resident parking and pedestrian passages. To address these problems, pilotis have been widely used in high-rise building constructions. Pilotis offer various advantages such as facilitating the provision of parking areas and passages for pedestrians; therefore, they are widely used in apartments and office buildings. Pilotis are typically installed by crossing the lower part or with an opening on one side of the building, and exterior materials are primarily installed on the walls and ceilings inside the piloti. However, in this piloti configuration, when a strong wind blows, a wind path is formed, and wind is concentrated. Owing to such strong winds, the exterior materials on the ceilings and walls of the pilotis may fall, causing damage to parked vehicles and pedestrians. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5206 3 of 16 Table 1. Research on aerodynamic wind designs. Authors Year Description This experimental study was conducted on the effect of aerodynamic forces and wind pressures Tanaka et al. 2012 on square-plan tall building shapes with various configurations, such as chamfered, set-back, and helical [21]. In this study, eight international codes and standards for wind effects on tall buildings were Kwon and Kareem 2013 reviewed: ASCE 2010 (USA), AS/NZ 2011 (Australia and New Zealand), AIJ 2004 (Japan), CNS 2012 (China), NBCC 2010 (Canada), Eurocode 2010 (Europe), ISO 2009, and IWC 2012 (India) [25]. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of spatio-temporal characteristics of Kim and Kanda 2013 pressure fluctuations on tall buildings with taper and set-back forms [26]. This study assessed cross-wind effects on tall buildings with corner modifications, including Xu and Xie 2015 chamfered corners
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Characterization of Ecoregions of Idaho
    1 0 . C o l u m b i a P l a t e a u 1 3 . C e n t r a l B a s i n a n d R a n g e Ecoregion 10 is an arid grassland and sagebrush steppe that is surrounded by moister, predominantly forested, mountainous ecoregions. It is Ecoregion 13 is internally-drained and composed of north-trending, fault-block ranges and intervening, drier basins. It is vast and includes parts underlain by thick basalt. In the east, where precipitation is greater, deep loess soils have been extensively cultivated for wheat. of Nevada, Utah, California, and Idaho. In Idaho, sagebrush grassland, saltbush–greasewood, mountain brush, and woodland occur; forests are absent unlike in the cooler, wetter, more rugged Ecoregion 19. Grazing is widespread. Cropland is less common than in Ecoregions 12 and 80. Ecoregions of Idaho The unforested hills and plateaus of the Dissected Loess Uplands ecoregion are cut by the canyons of Ecoregion 10l and are disjunct. 10f Pure grasslands dominate lower elevations. Mountain brush grows on higher, moister sites. Grazing and farming have eliminated The arid Shadscale-Dominated Saline Basins ecoregion is nearly flat, internally-drained, and has light-colored alkaline soils that are Ecoregions denote areas of general similarity in ecosystems and in the type, quality, and America into 15 ecological regions. Level II divides the continent into 52 regions Literature Cited: much of the original plant cover. Nevertheless, Ecoregion 10f is not as suited to farming as Ecoregions 10h and 10j because it has thinner soils.
    [Show full text]
  • Irrigation of Wi in Rapes
    42 NO VEMBER/DECEMBER 2001 WINEGR OWING ative. The same can be said of a plant's water potential. For example, when more water is Irrigation lost from a leaf via transpiration than moves into the leaf from the vascular tissue, its water potential will become more negative due to a relative increase in its solute concentration. of w i rapes This is important as water in plants and soils moves from regions where water potential is relatively high to regions where water potential is rela- tively low. Such differences in water in potential will result in movement of water from cell to cell within a plant or from regions within the soil profile that Cal Lorry E. WIIIIams y.t portion of the growing season in contain more moisture to those with Department of Viticulture Enology these areas and vineyard water use less. University of California-Qavis, and can be greater than the soil's water One way to measure the water Kearney Agricultural Center reservoir after the winter rainfall, potential of a plant organ in the field supplemental irrigation of vineyards (such as a leaf) is by using a pressure SYNOPSIS: How much irrigation water is may be required at some point dur- chamber. required to grow quality winegrapes ing summer months. The leaf's petiole is cut and the leaf depends upon site, the stage of vine quickly placed into the chamber with growth, row spacing, size of the vine's IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT the cut end of the petiole protruding canopy, and amount of rainfall occur- No matter where grapevines are out of the chamber.
    [Show full text]
  • Modeling Wildfire Hazard in the Western Hindu Kush-Himalayas
    San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks Master's Theses Master's Theses and Graduate Research Spring 2012 Modeling Wildfire Hazard in the Western Hindu Kush-Himalayas David Bylow San Jose State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses Recommended Citation Bylow, David, "Modeling Wildfire Hazard in the Western Hindu Kush-Himalayas" (2012). Master's Theses. 4126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31979/etd.vaeh-q8zw https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/4126 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses and Graduate Research at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MODELING WILDFIRE HAZARD IN THE WESTERN HINDU KUSH-HIMALAYAS A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Geography San José State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts by: David Bylow May 2012 © 2012 David Bylow ALL RIGHTS RESERVED The Designated Thesis Committee Approves the Thesis Titled MODELING WILDFIRE HAZARD IN THE WESTERN HINDU KUSH-HIMALAYAS by David Bylow APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY SAN JOSÉ STATE UNIVERSITY May 2012 Dr. Gary Pereira Department of Geography Dr. Craig Clements Department of Meteorology Dr. Jianglong Zhang University of North Dakota Dr. Yong Lao California State University Monterey Bay ABSTRACT MODELING WILDFIRE HAZARD IN THE WESTERN HINDU KUSH-HIMALAYAS by David Bylow Wildfire regimes are a leading driver of global environmental change affecting diverse ecosystems across the planet. The objectives of this study were to model regional wildfire potential and identify environmental, topological, and sociological factors that contribute to the ignition of regional wildfire events in the Western Hindu Kush-Himalayas.
    [Show full text]
  • Geographic Information System Software Selection Guide July 2013
    System Assessment and Validation for Emergency Responders (SAVER) Geographic Information System Software Selection Guide July 2013 Prepared by Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Atlantic Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. The Geographic Information System Software Selection Guide was funded under Interagency Agreement No. HSHQPM-12-X-00031 from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Science and Technology Directorate. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the U.S. Government. Reference herein to any specific commercial products, processes, or services by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the U.S. Government. The information and statements contained herein shall not be used for the purposes of advertising, nor to imply the endorsement or recommendation of the U.S. Government. With respect to documentation contained herein, neither the U.S. Government nor any of its employees make any warranty, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Further, neither the U.S. Government nor any of its employees assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed; nor do they represent that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Distribution authorized to Federal, state, local, and tribal government agencies for administrative or operational use, July 2013. Other requests for this document shall be referred to the SAVER Program, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Science and Technology Directorate, OTE Stop 0215, 245 Murray Lane, Washington, DC 20528-0215.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the Role of Slope Aspect in Shaping the Vegetation Attributes and Soil Properties in Montane Ecosystems
    Tropical Ecology 59(3): 417–430, 2018 ISSN 0564-3295 © International Society for Tropical Ecology www.tropecol.com Understanding the role of slope aspect in shaping the vegetation attributes and soil properties in Montane ecosystems SHIPRA SINGH School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India Abstract: Montane ecosystems are a remarkably diverse ecosystem, mainly characterised by hillslope asymmetry, i.e., hillslope variation as a function of slope angle and slope aspect. Slope angle, aspect, and elevation are considered as the primary factors creating spatial variation, causing differences in vegetation growth and distribution, ecosystem functioning, and processes. Differences in slope aspect cause differences in air and soil temperature, moisture content, evaporation, which creates microclimatic zonation, and that these differences are closely associated with alterations in vegetation structure and composition. North-facing shady slopes are supported with thick and dense vegetation with nutrient-rich soil, whereas, thin and scattered vegetation along with weaker soil development with higher erosion rates in south- facing sunny slope. However, the information related to the effect of the slope aspect in different latitudinal areas is still unclear. In this review, an effort has been made to collate the studies dealing with different facets of the slope and aspect in varied latitudinal regions and how it influences ecosystem processes and soil properties in the montane ecosystem. The present literature survey shows that the slope aspect has its maximum effect in the mid-latitudinal region. In the low-latitudinal region, the slope aspect shows no consistent differences between the opposite aspects. The effect could be seen in its lowest limit in the higher-latitudinal region.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecoregions-I
    Oregon Conservation Strategy 2016: Ecoregions-i Table of Contents – Chapter 3: Ecoregions ECOREGIONS ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 BLUE MOUNTAINS ................................................................................................................................................ 3 COAST RANGE ..................................................................................................................................................... 12 COLUMBIA PLATEAU .......................................................................................................................................... 21 EAST CASCADES .................................................................................................................................................. 27 KLAMATH MOUNTAINS ..................................................................................................................................... 36 NORTHERN BASIN AND RANGE ......................................................................................................................... 47 WEST CASCADES ................................................................................................................................................. 58 WILLAMETTE VALLEY ......................................................................................................................................... 67 NEARSHORE .......................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Geographical Landscape Studies for Sustainable Territorial Planning
    sustainability Discussion The Role of Geographical Landscape Studies for Sustainable Territorial Planning Iván Franch-Pardo 1,* ID , Brian M. Napoletano 2,* ID , Gerardo Bocco 2, Sara Barrasa 2 ID and Luis Cancer-Pomar 3 ID 1 Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Morelia, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico 2 Centro de Investigaciones en Geografía Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Morelia, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico; [email protected] (G.B.); [email protected] (S.B.) 3 Department of Physical Geography and CEACTierra, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain, [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (I.F.-P.); [email protected] (B.M.N.) Received: 12 September 2017; Accepted: 7 November 2017; Published: 17 November 2017 Abstract: One of the primary objectives of physical geography is to determine how natural phenomena produce specific territorial patterns. Therefore, physical geography offers substantial scientific input into territorial planning for sustainability. A key area where physical geography can contribute to land management is in the delimitation of landscape units. Such units are fundamental to formal socio-economic zoning and management in territorial planning. However, numerous methodologies—based on widely varying criteria—exist to delineate and map landscapes. We have selected five consolidated methodologies with current applications for mapping the landscape to analyse the different role of physical geography in each: (1) geomorphological landscape maps based on landforms; (2) geosystemic landscape maps; (3) Landscape Character Assessment; (4) landscape studies based on visual landscape units; (5) landscape image-pair test. We maintain that none of these methodologies are universally applicable, but that each contributes important insights into landscape analysis for land management within particular biogeophysical and social contexts.
    [Show full text]
  • GIS Solutions for Surveying Building New Opportunities GIS Solutions for Surveying Building New Opportunities
    GIS Solutions for Surveying Building New Opportunities GIS Solutions for Surveying Building New Opportunities Surveyors depend on a variety of software and technology to gather existing information, collect new information, analyze data, produce plans, manage projects, and deliver accurate data. Geographic information system (GIS) technology brings this functionality and more to one place, providing a central location to conduct spatial analysis, overlay data, and integrate other solutions and systems. GIS is built on a database rather than indi­ vidual project files, enabling surveyors to easily manage, reuse, share, and analyze data, saving them time. Surveyors play a central role in a range of government agen­ cies and private organizations, from planning and construction to engineering and land boundary determination. ESRI® GIS software solutions are interoperable with the many data formats used in the field and office, allowing surveyors to provide data to various agencies in the required format while maintaining the data’s core integrity. The ArcGIS® suite of software helps surveyors manage critical data by bringing their technologies together including everything from automated data collection with traditional instruments to the most modern GPS. www.esri.com/surveying Developing Infrastructure This architecture provides the tools to assemble intelligent GIS applications and improve a project process by giving engineers, Surveying is a vital part of infrastructure development, from construction contractors, surveyors, and analysts a single data building roads and communication systems to establishing source from which to work. Centrally hosting applications and transportation networks and pipelines. A centralized information data makes it easy to manage, organize, and integrate geo­ system based on ESRI GIS software provides the framework for graphic data, including CAD data, from existing databases to maintaining and deploying critical data and applications across visualize, analyze, and make decisions.
    [Show full text]
  • Optimization of Vineyard Water Management: Challenges, Strategies, and Perspectives
    water Review Optimization of Vineyard Water Management: Challenges, Strategies, and Perspectives José Manuel Mirás-Avalos 1,* and Emily Silva Araujo 2,† 1 Unidad de Suelos y Riegos (asociada a EEAD-CSIC), Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Av. Montañana, 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain 2 Laboratory of Entomology Professor Ângelo Moreira da Costa Lima, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Av. Cel. Francisco H. dos Santos, s/n, Curitiba 81531-980, Paraná, Brazil; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] † Current address: Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Av. Montañana, 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain. Abstract: Water availability is endangering the production, quality, and economic viability of growing wine grapes worldwide. Climate change projections reveal warming and drying trends for the upcoming decades, constraining the sustainability of viticulture. In this context, a great research effort over the last years has been devoted to understanding the effects of water stress on grapevine performance. Moreover, irrigation scheduling and other management practices have been tested in order to alleviate the deleterious effects of water stress on wine production. The current manuscript provides a comprehensive overview of the advances in the research on optimizing water management in vineyards, including the use of novel technologies (modeling, remote sensing). In addition, methods for assessing vine water status are summarized. Moreover, the manuscript will focus on the interactions between grapevine water status and biotic stressors. Finally, future perspectives for research are provided. These include the performance of multifactorial studies accounting for the interrelations between water availability and other stressors, the development of a cost-effective and Citation: Mirás-Avalos, J.M.; Araujo, E.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Irrigation Drip System Design for a Vineyard
    IRRIGATION DRIP SYSTEM DESIGN FOR A VINEYARD By Riley Way Agricultural Systems Management BioResource and Agricultural Engineering Department California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo 2014 TITLE: Vineyard Layout and Irrigation Design AUTHOR: Riley Way DATE SUBMITED: December 10, 2014 Dr. Franklin Gaudi Senior Project Advisor Date Dr. Art MacCarley Department Head ~__)re Date tJ?P~ 11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to acknowledge Dr. Franklin Gaudi my senior project advisor for his extensive assistance and encouragement throughout the entirety of the project. Dr. Gaudi kept me focused and on track making sure I was properly designing the system in the most effective way. Dr. Gaudi's extensive knowledge greatly helped me better understand the fundamentals of designing a drip system and helped me apply that knowledge to this project. I would also like to thank Mr. Ned Hill my sponsor for his knowledge and cooperation with helping me identify the parameters for the project. We worked together to develop a design that we both agreed upon and were satisfied with. 111 ABSTRACT This project encompasses the design and evaluation of an irrigation system for a new plot of land. The field was recently purchased by a winery by the name of Roche, and the vineyard manager in charge of the field has asked for a design and cost analysis for an irrigation system. The analysis includes recommendations about good irrigation practices, as well as potential improvements that could be made to obtain higher yields of crop. The project has a set of guideline that must be followed, but beyond this, the designer was encouraged to make decisions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Soil and Irrigation Management on Grapevine Performance
    THE EFFECT OF SOIL AND IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT ON GRAPEVINE PERFORMANCE Diane Stewart B. Sc. (University of Canterbury) School of Agriculture and Wine, Faculty of Sciences The University of Adelaide A thesis submitted to the University of Adelaide in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science February 2005 CONTENTS Page CHAPTER ONE – GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER TWO – LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Irrigation Management 4 2.2 Soil Management 5 2.3 Shoot Growth 6 2.4 Phenology 8 2.5 Fruit Growth and Development 9 2.6 Fruit Composition 11 2.7 Salinity 14 2.8 Summary 17 CHAPTER THREE – GENERAL MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 Experimental site, location and soil description 19 3.2 Experimental design 23 3.3 Pruning 27 3.4 Weather data 27 3.5 Statistical Analysis 30 CHAPTER FOUR – THE EFFECT OF SOIL AND IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT ON SOIL MOISTURE 4.1 Introduction 31 4.2 Methods & Materials 32 4.3 Results and Discussion 34 4.4 Conclusions 56 CHAPTER FIVE – THE EFFECT OF SOIL AND IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT ON GRAPEVINE VEGETATIVE GROWTH 5.1 Introduction 58 5.2 Methods & Materials 59 5.3 Results and Discussion 60 5.4 Conclusions 74 CHAPTER SIX – THE EFFECT OF SOIL AND IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT ON GRAPEVINE YIELD 6.1 Introduction 76 6.2 Methods & Materials 77 6.3 Results and Discussion 78 6.4 Conclusions 91 CHAPTER SEVEN – THE EFFECT OF SOIL AND IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT ON BERRY COMPOSITION 7.1 Introduction 93 7.2 Methods & Materials 94 7.3 Results and Discussions 95 7.4 Conclusions 106 CHAPTER EIGHT – THE EFFECT OF SOIL AND IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT
    [Show full text]
  • Development: Sustainability and Physical Geography Robert Inkpen
    Hollway-Ch-22:Holloway-ch-22.qxp 7/31/2008 5:50 PM Page 378 22 Development: Sustainability and Physical Geography Robert Inkpen D efinition ‘Humanity has the ability to make development sustainable – to ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’ (WCED, 1987: 8, or more commonly known as the Brundtland Report). This quote is the standard starting point for understanding sustainable development. Within this context, the physical environment tends to be viewed as a fragile entity that requires careful management. Concepts such as ‘carrying capacity’, ‘ecological footprint’ and ‘natural capital’ reflect this view of the physical environment as in need of stewardship. Physical geographers have contributed towards sustain - able development by establishing baselines from which change can be assessed, by identifying the thresholds and equilibria of the physical environment and by providing an insight into the complexity that locality and scale have on the sustainability of the physical environment. INTRODUCTION Sustainable development has emerged as a key issue in policy at national and international levels. Although the concept is often expressed in terms of economics and culture, the concept originated and is firmly based within the physical envi - ronment. Views of the physical environment and of how humanity should use or develop it have not been constant and these changing views have greatly affected Hollway-Ch-22:Holloway-ch-22.qxp 7/31/2008 5:50 PM Page 379 DEVELOPMENT: SUSTAINABILITY AND PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 379 environmental policies. Early concerns with environmental degradation can be traced back to figures such Evelyn (1661), who wrote about smoke pollution in London and even offered an environmentally sustainable solution of planting trees to ameliorate the problem.
    [Show full text]