DOCSLIB.ORG

The Embedded Java Benchmark Suite Jembench

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Embedded Java Benchmark Suite Jembench View metadata,Downloaded citation and from similar orbit.dtu.dk papers on:at core.ac.uk Dec 17, 2017 brought to you by CORE provided by Online Research Database In Technology The embedded Java benchmark suite JemBench Schoeberl, Martin; Preusser, Thomas B.; Uhrig, Sascha Published in: Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Java Technologies for Real-time and Embedded Systems (JTRES 2010) Link to article, DOI: 10.1145/1850771.1850789 Publication date: 2010 Document Version Early version, also known as pre-print Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Schoeberl, M., Preusser, T. B., & Uhrig, S. (2010). The embedded Java benchmark suite JemBench. In Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Java Technologies for Real-time and Embedded Systems (JTRES 2010) (pp. 120-127). DOI: 10.1145/1850771.1850789 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. The Embedded Java Benchmark Suite JemBench Martin Schoeberl Thomas B. Preußer Sascha Uhrig Department of Informatics and Department of Computer Department of Computer Mathematical Modeling Engineering Science Technical University of Technische Universität University of Augsburg, Denmark Dresden, Germany Germany [email protected] thomas.preusser@tu- [email protected] dresden.de augsburg.de ABSTRACT which perform data-parallel and pipelined execution. Requirements to embedded systems increase steadily. In parallel, As the benchmark suite does not target consumer electronics, but also the performance of the processors used in these systems is embedded control systems, the benchmarks are mainly designed in improved leading to multithreaded and/or multicore architectures. a WCET (Worst Case Execution Time) analyzable way. Hence, a Depending on the type of the embedded system, using Java is a target platform can be examined concerning their real-time capabil- more and more popular way for software development. In this pa- ity by performing a static WCET analysis and compare the results per, we present a Java benchmark suite that enables the comparison to the actual execution. Of course, the real-time capability of the of different embedded Java platforms while solely assuming the used platform cannot be proven but an estimation of the WCET availability of a CLDC API, the minimal configuration defined for analysis’ tightness can be obtained. the J2ME. The core of the benchmark suite consists of adapted real- Depending on the platform, the execution time of an application world applications. Furthermore, the suite contains benchmarks to may vary dramatically. To reach a feasible accuracy in combina- explore multi-core/multi-threaded systems. Hence, it is possible tion with a reasonable execution time independent of the system’s to determine the gain of a parallel execution platform compared to performance, the benchmarks adapt themselves to the capability of sequential execution. Additionally, the penalty of a sequential pro- the target platform. gram running on a parallel platform can be measured. Our bench- The provided benchmark suite contains sequential and mul- marks are structured in micro, kernel, application, parallel, and tithreaded benchmarks, organized in five categories that can be streaming benchmarks. started all together or individually. The first category includes simple micro benchmarks testing individual bytecodes of different complexity. Two typical kernel algorithms are packed together into 1. INTRODUCTION the kernel category. Three applications from industrial use form the Benchmarks are important for the development of embedded third category. These application benchmarks are the main bench- systems. While benchmarks for standard Java, server-oriented marks to measure single threaded performance. The multithreaded Java, and Java on mobile phones are available, no Java benchmark benchmarks consist of two groups: data parallel applications and suite is available for classic embedded control systems. The pre- a streaming benchmark. The number of threads to be used by the sented benchmark suite JemBench fills this gap. multithreaded benchmarks is defined in a utility class that is part of Embedded systems are often resource-constrained. A full JDK is the benchmark suite. usually too big for the embedded target. Our benchmark suite is de- The presented benchmark suite is freely available as open source signed to run with minimal JDK support. Furthermore, the bench- under the GNU GPL license. Instructions how to access the source marks are designed to run with a small memory footprint (less than and run the benchmarks can be found in the abstract. 1 MB) and do not require any file I/O. All benchmarks conform to In the remainder of this paper, an overview over embedded Java the CLDC 1.1 [26]1 standard. Additionally, they can be executed systems is given first by Section2 before Section3 existing bench- on RTSJ and Safety-Critical Java (JSR 302) platforms. marks are discussed. Section4 introduces our JemBench bench- Realistic benchmarks include real applications and not only toy mark suite whose characteristics are then be evaluated in Section5. kernels. For JemBench, we have adapted several embedded Java Finally, Section6 concludes this paper. applications that are in industrial use [20]. Besides sequential benchmarks, we also developed several multithreaded benchmarks, 2. EMBEDDED JAVA 1See also: http://java.sun.com/javame/reference/apis/ In this section, we provide an overview of different Java runtime jsr139/ systems for the embedded domain, the domain JemBench was de- veloped for. A Java virtual machine (JVM) can be implemented as a software environment executed on an arbitrary (embedded) pro- cessor or as a hardware solution using a processor that is able to Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for execute Java bytecode natively. personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies 2.1 Embedded JVM Implementations bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to A JVM implemented in software contains the Java library republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific classes, several methods to connect the Java application to the un- permission and/or a fee. JTRES’10 August 19–21, 2010 Prague, Czech Republic derlying operating system and a bytecode interpreter and/or a just- Copyright 2010 ACM 978-1-4503-0122-0/10/08 ...$10.00. in-time (JIT) compiler. Obviously, an operating system is required that is responsible for the native I/O, such as file and network ac- 3.1 Java Standard Edition cess. The supported Java standard depends on the available re- DaCapo [4] is an open-source benchmark for Java that is in- sources and the actual JVM implementation. tended to better serve the Java community than SPEC JVM98. Examples of software implemented JVMs that can run in an em- The collection of benchmarks includes more complex code, more bedded setting (among others) are the JamaicaVM [22], IBM J9 object-oriented applications, and puts more stress on the dynamic 2 3 VM, PERC Pico [2], KertasarieVM, KVM [25], Squawk [23], memory management. DaCapo has become the standard bench- CACAO [14], and Fiji VM [18]. mark for the GC research community. DaCapo uses open-source tools and applications such as a parser generator, bytecode opti- 2.2 Java Processors mizer, graph plotting, Eclipse, an SQL database engine, a python In contrast to the software implementations, Java processors do interpreter, text index and search, source code analyzer, and an not require any interpreter or compiler. In general, the operating XSLT processor. The authors also argue for investing more effort system functionalities are also implemented in Java leading to a in sound benchmarking methodologies [5]. The proposed embed- homogeneous control flow from the application to the I/O. Addi- ded benchmark suite is our contribution to this field for a specific tional abstraction layers are not required. Moreover, the exception application domain, which is still underrepresented. concept can be used also at the I/O level that means an explicit er- The SPECjvm20084 focuses on kernel applications for both ror handling in every hierarchy level is not required (try/catch client and server side Java systems. The benchmark results are blocks do not need extra bytecode instructions in the normal pro- obtained by single-threaded as well as multi-threaded applications gram flow). using multiple logical processor cores (physical cores or hardware Regarding the real-time capability, Java processors benefit from threads). Even though the benchmarks require little I/O and no off- the omitted software JVM and operating system. Hence, it is suf- chip network communication they are not well-suited for embedded ficient that the processor and the JVM libraries are designed in a devices because the full J2SE standard API is required. The SPEC real-time capable way. JOP [17], SHAP [29], jamuth [28], aJile [1], website highlights that the SPECjvm2008 uses real-world applica- and picoJava [9] are some examples of Java processors. tions and also domain specific benchmarks (e.g., XML processing, cryptography). Furthermore, the benchmark results are influenced 2.3 Real-Time and Safety-Critical Java by the operating system and the hardware platform where the JVM The Real-Time Specification for Java (RTSJ) [6] is an approach executes.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An OSEK/VDX-Based Multi-JVM for Automotive Appliances
    AN OSEK/VDX-BASED MULTI-JVM FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLIANCES Christian Wawersich, Michael Stilkerich, Wolfgang Schr¨oder-Preikschat University of Erlangen-Nuremberg Distributed Systems and Operating Systems Erlangen, Germany E-Mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: The automotive industry has recent ambitions to integrate multiple applications from different micro controllers on a single, more powerful micro controller. The outcome of this integration process is the loss of the physical isolation and a more complex monolithic software. Memory protection mechanisms need to be provided that allow for a safe co-existence of heterogeneous software from different vendors on the same hardware, in order to prevent the spreading of an error to the other applications on the controller and leaving an unclear responsi- bility situation. With our prototype system KESO, we present a Java-based solution for ro- bust and safe embedded real-time systems that does not require any hardware protection mechanisms. Based on an OSEK/VDX operating system, we offer a familiar system creation process to developers of embedded software and also provide the key benefits of Java to the embedded world. To the best of our knowledge, we present the first Multi-JVM for OSEK/VDX operating systems. We report on our experiences in integrating Java and an em- bedded operating system with focus on the footprint and the real-time capabili- ties of the system. Keywords: Java, Embedded Real-Time Systems, Automotive, Isolation, KESO 1. INTRODUCTION Modern cars contain a multitude of micro controllers for a wide area of tasks, ranging from convenience features such as the supervision of the car’s audio system to safety relevant functions such as assisting the braking system of the car.
    [Show full text]
  • Secure Control Applications in Smart Homes and Buildings
    Die approbierte Originalversion dieser Dissertation ist in der Hauptbibliothek der Technischen Universität Wien aufgestellt und zugänglich. http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at The approved original version of this thesis is available at the main library of the Vienna University of Technology. http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at/eng Secure Control Applications in Smart Homes and Buildings DISSERTATION submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doktor der Technischen Wissenschaften by Mag. Dipl.-Ing. Friedrich Praus Registration Number 0025854 to the Faculty of Informatics at the Vienna University of Technology Advisor: Ao.Univ.Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr.techn. Wolfgang Kastner The dissertation has been reviewed by: Ao.Univ.Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Prof. Dr. Peter Palensky Dr.techn. Wolfgang Kastner Vienna, 1st October, 2015 Mag. Dipl.-Ing. Friedrich Praus Technische Universität Wien A-1040 Wien Karlsplatz 13 Tel. +43-1-58801-0 www.tuwien.ac.at Erklärung zur Verfassung der Arbeit Mag. Dipl.-Ing. Friedrich Praus Hallergasse 11/29, A-1110 Wien Hiermit erkläre ich, dass ich diese Arbeit selbständig verfasst habe, dass ich die verwen- deten Quellen und Hilfsmittel vollständig angegeben habe und dass ich die Stellen der Arbeit – einschließlich Tabellen, Karten und Abbildungen –, die anderen Werken oder dem Internet im Wortlaut oder dem Sinn nach entnommen sind, auf jeden Fall unter Angabe der Quelle als Entlehnung kenntlich gemacht habe. Wien, 1. Oktober 2015 Friedrich Praus v Kurzfassung Die zunehmende Integration von heterogenen Gebäudeautomationssystemen ermöglicht gesteigerten Komfort, Energieeffizienz, verbessertes Gebäudemanagement, Nachhaltig- keit sowie erweiterte Anwendungsgebiete, wie beispielsweise “Active Assisted Living” Szenarien. Diese Smart Homes und Gebäude sind heutzutage als dezentrale Systeme rea- lisiert, in denen eingebettete Geräte Prozessdaten über ein Netzwerk austauschen.
    [Show full text]
  • Android Cours 1 : Introduction `Aandroid / Android Studio
    Android Cours 1 : Introduction `aAndroid / Android Studio Damien MASSON [email protected] http://www.esiee.fr/~massond 21 f´evrier2017 R´ef´erences https://developer.android.com (Incontournable !) https://openclassrooms.com/courses/ creez-des-applications-pour-android/ Un tutoriel en fran¸caisassez complet et plut^ot`ajour... 2/52 Qu'est-ce qu'Android ? PME am´ericaine,Android Incorporated, cr´e´eeen 2003, rachet´eepar Google en 2005 OS lanc´een 2007 En 2015, Android est le syst`emed'exploitation mobile le plus utilis´edans le monde (>80%) 3/52 Qu'est-ce qu'Android ? Cinq couches distinctes : 1 le noyau Linux avec les pilotes ; 2 des biblioth`equeslogicielles telles que WebKit/Blink, OpenGL ES, SQLite ou FreeType ; 3 un environnement d'ex´ecutionet des biblioth`equespermettant d'ex´ecuterdes programmes pr´evuspour la plate-forme Java ; 4 un framework { kit de d´eveloppement d'applications ; 4/52 Android et la plateforme Java Jusqu'`asa version 4.4, Android comporte une machine virtuelle nomm´eeDalvik Le bytecode de Dalvik est diff´erentde celui de la machine virtuelle Java de Oracle (JVM) le processus de construction d'une application est diff´erent Code Java (.java) ! bytecode Java (.class/.jar) ! bytecode Dalvik (.dex) ! interpr´et´e L'ensemble de la biblioth`equestandard d'Android ressemble `a J2SE (Java Standard Edition) de la plateforme Java. La principale diff´erenceest que les biblioth`equesd'interface graphique AWT et Swing sont remplac´eespar des biblioth`equesd'Android. 5/52 Android Runtime (ART) A` partir de la version 5.0 (2014), l'environnement d'ex´ecution ART (Android RunTime) remplace la machine virtuelle Dalvik.
    [Show full text]
  • Jamaicavm 8.1 — User Manual
    JamaicaVM 8.1 — User Manual Java Technology for Critical Embedded Systems aicas GmbH 2 JamaicaVM 8.1 — User Manual: Java Technology for Critical Embedded Systems JamaicaVM 8.1, Release 1. Published May 31, 2017. c 2001–2017 aicas GmbH, Karlsruhe. All rights reserved. No licenses, expressed or implied, are granted with respect to any of the technology described in this publication. aicas GmbH retains all intellectual property rights associated with the technology described in this publication. This publication is intended to assist application developers to develop applications only for the Jamaica Virtual Machine. Every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this publication is accurate. aicas GmbH is not responsible for printing or clerical errors. Although the information herein is provided with good faith, the supplier gives neither warranty nor guarantee that the information is correct or that the results described are obtainable under end-user conditions. aicas GmbH phone +49 721 663 968-0 Emmy-Noether-Straße 9 fax +49 721 663 968-99 76131 Karlsruhe email [email protected] Germany web http://www.aicas.com aicas incorporated phone +1 203 359 5705 6 Landmark Square, Suite 400 Stamford CT 06901 email [email protected] USA web http://www.aicas.com aicas GmbH phone +33 1 4997 1762 9 Allee de l’Arche fax +33 1 4997 1700 92671 Paris La Defense email [email protected] France web http://www.aicas.com This product includes software developed by IAIK of Graz University of Technology. This software is based in part on the work of the Independent JPEG Group.
    [Show full text]
  • Partner Directory Wind River Partner Program
    PARTNER DIRECTORY WIND RIVER PARTNER PROGRAM The Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, and Network Functions Virtualization are but some of the market forces at play today. These forces impact Wind River® customers in markets ranging from aerospace and defense to consumer, networking to automotive, and industrial to medical. The Wind River® edge-to-cloud portfolio of products is ideally suited to address the emerging needs of IoT, from the secure and managed intelligent devices at the edge to the gateway, into the critical network infrastructure, and up into the cloud. Wind River offers cross-architecture support. We are proud to partner with leading companies across various industries to help our mutual customers ease integration challenges; shorten development times; and provide greater functionality to their devices, systems, and networks for building IoT. With more than 200 members and still growing, Wind River has one of the embedded software industry’s largest ecosystems to complement its comprehensive portfolio. Please use this guide as a resource to identify companies that can help with your development across markets. For updates, browse our online Partner Directory. 2 | Partner Program Guide MARKET FOCUS For an alphabetical listing of all members of the *Clavister ..................................................37 Wind River Partner Program, please see the Cloudera ...................................................37 Partner Index on page 139. *Dell ..........................................................45 *EnterpriseWeb
    [Show full text]
  • Actor-Oriented Programming for Resource Constrained Multiprocessor Networks on Chip
    Actor-Oriented Programming for Resource Constrained Multiprocessor Networks on Chip Gary J. Plumbridge PhD University of York Computer Science August 2015 for Ellie Abstract Multiprocessor Networks on Chip (MPNoCs) are an attractive architecture for inte- grated circuits as they can benefit from the improved performance of ever smaller tran- sistors but are not severely constrained by the poor performance of global on-chip wires. As the number of processors increases it becomes ever more expensive to provide co- herent shared memory but this is a foundational assumption of thread-level parallelism. Threaded models of concurrency cannot efficiently address architectures where shared memory is not coherent or does not exist. In this thesis an extended actor oriented programming model is proposed to en- able the design of complex and general purpose software for highly parallel and de- centralised multiprocessor architectures. This model requires the encapsulation of an execution context and state into isolated Machines which may only initiate communica- tion with one another via explicitly named channels. An emphasis on message passing and strong isolation of computation encourages application structures that are congru- ent with the nature of non-shared memory multiprocessors, and the model also avoids creating dependences on specific hardware topologies. A realisation of the model called Machine Java is presented to demonstrate the ap- plicability of the model to a general purpose programming language. Applications designed with this framework are shown to be capable of scaling to large numbers of processors and remain independent of the hardware targets. Through the use of an efficient compilation technique, Machine Java is demonstrated to be portable across sev- eral architectures and viable even in the highly constrained context of an FPGA hosted MPNoC.
    [Show full text]
  • Smart Dynamic Software Components Enabling Decision Support in Machine-To-Machine Networks
    IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 10, Issue 1, No 3, January 2013 ISSN (Print): 1694-0784 | ISSN (Online): 1694-0814 www.IJCSI.org 540 Smart dynamic software components enabling decision support in Machine-to-machine networks Alexander Dannies1*, Javier Palafox-Albarrán1, Walter Lang1 and Reiner Jedermann1 1 Institute for Microsensors, -actuators and -systems, University of Bremen Bremen, Bremen, Germany technologies more ubiquitous, devices have to collect Abstract information from a high number of devices distributed in The future Internet of Things will be extended by machine-to- the environment. For such a detailed supervision CRN are machine communication technologies in order to include sensor rather disadvantageous for the following reasons: information. The overwhelming amount of data will require autonomous decision making processes which are directly Communication costs have to be kept as low as executed at the location where data is generated or measured. An possible. intelligent sensor system needs to be able to adapt to new parameters in its surrounding unknown at the time of deployment. Network protocols have to be optimized for In our paper we show that Java enables software updates on transmission of small packets of sensor data mobile devices and also that it is possible to run algorithms consuming as little energy as possible instead of required for decision making processes on wireless sensor enabling global communication. platforms based on Java. Keywords: Machine-to-Machine communication, Internet of In many applications, such as the monitoring Things, autonomous logistics, Java, dynamic updates, OSGi. inside large buildings or rural regions, the supervised area will not be fully covered by the CRN of an external operator.
    [Show full text]
  • Interrupt Handlers in Java
    Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 06, 2021 Interrupt Handlers in Java Korsholm, Stephan; Schoeberl, Martin; Ravn, Anders P. Published in: Proceedings of the 11th IEEE International Symposium on Object/component/service-oriented Real-time distributed Computing (ISORC 2008) Link to article, DOI: 10.1109/ISORC.2008.68 Publication date: 2008 Document Version Early version, also known as pre-print Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Korsholm, S., Schoeberl, M., & Ravn, A. P. (2008). Interrupt Handlers in Java. In Proceedings of the 11th IEEE International Symposium on Object/component/service-oriented Real-time distributed Computing (ISORC 2008) (pp. 453-457) https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2008.68 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Interrupt Handlers in Java Stephan Korsholm Martin Schoeberl Department of Computer Science Institute of Computer Engineering Aalborg University DK-9220 Aalborg Vienna University of Technology, Austria [email protected] [email protected] Anders P.
    [Show full text]
  • Concurrent Compaction Using a Field Pinning Protocol
    Concurrent Compaction using a Field Pinning Protocol Erik Osterlund¨ Welf Lowe¨ Linnaeus University, Sweden Linnaeus University, Sweden [email protected] [email protected] Abstract objects and relocate them, i.e., perform compaction. Then Compaction of memory in long running systems has always the unused memory (garbage) is reclaimed. been important. The latency of compaction increases in to- We distinguish logical objects from their physical mem- day’s systems with high memory demands and large heaps. ory locations referred to as cells; a fragmented heap memory To deal with this problem, we present a lock-free protocol al- region is called from-space, a continuous heap memory re- gion is called to-space.1 lowing for copying concurrent with the application running, 2 which reduces the latencies of compaction radically. It pro- There are two different actors in GC. The garbage col- vides theoretical progress guarantees for copying and appli- lector(s) and the mutator(s). The garbage collector finds live cation threads without making it practically infeasible, with objects by scanning the stacks and globals for references to performance overheads of 15% on average. The algorithm root objects, identifies other live objects by computing the paves the way for a future lock-free Garbage Collector. transitive closure of these roots, and determines the con- demned set of potential objects for relocation. The garbage Categories and Subject Descriptors D.3.4 [Programming collector compacts memory by relocating live objects of the Languages]: Processors—memory management, garbage condemned set: it copies the payload of cells in from-space collection; D.1.3 [Programming Techniques]: Concurrent to cells in to-space and then remaps incoming references, Programming—parallel programming i.e., updates them to refer to the to-space cell.
    [Show full text]
  • Cooperative Framework for Open Real-Time Systems
    Departamento de Engenharia Informática Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto Cooperative Framework for Open Real-Time Systems Cláudio Roberto Ribeiro Maia Dissertação para a obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Informática Área de especialização em Arquitectura, Sistemas e Redes Orientador Professor Doutor Luís Miguel Pinho Nogueira Júri Presidente: Professora Doutora Maria de Fátima Coutinho Rodrigues, Professora Coordenadora no Departamento de Engenharia Informática do Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto Vogais: Professor Doutor Alexandre Manuel Tavares Bragança, Professor Adjunto no Departamento de Engenharia Informática do Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto Professor Doutor Luís Miguel Pinho Nogueira, Professor Adjunto no Departamento de Engenharia Informática do Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto Porto, Fevereiro de 2011 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Since this project started back in October 2009, many people contributed by sharing experiences, guid- ance, knowledge and wisdom. In order to show my respect and gratitude to them, I would like to take this opportunity to do it. First of all, I would like to thank all the people at ISEP that in some way provided me with their support. More specifically, my school collegues for keeping me sane, the teachers for clarifying me with all sort of answers, the security guards for opening the doors during the night, the cleaning ladies for their warmful "Good mornings" and the remaining people to whom I have spoken and discussed about many different topics. I would also like to thank CISTER Research Centre for the opportunity of working in the CooperatES (Cooperative Embedded Systems) project (PTDC/EIA/71624/2006), which was the main driver to the MSc work presented in this document.
    [Show full text]
  • Java on Bare Metal with the Fiji VM
    Real Time Java on resource-constrained platforms with Fiji VM Filip Pizlo Lukasz Ziarek Jan Vitek Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN, 47909 Fiji Systems, LLC, Indianapolis, IN 46202. E-mail: {fil,luke,jan}@fiji-systems.com Abstract 3. A survey of limitations Java virtual machines face when tar- Real-time Java is quickly emerging as a platform for building geting hard real-time systems. We discuss our previous experi- safety-critical embedded systems. The real-time variants of Java, ence embedding Java virtual machines and identify six key goals including [8, 15], are attractive alternatives to Ada and C since state-of-the-art virtual machines should address to be better suited they provide a cleaner, simpler, and safer programming model. for hard real-time and mission critical application domains. Unfortunately, current real-time Java implementations have trouble 4. A concise description of the Fiji VM compiler and runtime scaling down to very hard real-time embedded settings, where system. We describe the unique features of the Fiji VM compiler memory is scarce and processing power is limited. In this paper, we and runtime system and their implementation. We address each of describe the architecture of the Fiji VM, which enables vanilla Java the six goals in the implementation and design of the Fiji VM. applications to run in very hard environments, including booting on bare hardware with only very rudimentary operating system 5. A performance comparison between the Fiji VM and state-of- support. We also show that our minimalistic approach delivers the-art, server-class Java VMs.
    [Show full text]
  • Efficient Compilation of .NET Programs for Embedded Systems
    Journal of Object Technology Published by AITO — Association Internationale pour les Technologies Objets, c JOT 2011 Online at http://www.jot.fm. Efficient Compilation of .NET Programs for Embedded Systems Olivier Sallenaveab Roland Ducournaub a. Cortus S.A., Montpellier, France http://www.cortus.com b. LIRMM — CNRS and Université Montpellier 2, France http://www.lirmm.fr Abstract Compiling under the closed-world assumption (CWA) has been shown to be an appropriate way for implementing object-oriented lan- guages such as Java on low-end embedded systems. In this paper, we ex- plore the implications of using whole program optimizations such as Rapid Type Analysis (RTA) and coloring on programs targeting the .Net infras- tructure. We extended RTA so that it takes into account .Net specific features such as (i) array covariance, a language feature also supported in Java, (ii) generics, whose specifications in .Net impacts type analysis and (iii) delegates, which encapsulate methods within objects. We also use an intraprocedural control flow analysis in addition to RTA . We eval- uated the optimizations that we implemented on programs written in C#. Preliminary results show a noticeable reduction of the code size, class hi- erarchy and polymorphism of the programs we optimize. Array covariance is safe in almost all cases, and some delegate calls can be implemented as direct calls. Keywords array covariance, closed-world assumption, delegate, late bind- ing, subtype test, type analysis 1 Introduction High-end embedded systems such as mobile phones have widely adopted object- oriented languages like Java. Object-oriented programming offers code reuse through inheritance and more reliable designs, which improves the productivity in software development.
    [Show full text]