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DANCING PLENA WITH THE BISHOP: AN ANALYSIS OF LORENZO HOMAR’S EL OBISPO DE PONCE LINOCUT PRINT By ANA D. RODRIGUEZ A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2016 © 2016 Ana D. Rodriguez I dedicate this effort to the younger and future generation of my family, hoping it serves as an example and inspiration ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I want to thank my family for their continuous support throughout my studies, my parents, Irma and Ramón, and my sisters, Gina, Cindy, Angie and Paula. I am especially grateful of my aunt Miriam Viruet for giving me shelter during the two weeks I spent collecting research material in Puerto Rico. I need to add into the family support group, my cousin Yahaira Sánchez for helping me collect text resources for my writing. From the University of Florida School of the Arts, I want to recognize and express my gratitude to Dr. Maya Stanfield-Mazzi, Chair of my Committee, for her patience, her guidance with my manuscript, and for keeping the faith in my work. To Dr. Efrain Barradas, for advising me to use the portfolio of Las Plenas from the Smathers’ Libraries Special Collections, for our conversations about Lorenzo Homar, and for being an inspiration. To Dr. Robin Poynor, for accepting to be a member of my committee and trusting my work. I also would like to acknowledge Dr. Margarita Vargas- Betancourt, Caribbean Basin Librarian at UF Smathers’ Library Latin American and Caribbean Collection (LACC), for all her continuous advice and support given during the making of this thesis. I also need to include my gratitude to people in Puerto Rico that helped me by granting me access to the sources used in my research. From a place close to my heart, Unidad de Colecciones of the Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña, Carmen S. Torres and Laura M. Quiñones. Your work at the Instituto and your exemplary dedication to protect our cultural patrimony was a major inspiration for my thesis work. The staff of the Colección Puertorriqueña and Colección de las Artes at the Lázaro Library of the University of Puerto Rico in Rio Piedras, thank you for allowing me to use and peruse books and ephemeral material about Homar and Puerto Rican culture. 4 Special thanks to Jessica Valiente from the Museo de Historia, Antropología y Arte of the University of Puerto Rico in Rio Piedras Recinto de Río Piedras, for allowing me to read the letters between Homar and Efraín Barradas. Lastly, I would like to express my gratitude and acknowledge the support of three special ladies who were my companions during this art history joyride. Marcela, Lauren, and Chloé be sure you all have a special place in my heart. We’re definitely the fab four! 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 7 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... 11 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 13 2 LORENZO HOMAR: AN ARTIST RETURNS TO HIS MOTHERLAND .................. 20 Historical and Political Evolution of Puerto Rico ..................................................... 21 The CAP and El Taller de Gráfica Popular (TGP), the Foundation of Latin American Printmaking.......................................................................................... 26 The Centro de Arte Puertorriqueño ......................................................................... 33 Homar and his Artistic Beginnings .......................................................................... 36 The Influence of Ben Shahn on Homar’s Work ....................................................... 41 Summary ................................................................................................................ 44 3 LA PLENA: MUSIC BECOMES A PICTURE .......................................................... 55 Tomás Blanco and his Writings about Plena Music ................................................ 56 The Origins of Plena Music ..................................................................................... 61 The Portfolio Las Plenas ......................................................................................... 65 Leopoldo Méndez and his Incidentes melódicos, a Primer for Las Plenas ............. 68 Homar and the Plena Song El Obispo de Ponce (The Bishop of Ponce) ............... 72 Summary ................................................................................................................ 76 4 EL OBISPO DE PONCE ACCORDING TO LORENZO HOMAR ............................ 85 Homar’s Compositional Style .................................................................................. 86 The Bishop .............................................................................................................. 90 The Churchgoers or Townfolk ................................................................................. 95 Summary ................................................................................................................ 98 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................ 109 LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 112 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................... 119 6 LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 1-1 Lorenzo Homar, El Obispo de Ponce, 1954. Linocut print, 32.5 x 49.7 cm (sheet). From the Plenas portfolio. Special and Area Studies Collections, George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida. .......................................... 19 2-1 Lorenzo Homar, El Obispo de Ponce, 1954. Linocut print, 32.5 x 49.7 cm (sheet). From the Plenas portfolio. Special and Area Studies Collections, George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida. .......................................... 45 2-2 Leopoldo Méndez, Calaveras televisiosas, 1949. Linocut print, 23 x 34 cm. TGP Collection, Center for Southwest Research, General Library, University of New Mexico, 999-006-0171 ............................................................................ 46 2-3 Lorenzo Homar (seated last from L-R) and fellow founding members of the Centro de Arte Puertorriqueño, 1952. ICAA MFAH (International Center for the Arts of the Americas at the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston). ........................ 47 2-4 Cover of the portfolio of Las Plenas, Centro de Arte Puertorriqueño, 1954. From the Plenas portfolio. Special and Area Studies Collections, George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida. ........................................................... 48 2-5 Francisco Oller, El Velorio,1893. Oil on canvas, 96 x 156 ½ inches. From the collection of the Museum of the University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, PR. ..... 49 2-6 Lorenzo Homar, House of Cartier earring designs with sapphires, diamonds and gold, ca. 1937. Pencil, gouache on paper, 17.3 x 20.8 cm (sheet). Princeton University Library. Graphic Arts. ......................................................... 50 2-7 Lorenzo Homar, Arthur Buckley, Boston, 1944. Pen and ink, watercolor pencil on paper. 29.6 x 22.3 cm (sheet). Princeton University Library. Graphic Arts. GA 2007.03819 .......................................................................................... 51 2-8 Lorenzo Homar, Cpl. Ernest Hughes, Los Angeles, 1944. Pen and ink, watercolor pencil on paper. 29.8 x 22.3 cm (sheet). Princeton University Library. Graphic Arts. GA 2007.03821 ................................................................ 51 2-9 Lorenzo Homar, Le Lo Lai, 1952-53. Oil on wood, 26 x 36 inches. From the collection of the Museum of the University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, PR. ..... 52 2-10 Ben Shahn, Hunger, 1946. Gouache on composition board. The Advancing American Art Collection. Julie Collins Smith Museum of Fine Art. Auburn University, Alabama. Accession number 1948.1.31. .......................................... 53 7 2-11 Ben Shahn, Coal miner’s child, Omar, West Virginia, 1935. Black-and-white photography. Farm Security Administration-Office of War Information (FSA- OWI) Collection at the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. .......................... 54 3-1 Lorenzo Homar, Juan Morel Campos, 1957. Oil on canvas, 38” x 191/2 inches. From the collection of the Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña ............... 78 3-2 Cover of the portfolio of Las Plenas, Centro de Arte Puertorriqueño, 1954. From the Plenas portfolio. Special and Area Studies Collections, George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida. ........................................................... 79 3-3 Irene Delano, Hacia mejores viviendas, 1947. Silkscreen, 28” x 19’ .................. 80 3-4 Lorenzo Homar, Tintorera del Mar, 1954. Linocut print, 32.5 × 49.7 cm (sheet). From the Plenas portfolio. Special and Area Studies Collections, George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida ........................................... 80 3-5 Leopoldo Méndez, Cover of the book Incidentes melódicos del mundo