1 0 . C o l u m b i a P l a t e a u 1 3 . C e n t r a l B a s i n a n d R a n g e Ecoregion 10 is an arid grassland and sagebrush steppe that is surrounded by moister, predominantly forested, mountainous ecoregions. It is Ecoregion 13 is internally-drained and composed of north-trending, fault-block ranges and intervening, drier basins. It is vast and includes parts underlain by thick basalt. In the east, where precipitation is greater, deep loess soils have been extensively cultivated for wheat. of Nevada, Utah, California, and Idaho. In Idaho, sagebrush grassland, saltbush–greasewood, mountain brush, and woodland occur; forests are absent unlike in the cooler, wetter, more rugged Ecoregion 19. Grazing is widespread. Cropland is less common than in Ecoregions 12 and 80. Ecoregions of Idaho The unforested hills and plateaus of the Dissected Loess Uplands ecoregion are cut by the canyons of Ecoregion 10l and are disjunct. 10f Pure grasslands dominate lower elevations. Mountain brush grows on higher, moister sites. Grazing and farming have eliminated The arid Shadscale-Dominated Saline Basins ecoregion is nearly flat, internally-drained, and has light-colored alkaline soils that are Ecoregions denote areas of general similarity in ecosystems and in the type, quality, and America into 15 ecological regions. Level II divides the continent into 52 regions Literature Cited: much of the original plant cover. Nevertheless, Ecoregion 10f is not as suited to farming as Ecoregions 10h and 10j because it has thinner soils. 13b dry for long periods. Its salt- and drought-tolerant shadscale and greasewood are unlike the Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch quantity of environmental resources; they are designed to serve as a spatial framework for the (Commission for Environmental Cooperation Working Group, 1997). At level III, the Bailey, R.G., Avers, P.E., King, T., and McNab, W.H., eds., 1994, Ecoregions and subregions of the The largely unforested, loess-covered Palouse Hills ecoregion abuts the Rocky Mountains and has more available moisture than other wheatgrass of the less saline Ecoregion 13c. Ecoregion 13b is mostly rangeland. Irrigated farming is rarer than in Ecoregions 13i and 80h. research, assessment, management, and monitoring of ecosystems and ecosystem continental United States contains 104 ecoregions and the conterminous United States has 84 United States (map) (supplementary table of map unit descriptions compiled and edited by McNab, 10h parts of Ecoregion 10. Mountain fed perennial streams occur and intermittent, loess-bottomed streams rise within Ecoregion 10h. The semiarid Sagebrush Basins and Slopes ecoregion is not as saline, dry, or level as Ecoregions 13b or 80h and is not as rocky, components. By recognizing the spatial differences in the capacities and potentials of ecoregions (United States Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA], 2000). Level IV is a W.H. and Bailey, R.G.): Washington, D.C., USFS, scale 1:7,500,000. 13c ecosystems, ecoregions stratify the environment by its probable response to disturbance further subdivision of level III ecoregions. Explanations of the methods used to define the Soils, rich in organic matter and very productive, support extensive wheat farming but are easily eroded. Dry stream channels may be tilled. rugged, or wooded as Ecoregion 80b. It is internally drained in contrast to Ecoregions 80a and 80i which drain to the Snake River. Livestock grazing is the primary land use. (Bryce and others, 1999). These general purpose regions are critical for structuring and USEPA’s ecoregions are given in Omernik (1995), Omernik and others (2000), Griffith and Bryce, S.A., Omernik, J.M., and Larsen, D.P., 1999, Ecoregions – a geographic framework to guide 10j The Nez Perce Prairie is a loess-covered plateau. It is higher, cooler, less hilly, and has shallower soils than Ecoregion 10h. Idaho implementing ecosystem management strategies across federal agencies, state agencies, and others (1994), and Gallant and others (1989). risk characterization and ecosystem management: Environmental Practice, v. 1, no. 3, p. 141-155. fescue and bluebunch wheatgrass are native. Cropland is now extensive and grows wheat, barley, peas, and hay. The headwaters of The Woodland- and Shrub-Covered Low Mountains ecoregion is higher, wetter, rockier, and more rugged than nearby grass- and nongovernment organizations that are responsible for different types of resources within the many perennial streams are impacted by agricultural land use, negatively impacting the water quality of downstream canyon reaches. 13d shrub-covered ecoregions. Shallow soils support mountain big sagebrush, mountain brush, Utah juniper, and grasses. Idaho is made up of semiarid shrub- and grass-covered plains, irrigated agricultural valleys, Commission for Environmental Cooperation Working Group, 1997, Ecological regions of North same geographical areas (Omernik and others, 2000). volcanic plateaus, forested mountains, woodland- and shrubland-covered hills, glaciated America – toward a common perspective: Montreal, Commission for Environmental Cooperation, 10l The Lower Snake and Clearwater Canyons cut through the basalts of the Columbia Plateau (10). Canyon depths exceed 1,400 feet 13i The Malad and Cache Valleys ecoregion is wetter, more widely farmed, and more populated than Ecoregion 13c. Mountain-fed The approach used to compile this map is based on the premise that ecological regions can be peaks, lava fields, and wetlands. Ecological diversity is enormous. There are 10 level III 71 p. The rolling Nez Perce Prairie (10j) is covered in loess. Its potential natural vegetation is and create drier conditions than in Ecoregions 10f or 10h; mean annual precipitation is only 12 to 25 inches. Outside of towns and perennial streams and canals supply water to pastureland, towns, and cropland growing hay and small grains. It is internally-drained Ephemeral streams, internal drainage, dry shrub-covered valleys, alluvial fans, and rocky, fescue–wheatgrass. Today, the ecoregion is dominated by extensive wheat farming. rugged, fault-block ranges are characteristic of the Central Basin and Range (13). identified through the analysis of the spatial patterns and the composition of biotic and ecoregions and 71 level IV ecoregions in Idaho and many continue into ecologically similar Gallant, A.L., Whittier, T.R., Larsen, D.P., Omernik, J.M., and Hughes, R.M., 1989, Regionalization transportation corridors, Ecoregion 10l's canyons provide good habitat for bighorn sheep and game birds. and was inundated by Lake Bonneville unlike Ecoregion 80i. The Cache Valley has a shorter growing season than the Malad Valley. abiotic phenomena that affect or reflect differences in ecosystem quality and integrity parts of adjacent states. as a tool for managing environmental resources: Corvallis, Oregon, U.S. Environmental Protection (Wiken, 1986; Omernik, 1987, 1995). These phenomena include geology, physiography, Agency, EPA/600/3-89/060, 152 p. The level III and IV ecoregion map on this poster was compiled at a scale of 1:250,000 and vegetation, climate, soils, land use, wildlife, and hydrology. depicts revisions and subdivisions of earlier level III ecoregions that were originally Griffith, G.E., Omernik, J.M., Wilton, T.F., and Pierson, S.M., 1994, Ecoregions and subregions of 1 1 . B l u e M o u n t a i n s The relative importance of each characteristic varies from one ecological region to another compiled at a smaller scale (USEPA, 2000; Omernik, 1987). This poster is part of a Iowa – a framework for water quality assessment and management: Journal of the Iowa Academy Ecoregion 11 is a complex of mountain ranges that are lower and much more open than the neighboring Cascades (4) and Northern Rockies (15). Like the Cascades (4), but unlike the Northern Rockies (15) and the Idaho Batholith (16), the Blue Mountains (11) is mostly volcanic in origin. regardless of the hierarchical level. A Roman numeral hierarchical scheme has been adopted collaborative project primarily between USEPA Region X, USEPA National Health and of Science, v. 101, no. 1, p. 5-13. Only its highest ranges, particularly the Wallowa and Elkhorn mountains in Oregon, consist of intrusive rocks that rise above the dissected lava surface of the region. Much of Ecoregion 11 is grazed by cattle in contrast to Ecoregions 4 and 15. for different levels of ecological regions. Level I is the coarsest level, dividing North Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (Corvallis, Oregon), Idaho Division of Omernik, J.M., 1987, Ecoregions of the conterminous United States (map supplement): Annals of the The dissected mountains of the Melange ecoregion are mostly blanketed in Tertiary basalt but have a core of mixed metamorphic, The Continental Zone Foothills ecoregion lies between Oregon's Blue and Wallowa mountains and the northwestern Snake River Environmental Quality (IDEQ), United States Department of Agriculture–Forest Service Association of American Geographers, v. 77, no. 1, p. 118-125, scale 1:7,500,000. 11d 11i (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture–Natural Resources Conservation Service metavolcanic, metasedimentary, and sedimentary rocks. Forests dominated by Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, and lodgepole pine, as Plain (12). The combined masses of the Cascade Range and the Blue and Wallowa mountains block any maritime influence, creating 117° 116° (NRCS), United States Department of the Interior–Bureau of Land Management (BLM), and Omernik, J.M., 1995, Ecoregions – a framework for environmental management, in Davis, W.S. and well as shrublands and grasslands occur. Lithology affects soil, vegetation, and the quantity and quality of surficial water. Grazing is common a continental climate. As a result, plants are subject to wide temperature ranges, high evapotranspiration, and high early-season moisture stress. United States Department of the Interior–Geological Survey (USGS)–Earth Resources Simon, T.P., eds., Biological assessment and criteria-tools for water resource planning and decision but logging is limited by the difficulty of reforesting droughty soils such as those that are derived from metamorphic rocks.