Versuch Einer Geschichte Und Beschreibung Königsbergs. 2

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Versuch Einer Geschichte Und Beschreibung Königsbergs. 2 Dritter Abſchnitt. Topographie von Königsberg. v * Ein Wall , der jetzt nur noch zur Verhütung der Contrebande und Deſertion dient, und den der Profeſſor der Mathematik Strauß im Jahr 1624 angab, der unter Leitung des Grafen Abraham von Dohna im Jahr 1626 aufgeführt wurde, umgibt die Stadt Königsberg, den Schloßteich, einige Wieſen und einiges Ackerfeld. Seine Länge beträgt 1 # deutſche Meilen. Allein von außen, als noch die Graben den Wall umgaben, betrug deſſen Umfang, wenn man zugleich die 32 Ron dele umging, zwei deutſche Meilen und 26o Schritte. Sieben Thore führen durch dieſen - Wall, nämlich: das Brandenburgſche, Friedlän diſche, Sackheimſche, Neuſorgſche oder Gumbinn ſche, Roßgärtſche, Tragheimſche, Steindammſche; das achte, das Ausfallthor iſt jeßt vermauert; –– 9o – und der die Stadt durchſtrömende Pregel, deſſen größte Breite innerhalb derſelben 260 bis 27o Fuß iſt, wird beim Eingange durch den litthaui ſchen, beim Ausgange durch den holländiſchen Baum verſchloſſen; und es führen über ihn die 4 Holz - Hohe - Honig - Schmiede - Krämer - Küt tel- und Grüne Brücke. Die Grundriſſe und Proſpecte von Königs berg ſind: - 1) in Braunii Theatrum orbis terrarum, 1599 lib. 3. ein Grundriß. 2) in Zeiler To pographia Pruſſiae 1652 p. 41. ein Grundriß. 3) in Puffendorfs Leben Carl Guſtavs zur Seite 114, enthält nur die eingetheilten Diſtrikte von Königsberg. 4) ein, aber unrichtiger Proſpekt von Königsberg, geſtochen 165 2. 5) Proſpekt von Königsberg in Hartknochs Alt- und Neuem Preuſſen zur Seite 390, wo von in Adlerholds Preuſſen Seite 652. und auf dem Titelblatte der Königsbergſchen Handbibel verkleinerte Copien befindlich ſind. 6) ein Pro - ſpekt auf dem Titelblatte des alten Königsberg ſchen Geſangbuchs. 7) ein Grundriß nach der auf der Königsbergſchen Stadtbibliothek befindli chen Zeichnung geſtochen. 8) ein Grundriß, ge zeichnet vom Geheimen Rath Lilienthal und als ſechſtes Blatt zu der Charte von Suchodoleß, ge ſtochen zu Berlin 1763. 9) ein Grundriß, ge zeichnet vom Hauptmann von Douailli, berichtigt und verkleinert vom Oberfeuerwerker Abel, geſto chen zu Berlin 1800 und im Verlage der Göb bels und Unzerſchen Buchhandlung zu Königsberg; ein Grundriß, der zu dieſer Beſchreibung Königs bergs gehört. Es ſind außerdem noch viele vor zügliche gezeichnete Grundriſſe theils bei den Col legien, theils in den Händen von Privatperſonen. Man wird hieraus den beträchtlichen Umfang und die Größe von Königsberg beurtheilen. Wer ber Königsberg mit Berlin und Potsdam, die ſo viel durch die Gnade des Königs und die ihnen bewilligten Bauvergütungen gewonnen, vergleicht, der wird freilich zum Nachtheile Königsbergs ur theilen; ungleich milder aber derjenige, der die deutſchen vormaligen Hanſeeſtädte geſehen hat, die mit Königsberg in einem Jahrhundert entſpran gen, . Und ſich dabei erinnert, daß Königsberg ſeinen vermehrten Anbau bloß der durch Indüſtrie und Handel ſteigenden Volksmenge verdankt. Un ſere Straßen ſind zum Theil krumm und ſchmal durch die Verſchiedenheit des Bodens, auf dem ſie ſtehen. Im Ganzen aber hat die Natur für den Punkt, auf dem Königsberg ſteht, viel gethan. -sat- 92 a-au Der ſchiffbare Pregel, ohne fürchterlichen Eisgang, durchſchneidet die Stadt. Die Inſel Kneiphof iſt beinahe ein regelmäßiges Viereck. Der Boden am linken Ufer erhebt ſich erſt in beträchtlicher Entfernung, und die Mühlen werden durch die aus den Teichen abgeleiteten Bäche getrieben. Urſprünglich hat die Altſtadt eine regelmäßige Anlage, indem drei Hauptſtraßen und ein Quay ſie der Länge nach durchlaufen, und durch Queer ſtraßen, die nach dem Schloßberge zuführen, rechtwinklicht durchſchnitten werden. Nur ſind dieſe Straßen durch Vortreppen, Vorſtübchen und Laden außerordentlich verengt, ſo daß in den mehreſten kaum zwei Wagen einander vorbeifahren können; und der Markt iſt von keiner beträchtlichen Größe. Auch die Hauptſtraßen des Kneiphofs ſind gerade. Die Langgaſſe gehört zu den ſchönſten, geradeſten und breiteſten Straßen Königsbergs; viele der Queerſtraßen aber ſind denen in der Altſtadt gleich. Der Plaß vor dem Rathhauſe iſt klein, der vor der Kirche klein und unregelmäßig. Der nach der Feuersbrunſt von 1765 zum Theil neu gebaute Löbenicht hat weniger Vorgebäude; aber zum Theil krumme Straßen behalten, und einige der Berg an laufenden Straßen zeichnen ſich noch nachtheiliger als die der beiden andern Städte – 93 – aus. Die Ufer des Pregels ſind, wenn man den Theil des Kneiphofs nach der Laſtadie zu ausnimmt, nur als ſchmale, zum Theil ſchmutzige Gänge übrig geblieben und gewöhnlich iſt, unge achtet der Ausſicht, der ſchlechteſte Theil der Häu ſer dahin gerichtet. Die geringe Breite der Häu- ſer, die größtentheils nur zu drei, bei manchen auch nur zu einem Fenſter Raum geſtattet, und die nach den Straßen gerichteten Giebel erſchwe ren jedem Baumeiſter bequeme innere Einrichtung und die äußere Verzierung der Gebäude, die oft aus Schnörkeln, Pilaſtern, denen nicht ſelten alles richtige Verhältniß gebricht, wenig vorſprin gendem Gebälk, Balüſtraden mit und ohne Vaſen und ähnlichen Dingen beſtehen, ſind, ſo wie die hohen Attiken, womit gewöhnlich die Giebel ver ziert werden, nicht immer glücklich gewählt. Da die Gebäude in der Regel ſchmal und tief ſind, ſo kann das Innere nicht immer ganz bequem ſeyn. Allgemein aber iſt ein reges Beſtreben, dies nach Möglichkeit zu verbeſſern, und man findet auch hier Zimmer, die überall für ſchön gelten würden. Die Häuſer ſind vormals zum Theil mit grün, grellem roth und gelb, ſchwarz und dunkelgrau abgeputzt. Seit einiger Zeit aber iſt die bunte Malerei nicht mehr üblich, ſondern eine ſchöne - – 94 – helle Steinfarbe angewandt worden. Die Gebäude aus Fachwerk, beſonders in der Altſtadt, ver ſchwinden allmählig, und beim Aufbau neuer Häu ſer werden Vorgebäude nicht geſtattet, und hie durch die Straßen allmählig erweitert. Die über den Pregel führenden Brücken ſind durchgängig von Holz, und mit Ausnahme der Krämer-Brücke ſchmal. Sie können insgeſammt in der Mitte aufgezogen werden oder haben Durchläſſe. Die Ufer des Pregels ſind durchgängig mit hölzernem Pfalwerk eingefaßt. Die beſten Gebäude Kö nigsbergs liegen in den Vorſtädten. In dieſen ſind auch die mehreſten Straßen gerade und wie die Vorſtadt, neue Sorge und Roßgarten von beträchtlicher Breite. Vortreppen und nach der Straße gekehrte Giebel ſind ſelten. Die Häuſer haben mehrentheils vier bis ſechs Fenſterbreiten; nur findet man oft zwiſchen anſehnlichen Gebäu den nur kleine niedrige Hütten. Aus letztern be ſtehen noch hin und wieder manche ganze Queer ſtraßen; und andere Straßen beſtehen zum Theil oder ganz aus den Bretterzäunen der Garten. Ueberhaupt läßt ſich beinahe mit mathematiſcher Gewißheit beweiſen, daß, wenn Königsberg min der ausgedehnt, auf einem kleinern Bezirke mit gehöriger Einſicht und Sachkenntniß angelegt wäre, 95 - die Stadt ungleich ſchöner ſeyn, die Einwohner viel bequemer wohnen könnten. Aber die Nach theile der erſten Anlage und die Stelle mancher unangenehmen Gegenſtände, z. B. der Schlacht höfe, läßt ſich jetzt ohne große Schwierigkeiten nicht abändern. Das Unangenehme derſelben aber verſchwindet zum Theil durch die den Durchzug des Windes begünſtigende Lage, und jeder Aus länder, der ähnlich gebaute Städte kennt, geſteht auch, daß hier deshalb die Luft ungleich weniger mit widrigen Dünſten angefüllt ſy. Aber dieſe Verſchiedenheit des Bodens, die ſtarke Zufuhr und die zum Theil ſchwer befrachteten Wagen ver- - mehren den Unrath der engen Straßen, und ver derben das Steinpflaſter. Erſtern ſind die Kar ren, deren Zahl ſich nach den Fonds richten muß, ſelbſt des Sonntags wegzuſchaffen verpflichtet; Letzterem aber kann wegen der bei der erſten An lage des Steinpflaſters gleich ſtatt gehabten Män gel, da nicht einmal große und kleine Steine ſor tirt wurden, jetzt, weil kein Fonds zum neuen Steinpflaſter da iſt, auch nicht völlig abgeholfen werden. Die merkwürdigſten und die öffentlichen Gebäude zeichnen ſich mehr durch Größe als Re gelmäßigkeit und Schönheit aus. Aber ſo ſehr auch Königsberg hierin vielen andern großen Städ ten nachſteht, ſo ſehr zeichnet es ſich wieder durch ſeine eigenthümliche Lage aus. - Schon der Pregel, der ſich mit einigen Ar men durch die Stadt ſchlängelt, an manchen Ufern mit Wieſen umgeben iſt, die mitten in der Stadt einen ländlichen Anblick bilden, verbrei tet überall ein gewiſſes lebhaftes Anſehen. Die ſes wird durch die Menge der Schiffe, die ihn an verſchiedenen Orten, vorzüglich in der Nach barſchaft des Kneiphofs oft ganz bedecken, ſehr erhöht. Selbſt das Mannichfaltige in der Bau art dieſer Schiffe, der Contraſt zwiſchen dem Schiffe des Schweden, Engländers und Hollän ders, mit den polniſchen Fahrzeugen oder Wittin nen iſt für den Fremden neu und auffallend. Wenn ein Theil dieſer Schiffe hier überwintert, die ſodann an beiden Ufern des Pregels liegen, und in der Mitte zwiſchen dieſen Schiffen auf dem Eiſe des Pregels die gewöhnliche Schlitten fahrten gehalten werden, ſo können Reiſende, vor züglich aus ſüdlichen Gegenden, ihr Erſtaunen bei dieſem Anblicke nicht genugſam ausdrücken. Im Sommer iſt wieder an den Ufern des Pregels alles in Bewegung. Die Menge von Menſchen, welche die Schiffe aus - oder einladet, die ver ſchiedenen Kleidertrachten der Seeleute, der pol niſchen V. niſchen Adlichen, der gemeinen Polen , der polni ſhen Juden, unter denen hin und wieder ein Ruſſe, oder auch zuweilen ein Mann in ſchwedi ſcher Nationaltracht gemiſcht iſt, geben hier der Stadt das lebhafteſte Anſehen, welches nur großen Handelsſtädten eigen ſeyn kann. Diejenigen Pro dukte, welche zu Lande eingeführt werden,
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